nabaṭī poetry, 215
al-Nābulusī, ῾Abd al-Ghanī, 62, 81, 120, 128, 182n31, 212-213; al-Bahlūl’s panegyric of, 69; cryptogram, 67-68; introduction to Dīwān, 70; religious poetry, 81
al-Nābulusī, ῾Uthmān ibn Ibrāhīm, 104
al-Nadīm, ῾Abd Allāh, 241-242
al-Nadr ibn al-Ḥārith, 253
Nafīsa, al-Sayyida, 338-340, 340, 344
al-Nafzāwī, Shaykh ῾Umar ibn Muḥammad, 130
al-nahḍa, 7, 30; developments leading to, 238, 347-348
al-Nahrawālī, Qutb al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad, 173
Najm al-Dīn Ghāzī, al-Malik al-Manṣūr, 52
Napoleon I, Emperor of France, 122, 238
naqd (applied criticism), works of,388-9, 390-4, 416
al-Naqqāsh, Mārūn, 383
narrative, 4; in band, 96; in kān wa-kān, 255-256; popular, creativity in, 72; in risāla, 138; royal letters and debates, 138; structure in sīra, 293, 297-8, 321, 307, 309, 311-13,327-8 see also religious narrative, popular (qiṣṣa); story-telling
narrator figure in drama, 361
Nāṣīf al-Yāzijī; see under see al-Yāzijī, Nāṣīf
al-Nāṣir, caliph, 214
al-Nāṣir Ḥasan, Sultan, 165
al-Nāṣir Muḥammad ibn Qalāwūn, al-Malik, 163, 203, 217, 223, 223
al-Nāṣirī, Yalbughā, 226-227
Na῾῾ūm Efendi, Mīkhā᾽īl, 381
navigation, writings on, 132
al-Nawājī, Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan, 218, 399-400
nawriyyāt (flower poems), 36
New Critics, 3-4
Nicholson, R. A., 3
Niebuhr, Ch., 364
Nile: Burton and Speke’s expedition, 287; dramatic performances on, 378-379; floods, 121, 140, 176, 220, 223
novel, maqāma and, 145
al-Nu῾ayma, Mīkhā᾽īl, 15
al-Nu῾aymī, ῾Abd al-Qādir, 125, 180180n27181
numerology, 165
Nūr Muḥammad, ‘Light of Muḥammad’, 84, 334
Nuṭq al-jamal (The Camel’s Utterance), 336-7
al-Nuwayrī, Shihāb al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn ῾Abd al-Wahhāb, 12, 131, 131, 135, 165-166
al-Nuwayrī al-Iskandarānī, 165
Nuzhat al-udabā᾽, 260-261
obscenity, 43, 115, 118 see also licence: bawdy stories; sexuality: elite poetry on; and under Thousand and One Nights (Alf layla wa-layla)
occasional verses, 213, 228, 233, 265
officials, 83, 101, 239 see also chancery (dīwān al-rasā᾽il); governors; see also scribes, clerks and secretaries: chancery training
ojaqs (regiments in Cairo), 174-5
oral tradition, 3, 18; apprenticeship of poets, 314, 315, 315; band and, 90, 92; belles-lettres interact with, 359-360; literary debate genre in modern, 144; modern media and, 314; music transmitted by, 199
oral-formulaic techniques, 317-318; and popular poetry, 204, 229; in popular prose, 266; (see also under sīra, popular (pl. siyar, folk epic genre); AND WRITTEN TRADITION, 252; copying direct from oral sources, 204, 266, 268-9, 308; and popular prose, 252, 254-255, 267-269; written-oral-written transmission, 267; see also under sīra, popular (pl. siyar, folk epic genre)
oratory, 128-9
organization of current volume, 17-21
Oriental Tale genre, European, 285278-9
Ott, Claudia, 289
Ottoman period, 5-6; Arabic language in,17, 57, 231; turkicization, 57, 61, 231; see also individual rulers and under individual genres and patronage
Ouargla, Algeria, 378
Palache (or Falyadj), Isaac Ben Joseph, 381-382
palm tree, sighing, 257
Panchatantra, 248-249, 273-274
panegyric see eulogy, poetic (madḥ)
Paret, R., 302
parody: in maqāma,148, 149; in popular poetry, 224-5, 231, 233, 236
paronomasia (jinās, tajnīs), 38, 68, 394, 407; in popular poetry, 207, 210, 211-212
partisanship (ta῾aṣṣub), 392-393
patriotism, 187-188
patronage: Ayyubid, 47; Buyid era, 10; by caliph and court, 10; in chancery, 111, 112; debate genre and, 142; eulogizing for pay, 33, 34-5, 52, 55, 230; by governors, 235; Mamluk, 166, 169, 220-1, 222; Ottoman, 230-1, 255; of popular poetry, 194-5, 196, 209-10, 219-20, 237; by al-Qādī᾽l-Fāḍil, of Ibn Sanā᾽ al-Mulk, 41; regional centres, 9, 10, 234-235; risāla and, 140
pay, writing for, 66, 72, 114, 196, 265-266; eulogies, 33, 34-5, 52, 55, 230
Payne, John, 284, 286-7, 288, 289
peasants, al-Shirbīnī on, 231-234
pen and sword, debate between, 113, 142n44, 143, 144, 158
Penço de la Vega, Joseph, 381-382
performance: Cairene performers’ guilds, 357n53; ḥikāya as destined for, 351, 357n53; maqāma as destined for, 354
popular poetry, 194, 219 see also drama; music: Arab influence in Andalusia; qaṣṣāṣīn (popular performing groups); religious narrative, popular (qiṣṣa); story-telling
periodization, literary-historical, 5-6, 17, 415; blurring, 8-17
Persia: band, 89; frame-tale collections, 250, 252, 270-1; histories of, 186-7, 264; (siyar on pre-Islamic), 296, 320, 323; maqāma in, 145; popular epic, 324 popular literature identified with resistance to Islam, 252-253; recitations, 268, 273; strength of cultural influence, 26; translation of popular prose to Arabic, 248-249, 250, 252, 270
Persian language, Ibn Sanā᾽ al-Mulk’s use in muwashshaḥ, 202
personification in debate genre, 142, 143
Pétis de la Croix, François, 278
Petrus Alfonsi (Moses Sephardi), 256
philological treatises, 117, 394, 417
philosophy, 388, 389-390, 408-412
picaresque narratives, 145, 253, 261
pictorial tradition, 263, 305, 306
pilgrimage, 131, 179, 182, 192, 287
plagiarism (sariqāt), 392, 393, 394, 404, 411, 416
plague, 166, 220, 220, 225-226; histories on,140-1, 165, 176; (Ibn al-Wardī’s account), 140-1, 158, 227
poetics, adab works on, 398-401
poetry, elite,25-51 60-71, 74-86; and alien discourses,66-71 72; and Arab literary identity, 39, 221-222; artificiality, 32, 37, 43, 57-58; classical, 26-7, 31, 57, 59, 70-1; and colloquial language, 30, 31, 43, 49, 57, 191; communication breaks down, 71; and cryptograms, 62-63, 67-9; decline, 21, 27-8, 35-6, 37-8, 57-8, 60-71, 118; (see also under ghazal) ; descriptive, 28, 36-7, 42, 53, 56; development, outline of, 26-32; diction and syntax, 30-2; emotional expression, 35-6, 42, 43-5, 46, 47-48; (decline), 27-8, 35-6, 37, 42, 51, 57-58; imagery, 26, 32, 43, 71; impact of Islam, 400, 400-401; influence of Koran, 31, 37, 57, 400-401; internal and external experience in, 29, 30, 35-6, 46, 49, 96; modern return to Arab tradition, 30, 38; new forms, 62-3, 78, 82; ornamentation, 37-8, 41, 43, 67-9
payment for, 33, 34-5, 52, 55, 66, 72 poets, 39-44; (absence of faḥl, major poet), 28-9, 39; (low status), 63-5; and political events, 25-6, 61 prose in ascendancy over, 72, 103, 105, 109, 395, 416, 417; and religious discourse, 29-30, 62-63, 69-70 see also religious poetry; risāla, 137, 139, (essay genre); in shadow plays, 361; in sīra, 247; 16th–18th centuries, 56-8, 60-71; social instability and, 27; and statehood, 28; Sufi, 29, 35-6, 44-56, 36, 58; syntactic loosening, 31-2, 37, 57-58; theme and meaning, 27-30; and tribal structure, 64-65; vigour, 26-7, 31; (loss of), 27-28, 31-32, 35-36, 37-38; see also and under see also badī῾iyya (panegyric of Prophet); band; conceits, poetic; eulogy, poetic (madḥ); faḥl (major poet); ghazal (love poetry); religious poetry; historiography; pre-Islamic period: drama; satire (hijā᾽); sexuality: elite poetry on; tradition, Arabic poetic; urbanization: and poetry
poetry, popular, 191-242; class of audience, 193-4, 219-20, 222; common people’s production, 192; critical study of, 201-10, 216-17, 220; see also under Ibn Sanā᾽ al-Mulk, Abū᾽l-Qāsim; al-Ḥillī, Ṣafī al-Dīn; delimitation, 191-5, elegiac mode, 211, 225-6; elite attitudes to, 191-2, 194, 241; elite poets’ compositions, 193, 236-7, 241; inflected and uninflected language, 193, 203, 205, 207, 209, 210; language hybrid of colloquial and standard Arabic, 193, 196, 228, 413; liminal status, 228-227; Mamluk era, 218-230; manuscript circulation, 204, 229; middle classes and, 193-194; music and, 198-9, 202, 206, 219, 228, 239; new forms, 255-256; occasional verses, 213, 228, 233, 265; oral circulation, 204, 229; origins and forms, 195-218; Ottoman era, 230-42
patronage, 194-5, 196, 209-10, 219-20,
political content, 222, 223, 227, 242
preachers’ use, 213; scribes’ alterations, 192, 256; sexuality in, 206-208; social complaint, 223, 224-225; in Sudan, 216; and Sufism, 226, 237; transcription conventions, 192, 215, 256, 262, 267; translations from European languages, 241, 242-241; women’s use, 213; see also individual forms, especially and under see also bullayq (poetic form); humaynī (poetic form); kān wa-kān (popular poetic form); mawwāl (popular poetic form); musammaṭ (poetic form); muwashshaḥ (popular poetic form); nabaṭī poetry; qūmā or qawmā (popular poetic form); sīra, popular (pl. siyar, folk epic genre); zajal; Andalusia: aljamiado texts; historiography; parody: in maqāma
polemic, anti-Christian, 165
politics: events, and literature, 25-26
popular poetry on, 222, 223, 226-7, 242; as reason for ‘decadence’, 27, 61, 71
popular culture and literature: attitudes towards, 241, 252-4, 272; and elite culture, 245 see elite and popular culture; European, 245, formulaic nature of literature, 325; and Islam, 118-9, 120, 178, 252-3, 375, 381; (preaching), 118, 213
patronage, 220; (see also under and wider Islamic, 324 see also poetry, popular; sīra, popular (pl. siyar, folk epic genre); stock themes of heroism and romance, 325; see also and individual genres see also drama; poetry, popular; prose, popular
‘post-classical period’, use of term, 1
poverty, complaint about, 223-5
praise of self or tribe see also fakhr (boasting) poetry
preaching see also sermons
pre-Islamic period: drama, 356-357
poetry, 247, 392-3, 415; siyar on, 293, 320, 323, 328
‘pre-modern’, use of term, 374
printing, 245, 259, 295, 282-4; see also (printed editions) see also chapbooks (kutub ṣufrā, ‘yellow books’); Thousand and One Nights (Alf layla wa-layla)
prophets, narratives about, 248, 330 337-8,
prose, belletristic, 101-33; chancery education, 101, 105-6; creative impulse shifts to popular prose, 72; cultural continuity, 102; decentralization and, 102, 104, 114-15, 125-6, 126, 130; Dīwān al-Inshā᾽ and, 103-5; generic hierarchies, 101; Koranic discourse in, 105, 107, 111; on love, 130, 141; lucidity of style, 132; oral literature interacts with, 359-360; and poetry, 72, 105; (critics on superiority of prose), 103, 109, 416, 417; and popular culture, discursive middle ground, 118-9; satire, caricature and entertainment, 117-18, 121; scribal hierarchy, 101, 113-114; Sufi discourse, 127-8; ῾ulamā᾽ of Baḥrī period, 1119-20; variety, 132 see also adab; band; chancery (dīwān al-rasā᾽il); compendia; competition, literary: belletristic ethos; criticism, literary; debate, literary (al-munāẓara); epistolography; historiography; maqāma (narrative genre); oratory; risāla; saj῾; scribes, clerks and secretaries; sermons; topography; travel literature
prose, popular, 245-68; bawdy stories, 252; creative impulse, 72; didactic tales, 252; epic, see sīra, popular; exemplary stories, popular; historical overview, 247-9, 254-64; humorous tales, 260-61; Ibn al-Nadīm on, 249-52, 254; language, classical and colloquial, 246-247; by learned writers, 264-266; lovers, tales of, 252, 250-251; miscellaneous tales, 251-252; moral tales, 259; new genres, post-classical, 256; oral and written traditions, 252, 254-5, 266
production and consumption, 252, 264-69
proverb collections, 252, 262-63; sermons decrying, 272; Sufi, 257; translations into Arabic, pre-Islamic and early Islamic, 248-49; see also band; historiography (popular); jokes and joke books; mirabilia; religious narrative; romances; shadow plays; sīra, popular; story-telling; Thousand and One Nights
proverbs: in elite literature, 262
popular collections, 252, 262-63
psalter in zajal form, 240
publishing, 238, 245-6, 295 see also Bulāq press; chapbooks (kutub ṣufrā, ‘yellow books’); printing
puppets see marionettes; shadow plays
al-Qabrī, Muḥammad ibn Maḥmūd, 195
al-Qāḍī᾽l-Fāḍil, Abū ῾Alī (῾Abd al-Raḥīm al-Baysānī), 102, 105, 115; Ibn al-Athīr and, 106, 106; prose style, 12, 107, 113, 162; and symbolism of shadow plays, 261, 358
Qalāwūn, Sultan, 161, 162, 163
al-Qalqashandī, al-Qāḍī Shihāb al-Dīn, 12, 109-110; on Abū᾽l-Ḥasan al-Bakrī, 257; on Cairo as cultural centre, 130-131; on epistolography, 111-12, 135; and Faḍl Allāh family, 112; on al-Ḥarīri, 114; on Ibn ῾Abd al-Ẓāhir, 163; literary debates, 113, 142, 142n44, 143, 144; maqāmāt, 109-10, 112-13; on prose style, 108-9; on risāla, 137-140; on scribal hierarchy, 112-13; on superiority of prose to poetry, 103, 104-5, 109
Qānṣūh al-Ghūrī, Sultan, 159
Qarāqūsh, Bahā᾽al-Dīn, 117
qarqiyy (type of zajal), 205
al-Qarṭājannī, Ḥazīm, 28-9, 65, 388, 412, 415; and Hellenistic philosophy, 388, 389-390, 409-411
al-Qashshāsh, Darwīsh, 366
Qāsim ibn ῾Aṭā᾽ al-Miṣrī, al-Shaykh, 230-231
al-Qāsimī, Shaykh, 182
qaṣṣāṣīn (popular performing groups), 333
al-Qazwīnī (20th-century author of band), 90
al-Qazwīnī, Khaṭīb Dimashq, 404, 415
al-Qazwīnī, Zakariyyā᾽ ibn Muḥammad, 263
qidmat al-bunduq (description of fowling), 139, 144
al-Qinālī (or al-Qaynalī), Muṣṭafā ibn Ibrāhīm al-Maddāh, 176-177
Qirṭāy al-῾Izzī al-Khāzindārī, 164, 164-165
Qiṣaṣ al-῾anbiyā᾽ (Stories of the Prophets), 248, 338
qiṣāṣ al-mashāyikh (recitations), 268
qiṣṣa see religious narrative, popular
Qiṣṣat Miqdād (heroic narrative), 319
Qu῾ayyid ῾Āshūrā᾽ (masquerader), 378
Qudāma ibn Ja῾far, 33n16, 69, 399, 406
qūmā or qawmā (popular poetic form), 87, 203, 208, 209, 213-214 255
al-Qurayshī, Riḍā Muḥsin, 213, 217
al-Qurṭī, 271
quṣṣāṣ (sing. qāṣṣ, religious story-tellers) see religious narrative, popular
rabāb (spike-fiddle), 267, 313, 314
rabī῾iyyāt (spring poems), 36
race, Islam and, 27, 65-66, 221-222
al-Rāfī῾ī, 92
al-Rāghib al-Iṣfahānī, Abū᾽l-Qāsim, 12
al-Raḥabī, Maḥmūd, 186-187
ramal metre, 91-92
Rashīd al-Khalāwī, 215
Rashidi dynasty of Hayil, 215
Rasmussen’s translation of Thousand and One Nights, 284
al-Rawḍ al-waḍḍāh . . .(collection of shadow plays), 261-262
rāwīs (story-tellers), 380
al-Rāzī, Badr al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad ibn al-Muẓaffar ibn al-Mukhtār, 153
al-Rāzī, Fakhr al-Dīn, 402-3, 415
reading, process of, 4
readings of maqāma, public, 150
recitation see story-telling
recording, audio, 192, 268, 380-381
re-examination of cultural heritage, current, 16
regionalization, 10; and belletristic prose, 102, 104, 114-115, 125-6, 130; and eulogy, 33, 34; and identity formation, 125-126; and patronage, 10, 234-235; and topographical narratives, 125-126
religious narrative, popular (qiṣṣa), 247-8, 257-9, 324, 330-4; characteristics and texture, 343-344; Christian, 338, 340-42, 343; on Companions of the Prophet, 338; contexts and performers, 247-248, 331-333; controversies over, 247-48, 258-9, 330, 332-333; decreasing religious content, 252, 333; on impious men and women, 342-343; Koranic narratives and references to narratives, 248, 249, 330-1 332, 337-338; local connections, 339-340, 344; on pious men and women, 330, 338-342; on the Prophet, 333-337; on prophets, 248, 330, 337-338; sources, 330; state-appointed performers, 332; texts, 333-343; see also under miracles
religious orders and corporations, 236-237
religious poetry, 29-30; ascetic (zuhdiyya), 74-75; al-Būṣīrī, 74, 84-86; Christian, 75, 82, 83, 86; elegy (rithā᾽), 75-76; eulogy, 69-70, 76-77; (prophetic, madīḥ al-nabawī), 83-86 (see also badī῾iyya; of holy war, 76-7 Ibn ῾Āmir al-Baṣrī, 80-81; Ibn al-῾Arabī, 77-78; Ibn al-Fāriḍ, 74, 78-80; invective, 83; al-Nābulusī, 81; satire, 83; Sufi, 44-46
renaissance: 10th-century, 9; 20th-century; see nahḍa
rhapsodes (ḥakawātīs, maddāḥūn, rāwīs), 367, 380
riddles, 53 82, 56, 138, 139, 265
Riḍwān Katkhudā al-Jalfī, 230
Rifā῾a Rāfi῾al-Ṭahṭāwī, 241
al-Rīḥānī, Najīb, 381 138-9, 143-4
riḥla (travel writing), 215
Rimsky-Korsakov, Nikolai Andreievich, 293
risāla (essay genre), 109-112, 144n51; allusion and quotation in, 137; application of term, 134, 135, 143, 351, 351, 352, 355; autobiographical, 139-140; in biographical dictionaries, 136; categorization by al-Qalqashandī, 137-140; on cities, 140; descriptive element, 137; diction, 135, 137; and drama, 355-356; functional, 134, 135-136; humorous, 138, 140; Ibn Ḥabīb al-Ḥalabī’s faṣls (‘paragraphs’), 144; and ῾ilm al-inshā᾽, 134-135; lexical versatility, 137; literary, 134, 135, 137-144; and maqāma, 114, 135, 143, 355; munāẓara, 135; narrative, 138; and patronage, 140; and poetry, 137, 139 riḥla (travelogue), 138-9, 143-4, 215; saj῾, 135, 136, 137; technical, 134, 136-137
rithā᾽ see elegy
Riyā, 374
rogue and trickster figure (῾ayyār) in popular literature, 261, 296, 326, 310, 311 323-4, 325-6
Romance language, Andalusian, 195-6, 202
romances, popular, 57, 220, 230, 263-264 see also sīra, popular (pl. siyar, folk epic genre)
royal letters, 138-139
rubā῾ī (poetic form), 255
Rūmī, Mawlānā Jalāl al-Dīn, 79
al-Rummānī, 331
al-Rundī, al-Sharīf Abū᾽l-Baqā᾽, 40n23, 76
Russel, A., 364
Russian Formalists, 95
al-Ṣabbāgh, ῾Abbūd, 184
al-Ṣabbāgh, Mīkhā᾽īl, 184, 282
sabīls, 230 see also kuttāb-sabīl schools
Sa῾diyya order, 182
Ṣafad, 179
al-Ṣafadī, Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn Khalīl ibn Aybak, 162; biographical dictionary, 123, 162; chancery career, 101, 112; critical works, 106, 112, 153, 161, 407, 397-8, 412-413; mamlūk descent, 113, 164; range of writings, 141, 162, 220
al-Ṣafadī, Zayn al-Dīn ῾Umar, 111
Ṣafī᾽ al-Dīn al-Ḥillī, 51-4 56, 202-210; and colloquial language, 215, 414, 416, 417; eulogy, 52, 52, 53, 202-203; (of Prophet), 203; later influence, 216-18 limitations, 214-215; popular poetry by, 204, 205; on popular poetry, 202-210, 225; (by common people), 192; (kān wa-kān), 203, 212; (mawāliyyā), 203, 204-8, 208-210; (muwashshaḥ), 54, 197, 203, 204, 205; (qūmā), 203, 203, 214; (zajal), 197, 203, 204-8, 413, 414, 415, 416; transcription conventions, 215
sailors, dramatic performances by, 378-379
saints: Christian, 341-2 344 343; Islamic, 119, 120, 176, 341-342; (popular narratives about), 330, 338-40, 344 see also mawlids
saj῾ (rhymed prose), 109; band as type of, 88-89, 90-91, 92-94; al-Hamadhānī’s, 353; in hikāya, 349; Ibn al-Athīr on, 396; see also under historiography; Koran risāla shadow plays; sīra, popular
al-Sakhāwī, Muḥammad ibn ῾Abd al-Raḥmān, 125, 165, 166, 167, 169, 169, 331; on Ibn Sūdūn, 229, 265
Sakīna, 374
al-Sakkākī, Yūsuf ibn Muḥammad, 387, 388, 403-4 414, 415, 416
Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn (Saladin), 42, 43, 107, 123-4 129, 358
al-Ṣāliḥ Najm al-Dīn, al-Malik, 47
al-Ṣāliḥī, Muḥammad, 126
al-Ṣāliḥiyya, Damascus, 180, 182
Salīm I, Sultan, 364
Sālim Abū᾽l-῾Alā᾽, 103
Saljūq Turks, 9
salons, literary, 159, 168, 221, 230
al-Salwī, Muḥammad ibn al-Qāsim ibn Da᾽ūd, 70
samar, 351
Samarkand, 245
Samaw᾽al ibn Yaḥyā al-Maghribī, 253-4 294, 294, 320-321
sāmir (type of drama), 369, 377-378
al-Ṣan῾ānī, al-Amīr, 62
al-Sandūbī, al-Shaykh Aḥmad, 232
Ṣandūq al-dunyā (‘Box of the World’, popular entertainment), 262
Sanjār al-Dawādārī, 221
Ṣanū῾, Ya῾qūb, 241-242
al-Sarāqusṭī al-Ashtarkūwī, Abū Ṭāhir Muḥammad al-Tamīmī (Ibn al-Ashtarkūwī), 115, 150, 151-152
sariqāt see plagiarism
al-Ṣarṣarī, Jamāl al-Dīn, 46, 84
Sāsān, Banū (underworld), 148-49 353, 362
satire (hijā᾽), 28; in belletristic prose, 117-118; in drama, 363-4 367, 372; in elite poetry, 28, 42, 43, 47, 50, 53,83; in popular poetry, 226 see also criticism, social and political, in drama
Saussure, Ferdinand de, 3
al-Sawāliḥī, Ibrāhīm ibn Abī Bakr, 174
Sayf ibn Dhī Yazan, 57, 220, 292, 295, 302, 323, 324, 313, 314
al-Ṣayrafī, Ibn Munjib, 105
al-Sayyāb, Badr Shākir, 38
Scott, Jonathan, 284
scribes, clerks and secretaries: chancery training, 101, 105-6; editing of popular literature, 192, 256; hierarchies, 101, 105-6 113-114; manuals for, 101, 102-5 394; paper-making and rise of, 245 see also chancery epistolography; kātib al-amwāl kātib al-sirr
Seeten, Ulrich, 283
semantics, balāgha and, 387, 401
Sendebar al-Ḥakīm, 249, 250, 256, 257
sermons, 119, 128, 129, 272; maqāmāt, 147-148, 152-153; popular, 118, 118, 331; (in kān wa-kān verse), 213, 237; by ῾ulamā᾽, 119, 129 see also khuṭba (sermon); maqām (harangue or sermon)
seven, significance of, 165
sexuality: elite poetry on, 38, 39, 41, 43, 44, 53-54; (effect of promiscuity), 35, 42
popular bawdy stories, 252
popular poetry on, 206-208 see also homosexuality
Sha῾bān ibn Salīm al-Ḥāsikī al-Ṣan῾ānī, 143
al-Shābb al-Ẓarīf (Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn ῾Afīf al-Tilimsānī), 50-1 211
al-Shabrāwī, ῾Abd Allāh ibn Muḥammad ibn ῾Āmir ibn Sharaf al-Dīn, 236-237
Shadhili sect, 127-128
shadow plays, 195, 231, 261-2 369; 357-66 demise, 380; dialect poetry, 358; Ibn Dāniyāl, 220, 224, 261, 265, 350, 352, 352, 358-363; inception, 256, 357; Li῾b al-timsāḥ, 233, 261-262; Manzala manuscript, 362, 363; and maqāma, 358-360; musical accompaniment, 370; performance tradition, 363-366; poetry in, 262, 358, 361, 371; al-Rawḍ al-waḍḍāh . . . collection, 261-262; saj῾, 361; spiritual symbolism, 261, 357-358; Turkish influence on Arabic, 365-65 see also Karagöz Karākūz
Shahname, 268
al-Shalijī, 90
shamā᾽il of Prophet, works on, 333
al-Sharaf al-Anṣārī, 50-51
al-Sha῾rānī, ῾Abd al-Wahhāb ibn Aḥmad, 127-128
al-Sharīshī, Aḥmad ibn al-Mu᾽mīn, 150
al-Sharqāwī, Adham, 374
shawāhid, commentaries on, 412
Shāwīsh, Dionysius (Dom Denis Chavis), 281-282, 284-285
Shawqī, Aḥmad, 38
al-Shaybī, Kāmil Muṣṭafā, 212, 213
al-Shaykh Ḥuṭayyiba (al-Shaykh Aḥmad ibn ῾Abd Allāh al-Dumyāṭī), 211
Shaykhūniyya khāniqāh/madrasa, 227
al-Shidyāq, Aḥmad Fāris, 185
al-Shidyāq, Ṭannūs, 185
al-Shihāb al-Ḥijāzī, 143
al-Shihābī, Aḥmad Ḥaydar, 185
Shihābī dynasty of Lebanon, 184, 185,
Shi῾ism: drama, 380; Messianic beliefs, 80-81; popular narratives, 338; poetry, 39, 84
al-Shirbīnī, ῾Alī, 117
al-Shirbīnī, Yūsuf ibn Muḥammad ibn ῾Abd al-Jawwād ibn Khiḍr, 140, 231-4 264-5 269
al-Shīshīnī, Shihāb al-Dīn ibn ῾Alī, 119
Shubrā, 375
shurūḥ (sing. sharḥ, commentaries), 389, 391
al-Shushtarī, Shaykh Abū᾽l-Ḥasan ῾Alī ibn ῾Abd Allāh, 45n38, 46n39, 82, 202, 333-334
Shuwayrite Christian religious order, 185
Sī Milūd (sīra reciter), 298, 302-303
Sibṭ ibn al-Jawzī, Shams al-Dīn, 107, 128-9 159, 160, 164
Sibṭ ibn al-Ta῾āwidhī, 34
Sīdī Aḥmad Ibn Yūsuf, 379
Sidi ῾Oqba, 378
al-Sijilmāsī, Abū Muḥammad, 411-412
silsila (poetic form), 255
Sindbad, tales of, 273, 276-7, 283
single and composite elements, critical idea of, 394, 400, 402, 403
sīra; classical biographical genre, 333; Ibn al-Nadīm’s use of term, 250, 252; popular; see following entry
sīra, popular (pl. siyar, folk epic genre), 259-260, 319-23; on ῾Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib, 320, 323; authorship, 294-5, 321; chapbooks, 268-9, 308-9, 317-18, 322; character types, 296, 298-301, 309-11, 325-327; (see also hero figure below, and under women; Crusades and, 294, 296-7, 328-9; development, 320-322; early evidence, 254, 256, 320-321; formulaic nature, 325; geographical range, 295, 327-328; hero figure, 292, 319, 325, 328, 309; (black), 292, 296, 325, 311; (female), 325, 326, 310-311; (helper figure), 296, 310, 311; (lack of archetypal in Sīrat Banī Hilāl), 309; (pre-Islamic and Islamic), 320, 328; (secondary), 325; historical content, 252, 260, 260, 292, 292, 293, 294, 319, 320, 320, 323, 323, 323-324; (see also under makes no mention of, 252, 294 see also pre-Islamic period: drama; Ibn al-Nadīm; innovation and stability in, 320, 322; and Islam, 253, 297, 301, 328-329; language, standard and colloquial, 301, 302, 302, 308-309; length, 259, 295, 319, 321, 314; limited characters, plots, narrative structures and themes, 298, 325-329; literacy of audience, 309; on love, 326, 327, 328; magic in, 260, 295; manuscripts, 295; see below; in see oral and written traditions; mirabilia (῾ajā᾽ib); modern media adapt stories, 322; in modern period, 322; musical accompaniment, 267, 321, 367, 313, 314, 314; narrative structure and plot, 293, 296, 321, 307, 309, 313; and non-Arabic popular epic, 324; oral and written traditions, 322, 308, 318; (commercial publication of manuscript versions), 322; (recensions), 303; (see also under individual siyar); see also pictorial tradition; poetry in, 267, 303, 319, 324, 309, 315-318; (classical), 247; on the Prophet, 297, 301, 320; prose, 319, 321, 324; recitation, 324; see related genres see story-telling; saj῾, 301, 303, 319, 321, 324, 309, 318; themes, 298, 328-329; time and space in, 295; and tribes, 296, 298, 320, 320, 323; wordplay, 315; written text; see nahḍa; see above; see oral and written traditions; see see also individual siyar
Sīrat Aḥmad al-Danif, 326
Sīrat ῾Antar ibn Shaddād, 306; ῾Antar’s vow to hang poem on Ka῾ba, 300, 303-304; ῾ayyār figure, 296; on bedouin society, 293, 296, 298; characters, 292, 298-301; contents, 295-297; Crusades and, 294, 296-297; dating, 293-294; double, ῾Antar’s meeting of own, 299; early references to, 254, 320-321; European interest in, 293; and geography, 295; as history, 260, 292, 293, 323; Islamic legitimization, 297, 301; lack of supernatural and miraculous in, 295; language, literary with colloquial elements, 301, 302; length, 259, 295; manuscripts, 294, 322; medieval popularity, 272; musammaṭ in, 303; narrative structure and plot, 293, 297-298; on offspring of ῾Antar, 297, 301; oral and written traditions, 294, 294, 322, 313; pictorial tradition, 305-306; poetry in, 303; printed editions, 295; on the Prophet, 297, 301; recitations, 268, 298, 367, 367, 313, 313-314
saj῾, 301 sword, legendary, 296; time and space in, 295; translations, 293, 295, 324; on tribes, 296, 298; 20th-century studies of, 293; wordplay, 303-304 see also ῾Antar ibn Mu῾āwiya ibn Shaddād:
Sīrat al-Badr Nār, 323
Sīrat Banī Hilāl, 307-315, 308-9; chapbooks, 309, 318; characters, 299, 325, 309-311; as history, 292; Ibn Khaldūn on, 266; language, 302, 308-309; length, 259, 314; modes of oral narrative, 322; narrative structure, 307, 311-313; oral and written traditions, 266, 268-9, 322, 308, 311-318; pictorial tradition, 305; poetic form, 259-60, 267, 314-318; recitation, (musical accompaniment), 256, 267, 302, 302, 321, 367, 307, 308, 312, 314-318; regional interpretations, 311
saj῾, 317-318
al-Shirbīnī and, 233
Sufi versions, 311; wordplay and puns, 315 see also Hilāl, Banī: annihilation
Sīrat (al-Malik al-Ẓāhir) Baybars, 230, 292, 295, 296, 321, 323, 324; recitations, 267, 302, 313-314
Sīrat Dhāt al-Himma, 220, 260, 323; characters, 296, 325; early evidence for, 254, 320-321; oral and written tradition, 322, 313; recitations, 302, 313, 314
Sīrat Fīrūz-Shāh, 302, 323, 324, 326
Sīrat al-Ḥākim bi-Amr Allāh, 321, 323
Sīrat Hamza al-bahlawān, 260, 292, 296, 302, 320, 323, 324
Sīrat al-Mujāhidīn, 268
Sīrat (al-Malik) Sayf ibn Dhī Yazan, 57, 220, 292, 295, 302, 323, 324, 313, 314
Sīrat al-Zīr Sālim, 324
Skull, Tale of the, 338
soldiers’ narratives, 174-175
Spain see Andalusia
Speke, John, 287
spike-fiddle (rabāb), 267, 313, 314
statehood, poetry and, 28
status of writers, 63-5, 71, 72, 117-116
storybooks see chapbooks
story-telling, 347, 366-367; apprenticeship in, 314, 315; Ayyām al-῾Arab, 320; booksellers and, 267, 268, 273; in Damascus, 268; different styles, 321; and historiography, 320; improvisation, 315-317; in Iran, 268, 273; Lane on, 301-302, 303, 321, 273, 313-314; maqāma and, 118; in Marrakesh, 268, 298, 273, 302-3; master poets, 314, 315-317; melisma, 316; munshids, 367; musical accompaniment, 267, 321, 367, 313, 314, 314; qiṣāṣ al-mashāyikh, 268; reading aloud from written text, 267-8, 301-2, 273, 313 selectivity, 303 Sī Milūd, 298, 302-303; topographical narratives mention, 125; at weddings, 312; see also oral tradition; religious narrative, popular and under; Koran; sīra, popular (pl. siyar, folk epic genre); Thousand and One Nights; and individual siyar (Alf layla wa-layla);
al-Subkī, Tāj al-Dīn, 266 161-2, 266
substitution, principle of, 73
Sufism: Baybars al-Manṣūrī and, 163; belletristic prose, 127-8; Khalwatiyya order, 178; and literacy, 230; poetry, (elite), 29, 35-6, 44-56, 58; (popular), 226, 237; popular narratives, 257, 330, 338; preaching in verse, 237; rapid expansion from 12th cent., 119
Sa῾diyya order, 182
Shadhili sect, 127-128; on shadow plays’ symbolism, 261; and Sīrat Banī Hilāl, 311; ῾ulamā᾽ under Ottomans, 175-6, 179
al-Suhrawardī, Shihāb al-Dīn Yaḥyā al-Maqtūl, 45, 45n35, 146
al-Sulamī, 146
Sulaymān of Gaza, 83
Sulaymān al-Qānūnī (the Magnificent), 171
Sulṭān al-ṭalaba, feast of, 380
‘sultan-pasha’ chronicles, 173
al-Suwaydī (fl. 1813), 109
al-Suwaydī, ῾Abd al-Raḥmān, 187
al-Suwaydī, ῾Abdallāh Efendī, 143-4
al-Suyūṭī, Jalāl al-Dīn; autobiographical information in work, 125; breadth of studies, 116-17; historical and biographical works, 123, 125, 169, 169; maqāmāt, 13, 115-16, 154, 157-58; on paronomasia, 407; on risāla, 135; and al-Sakhāwī, 169; on shawāhid, 412
stories of Prophet, 334-6; on story-tellers, 118, 248, 258, 330, 332, 333; and Sufism, 128
sword and pen, debate of, 113, 143, 144, 142n44, 158
Synaxarion, Coptic, 340
Syria: cultural centres, 179; drama, (Karākūz), 371, 372, 373; (modern), 380, 381, 383; Fatimid caliphs, 84; histories, 159-162, 165, 179-184; muwashshaḥ, 196; Ottoman conquest, effect of, 171
Syriac language, maqāma in, 145
ta῾aṣṣub (partisanship), 392-393
al-Ṭabarānī, 336
al-Ṭabarī, Abū Ja῾far Muḥammad ibn Jarīr, 320, 331, 333
taḍmīn (excerpts), 55
al-Taftazānī, Mas῾ūd ibn ῾Umar, 405, 415
Taghlib, Banū, 323
Ṭāhā Abū Zayd, Shaykh, 315-316
al-Tahānawī, 134
taḥqīb see periodization, literary-historical
tajnīs see paronomasia (jinās, tajnīs)
takhmīs (poetic form), 78
al-Ṭālawī, Abū᾽l-Ma῾ālī, 62
tales see frame-tales; story-telling; Thousand and One Nights (Alf layla wa-layla)
Tamīm (poet), 200
al-Tankīt wa᾽l-tabkīt (newspaper), 241-242
Ṭannūs al-Shidyāq, 185
Tanta, 378
al-Tanūkhī, 368
tapes, cassette, of oral performances, 268
al-Ṭarābulsī al-Shāfi῾ī, Muwaffaq al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn Ibrāhīm ibn Muḥammad, 211
Ṭarafa, 304
tarassul, ῾ilm al-tarassul see epistolography
ṭardiyya (hunting poem), 139
Ṭāshkubrīzāde (Ṭāsköprülüzāde Aḥmad ibn Muṣṭafā), 141, 181
taṣrī῾, 93
tawārīkh, Ibn Nadīm’s use of, 250
al-Tawḥīdī, Abū Ḥayyān, 10, 12
tawjīh (rhetorical figure), 212
tawriya (ambiguity, double entendre), 38, 207, 207, 407
Taymūr Bāshā, Aḥmad, 366
al-Ṭayyib al-῾Alj, 383
al-Ṭayyib al-Ṣiddīqī, 383
al-Tha῾ālibī, Abū Manṣūr ῾Abd al-Malik ibn Muḥammad, 11, 59, 105, 353
Tha῾lab, Aḥmad ibn Yaḥyā, 32
al-Tha῾labī, Abū Isḥāq, 331, 338
Thousand and One Nights (Alf layla wa-layla), 291; alteration and augmentation, 271, 273, 278, 281, 288, 289; (see also circulation, 12th–18th-century see also Aladdin, tale of; Ali Baba, tale of; Sindbad, tales of; colloquial language, 276; ‘contes des fées’ and, 279-280; core tales, 283; embedding of tales, 291; and European perceptions of East, 285, 291, 291; frame-story, 271, 274; genre, 118; Ibn al-Nadīm on, 250, 250, 271; Kalīla wa-Dimna contrasted, 247; literary style, 276; moralizing intention, 165; number of tales, 272; obscenity, 286, 287, 288, 290; and Oriental Tale genre, 285; origins and comparable collections, 220, 249, 250, 250, 271; quotations in Daninos’ drama, 382; and sīra, 324; story-tellers use written texts, 273, 273; structure, 291
tales circulate independently, 233, 272-273
title, 271; HISTORY OF TEXT, 192
to 18th century, 249, 256-257, 273; of Galland’s first translation, 279; later editions and translations, 289; manuscripts, 272, 272, 291; (Abbott’s early fragment), 270, 271; (18th–19th-century continuations, retranslations and fakes), 284-285, 286-287; printed editions, Arabic, 284; (Bulāq), 118, 284, 284, 286, 289; (Calcutta I), 283, 289; (Calcutta Ⅱ (Macnaghten)), 284, 284, 285, 289, 289; (Habicht or Breslau), 284, 284, 284, 286, 289; (Mahdi’s edition), 289; (ZER (Zotenberg’s Egyptian Recension)), 283, 284, 285; TRANSLATIONS, 284, 289; Galland, 284, 289; (first translation), 279; (initial reception), 281; (manuscripts), 289; (Preface to first volume), 289
(tales added), 277, 278, 281, 288, 289
Tibnin, battle of, 42
Tibrīzī, 304
al-Tifāshī, Aḥmad ibn Yūsuf, 130, 198, 199
al-Tilimsānī, ῾Afīf al-Dīn Sulaymān, 50, 59
al-Tilimsānī, Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn ῾Afīf (al-Shābb al-Ẓarīf), 211
Timur Lang, 112, 112, 121, 121, 124, 169
tobacco, risālas on, 137
Todorov, Tzvetan, 96
Toledo, paper-mill in, 246
topography, 132, 163, 163; urban, 140, 158, 167
Torrens’ translation of Thousand and One Nights, 284, 285
tradition, Arabic poetic, 39, 58, 59, 65, 221-222; criticism as archive for, 416; innovation and, 71; modern return to, 30, 38; post-classical imitation, 71
tragedy, Aristotelian concept of, 355
transcription conventions; see under see colloquial language: awlād al-nās and
translations from Arabic: frame-tale collections, 256-257; (see also under siyar see also Thousand and One Nights (Alf layla wa-layla)
translations into Arabic: Alexander Romance, 249; from European languages into popular strophic forms, 241, 242-241; see also under see Persia: band
transmission: authorization by ijāza, 267; verbs of, in maqāma, 149-150, 155-156
travel writing, 215
Trébutien; translation of Thousand and One Nights, 285
tree-trunk, sighing; popular narrative, 337
tribes: Arab, in Egypt, 176; Ibn Khaldūn on, 121; nabaṭī poetry and, 215; role of poetry, 64-65; sīra and, 296, 298, 320, 320, 323; Sudanese, 216
trickster figure see rogue and trickster figure (῾ayyār) in popular literature
truce letters, 108-109
al-Ṭūfī, Sulaymān, 399
al-Ṭughrā᾽ī, Mu᾽ayyad al-Dīn, 40-41, 412-413
Tunis: as cultural centre, 102; drama, 369, 370, 377, 378, 381
Tunisia: and Banī Hilāl, 307; drama, 370, 371, 371, 372, 381, 381; Jews, 381; murabba῾ kāmil poetic form, 211 see also Tunis: as cultural centre
turāth (heritage), 16
Turks: Abbasid military reliance on, 9; Arabization and Islamization, 26; and band, 89; conquests, 26; drama, 381; (see also legend and folklore see also Karagöz (Turkish shadow theatre); periods of cultural dominance and turkicization, 57, 61, 221, 222, 231; popular epic, 324; Saljuqs, 9 see also mamlūks: education; al-Tustarī, Abū Muḥammad Sahl, 333-334
῾Ubāda ibn Mā᾽ al-Samā᾽, 195
῾ujma (hybridity of language), 108-9
al-῾Ukbarī, 150
῾ulamā᾽, 101, 119-20, 175-76, 179, 236-237
al-῾Ulaymī, Mujīr al-Dīn, 126-127
῾Umar, Caliph, 338
῾Umar ibn Abī Rabī῾a, 49
al-῾Umarī, Faḍl Allāh, family of, 109-110, 111, 112
al-῾Umarī, Muḥammad Amīn, 187
al-῾Umarī, al-Qāḍī Badr al-Dīn ibn Faḍl Allāh, 109-110, 112
al-῾Umarī, al-Qāḍī Shihāb al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn Yaḥyā ibn Faḍl Allāh, 110, 111, 131
al-῾Umarī, Yāsīn ibn Khayrallāh al-Khaṭīb, 187
underworld see Sāsān, Banū
urbanization: and poetry, 27, 30, 35, 41, 48-49; and public narration, 57
Urtuq dynasty of Mardin, 52
Usāma ibn Munqidh, 406
al-Ustādh (newspaper), 242
῾Uthmān ibn Muḥammad Fūdī (Usman dan Fodio), 82
van Leeuwen, Richard, 289
vernacular see colloquial language
votive offering, verse as, 86
al-Wafā᾽ī family, 230-231
Wahb, Banū, 111
al-Wahhābiyya see Sīrat Dhāt al-Himma
al-Wahrānī, Rukn al-Dīn, 113, 115, 118, 141
al-Wā῾iẓ, 90
Wannūs, Sa῾d Allāh, 383
war, poems of holy, 76-77
al-Waraghī, 62
wardiyyāt (rose poems), 36
al-Warrāq, Sirāj al-Dīn, 35
waṣf (description), 28, 36-7, 96
Wāsiṭ, 208
al-Wāsiṭī al-Wā῾iẓ, Muḥammad ibn Abī᾽l-Badr al-Malīḥī, 212
al-Waṭwāṭ, Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm, 131
al-Wazīr al-Sarrāj, 70
weasel, risāla on, 140
weddings, performers at, 312, 370, 375, 377-8
West: ballad, 317; cultural influence in East, 2, 14, 15, 178, 238; frame-tale collections translated in, 256-257; (see also under Thousand and One Nights ; literature translated into Arabic popular strophic forms; 240-41, printing and popular literature in, 245; siyar in, 293, 324; see also see also drama (European influence); Oriental Tale genre, European
White, Revd James, 7
wine, writings on, 137, 162; poetry, 28, 29, 50, 53, 82-83
women: Ibn al-Batanūnī; on wiles of, 342-343; and kān wa-kān, 213; lesbianism, 250, 251, 252; in sīra, 298, 299-301; (hero/heroine’s helper figure), 326; (love interest), 325, 326, 327; 325, 326, 327 (warrior type), 310-11, 325, 326
wordplay and puns, 38, 237, 303-304, 315
written texts: editing and alteration, 192, 256; of ḥikāya, 349, 352; maqāma of al-Ḥarīrī, 150; marginalia, 267; popular poetry, 201, 204; popular prose, 267-269; story-tellers’ use, 267-8, 301-2 321, 273; see also oral tradition (and written tradition); printing
Yaḥyā, Muḥyī al-Dīn Abū᾽l-Faḍl, 140
Yalbughā al-Nāṣirī, 226-227
Yāqūt, 153
al-Yārḥiṣārī, Muṣṭafā ibn Awḥad al-Dīn, 141
al-Yāzijī, Nāṣīf, 13, 115, 116, 150, 185, 240
Yemen: humaynī genre, 87, 215-216; under Ottomans, 171, 173
al-Yūnīnī, Quṭb al-Dīn, 124, 159, 160, 161
Yūnus and ῾Azīza, tale of, 312
al-Zabīdī, Murtaḍā, 13, 115, 122, 183
al-Zahawī, Jamīl Ṣidqī, 88, 89, 91
al-Ẓāhir Jaqmaq, 124, 169, 363-364
al-Ẓāhir Ṭaṭar, 168
Ẓāhir al-῾Umar, 184
al-Ẓāhirī, Zayn al-Dīn, 113
zajal, 196-8, 203-8, 255; colloquial language, 196, 413; content-based typology, 204-205; al-Faḥḥām, 238-239; form, content and occurrence, 196-198; al-Ghubārī, 222; history in, 237; Ibn al-Ḥijja al-Ḥamawī on, 413; Ibn Quzmān, 196-7, 204 209, 265; inflected and uninflected diction, 205, 207, 209; Moroccan names for, 216; Munayyar al-Zawqī’s on flea and monk, 239-240; music, 206, 219; and muwashshaḥ, 197, 200-1 204; 19th-century widening of audience, 237-239; origins and spread, 87, 197-8, 201, 204; panegyric, 222, 237; ‘proto-’, Andalusian, 197; religious content, 82, 240
al-Ṣafadī, 220
Ṣafī᾽ al-Dīn al-Ḥillī, (compositions), 203-204, 205; (criticism on), 197, 203, 204-205, 208, 413, 414, 415, 416; in shadow plays, 358, 371;
al-Shushtarī, 202; translation of European literature into, 241
zajjālūn, composers of, 203-204; (competitions), 214, 217 see also bullayq
al-Zamakhsharī, Abū᾽l-Qāsim Maḥmūd, 13, 115, 154-155
al-Zamlakānī, 405
al-Zarkashī, Muḥammad ibn Bahādur, 94, 405
Zaydān, Jurjī, 381
Zayn al-Aṣnām, tale of, 278, 286-287
Zaynab, al-Sayyida, 338
Zaynī, Imām Aḥmad, known as Daḥlān, 335
al-Zaynī al-Baghdādī, 90
al-Zaytūnī, Badr al-Dīn, 211, 212, 225-226
Zeara, Egypt, 380
Zinserling’s translation of Thousand and One Nights, 285
al-Zīr Sālim, story of, 323
Ziryāb (Abū᾽l-Ḥasan ῾Alī ibn Nāfi῾), 198-199
Zotenberg, M. H., 282-283, 284, 286-287
Zuhayr ibn Abī Sulmā, 304
al-Zuhayrī, Mulā Jādir, 211-212
zuhdiyya (ascetic poetry), 74-75
zuhriyyāt (flower poems), 36