INTRODUCTION
1. Philip Grierson, Numismatics (London: Oxford University Press, 1975), 1.
2. For more detailed information on the objects that comprised the numismatic collection during the nineteenth century, see Vladimir Clain-Stefanelli, History of the National Numismatic Collections (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, 1968), 3–9.
3. Carl Allenbaugh, “The Creation of the Smithsonian: A Stranger’s Gift to a New Land Has Paid Great Dividends to Coin Collectors Everywhere,” Coinage, August 1972, 20.
4. Allenbaugh, “Creation of the Smithsonian,” 20.
5. Clain-Stefanelli, History of the National Numismatic Collections, 19.
6. For more information on the objects included in the Mint Collection, see Clain-Stefanelli, History of the National Numismatic Collections, 89–99; Elvira Clain-Stefanelli, “Donors and Donations: The Smithsonian’s National Numismatic Collection,” in Perspectives in Numismatics, ed. Saul B. Needleman (Chicago: Ares, 1986), 254–255.
7. Clain-Stefanelli, History of the National Numismatic Collections, 14.
8. The acquisition of the Straub Collection is documented in Clain-Stefanelli, History of the National Numismatic Collections, 99–103.
9. Clain-Stefanelli, “Donors and Donations,” 255.
10. For a detailed description of the Hall of Monetary History and Medallic Art installed in 1964, see Vladimir Clain-Stefanelli, “Monetary History and Medallic Art at the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.,” Nvmisma 75 (July–August 1965): 41–46.
11. Allenbaugh, “Creation of the Smithsonian,” 20.
12. Clain-Stefanelli, “Donors and Donations,” 257.
13. Elvira Clain-Stefanelli recalls the details of the collections she and Vladimir Clain-Stefanelli acquired in “Donors and Donations,” 257–268.
14. For example, see Jeff Garrett, “Brief History of the Smithsonian’s National Numismatic Collection,” Coinweek, 24 May 2013, http://www.coinweek.com/featured-news/brief-history-of-the-smithsonians-national-numismatic-collection/.
15. Elvira Clain-Stefanelli chronicled highlights from The Chase Manhattan Bank Collection in Highlights from the Money Collection of the Chase Manhattan Bank (Washington, D.C.: National Museum of History and Technology, 1979).
16. I am grateful to Richard Doty and Nancy Bercaw for their research on the origins of the “Richmond Hoard” and the process through which it came to the Smithsonian.
THE ORIGINS OF MONEY
1. Adam Smith, Paper Money (New York: Summit Books, 1981), 61.
2. Joe Cribb, ed., Money: From Cowrie Shells to Credit Cards (London: British Museum Publications, 1986), 9.
3. Catherine Eagleton and Jonathan Williams, eds., Money: A History (London: British Museum Press, 2007), 218–224.
4. W. H. Furness, The Island of Stone Money: Uap of the Carolines (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1910), 96.
5. Eagleton and Williams, Money: A History, 214.
6. For a detailed description of the text and imagery on the Great Ming Circulating Treasure Note and its historical context, see Neil MacGregor, A History of the World in 100 Objects (London: Penguin Books, 2010), 465–469.
7. On the origins and uses of gold weights in West Africa, see Timothy F. Garrard, Akan Weights and the Gold Trade (New York: Longman, 1980).
8. On minting coins, see Cribb, Money, 88–111.
9. On printing paper money, see Cribb, Money, 116–17.
THE INNOVATIONS OF MONEY
1. John Maynard Keynes, The General Theory of Employment Interest and Money (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1936), 293.
2. For cutting-edge research on mobile money and how it is impacting people around the world, consult the white papers published on the website of the Institute for Money, Technology and Financial Inclusion at the University of California, Irvine (http://www.imtfi.uci.edu/), available as of 1 February 2015.
THE MESSAGES OF MONEY
1. This interpretation of the note’s imagery is a matter of debate. It can be found in Richard Doty, America’s Money, America’s Story, 2nd ed. (Atlanta: Whitman, 2008), 45.
2. On the use of foreign currencies in colonial America, see Doty, America’s Money, America’s Story, 34–35.
3. Neil MacGregor, A History of the World in 100 Objects (London: Penguin Books, 2010), 517.
4. For more on the origins of the word money, see Cribb, Money, 11.
5. Zvi Stahl, Jewish Ghettos’ and Concentration Camps’ Money (1933–1945) (London: D. Richman Books, 1990), 30; Lance K. Campbell, Prisoner of War and Concentration Camp Money of the Twentieth Century, 2nd ed. (Port Clinton, OH: BNR Press, 1993), 102.
6. Stahl, Jewish Ghettos’ and Concentration Camps’ Money, 36 (Łódź), 48–50 (Theresienstadt).
7. For a more detailed description of the imagery on the tortoise hard-times token, see Russell Rulau, Hard Times Tokens 1832–1844 (Iola, WI: Krause, 2001), 23.
THE ARTISTRY OF MONEY
1. Will Durant, The Story of Philosophy: The Lives and Opinions of the Greater Philosophers (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1926), 84.
2. Gene Hessler, U.S. Essay, Proof and Specimen Notes (Portage, OH: BNR Press, 1979), 98. On the design of the 1896 silver certificate series, see pages 98–119 of this Hessler work.
3. Mark Van Winkle, “The Sculptor, the President and the Making of a Classic American Coinage,” in The Coinage of Augustus Saint-Gaudens as Illustrated by the Phillip H. Morse Collection, J. L. Halperin, M. Van Winkle, J. Amato, and G. J. Rohan (Dallas: Ivy Press, 2006), 7. Roosevelt was particularly fond of the high relief of the coins of Alexander the Great. The selection of the objects for Figures 109 and 110 was inspired by those depicted in Van Winkle, “The Sculptor, the President,” 8–9.
4. Saint-Gaudens passed away in 1907 and did not complete his design for the U.S. cent coin. The commission was subsequently given to Victor D. Brenner, who designed the famous Lincoln cent (see Figure 87).
5. On production challenges, see Van Winkle, “The Sculptor, the President,” 10–11.
THE ALLURE OF MONEY
1. Benjamin Franklin, Poor Richard’s Almanack (Waterloo, IA: U.S.C. Publishing Co., 1914), 57.
2. On the history of coin collecting during the Renaissance and the eighteenth century, see Elvira E. Clain-Stefanelli, Numismatics—An Ancient Science: A Survey of Its History (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, 1965), 15–25.
3. Q. David Bowers, “Big Changes in Coin Hobby in 1857 with Introduction of New Cent Design and Founding of Coin Clubs,” Coin World, 29 July 2014, http://www.coinworld.com/insights/Big-changes-in-coin-hobby-in-1857-and-1858.html#.
4. More information on the history and activities of the American Numismatic Society is available on their website (http://www.numismatics.org, accessed 1 February 2015).
5. More information on the history and activities of the American Numismatic Association is available on their website (http://www.money.org, accessed 1 February 2015).
6. Clain-Stefanelli, “Donors and Donations,” 265.
7. Clain-Stefanelli, History of the National Numismatic Collections, 14.
8. Clain-Stefanelli, “Donors and Donations,” 255.
9. Paul A. Straub wrote a letter on 12 January 1942 stating his display preferences for gold and silver coins. An excerpt of this letter is reproduced in Clain-Stefanelli, History of the National Numismatic Collections, 101.
10. Natalya Smirnova, “Grand Duke Georgii Mikhailovich (1863–1919),” Compte Rendu. 58 (2011), 27 (http://inc-cin.org/assets/pdf/compterendu/compte-rendu-58-2011.pdf, accessed 21 April 2015). The National Numismatic Collection holds a copy of Mikhailovich’s Corpus of Russian Coins.
11. There are varying accounts of the whereabouts of Mikhailovich’s collection during and immediately following the Russian Revolution of 1917. For one account of these events, see Smirnova, “Grand Duke Georgii Mikhailovich,” 30–31.
12. J. H. S. Lockhart, The Currency from the Farther East: From the Earliest Times to the Present Day (Hong Kong: Noronha, 1895), 1:vii.
13. Clain-Stefanelli, History of the National Numismatic Collections, 9.
14. Clain-Stefanelli, History of the National Numismatic Collections, 88.
15. Clain-Stefanelli, “Donors and Donations,” 254.
16. The 1804 silver dollar is a controversial coin because of disagreement over the details of its background and legal status. The debate is covered in Eric P. Newman and Kenneth E. Bressett, The Fantastic 1804 Dollar: A Commemorative Reissue of the Famous Story of the “King of Coins” (Atlanta: Whitman, 2009).