Abu Ghraib, 258
Abu Hishma, Iraq, 263
Achtung-Panzer! (Heinz Guderian), 211
Adachi, Hatazō, 172
Afghanistan:failure of U.S. military power in, 6; Red Army in, 208
Afghan War, 267–71
Aga Khan, 210
agricultural destruction: by the British, 196; in Civil War, 70, 81, 87; in Philippine War, 157; in World War II, 205
airpower: in First Gulf War, 231–33; in Iraq War, 259; in Korean War, 183–85; in Kosovo, 246; in new era of warfare, 248; in Panama invasion, 227–29; recent use of, 282; in World War II, 174–80. See also bombings
Air Warfare (William C. Sherman), 176
Albright, Madeleine, 238
Aldrich, Mrs. Alfred Proctor, 81–82, 106
Alexander, Edward Porter, 126
All Volunteer Force (AVF), 223, 224
al-Shabaab movement, 255
altruistic objectives of war, 226
American Expeditionary Force, 165–66
American way of war, 212–23; “coercion and attraction,” 219, 221; dehumanization of soldiers, 216; “democratic” wars, 213–14, 217; destructive power, 215; drivers of, 218; evolution of features of, 212–18; looting, 215; moral aspects of, 217–18; occupations, 218–23; racial dehumanization of enemies, 215; Sherman’s influence on (see lessons from Sherman’s campaigns); violence and assaults by troops, 214–15. See also new American way of war
The American Way of War (Russell Weigley), 4
amnesty, to Philippine rebels, 154
amphibious assaults, in World War II, 171–73
Amsterdam Draft (1938, International Law Association), 189
“Anaconda plan,” 15
Andersonville prison, Georgia, 120, 121
Andrews, Eliza Frances, 71
Andrews, Sidney, 83
animals, slaughter of: by the British, 196; in Civil War, 70, 81, 87, 99; in Indian wars, 142–43; in Iraq War, 262; in Philippine War, 157
annihilation of armies strategy, 4
Antietam Creek, Battle of, 15
antisubversive warfare, post–World War II, 207–8
Army & Navy Gazette, 58–59
Army of the Cumberland, 35–36, 46, 64
Army of the James, 45
Army of Liberation (Philippines), 152–54, 157
Army of Mississippi, 43
Army of Northern Virginia, 45
Army of the Potomac, 16, 17, 45
Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN, South Vietnamese Army), 159, 160, 162
Army of Tennessee, 17, 45, 46, 48, 64, 68, 77
Army of Virginia, 25
Army of the West, 118–19
Army War College, 225
Arnold, Henry “Hap,” 177–78
The Art of War (Antoine de Jomini), 23, 136
Atkins, Smith D., 101
Atlanta, Georgia: destruction in, 58, 83, 88, 89; evacuation of, 48–54, 98; postwar conditions in, 133, 135–36; Sherman’s march to, 44–48
Atlanta Constitution, 181
Atlantic and North Carolina Railroad, 78
Bacevich, Andrew, 288
Bachman, John, 105
Barnett, Thomas P.M., 277–78
Barnwell, South Carolina, 79–80
Behram, Noor, 273
Beirut, Lebanon, 284
Bell, David, 190
Bell, James Franklin, 156–58, 216
benevolent destruction, 152–58
Berlin, Germany, 179
Bibi, Momina, 273
Bigelow, John, 151
The Birth of a Nation (film), 2, 95
Bismarck, Otto von, 198
blacks, post–Civil War conditions for, 136–39. See also slavery; slaves
Blair, Tony, 244
blitzkrieg, 209–12
blockades, 237; of Charleston, 79; of Confederate states, 15; in First Gulf War, 237–39; in Philippine War, 155; in World War I, 201–2
Blomberg, Werner von, 210
bombings: in First Gulf War, 232–35, 282; in Iraq War, 256–57, 260; by Israeli military, 284; in Korean War, 183–86; in Kosovo, 244–46; in Laos, 186; in Vietnam War, 159, 185–88; in World War II, 172–83, 186, 203. See also airpower
Bowen, William C., 154
Bradley, Chaplain, 72
Bradley, Omar, 167
Brady, Mathew, 29
Bragg, Braxton, 21
Brave New War ( John Robb), 282
Breckinridge, John, 131
British military: attitude toward prisoners of war, 198; indirect method used by, 209; in Iraq War, 256, 260, 265; in Kosovo, 244; use of destruction by, 194–97; World War I blockades, 201–2
Brown, Charles, 122
Brown, Joseph, 128
Bugeaud, Thomas, 62–63
Bull Run, First Battle of, 15, 35
Bull Run, Second Battle of, 17
Buna-Gona, New Guinea, 171
Burnside, Ambrose, 17
Burn to Ash strategy, 206
Bush, George H.W., 230
Bush, George W., 252, 254–57, 260
bushwhacking, 19, 24, 27, 88, 89, 117
Butcher, Martin, 279
Butler, Benjamin “Beast,” 100–101
Butler, Smedley D., 218
Cacos Revolt (Haiti), 222
Calhoun, James, 52–54
Calhoun, William J., 192–93
Calley, William, 159–60
Camden, South Carolina, 87
Cameron, Simon, 36
Camp Lawton (Georgia), 120
Camp Sorghum (South Carolina), 121
Canby, Edward, 54
car bombs, 261
Carter-Torrijos Panama Canal Treaty (1977), 226
Castel, Alfred, 126
casualties: in American war strategy, 225; civilian vs. combatant, 286; in Civil War, 15; with drone warfare, 272, 273; in First Gulf War, 233; in Iraq War, 257, 261, 267; in Kosovo, 247; in Panama invasion, 228; in Vietnam War, 188; in World War II, 170, 179, 181. See also deaths
Catinet, Marshall, 61
Cazadores (Hunters) de Valmaseda, 192–93
Central Georgia Railroad, 69
Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, 27
Chancellorsville, battle at, 17
Chanson des Lorrains, 60–61
Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 131
Charleston, South Carolina, 79, 83
Charleston Courier, 26
Chase, Salmon, 35
Chattanooga, Missionary Ridge assault in, 37
Cheney, Dick, 253
Chestnut, Mary Boykin, 83–84, 96, 100, 102, 134
Chicago Tribune, 12
Chichester, Sir Arthur, 61
Chickaway Bayou, 37
children: British psychological pressure on, 196; Civil War violence against, 98; in Herero and Nama Rebellions, 199; in Iraq War, 238–39, 261; soldiers’ sympathy for, 122; in Vietnam War, 161; in World War I, 201
China, 279
Chinese military, scorched earth policy of, 206–7
Chirac, Jacques, 244
Churchill, Winston, 201–2
civic action, following destruction, 161. See also reconstruction
civilian deaths, 272–73, 286; in Afghanistan, 269–70; and American warfare, 214; and blockade of Iraq, 238; in Civil War, 19, 27, 48, 82, 87, 117; in Cuba, 193; with drone warfare, 272; in First Gulf War, 233–36; in Iraq War, 257, 260–62, 264–65, 267; in Korean War, 184; in Kosovo, 245, 247–48; in Panama invasion, 229; in Philippine War, 155, 157; in post–Civil War South, 138–39; in Somalia, 243; in Sri Lankan Civil War, 283; in Third Anglo-Boer War, 197, 198; in twentieth century wartime, 189; in Vietnam War, 161, 188, 228; in World War I, 202; in World War II, 173–75, 179, 181, 205, 212
civilians/noncombatants, 94–124, 189–223, 281–82; and American way of war, 212–18; barbarism against, 114–18; blitzkrieg, 209–12; blurred line between combatants and, 282; children, 98, 122, 161, 196, 199, 201, 238–39, 261; Civil War hostility of, 23; Civil War soldiers’ sympathy for, 122; and collective responsibility principle, 285–86; in concentration camps (see concentration camps [for civilians during war]); and counterinsurgency, 266–67; in “democratic” wars, 213–14; and destruction followed by civic action, 161; in First Gulf War, 235–39; food-denial to, 154 (see also food-denial operations); forced evacuation of, 48–54, 98, 192–93, 259, 260; in fourth-generation warfare, 242; guerrilla warfare against Sherman’s troops, 87–88; hostility of, 96–99; and human terrain system, 268; impact of American warfare on, 216; impact of Civil War on, 21–22; in Indian wars, 141–42; in Kosovo, 246; Lieber Code of conduct for, 51–52, 115–16; in modern war practices, 284; morale and willpower of, 75–76, 99, 176, 179, 180, 185, 203; during occupations, 218–23; in Philippine War, 154; post–Civil War attitudes of, 138; and scorched earth approach, 204–9; severities suffered by, 199–203; Sherman’s instructions for treatment of, 40–44; slaves, 107–14; soldiers’ attitudes and behaviors toward, 118–24; in total war, 190–99; traditional immunity of, 115–16; in Vietnam War, 159, 161; women, 99–107, 196, 197, 199, 201
civilian terrorization, 8, 284; by bombing, 176–78; Churchill on, 202; in Civil War, 4, 88–90, 96–99; in First Gulf War, 234–35; by the Germans, 200; in Iraq War, 258–60, 262–63; as lesson, 75–76; on March to the Sea, 73–75; by Napoléon, 4; in Philippine War, 153, 154, 156–57; Sheridan’s position on, 28; Sherman’s belief in, 44; Sherman’s doctrine of, 3, 4; in Somalia, 255; in “terror wars” of twenty-first century, 5; in Vietnam War, 161; in World War II, 4–5. See also scorched earth approach
civilized warfare principles, 2
Civil War: barbarism of, 114–18; civilian and economic impact of, 18–24; continuing influence of, 149–52 (see also lessons from Sherman’s campaigns; encounters between civilians and soldiers, 96–99); “hard war” measures in, 25–28; “moral retrogression” in, 3; Northern vs. Southern views of, 11–12, 18; postwar devastation, 133–36; reconstruction following, 136–39; Sherman as peacemaker, 129–33; Sherman’s march through South, 1–3; slaves’ encounters with soldiers, 107–14; soldiers of, 118–24; strategic impact of Sherman’s campaigns, 125–29; surrender of Confederates, 92–93, 131, 132; theaters of, 14; as unwinnable, 13–18; and Vietnam War, 4; women’s encounters with soldiers, 99–107. See also Sherman, William Tecumseh; specific topics
Clark, Ramsey, 235
Clausewitz, Carl von, 250, 254
Clinton, Bill, 244
Cockburn, Andrew, 239
“coercive diplomacy,” 248
“coercive power,” 251
Cohen, William, 249
Cold War, 221
collective punishment: in counterinsurgency, 7; by German military, 204; in response to guerrilla warfare, 51, 90; Sherman’s belief in, 88; in Vietnam War, 159
collective responsibility principle, 285–86
Columbia, South Carolina, 99; burning of, 82–87, 121; postwar conditions in, 136; rapes by soldiers in, 104–5
Columbia Phoenix, 86
Combat Studies Institute (CSI), 158
command-and-communications structures, 164, 165
The Command of the Air (Giulio Douhet), 175
Company C, Ninth Infantry Regiment, U.S. Army, 154–55
concentration camps (for civilians during war):in Cuba, 192–94; in Japan, 206; in Philippine War, 154, 156, 157; in Third Anglo-Boer War, 197; in Vietnam War, 161
concentration camps (Nazi), 170, 197
Confederate military: desertions from, 127–28; manpower of, 14, 28; morale of, 127, 128; prisoner of war camps, 120–21; supplies for, 126. See also individual armies, battles, and commanders
Confederate States of America (CSA), 13. See also the South
Connolly, James A., 122
Conway, Alan, 299n16
Conyngham, David, 72–74, 79, 85, 87, 102, 105, 111
“cordon-and-search” operations, 258–59
Corum, James, 210
counterinsurgency (COIN), 264–71; in Afghanistan, 268–70; balancing higher-conflict operations and, 269; Bell’s influence on, 158; collective punishment in, 7; in Iraq, 264–67; by Nazis, 206; population-centric, 6, 268–70; post–World War II, 207–8; and purges of “political and racial enemies,” 306n29; rural pacification campaigns, 163; in Soviet Union by Nazis, 307n39
courts-martial, of Philippines War personnel, 155–56
Crimean War (1853–56), 290n9
Cuba, 192–94
Cuban Liberation Army, 192–93
Custer, George Armstrong, 141–43
Dahiya doctrine, 284
Dahlgren, J.A., 130–31
Daponte, Beth, 236
Darley, F.O.C., 71
Davis, Jefferson C. (general), 111, 297n29
Davis, Richard Harding, 94, 219
Dean, William, 184
deaths: in anti-Indian campaigns, 141–42; of civilians (see civilian deaths); in Civil War, 15, 47, 68; in drone warfare, 272; in Franco-Prussian War, 198; in Iraq War, 263, 267; in Kosovo, 247; in Panama invasion, 229; in Philippine War, 155, 157; in Somalia, 243; in Vietnam War, 160–61; in World War II, 170, 171, 179
“decisive battle” principle, 14–15
“deep battle” theories, 211
Deer Creek, Mississippi, 26
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), 276
defense budget (U.S.), 286
defoliation: in Korean War, 183; in Vietnam War, 162; in World War II, 181
dehumanization: of enemies, 215, 258, 261–63; of soldiers, 216
“democratic” wars, 213–14, 217, 218
Dempsey, Martin, 278–79
Department of the Mississippi, 17
desertions, from Confederate military, 127–28
de Seversky, Alexander, 176, 177
destruction, 60–93, 281; aftereffects of Civil War, 133–35; agricultural (see agricultural destruction); in American war strategy, 5–6, 216, 225; of animals (see animals, slaughter of); benevolent, 152–58; British use of, 194–97; to change attitudes/behavior of civilians and noncombatants, 7; of civilian morale and will to fight, 22, 99; during Civil War, 19; Civil War soldiers’ attitudes toward, 119–20; combined with civic action, 161; combined with construction, 222, 263–64; in Cuba, 192–94; defoliation, 162, 181, 183; directed at women in Civil War, 103; and drone warfare, 272; economic (see economic destruction); environmental, 19–20, 74, 121; in First Gulf War, 233–34; in Franco-Prussian War, 199; by German military, 199–200; by Germans, 199; “hard war” measures, 25–28; in history of European warfare, 60–63; in Indian campaigns, 141, 143; as instrument of pacification and subjugation, 91; as instrument of sociopolitical engineering, 162–63; interpretations of Sherman’s policy on, 150; in Iraq War, 257, 259, 260, 262; as justification for Sherman’s campaigns, 127; as lesson to civilians, 75–76; for a “more perfect peace,” 129; as necessary to war, 278, 279; and Panama invasion, 228, 229; in Philippine War, 153–54, 156, 157; and private property rights, 201; scorched earth approach, 204–9; September 11, 2001, attacks, 251–52; in Shenandoah Valley, 56, 89; by Sherman at Jackson, 39; by Sherman in Georgia, 1–3, 54–59, 63–77; by Sherman in North Carolina, 91–93; by Sherman in South Carolina, 77–90; Sherman’s audit of, 74–75; Sherman’s belief in, 39–44; slaughter of animals, 70, 81, 87, 99, 142–43; and technological supremacy, 225–26; through indirect attacks, 163–66; urban (see urban destruction); in Vietnam War, 158–63; in World War II, 173–74. See also bombings; looting; raiding
de Wet, Christiaan, 196
Dewey, George, 152
Diocesan Records, 135
Doctorow, E.L., 63
Dooley, Matthew, 278
“double tap” policy, 273
Dresden, Germany, 179
Du Bois, W.E.B., 112–13
Dugway Proving Ground, Utah, 178–79
Easton, George L.C., 66
Eatonton, Georgia, 102
Eckholm, Erik, 260
economic destruction, 163–64, 281; in Civil War, 1–4, 20, 58, 70, 75; in drone war, 274; in First Gulf War, 234–36, 238; in Korean War, 185; in Kosovo, 246; long-term effects of, 286; in “terror wars” of twenty-first century, 5; in World War I, 202; in World War II, 4–5, 205, 211–12
Edward, the Black Prince, 61
effects-based operations (EBOs), 240–41
Eichelberger, Robert L., 213
Eighteenth Airborne Corps, U.S., 232
Eighteenth Panzer Division (Germany), 211
Eighth Air Force, U.S., 173–74, 179
Eighth Army, U.S., 214
Eighth Corps, U.S. Army, 152
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 169–70, 287
Eizenkot, Gadi, 284
An Elementary Treatise on Advanced-Guard, Out-Post, and Detachment Service of Troops (Dennis Hart Mahan), 56
Elmore, Grace, 95, 96, 107–8, 135
El Salvador war, 264
Emancipation Proclamation, 25, 110
environmental devastation of war, 19–20, 74, 121, 162, 181, 183
Epaminondas, 217
Ethiopia, 255
Euripides, 114
European military strategies/tradition, 12; in Civil War, 14; customs/usages of war in, 51; devastation of civilian life and property in, 60–63; taught at West Point, 31
evacuation of civilians: during Civil War, 49–54, 98; in Cuba, 192–93; in Iraq War, 259, 260
Ewell, Julian J., 160–61
Fallujah, Iraq, 259–61, 263, 311n9
Far East Air Force (FEAF), 184, 185
Fawcett, Henry, 201
Fayetteville, North Carolina, 91
Felton, Rebecca Latimer, 108
First Armored Corps, U.S. Army, 166
First Army, U.S., 167
First Barbary War, 94
First Gulf War, 230–39, 282; destruction in, 233–36; economic blockade, 236–39; as hyperwar, 239–43; moral aspects of, 217; Operation Desert Storm, 232–33; Sherman’s influence on Schwarzkopf, 149; use of “coercive power” in, 251
First Marine Expeditionary Force, U.S., 256, 259
First Seminole War, 32
Fletcher, Frank F., 219
Florida, Sherman’s pre–Civil War work in, 32
The Fog of War (documentary), 182
Foner, Eric, 138
food-denial operations: by the British, 196; in Herero and Nama Rebellions, 199; in Iraq War, 259; in Philippine War, 154; in World War I, 201–2; in World War II, 181, 206. See also blockades
foraging system (of Sherman), 66–67, 73–74, 81; civilians’ hostility toward, 96; punishment for killing foragers, 89; and violence against civilians, 97–98
forced-labor camps, in Herero and Nama Rebellions, 199
Forces Françaises de l’Intérieur, 168
Foreign Internal Defense Forces, 265
Forrest, Nathan Bedford, 21, 166
Fort McAllister, 68
Fort Sumter, 11
Forty-Eighth U.S. Volunteer Infantry, 154
Forty-Six Years in the Army (John M. Schofield), 126
fourth-generation warfare (4GW), 242
Fourth Geneva Convention on the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, 189
Fourth Infantry 1–8 Battalion, 263
Franco-Austrian War (1859), 290n9
Franco-Prussian War (1870–71), 198–99
Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, 99
Franklin, C., 20
Franklin, Tennessee, 68
Fremantle, Arthur James Lyon, 26
Frémont, John C., 24
French military, 232, 244, 266
French Revolutionary Wars, 190–91
Frost, Holloway Halstead, 163
future war, 275–80
Garrard, Kenner, 49
Gaza Strip assaults, 285
“General Sherman and Total War” ( John Bennett Walters Jr.), 189–90
Geneva Convention, 283
Georgia: Confederate forces in, 64–65; destruction by Sherman in, 1–3, 63–77, 88; encounters between civilians and soldiers, 95–98; evacuation of Atlanta, 48–54, 98; march to Atlanta, 44–48; March to the Sea, 1–3, 54–59; postwar devastation in, 133; Sherman’s pre–Civil War work in, 32; women’s war experiences in, 101–4. See also specific locations
Georgia State Militia, 65
German military: blitzkrieg, 209–12; Franco-Prussian War, 198–99; Kriegsgerichtsbarkeitserlass (War Jurisdiction Decree), 204; predictions about World War I, 212; scorched earth policy of, 204–7; Sherman’s influence on, 199–201
Germany, U.S. occupation in, 221
Gibson, James William, 162
Gilded Age, 144
Gilder, Richard Watson, 145
Gilman, Caroline Howard, 134
Glaspie, April, 231
global war on terror (GWOT), 251–56, 287–88; Afghanistan, 267–71; and drone warfare, 271–75; Iraq War, 256–67
Goldsboro, North Carolina, 91–92
Gone with the Wind (film), 2, 74, 95, 107
Go Noi Island, Vietnam, 159
Gotzen, Adolf von, 199
Graham, Stephen, 139
Grant, Ulysses, 24, 59; advance on Richmond, 57; campaign planning with Sherman, 44–45; direct approach of, 164, 165; Henderson on, 195; Lee’s surrender to, 92; in Petersburg, 92; promotion of, 28; in Richmond, 1; and Sherman’s abuse of authority, 132; and Sherman’s campaigns, 126, 127; Sherman’s friendship with, 37; and Sherman’s march through Georgia, 55; and Sherman’s South Carolina campaign, 77; and Sherman’s strategies, 56, 57; strategy of, 4; supplies for, 36–39; Third Enforcement Act, 139; Vicksburg siege, 17–18, 21, 26
Grant, Ulysses S., 17
Greenpeace, 236
Gregory IX, Pope, 114
Grierson, Benjamin, 21
Griffith, Paddy, 3
Griffiths, D.W., 95
“Grim-Visaged War” (Mathew Brady), 29, 30
Grinnell, George Bird, 142
Griswoldville, Georgia, 67, 68, 121–22
Grossman, Vasily, 103
Guderian, Heinz, 209, 211, 306–7n38
guerrilla warfare: Civil War, 23–24, 87–88; in mid-twentieth century, 204; Philippine War, 152–57; reprisals/punishment in response to, 51; status of guerrillas, 88–89; “total war” forms of, 208; Vietnam War, 158–63
Gulf War. See First Gulf War; Iraq War
Hackworth, David, 161
Hague Conventions, 51, 189, 200–201
“Hail Mary punch,” 232
Haiti, American occupation of, 222
Halleck, Henry W. “Old Brains,” 17, 25, 36, 37, 52, 65, 79
Halliday, Denis J., 238
“The Halt” (Thomas Nast), 106
Hamburg, Germany, 179
Hampton, Wade, III, 84, 85, 139
Hanson, Victor David, 217
Hanson, Victor Davis, 5
Hardee, William J., 68–69
“hard war,” 285; Civil War, 25–28, 40; total war vs., 291n15; Vietnam War, 188
Harper’s Weekly, 54
Haupt, Herman, 194
Hà Văn Lâu, 188
Henderson, G.F.R., 195
Herero Rebellion, 199
Heyward, Daniel, 113–14
Hezbollah, 284
Hitchcock, Henry, 76, 88, 101–2, 109, 123
Hoh, Matthew, 270
Holly Springs, Mississippi, 21
Holmes, Emma, 101
Homiak, Travis, 268
Hood, John Bell, 47–50, 54, 55, 68
Hooker, Joseph “Fighting Joe,” 17
horse cavalry, 166
Howard, Oliver Otis, 64, 84, 110, 137
Huerta, Victoriano, 218–19
humanitarian aspects of war, 226; and bombing strategies, 233; and drone warfare, 272; First Gulf War, 235–36; illusion of “humanitarian” war, 251; Iraq blockade, 238–39; Iraq War, 259; in Kosovo, 243–49; with shock and awe strategy, 241–42
Human Rights Watch, 229, 235, 247
human terrain system (HTS), 268
Hundred Years War, 61
Hunt, Ira, 160–61
Hunter, David “Black Dave,” 27
Huntington, Samuel, 162
Hussein, Saddam, 231, 237, 238
hyperwar, 239–43
improvised explosive devices (IEDs), 258, 270
Indian wars (U.S.): First Seminole War, 32; post–Civil War, 140–43; raiding and destruction during, 20–21; Second Seminole War, 32
indirect approach, 163–66, 210; in First Gulf War, 231; leapfrogging, 170–74; raiding, 166–70
industrialized warfare, 281; attacks on economic targets, 163–64; indirect attacks in, 164–66
information operations/warfare, 242–43; in Civil War, 76–77; in Kosovo, 247
international agreements, 189
International Committee of the Red Cross, 51
international humanitarian law, 283
international relations, zero-sum domino theory of, 162–63
International Security Assistance Force (ISAF), 268
Iran, 279
Iran-Iraq War, 282
Iraq Veterans Against the War, 262
Iraq War, 256–67, 287; Bush’s statement of intent for, 256; carrot and stick approach in, 264–67; dehumanization of enemies in, 261–63; destruction vs. constructive activities in, 6; expectations vs. outcomes in, 255–56; failure of U.S. military power in, 6; fall of Baghdad, 256–57; Fallujah attacks, 259–61; “pacification” of cities in, 261–62; racial dehumanization of enemies, 215. See also First Gulf War
Iroquois, 20–21
irregular warfare, 7, 204. See also guerrilla warfare
Islamic Courts Union (ICU), 255
Israel–Lebanon conflict, 284
Jackson, Mississippi, 26, 38, 39
Jackson, Thomas “Stonewall,” 17
James, Henry, 129
Japan, U.S. occupation in, 221
Japanese Imperial Army, 206
Japanese Kwantung Army, 206
Japanese military, 203–7
JASON, 187
Johnson, Chalmers, 206
Johnson, Lyndon B., 162
Johnston, Joseph E., 2, 45, 46, 77, 79, 91–93, 131, 132
Joiner, Saxe, 108
Joint Readiness Training Center, 225
Joint Vision 2010, 225
Joint Vision 2020, 274
Jomini, Antoine-Henri, 14–15, 23, 136
Jones, Edgar L., 214
Kansas “Jayhawkers,” 19
Keegan, John, 248
Keitel, Wilhelm, 204
Kelly-Kenny, Thomas, 196
Kennedy, John F., 162
Kennesaw Mountain, 46
Kerry, John, 253
Kilpatrick, Hugh Judson “Kill Cavalry,” 64, 66, 67, 80, 126
Kissinger, Henry, 187
Kitchener, Horatio Herbert, 196, 197
Knox, Thomas, 228
Kosovo “humanitarian war,” 243–49, 251
Kriegsbrauch im Landkriege (Usages of War on Land), 200
Krulak, Charles, 225
Ku Klux Klan Act, 139
Lakota Sioux, 143
land grants, for freed slaves, 112, 137
land mines, in Civil War, 89–90
Larsen, Wayne A., 247
The Law of Nations (Emmerich de Vattel), 114
Lawrence, Kansas, 27
laws of war, 283
“laws on truces and peace” (Pope Gregory IX), 114
leapfrogging, 170–74
Leavenworth Infantry and Cavalry School (Kansas), 151
Lecureuil, Xavier, 94
Lee, Fitzhugh, 193
Lee, Robert E., 1, 26–27, 92, 113–14, 127
Lee, Stephen D., 43
legal restraints, global war on terror and, 253
LeMay, Curtis, 180–82
lessons from Sherman’s campaigns, 149–88; airpower, 174–80; benevolent destruction, 152–58; indirect attacks, 163–66; in Korean War, 183–85; leapfrogging, 170–74; raiding, 166–70; urban destruction, 179–83; in Vietnam War, 158–63, 185–88
Li, Lincoln, 207
Liddell Hart, Basil Henry, 3–4, 164–65, 168, 175, 209–11
Lincoln, Abraham, 253–54; code of conduct from, 51; conciliatory policy of, 22, 131; early wartime policy of, 12–13; Emancipation Proclamation, 25; “hard war” measures authorized by, 25; military appointments of, 17; and Missouri martial law, 24; Sherman’s impression of, 35
Lind, William S., 242
Linebacker bombing campaigns, 187–88
Little Big Horn, Battle of, 143
Lodge, Henry Cabot, 149–50, 186
logistics: for First Gulf War, 231; Sherman’s skills in, 36–39; in World War II, 213. See also supplies
London Herald, 59
looting: by Americans in World War II, 215; in First Gulf War, 232; by German military, 200; by Germans in World War II, 211–12; in Iraq War, 257; in Korean War, 215; in Philippine War, 215
Lord, William W., 114
Los Negros, Admiralty Islands, 172
Lost Cause myth, 95
Louisiana Seminary of Learning and Military Academy, 34, 35
Louisville Times, 103
Ludendorff, Erich, 191
Lukbán, Vicente, 154–55
Lunt Burge, Dolly Sumner, 96, 123, 134
Luttwak, Edward, 269
Luzon, Philippines, 154
lynching, 108
MacArthur, Arthur, Jr., 154
MacArthur, Douglas, 171–73, 184–85, 221
Madison, Georgia, 72–73
Maji Maji Rebellion, 199
Malvar y Carpio, Miguel, 157
Manassas Junction, First Battle of, 15, 35
Manigault plantations (South Carolina), 109
Manila, 173
Manual of Political Economy (Henry Fawcett), 201
“Marching Through Georgia” (Henry Clay Work), 113
March to the Sea, 1–3, 54–59, 63–77; arrival at Savannah, 68–69; destructiveness of, 69–75; difficulty of, 65–66; division of troops in, 67–68; information warfare during, 76–77; planning and organization for, 66–67; preparations for, 64–55; as relief from battle, 119; Sherman’s memoirs of, 69
Marietta, Georgia, 133
Markovic, Mirjana, 246
Marx, Karl, 198
Mary of Hesse, Princess, 215
Maynard, Wayne K., 239–40
McBrien, Robert, 239
McCarthy, Mary, 159
McCarty, Arthur, 104
McCausland, John, 27
McClellan, George B., 16–17
McElroy, John, 120
McKinley, William, 152
McNeil, S.A., 122
Meade, George G., 17
mechanized warfare: indirect approach in, 164–66; rehearsal of, 223; in war of movement, 167; in World War I, 211; in World War II, 211
media coverage: in Civil War, 228; in fourth-generation warfare, 242; of Kosovo war, 246–48; of Panama invasion, 228–29; of twenty-first-century wars, 282; of Vietnam War, 228
Median, Ernest, 159
medieval European warfare, 60–61
Meerheimb, Ferdinand von, 199–200
Memphis, Tennessee, 129–30
Méray, Tibor, 184
Meridian raid, 43
Middleton, Harriott, 120
Military Government (Harry A. Smith), 221
military-industrial complex, 287
Milledgeville, Georgia, 72, 101, 110
Milošević, Slobodan, 249
Missouri, guerrilla warfare in, 24
Mitchell, William “Billy,” 176, 180
mobility, 164–66
Moltke, Helmuth von, 199
moral aspects of war: American way of war, 217–18; “democratic” wars, 217, 218; in future wars, 282–83; and global war on terror, 253, 287–88; lack of moral restraint (see total war); LeMay on use of force, 182; “moral retrogression” in warfare, 3; and “othering” of the enemy, 202; Sherman’s influence on (see lessons from Sherman’s campaigns); and twentieth-century American warfare, 216; war as a moral crusade, 5
morale: and airpower targeting, 176, 203; of Civil War civilians, 22, 75–76, 99; of Confederate military, 127, 128; as key target for destruction, 22; of Korean War civilians, 185; post–Civil War, 133–34; of World War II civilians, 176, 179, 180
“moral regression” in warfare, 208–9
“moral retrogression” in warfare, 3
Morgan, John Hunt, 21
Morris, Error, 182
Mosby, John Singleton “Gray Ghost,” 27, 117
Mueller, John, 238
Mueller, Karl, 238
Mullen, Michael, 270
Multi-National Force—Iraq (MNF-I), 266–67
My Lai, Vietnam, 159–60
Nagl, John, 276
Nama Rebellion, 199
Napier, Sir William Francis Patrick, 89
Napoleonic military doctrine, 14–15
Narrative of the Peninsular Campaign (Sir William Francis Patrick Napier), 89
Nashville, Tennessee, 68
Nast, Thomas, 106
National Military Strategic Plan (2005), 254–55
National Security Strategy of the United States (2010), 5
“nation-building” wars, 313n28
NATO Kosovo intervention, 243–49
Nazi blitzkrieg tactics, 4, 209–12
Nazi Germany: Red Army’s impression of, 103; Soviet Union counterinsurgency operations, 307n39
Nazism, 212
network-centric warfare (NCW), 241
new American way of war, 224–49, 286; dismantling of Iraq, 233–36; First Gulf War, 230–43; hyperwar, 239–43; Kosovo “humanitarian war,” 243–49; Operation Just Cause, 226–30; sanctions against Iraq, 236–39
New Guinea, 171–73
New Orleans, 100–101
New York Herald, 286
Nichols, George, 79, 80, 121, 192
Nichols, Kate Latimer, 104
Nimitz, Chester, 171
Ninth U.S. Infantry Division, 160–61
Nixon, Richard, 187
noncombatants. See civilians/noncombatants
non-kinetic warfare, 266–68
Normandy campaign, 167–69
Normans, 60
the North (Union): acclamation for Sherman’s troops in, 124; concept of war in, 11–12, 18–19; postwar conditions in, 133; public support for Civil War in, 14; response to Sherman’s war conduct in, 54; Sherman’s reputation in, 2; soldiers and matériel for, 13; strategic objectives of, 13. See also Civil War
North Carolina: Confederate military in, 77; destruction by Sherman in, 91–93; encounters between civilians and soldiers, 95–98; Johnston’s surrender at Bennett Farm, 2
Obama, Barack, 272
occupation(s), 212–23; American approach to, 218; of Belgium, 200–201; of Civil War South, 23; conduct of, 7; of Haiti, 222; of Jackson, Mississippi, 26; by Japanese and Nazi Germany, 221; of Lawrence, Kansas, 27; of Philippines, 6; success of, 136; of Vera Cruz, Mexico, 218–21; World War I-era political opinions on, 150. See also individual wars
Odon, William, 311n6
Okinawa, 173
101st U.S. Airborne Division, 232, 262
Operation Allied Force, 244–48
Operation Cobra, 167
Operation Deliberate Force, 244
Operation Desert Storm, 232–33
Operation Just Cause, 226–30
Operation Pipestone Canyon, 159
Operation Ranch Hand, 162
Operation Speedy Express, 160–61
Operation Thunderclap, 179
Orangeburg, South Carolina, 79
“othering” of the enemy, 202
Otis, Elwell, 154
Otranto Plantation, South Carolina, 98–99
pacification, 163; destruction as instrument of, 91, 156; in Haiti occupation, 222; in Iraq War, 261; in Vietnam War, 158
Pakenham, Thomas, 199
Pakistan, drone strikes in, 272–75
Panama Defense Forces (PDF), 227, 229
Panama invasion (1989), 226–30, 251
Paris (Basil Henry Liddell Hart), 175
Patten, James Comfort, 98
Patton, George S., Jr., 4, 167–70, 180, 211, 217, 250
Patton, J.C., 83
Patton’s Household Cavalry, 168
peacekeeping forces, in Kosovo, 247
Peachtree Creek, battle at, 47
Peninsula Campaign, 16
Peninsular War, 62
The Pentagon’s New Map (Thomas P.M. Barnett), 277–78
“people’s war” concept, 23
Pepper, George Whitfield, 73, 74, 76, 80–81, 97–98, 102, 112, 121
Pershing, John J., 165–66
Peters, Ralph, 278
Petersburg, battle at, 47
Petraeus, David, 6, 265–67, 270–71, 312n21, 313n28
Philippines: “benevolent assimilation” policy in, 152; destruction vs. infrastructure building during occupation, 6; Philippine War of 1898–1902, 152–58, 215; United States’ purchase of, 152
Philippine War of 1898–1902, 152–58, 215
Pittsburg Landing, battle at, 15
Plesch, Dan, 279
Poe, Orlando, 46, 65, 68, 102, 194
political dimensions of warfare, 7, 149–50. See also lessons from Sherman’s campaigns
Polk, Leonidas, 43
“population-centric” counterinsurgency, 6, 267–70
Porcher, Louise, 99
Porter, Anthony Toomer, 84–85
Porter, Horace, 117–18
postmodern war, 240. See also hyperwar
postwar devastation, Civil War, 133–36
postwar stabilization, 7
poverty, post–Civil War, 134–35
The Principles of Strategy, Illustrated Mainly from American Campaigns ( John Bigelow), 151
prisoners of war: British attitude toward, 198; in Civil War, 89, 90, 120–21; and global war on terror, 253; in Iraq War, 258, 262; in Philippine War, 153, 155, 156; in World War II, 170
private property rights, 201, 207
Project for the New American Century (PNAC), 310n23
“prompt global strike” system, 276
proportionality, rule of, 230
psychological operations/warfare, 7; by the British, 196; in fourth-generation warfare, 242; in Kosovo, 249; in Panama invasion, 228; in Sherman’s campaigns, 126, 243; in Vietnam War, 161
public opinion, 228
Quantrill, William Clarke, 27
Rabaul, New Britain, 171–72
racial dehumanization of enemies, 215, 258, 261–63
racial massacres, in World War II, 204–5
raiding: in Civil War, 21, 27, 166; during Hundred Years War, 61; during Indian wars, 20–21; lessons from Sherman’s campaigns, 166–70; in Vietnam War, 161. See also destruction
railroads: Civil War attacks on, 21, 55, 69–70, 79, 127, 135; in Crimean and Franco-Austrian Wars, 290n9; importance in Civil War, 20; post–Civil War, 135, 144; as supply line, 21, 54, 78; Wolseley on, 194–95
Raleigh, North Carolina, 92, 131
Raleigh Banner, 95
Randolph, Mississippi, 88
rape, 307n194; in Civil War, 103–5; in Vietnam War, 161; in World War II, 215
Ravenel, Caroline, 97
Ravenel, Harriott H., 95
reconstruction: following Civil War, 136–39; following World War II, 221; in Iraq, 259–61, 263–64
Red River War (1974–75), 142
refugees: Civil War, 49–54, 83, 98; emancipated slaves, 110–11, 113; fugitive slave camps, 19; in Kosovo, 245
Reichenau, Walther von, 204
Rendulic, Lothar von, 207
Rendulic rule, 207
responsibility to protect (R2P), 243
revolution in military affairs (RMA), 240, 276
Rice, Donald, 234
Richards, Samuel, 48
Richmond, Virginia, 47, 92, 100
Richmond Dispatch, 103–4
Richmond Enquirer, 27
Ridgway, Matthew, 185
Rieckhoff, Paul, 258
Robb, John, 282
Roberts, Frederick, 196
Roberts, Jay, 159
Roberts, Les, 261
Rodríguez, Juantxu, 230
Rolling Thunder, 186–87
Rome (Georgia) Weekly Courier, 11
Rommel, Erwin, 209
Root, Elihu, 158
Ropes, John Codman, 151
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 51
Royal Air Force (RAF), 173–74, 177, 179, 203
Royster, Charles, 3
Rubin, James, 239
rule of proportionality, 230
rules of engagement: in Iraq War, 259, 261; in Panama invasion, 227–28
Rundstedt, Gerd von, 170
Russell, John S., 222
Saint-Gaudens, Augustus, 129
Salisbury, Harrison, 186–87
Saluda, South Carolina, 102
Salvador Option, 264
Samar, Philippines, 155–57
Sample, Sue, 102
sanctions, in First Gulf War, 237–39
Sandersville, Georgia, 90
San Francisco, Sherman in, 33–34
Sassaman, Nathan, 263
Savannah, Georgia, 1–2, 69, 130–31. See also March to the Sea
Schell, Jonathan, 162
Schofield, John, 24, 49, 126–27, 152
Schurz, Carl, 137–38
Schwarzkopf, Norman, 231–33
scorched earth approach, 204–9, 283; of the Chinese, 206–7; following World War II, 207–9; Luttwak’s praise of, 269; in Philippine War, 154; in Shenandoah Valley, 56, 89, 128; by Sherman, 4; in World War II, 174, 204–7. See also total war
search-and destroy strategy, in Vietnam War, 160
Second Anglo-Boer War (1899–1902), 196–97
Second Seminole War, 32
Seeckt, Hans von, 210
Seminoles, 32
Seoul, Korea, 183–84
September 11, 2001 attacks, 251–52, 287
Seven Days Battle, 17
Seventh Corps, U.S., 232
Seventh Infantry, U.S. Army, 154
severities: “hard war” measures, 25–28; Sherman’s belief in, 39–44; suffered by civilian populations, 199–203. See also civilian terrorization; destruction
sexual violence: in Civil War, 103–5; in World War II, 215. See also rape
“shake and bake” bombings, 260
Shenandoah Valley, 23–24, 56, 89, 128
Sheridan, Philip, 4, 27–28, 55–56, 89, 141–43, 159, 198
Sherman (Basil Henry Liddell Hart), 164–65
Sherman, William C., 176
Sherman, William Tecumseh, 29–59, 288; attitude toward slavery, 110; belief in effectiveness of destruction, 39–44; Bennett on, 189–90; on central aim of war, 280; on conduct of war, 117, 118; on consequences of his march, 125–27; death of, 145; destruction by, 1–3, 39, 54–59, 63–93, 123; early warfare views of, 39–42; on easy and safe war, 271; evacuation of Atlanta, 48–54; evolution of beliefs about warfare, 42–44; as Great Destroyer, 2; historians’ depictions of, 3–5; hostility of Union press, 228; and Indian troubles, 140–43; influence on American warfare (see lessons from Sherman’s campaigns); land set aside for freed slaves, 112; logistical skills of, 36–39; march to Atlanta, 44–48; March to the Sea, 1–2, 54–59, 63–77; as Memphis military governor, 129–30; and modern forms of war, 7; as peacemaker, 129–33; personal characteristics of, 29, 38; philosophy of war, 191–92; political views of, 144; prewar background of, 31–36; on prisoners of war, 90; reputation of, 2–3, 5, 95–97, 114; retirement of, 144–45; and settlement of the West, 139–45; on soldiers’ treatment of women, 104; on Southern women, 99–100; a spiritual father of total war, 3; strategic impact of campaigns, 125–29; strategy/strategic objectives of, 4, 63–64, 69, 75–76, 98; supply lines severed by, 1; and terrorist tactics, 8; and twentieth-century warfare, 192–200, 208–12, 217; on war as “epistemology,” 243
Sherman, Willie, 42
Sherman’s March to the Sea (F.O.C. Darley), 71
shock and awe strategy, 241–42, 256–57
Siboni, Gabriel, 284–85
Simms, William Gilmore, 81, 85–86, 105, 294n32
Sixth Airborne Division (French), 232
Sixth Separate Brigade, U.S. Army, 155
slavery: Emancipation Proclamation, 25; Lincoln’s concession on, 13; and Sherman’s surrender negotiations, 131–32; Sherman’s view of, 110
slaves: encounters with Civil War soldiers, 107–14; fugitive, in refugee camps, 19; murder of, 82; as property in the South, 13; soldiers’ rape of, 104, 105; and Southern males available to fight, 14; torturing of, 81. See also blacks
Slim, Hugo, 284
Slocum, Henry W., 64
Smith, Harry A., 221
Smith, Jacob H. “Hell Roaring Jake,” 155–56
Smith, Sir Rupert, 281
Smuts, Jan S., 175
sociopolitical engineering, 162–63
soldiers: Civil War, 118–24; dehumanization of, 216; Lieber Code of conduct for, 51–52, 115–16. See also individual military groups
The Soldier’s Pocket-Book for Field Service (Garnet Wolseley), 194–95
Song Ve Valley, Vietnam, 161–62
The Soul of Battle (Victor David Hanson), 217
The Souls of Black Folk (W.E.B. Du Bois), 112–13
the South (Confederacy): concept of war in, 11, 12, 18; environmental devastation in, 19–20; postwar conditions in, 133; reconstruction in, 136–39; response to Sherman’s war conduct in, 54, 63; Sherman’s attitude toward, 42; Sherman’s prewar impressions of, 33; Sherman’s reputation in, 2; slavery in, 13; strategic objectives of, 13. See also Civil War
South Carolina, 77; Confederate military in, 77; encounters between civilians and soldiers, 95–99; postwar devastation in, 133–34; Sherman’s destruction in, 2, 77–90; Sherman’s march to, 77–78; women’s war experiences in, 101, 102, 104–6
South Carolina Railroad, 79
Southern Cheyenne, 141
South Korean Army, 159
Soviet military, 103, 208, 223
Spaatz, Carl A., 180
Spanish-American War (1898), 152, 192
Spanish Civil War, 76
Special Forces death squads, 255, 265
Special Police Commandos, 265
Spiller, Anthony, 251
Sponeck, Hans von, 238
Sri Lankan Civil War (2009), 283
Stanton, Edwin, 112
state militias, 14
statesmanship: destruction as, 87; war vs., 57
Steele, Frederick, 26
Steele, James, 265
Steele, Michael, 262
Steinbeck, John, 177
Stillé, Alfred, 11–12
Stiner, Carl, 227
Stone, Andrew Leete, 12
“strategic hamlets.” See concentration camps (for civilians during war)
strategic impact of Sherman’s campaigns, 125–29
strategic objectives: in bombing Japanese cities, 183; in Civil War, 13–14, 20, 57; for global war on terror, 254; in Korean War bombings, 184, 185; of Vietnam bombings, 186–88
strategy, definition of, 13. See also war strategies
The Strategy of Indirect Approach (Basil Henry Liddell Hart), 164
Stratemeyer, George E., 184
Stülpnagel, Joachim von, 191
Sudan, 283
suicide bomb attacks, 251–52, 261
Sullivan, John, 21
supplies; logistics: attacks on, 165; for Confederates, Sherman’s destruction of, 126; foraging system (see foraging system [of Sherman]); in Indian wars, 143; from local populations, 38–39, 58; for Sherman’s troops, 45, 46, 54, 55, 58, 64, 68, 77–78; for World War I troops, 213; for World War II troops, 169, 172, 173, 211, 213. See also blockades
supply depots, Civil War, 21, 36–37
surgical force engagement capabilities, 286; drones, 272; in First Gulf War, 234, 235; in the future, 277–78; illusion of, 251; in Panama invasion, 230
surprise and shock campaigns, 160
Syria, 288
Szafranski, Richard, 242
Tactical Air Corps, 176
tactical aspects of war, 4; Patton on, 250; Sherman and terrorist tactics, 8. See also specific tactics
Taliban, 270
Task Force Oregon operations, 161
technological aspects of war, 241–43; and destruction, 225–26; drone warfare, 255, 271–75; expectations for high-tech wars, 250–51; in the future, 276–78
technological supremacy, 212–13, 224–26, 250, 251
Tellier, François-Michel Le, 62
“terror” bombing: in Kosovo, 248; in World War II, 203
terrorism: against civilians (see civilian terrorization); Department of Defense definition of, 8; global war on terror (see global war on terror [GWOT]); in post–Civil War South, 138–39; September 11, 2001, attacks, 251–52; in state terror in Iraq, 264–65; “total war” forms of, 208
“terror wars” (twenty-first century), 5
Third Anglo-Ashanti War (1873–74), 195–98
Third Enforcement Act, 139
Third Infantry Division, U.S., 256
Third Separate Brigade, U.S. Army, 156
Thirty Years War, 191
Thomas, George H. “Rock of Chickamauga,” 55
Thompson, Reginald, 183–84, 213
Thomson, Thomas Henderson, 197
Three Alls Strategy, 206
“three-block war” concept, 225
The Times of London, 126
Timrod, Henry, 135
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 62–63
Torres, Jaruja, 229
torture: in Civil War, 73; and global war on terror, 253; in Iraq war, 264; in Philippine War, 153; in post–Civil War South, 138; by Sherman’s troops, 81 Der totale Krieg (Erich Ludendorff), 191
total war, 190–99; blitzkrieg, 209–12; defined, 190; precedents for, 190–91; severities suffered in, 199–203; Sherman as spiritual father of, 3, 190. See also scorched earth approach
Transitional Federal Government (TFG), 255
Trapier, Sarah, 105
The Trojan Women (Euripides), 114
Trotha, Lothar von, 199
Tunnell, Harry, 268–69
Twentieth Bomber Command, U.S., 180
Ullman, Harlan K., 241
Union. See the North
Union Army (armies): civilian attitudes toward, 22; code of conduct for, 51–52, 115–16; early Civil War manpower, 14; early strategy of, 16; Grant and Sherman’s planning for, 45; increased “hard war” powers of, 25; response to bushwhacking and guerrillas, 89; soldiers’ sympathy for civilians, 122; Southern women’s attitudes toward, 99–101. See also individual armies, battles, and commanders
Union Navy, 68; blockade of Confederacy, 15; bombardment of Charleston, 83; Charleston blockade, 79; Grant and Sherman’s planning for, 45
Union Pacific Railroad, 144
United Nations: and First Gulf War, 231; Iraq sanctions, 237–38
unmanned combat aerial vehicles (UCAVs), 271–75
urban destruction: in Civil War, 82–83, 121; in First Gulf War, 234–36; in Iraq War, 259–61; in Korean War, 184; in World War II, 177, 179–83. See also individual cities
U.S. Air Force: bombing in Germany, 176–77, 179; Korean War, 183–84; on unrestricted destruction, 216; in Vietnam War, 186–87
U.S. Army: ambivalence toward devastation policy, 151–52; and American way of war, 212–18; of the future, 276–77; in Iraq War, 257; media pool system, 228; National Military Strategic Plan (2005), 254–55; network-centric warfare for, 241; Panama invasion, 226–30; Rendulic rule for, 207; Sherman as commander in chief of, 142; Sunni’s view of, 265; technological supremacy of, 225–26. See also individual wars
U.S. Army/Marine Corps Field Manual 3–24 (FM 3–24), 6–7, 266, 312n20
U.S. Cavalry (Indian wars), 141–43
U.S. Forces Afghanistan (USFOR-A), 268
U.S. Marines: in Afghanistan, 268; in First Barbary War, 94; in First Gulf War, 232; maintaining global presence of, 226; occupation of Haiti, 222; in Vera Cruz, 218–19
U.S. military, 286; and changed approaches to war, 271; civilians’ witness of the arrival of, 94–95; extended visible presence of, 276; post–Cold War changes in, 224; post–Vietnam changes in, 223; standards of, 214. See also American way of war; individual branches; individual wars
U.S. military history, Civil War as transformative in, 4
U.S. military power, 286, 287; in controlling other governments, 218; failures of, 6; as foreign policy instrument, 226; and global war on terror, 252–53; image of, 5; post–Cold War, 224; projected for twenty-first century, 277
U.S. Navy: Philippine War, 152, 155; Spanish-American War, 152; in World War II, 171–73
U.S. Special Forces, 255, 265, 279
Vance, Zebulon B., 127
Van Dorn, Earl, 21
“vast moral crusade” notion, 5
Vaudois, 61
Vera Cruz, Mexico, 218–21
Vernichtungsbefehl, 199
Vetter, Charles Edmund, 190
Vicksburg, siege of, 17–19, 21
Victory Through Air Power, 176
Vietnam War, 158–63; bombings in, 185–88; defoliation program, 162; destruction in, 158–63; line of descent from Sherman’s campaigns, 4; moral aspects of, 217; physical destruction during, 6; racial dehumanization of enemies, 215; raids combined with civic action in, 161; Reston’s comparison of Civil War and, 4; television coverage of, 228; and U.S. counterinsurgency strategy, 160–61
violence: in American way of war, 213, 218 (see also individual wars); against civilians, 216 (see also civilian terrorization); culture of, 268–69; against freed slaves, 137; of Nazi antipartisan warfare, 205; in premodern warfare, 208. See also scorched earth approach
virtuous destruction, 278
Volkskrieg, 191
Wade, James P., 241
Wagner, Arthur Lockwood, 158
Walcutt, Charles C., 67, 68, 88
Waller, Littleton W.T. “Tony,” 155, 156
Walters, John Bennett, Jr., 189–90
war and warfare: Americans’ new reticence about, 288; future, 275–80; international agreements regulating, 189; legitimacy of, 286–87; necessary destruction in, 278; nineteenth-century American concept of, 12; Schwarzkopf on, 149; Sherman’s attitude toward, 288; Sherman’s influence on twentieth-century conduct of, 190. See also American way of war; individual wars
war crimes: and First Gulf War, 235; My Lai, 159–60; Sherman’s conduct as, 53
Warden, John, 240
War of the League of Augsburg, 62
war on terror. See global war on terror (GWOT)
“wars among the people,” 281, 284
war strategies: for future warfare, 275; of Grant, 4; of the North in Civil War, 16; for partisans and guerrillas, 88–89; of Sherman, 4, 56–57, 63–64, 69, 75–76, 88, 98, 141; Sherman’s influence on (see lessons from Sherman’s campaigns); of Union in Civil War, 16; war as vast moral crusade, 5. See also strategic objectives; specific strategies
wars without war, 250–80; Afghanistan war, 267–71; counterinsurgency, 264–67; drone warfare, 271–75; future war, 275–80; global war on terror, 251–56; Iraq War, 256–67
Washington, George, 21
“water cure,” 153
Waziristan, Pakistan, 272–74
“weapons-free” assaults, 262
Wellesley, Arthur, 62
West, Francis, 266
Western & Atlantic Railroad, 1
Westmoreland, William, 160, 161
West Point, 31–32
Weyand, Frederick C., 214
Weyler y Nicolau, Valeriano “the Butcher,” 192–94
Wheaton, Loyd, 153
Wheeler, Joseph “Fighting Joe,” 65, 67, 68, 74
William of Malmesbury, 60
William the Conqueror, 60
Wilmington, North Carolina, 91
Wilson, Edmund, 215
Wilson, James Harrison, 92, 166, 195–96
Wilson, Woodrow, 150, 212, 218–19, 222, 237
Winchester, Virginia, 100
Winslow, E.F., 134
Winter Soldier hearings, 262
Wolseley, Sir Garnet, 194–95
women: British psychological pressure on, 196; British soldiers’ perspective on, 197; Civil War treatment of, 99–107; in Herero and Nama Rebellions, 199; in World War I, 201
Work, Henry Clay, 113
World War I, 163–66; British blockades in, 201–2; economic destruction in, 163; German “severities” in, 200–201; mobile armies in, 210–11; politicians’ views on, 149–50; U.S. Army in, 212–13
World War II, 4; airpower, 174–80; American logistical skills in, 213; blitzkrieg campaigns, 4, 209–12; brutality of generals in, 4–5; Churchill’s “terror” bombing in, 203; in Europe, 167–70; moral aspects of, 217; in Pacific, 170–74; physical destruction vs. progressive occupation in Japan, 6; scorched earth policy in, 204–7; urban destruction, 179–83; U.S. troops’ behavior in, 214–15; witnessing troop arrivals, 94
Worth, William J., 32
zero-sum domino theory of international relations, 162–63
Ziegler, Jean, 259
Zierler, David, 162
Zinn, Howard, 302n35
“zones of protection” (for civilians), 156. See also concentration camps (for civilians during war)