1. Keeping Faith: Memoirs of a President, Jimmy Carter, 458.
2. The End and the Beginning: Pope John Paul II—the Victory of Freedom, the Last Years, the Legacy, George Weigel, 182.
3. The Anatomy of Thatcherism, Shirley Robin Letwin, 33–34.
4. “Teng’s Cryptic Remark,” Bill Roeder, Newsweek, December 18, 1978.
5. The Turban for the Crown: The Islamic Revolution in Iran, Said Amir Arjomand, 205.
6. Restless Empire: China and the World Since 1750, Odd Arne Westad, 378.
7. “Speech to Conservative Rally in Cardiff,” April 16, 1979. http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/104011.
1. How We Got Here: The 70s, the Decade That Brought You Modern Life (for Better or Worse), David Frum, 10–11.
2. Pivotal Decade: How the United States Traded Factories for Finance in the Seventies, Judith Stein, xi.
3. The Shock of the Global: The 1970 s in Perspective, edited by Niall Ferguson et al., 53.
4. “Malaise,” Charles Maier, in ibid., 45.
5. The Global Cold War: Third World Interventions and the Making of Our Times, Odd Arne Westad, 334.
6. The Battle for Britain: Thatcher and the New Liberals, Stephen Haseler, 144.
7. “Iceland Preparing to Take IMF Loan,” London Telegraph, October 12, 2008, http://pimpinturtle.com/2008/10/12/iceland-preparing-to-take-imf-loan.aspx.
8. “Iceland Requests $2Bn Bail-Out from IMF,” David Ibison, Financial Times, October 24, 2008, http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/9e812fb4-a1da-11dd-a32f-000077b07658.html#axzziRk2KrIQX.
9. The Necessity for Choice: Prospects of American Foreign Policy, Henry Kissinger (Chatto & Windus, London, 1960), quoted in Westad, Global Cold War, 411.
10. See, for example, The New Industrial State, John Kenneth Galbraith.
11. “Malaise,” Maier, in Shock of the Global, edited by Ferguson et al., 45.
12. Shock of the Global, edited by Ferguson et al., 84–85.
13. “The Workers,” Alex Pravda, in Poland: Genesis of a Revolution, edited by Abraham Brumberg, 69.
14. “Karol Wojtyła, the Pope: Complications for Comrades of the Polish United Workers’ Party,” Marcin Zaremba. Cold War History 5, no. 3 (August 2005).
15. “The Pope in Poland: A Test for Communism; The Pope’s Visit Tests Polish Communism,” Peter Osnos, Washington Post, May 27, 1979.
16. KOR: A History of the Workers’ Defense Committee in Poland, 1976–1981, Jan Józef Lipski, 176.
17. “Zbigniew Brzezinski and the Helsinki Final Act,” Patrick G. Vaughan, in The Crisis of Detente in Europe: From Helsinki to Gorbachev, 1975–1985, edited by Leopoldo Nuti, 19.
18. Ibid., 20.
19. Mao’s Last Revolution, Roderick MacFarquhar and Michael Schoenhals, 10.
1. Heaven Cracks, Earth Shakes: The Tangshan Earthquake and the Death of Mao’s China, James Palmer, 160.
2. Deng Xiaoping and the Cultural Revolution: A Daughter Recalls the Critical Years, Deng Rong, 428.
3. The name originally came from Mao, who had coined it when admonishing them not to engage in conspiracies. Aside from Jiang, the other three members of the group were Wang Hongwen, Zhang Chunqiao, and Yao Wenyuan.
4. Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China, Ezra Vogel, 40.
5. Heaven Cracks, Earth Shakes, Palmer, 189, 191.
6. Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China, Vogel, 26–27.
7. Ibid., 29.
8. Ibid.
9. Ibid., 32.
10. Ibid., 60.
11. Deng did not coin the phrase. It is actually an old Sichuanese proverb.
12. The Deng Xiaoping Era: An Inquiry into the Fate of Chinese Socialism, 1978–1994, Maurice Meisner, 82.
13. “Deng’s Legacy,” MacNeil Lehrer Report (Online News Hour), February 25, 1997.
1. http://www.richardgregory.org.uk/history/hippie-trail-03.htm.
2. Interview with Tom Ricks, CNN, October 29, 2009, http://edition.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0910/29/ampr.01.html.
3. An Historical Guide to Kabul, Nancy Hatch Dupree.
4. Afghanistan: A Cultural and Political History, Thomas Barfield, 321. Barfield notes that there were two localized uprisings in the intervening period: the Safi rebellion of 1946 and an uprising over taxes in Kandahar in 1959. Both were short-lived affairs that were resolved as soon as the underlying grievances were addressed.
5. The Fragmentation of Afghanistan: State Formation and Collapse in the International System, Barnett Rubin, 65 (Pakistan edition).
6. Afghanistan, Barfield, 221.
7. Fragmentation of Afghanistan, Rubin, 70.
8. Ibid., 43.
9. Ibid., 39.
10. Ibid., 44.
1. Shah of Shahs, Ryszard Kapuściński, 56.
2. The Turban for the Crown: The Islamic Revolution in Iran, Said Amir Arjomand, 106–107.
3. Iran Between Two Revolutions, Ervand Abrahamian, 470.
4. Daughter of Persia, Farman Farmaian, 262–263.
5. Occidentosis: A Plague from the West, Jalal Al-i Ahmad, 34.
6. Turban for the Crown, Arjomand, no.
7. Ibid., 85.
8. “A Persian Night of Kings, Queens, Sheiks, Sultans, and Diamonds,” Charlotte Curtis, New York Times, October 15, 1971.
9. The Persian Puzzle: The Conflict Between Iran and America, Kenneth M. Pollack, 108.
10. Turban for the Crown, Arjomand, 11.
11. Social Origins of the Iranian Revolution, Misagh Parsa, 183.
1. Journalist Richard Vinen points out that the number of days lost in the industrial unrest of 1978–1979 was far smaller than the comparable figure in the General Strike of 1926. But this is a bit beside the point. Even for those who didn’t experience an immediate impact, it was still hard to escape a growing impression that the United Kingdom was descending into industrial anarchy. Thatcher’s Britain, Vinen, 96–97.
2. http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/103924.
3. Richard Vinen in Financial Times, January 6, 2012, http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/o/f140504a-3714–11e1-b74100144feabdco.html#axzz23YMXCoxm.
4. “Commission on Social Justice: Beveridge’s Appeal for an Attack on Five Giant Evils: The Beveridge Report Turned Its Author into a Hero—’The People’s William,’” Nicholas Timmins, Independent, October 25, 1994, http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/commission-on-social-justice-beveridges-appeal-for-an-attack-on-five-giant-evils-the-beveridge-report-turned-its-author-into-a-hero—the-peoples-william-nicholas-timmins-reports-1444837.html.
5. The Commanding Heights: The Battle for the World Economy, Daniel Yergin and Joseph Stanislaw.
6. http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/election_01.shtml>.
7. The Audit of War, Correlli Barnett, 31–32.
8. http://www.politicsresources.net/area/uk/man/lab45.htm.
9. Commanding Heights, Yergin and Stanislaw, 22–23.
10. Ibid., 5.
11. Keynes, the Keynesians, and Monetarism, Tim Congdon, 2.
12. Labour Party general secretary Morgan Phillips famously remarked that “socialism in Britain owed more to Methodism than Marx.”
13. http://new.gbgm-umc.org/umhistory/wesley/sermons/50/.
14. http://new.gbgm-umc.org/umhistory/wesley/sermons/92/.
15. Margaret Thatcher, Volume One: The Grocery’s Daughter, John Campbell, 29.
16. Ibid., 57.
17. Richard Cockett, Thinking the Unthinkable, 167.
18. One of Us: Life of Margaret Thatcher, Hugo Young, 58.
19. Margaret Thatcher, Volume One: The Grocery’s Daughter, John Campbell, 184.
20. Ibid., 179–180.
21. Ibid., 186.
22. Ibid., 186–187.
23. Pistols at Dawn: Two Hundred Years of Political Rivalry from Pitt & Fox to Blair & Brown, John Campbell, 336–337.
1. “A Foreign Pope,” Time, October 30, 1978, http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,912229,00.html.
2. Man from a Far Country: An Informal Portrait of Pope John Paul II, Mary Craig, 14–15.
3. “Karol Wojtyła, the Pope: Complications for Comrades of the Polish United Workers’ Party,” Marcin Zaremba, 325. Cold War History 5, no. 3 (August 2005).
4. The End and the Beginning: Pope John Paul II—the Victory of Freedom, the Last Years, the Legacy, George Weigel, 100.
5. John Paul II: Man of History, Edward Stourton, 60.
6. Witness to Hope: The Biography of John Paul II, 1920–2005, George Weigel, 73.
7. http://www.allthingsbeautiful.com/all_things_beautiful/2006/03/pope_john_paul_.html.
8. Witness to Hope, Weigel, 130.
9. http://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_cons_19651207_gaudium-et-spes_en.html.
10. Witness to Hope, Weigel, 188–193.
11. Ibid., 195.
12. The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB, Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, 509.
13. Man from a Far Country, Craig, 24–25.
14. Ibid., 29.
15. Sword and Shield, Andrew and Mitrokhin, 512.
16. “A Pope for All the People,” Economist, October 21, 1978.
17. “Progress or Threat,” chapter 16 of Redemptor Hominis, Pope John Paul II, http://www.vatican.va/edocs/ENG0218/PH.HTM#$2U.
18. Wizyta Jana Pawła II w Polsce 1979: Dokumenty KC PZPR i MSW edited by Andrzej Friszke and Marcin Zaremba, 84.
19. Sword and Shield, Andrew and Mitrokhin, 509.
20. “Karol Wojtyła, the Pope,” Zaremba, 325.
21. “Poland: Saintly Hint,” Economist, December 30, 1978.
1. Inside Iran: Life Under Khomeini’s Regime, John Simpson.
2. Iran Between Two Revolutions, Ervand Abrahamian, 531–532.
3. Khomeini: Life of the Ayatollah, Baqer Moin, 10.
4. Vladimir Lenin’s devotion to revolution was sparked by the execution of his brother for a political offense when he was a young man.
5. Khomeini, Moin, 21.
6. Creating an Islamic State: Khomeini and the Making of the New Iran, Vanessa Martin, 35.
7. “The Shah and the Marja’s Power,” Manal Lufti, al-Sharq Alawsat, February 20, 2009.
8. Pioneers of Islamic Revival, Ali Rahnema, 80–81.
9. Iran Between Two Revolutions, Abrahamian, 425.
10. The Turban for the Crown: The Islamic Revolution in Iran, Said Amir Arjomand, 85.
11. The Reign of the Ayatollahs: Iran and the Islamic Revolution, Shaul Bakhash, 24–27.
12. Ibid., 28. See also Turban for the Crown, Arjomand, 86.
13. Reign of the Ayatollahs, Bakhash, 30.
14. Ibid., 34.
15. Ibid.
16. Khomeini, Moin, 52.
17. Reign of the Ayatollahs, Bakhash, 32–33.
18. Ibid., 38.
19. Islam and Revolution: Writings and Declarations of Imam Khomeini (1941–1980), translated and annotated by Hamid Algar, 204–205.
20. Turban for the Crown, Arjomand, 96.
21. Ibid., 101.
22. The Unthinkable Revolution in Iran, Charles Kurzman, 27–28.
1. Before Taliban: Genealogies of the Afghan Jihad, David B. Edwards, 47.
2. Of course, one can always make the case that the United States ended up betraying (or at least qualifying) its own ideals by allying itself with anticommunist tyrants around the world—people Washington’s propaganda often portrayed as “democrats” when they were no such thing. Yet there were also many cases when US presidents criticized their authoritarian allies for violating the precepts of good behavior—as when Kennedy urged the shah toward reform in the early 1960s.
3. The Great Gamble: The Soviet War in Afghanistan, Gregory Feifer, 21.
4. Before Taliban, Edwards, 128.
5. Ibid., 134–135.
6. Ibid., 139.
7. Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001, Steve Coll, 114.
8. Ghost Wars, Steve Coll, 116.
1. Author’s interview with Mohsen Sazegara, Washington, DC, Jan. 7, 2010.
2. The Turban for the Crown: The Islamic Revolution in Iran, Said Amir Arjomand, 106–108.
3. Author’s interview with Mohsen Sazegara, Jan. 7, 2010.
4. Iran Between Two Revolutions, Ervand Abrahamian, 464.
5. This stand against Osman, who was not related to the Prophet, also identified Abu Zarr as a prototypical Shiite, since Shiites believe that the proper line of succession to Muhammad runs through his descendants rather than his companions.
6. “In Paris at the height of the Algerian and Cuban revolutions, he immersed himself in student politics as well as radical political philosophy.” Ibid., 465.
7. For a more detailed discussion of these Islamist thinkers, see Chapter 16.
8. An Islamic Utopian: A Political Biography of Ali Shariati, Ali Rahnema, 226.
9. Ibid., 325–326.
1. Deng Xiaoping Shakes the World, Yu Guangyuan, 21.
2. Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China, Ezra F. Vogel, 193.
3. Ezra Vogel, Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China, 103–109.
4. “The 1979 Truth Criterion Controversy,” Michael Schoenhals. The Chinese Quarterly, no. 126 (June 1991).
5. The Deng Xiaoping Era: An Inquiry into the Fate of Chinese Socialism, 1978–1994, Maurice Meisner, 91.
6. Ibid.
7. The China Reader: The Reform Era, edited by Orville Schell and David Shambaugh, 158.
8. Coming Alive! China After Mao, Roger Garside, 212.
9. “China’s Winds of Change,” David Butler, Holger Jensen, and Lars-Erik Nelson.
10. Coming Alive!, Garside, 220–221.
11. Ibid., 219.
12. Ibid., 221.
13. Ibid., 215.
14. Deng Xiaoping Shakes the World: An Eyewitness Account of China’s Party Work Conference and the Third Plenum (November-December 1978), Yu Guangyuan, 21.
15. Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China, Vogel, 233.
16. Ibid.
17. How the Farmers Changed China: Power of the People, Kate Xiao Zhou, 53–54.
18. Deng Xiaoping Shakes the World, Yu, 52.
19. Ibid., 44, 46.
20. Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China, Vogel, 234.
21. Ibid., 234–235.
22. Hu Yaobang, who made those daring remarks about agriculture at the conference, also worked with Yu on the final version of Deng’s speech.
23. Deng Xiaoping Shakes the World, Yu, 13.
24. Ibid., 136.
25. Ibid., 187.
26. Ibid., 132.
27. Ibid., 130, 133.
28. The Soviet Regional Dilemma: Planning, People, and Natural Resources, Jan Åke Del-lenbrant, 99.
29. Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China, Vogel, 246.
30. “Communiqué of the Third Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee,” Beijing Review.com.cn, October 10, 2008, http://www.bjreview.com.cn/special/third_plenum_17thcpc/txt/2008–10/10/content_156226_5.htm.
1. Iran Between Two Revolutions, Ervand Abrahamian, 501.
2. Ibid.
3. Ibid., 506–507.
4. Ibid., 501.
5. Ibid., 510.
6. The Reign of the Ayatollahs: Iran and the Islamic Revolution, Shaul Bakhash, 47.
7. Ibid., 48.
8. Daughter of Persia, Sattareh Farman Farmaian, 311.
9. Reign of the Ayatollahs, Bakhash, 51.
10. Daughter of Persia, Farmaian, 321.
11. “Iran: The Shah Takes His Leave,” Time, January 29, 1979, http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,912319-1,00.html.
12. The man who made the announcement was dead by the end of the year, a victim of the factional fighting that consumed the revolution.
13. The Turban for the Crown: The Islamic Revolution in Iran, Said Amir Arjomand, 104.
14. 14. Vanessa Martin, Creating an Islamic State: Khomeini and the Making of a New Iran, 103–115.
15. Ibid., 98–99.
16. Reign of the Ayatollahs, Bakhash, 38–39.
17. “Islamic Government,” section 3 in Islam and Revolution: Writings and Declarations of Imam Khomeini (1941–1980), translated and annotated by Hamid Algar, 114–115.
18. Reign of the Ayatollahs, Bakhash, 73.
19. Turban for the Crown, Arjomand, 149.
20. Ibid., 134–135.
21. He spent the next twelve years organizing resistance to the Islamic Republic from French exile. In 1991 he was stabbed to death in his home by three assassins. One of them, released from prison in 2010, was received as a hero by Iranian officials upon his return to the country.
22. Reign of the Ayatollahs, Bakhash, 53–55.
23. Modern Iran: Roots and Results of Revolution, Nikki R. Keddie, 245.
24. The Persian Puzzle: The Conflict Between Iran and America, Kenneth Pollack, 150.
25. Reign of the Ayatollahs, Bakhash, 55.
26. The vote was boycotted by the leftist parties, the National Front, Bazargan’s party, the Kurds, and Shariatmadari’s followers. Twenty million Iranians participated. See Persian Puzzle, Pollack, 152.
27. Turban for the Crown, Arjomand, 136.
28. Reign of the Ayatollahs, Bakhash, 74.
29. Ibid., 79.
30. Turban for the Crown, Arjomand, 136.
31. Creating an Islamic State: Khomeini and the Making of a New Iran, Vanessa Martin, 167.
32. Modern Iran, Keddie, 247.
33. This body is sometimes known as the “First Assembly of Experts” to distinguish it from the second, unrelated, government body created in 1984.
34. Reign of the Ayatollahs, Bakhash, 80–82.
1. Author’s interview with Norman Tebbit, London, May 16, 2012.
2. “Speech to Conservative Rally in Cardiff,” April 16, 1979, http://www.marga-retthatcher.org/speeches/displaydocument.asp?docid=104011.
3. “Speech to Conservative Rally in Bolton,” May 1, 1979, http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/104065.
4. “Speech to Conservative Rally in Finchley,” May 2, 1979, http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/104072.
5. The Collected Works of Friedrich August Hayek: The Fortunes of Liberalism, Friedrich A. von Hayek, 238.
6. “Statement of Aims,” https://www.montpelerin.org/montpelerin/mpsGoals.html.
7. Collected Works of Hayek, von Hayek, 14.
8. Thinking the Unthinkable: Think-Tanks and the Economic Counter-Revolution, 1931–1983, Richard Cockett, 122.
9. Ibid., 124.
10. Ibid., 131.
11. Ibid., 135.
12. Ibid., 141, 148–155.
13. Ibid., 157.
14. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/minitextlo/prof_keithjoseph.html.
15. Thinking the Unthinkable, Cockett, 237.
16. “The Battlefield of Ideas,” Vernon Bogdanor, New Statesman, October 29, 2009, http://www.newstatesman.com/education/2009/11/universities-social-ideas.
17. “Monetarism Is Not Enough,” Keith Joseph, April 5, 1976, http://www.marga-retthatcher.org/document/110796.
1. Deing Xiaoping and the Transformation of China, Ezra Vogel, 282.
2. Ibid., 342.
3. “The New China,” Angus Deming, Newsweek, February 5, 1979.
4. “Fun and Fantasy for Teng at LBJ Space Center: Teng Underlines Positive, Finesses U.S. Problems; Accentuating the Positive, for Now,” Jay Mathews, Washington Post, February 3, 1979.
5. “The New China,” Deming.
6. Restless Empire: China and the World Since 1750, Odd Arne Westad, 373.
7. Deng Xiaoping: Portrait of a Chinese Statesman, David Shambaugh, 61–62.
8. Coming Alive! China After Mao, Roger Garside, 255.
9. China’s War with Vietnam, 1979: Issues, Decisions, and Implications, King C. Chen, 151.
10. The Deng Xiaoping Era: An Inquiry into the Fate of Chinese Socialism, 1978–1994, Maurice Meisner, 109.
11. “The Fifth Modernization,” Wei Jingsheng, 171–172, in The China Reader: The Reform Era, edited by Orville Schell and David Shambaugh.
12. Sowing the Seeds of Democracy in China: Political Reform in the Deng Xiaoping Era, Merle Goldman, 55.
13. Deng Xiaoping Era, Meisner, 109.
14. Ibid., 121.
15. Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping (1975–1982), Deng Xiaoping, 1984.
16. Deng Xiaoping Era, Meisner, 11–12.
1. “Sir Larry Lamb: Obituary,” Telegraph, May 20, 2000, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1366801/Sir-Larry-Lamb.html.
2. Seasons in the Sun: The Battle for Britain, 1974–1979, Dominic Sandbrook, 796–797.
3. Ibid., 797–799, 805.
4. Ibid., 797–799.
5. Author’s interview with Simon Heffer, January 9, 2012.
6. Margaret Thatcher, vol. 2, The Iron Lady, John Campbell, 2.
7. The Anatomy of Thatcherism, Shirley Robin Letwin, 89–91.
8. Mrs. Thatcher’s First Year, Hugh Stephenson, 12.
9. “Thatcher: Key Tests After a Bold Start; Thatcher’s Boldness Surprises Britain in First 100 Days; News Analysis,” Leonard Downie Jr., Washington Post Foreign Service, August 12, 1979.
10. The Anatomy of Thatcherism, Letwin, 39–41.
11. Ibid., 126–127.
12. One of Us: Life of Margaret Thatcher, Hugo Young, 149.
13. Margaret Thatcher, Campbell, 2:22.
14. Thatcher and Sons: A Revolution in Three Acts, Simon Jenkins, 54.
15. One of Us, Young, 149.
16. “John Sergeant: The Day Margaret Thatcher and I Made History,” John Sergeant, Daily Telegraph, May 1, 2009, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/margaret-thatcher/5258306/John-Sergeant-The-day-Margar et-Thatcher-and-I-made-history.html.
17. One of Us, Young, 137–138.
18. As cited in Thatcher and Sons, Jenkins, 47.
19. Ibid., 52.
20. Ibid., 56.
21. A Balance of Power, James Prior, 138.
22. Ibid., in.
23. One of Us, Young, 150.
24. Balance of Power, Prior, 119.
25. Ibid., 122.
26. Thatcher and Sons, Jenkins, 59.
27. The Thatcherites, for their part, complained bitterly about presumed obstruction to their policies by the left-wing BBC.
28. “Ideological Change in the British Conservative Party,” Ivor Crewe and Donald D. Searing, 376, as seen in “Thatcher and the British Election of 1979: Taxes, Nationalization, and Unions Run Amok,” Matthew Greeson, Colgate Academic Review 4, no. 3 (2012), http://commons.colgate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1060andcontext=car.
29. “Popular Versus Elite Views of Privatization: The Case of Britain,” Ian McAllister and Donley T. Studlar, 157.
30. Thatcher and Sons, Jenkins, 151.
1. There is some evidence, indeed, that the pope picked Mexico as the destination of his first overseas pilgrimage precisely as a sort of challenge to the Polish government. If the pontiff could enjoy a warm welcome in a country with a long and virulent history of official anticlericalism, how would Poland look by comparison if it refused him?
2. Interview with Adam Boniecki, Warsaw, October 5, 2011.
3. The End and the Beginning: Pope John Paul II—the Victory of Freedom, the Last Years, the Legacy, George Weigel, no.
4. Der Papst, die Polen und die Freiheit, http://www.ardmediathek.de/ard/servlet/content/3517136?documentId=7047176.
5. “Poland: Preliminary Thunder,” Economist, May 5, 1979.
6. The Polish Revolution: Solidarity, Timothy Garton Ash, 280.
7. Witness to Hope, George Weigel, 305.
8. Ibid., 1.
9. “Homily of His Holiness John Paul II, Victory Square, Warsaw,” June 2, 1979, http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/homilies/1979/documents/hf_jp-ii_hom_19790602_polonia-varsavia_en.html.
10. Der Papst, die Polen und die Freiheit, http://www.ardmediathek.de/ard/servlet/content/3517136?documentId=7047176.
11. “Everything Changed After John Paul’s Speech in Warsaw,” Norman Webster, The Gazette (Montreal), July 19, 2009.
12. “Pope Urges Rights for Fellow Slavs; Pope Voices Concern for Christians in Eastern Europe, Addresses Fate of Christians in Eastern Europe,” Michael Getler, Washington Post, June 4, 1979.
13. “Can You Hear Me?,” Economist, June 9, 1979.
14. “Homily for the Pilgrims from Lower Silesia and Silesia,” Częstochowa, June 5, 1979, http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/homilies/1979/documents/hf_jp-ii_hom_19790605_polonia-jasna-gora-slesia_en.html.
15. “Homily for the Workers from Silesia and Zaglebie,” Częstochowa, June 6, 1979, http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/homilies/1979/documents/hf_jp-ii_hom_19790606_polonia-jasna-gora-operai_en.html.
16. Ibid.
17. “Poland Indicates Irritation About Pope’s Comments,” Peter Osnos and Michael Getler, Washington Post, June 6, 1979.
18. http://libpro.cts.cuni.cz/charta/docs/declaration_of_charter_77.pdf.
19. “A Lesson in Dignity,” in Letters from Prison, and Other Essays, Adam Michnik, 160.
20. “Pope Urges Rights for Fellow Slavs,” Getler.
21. Der Papst, die Polen und die Freiheit, interview with Graźyna Oziemska, http://www.ardmediathek.de/ard/servlet/content/3517136?documentId=7047176.
22. The Polish Revolution: Solidarity, Timothy Garton Ash, 32.
23. “Pontiff Honors Victims of Nazis; Pope Commemorates Nazis’ Victims at Auschwitz,” Peter Osnos, Washington Post, June 7, 2011.
24. Washington Post, June 9, 2011.
25. Washington Post, June 10, 2011.
26. New York Times, June 5, 1979, quoted in End and the Beginning, Weigel, 915.
1. Afghanistan: A New History, Martin Ewans, 140.
2. “Revolution in Afghanistan,” Fred Halliday.
3. Revolution Unending: Afghanistan, 1979 to the Present, Giles Dorronsoro, 98–104.
4. The Tragedy of Afghanistan: A First-Hand Account, Raja Anwar, 156.
5. Islam and Resistance in Afghanistan, Olivier Roy, 108.
6. The Great Gamble: The Soviet War in Afghanistan, Gregory Feifer, 30.
7. Ibid., 31.
8. Before Taliban: Genealogies of the Afghan Jihad, David B. Edwards, 154.
9. One source cited by David Edwards estimated 80 percent of locals supported tribal unity, 15 to 20 percent the government, and less than 5 percent the Islamic parties.
10. Ibid., 154.
11. Islam and Resistance, Roy, 108.
12. The Turban for the Crown: The Islamic Revolution in Iran, Said Amir Arjomand, 104.
13. The Battle for God: Fundamentalism in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, Karen Armstrong, 238.
14. Ibid., 294–298.
15. Journey of the Jihadist: Inside Muslim Militancy, Fawaz Gerges, 63–64.
16. Turban for the Crown, Arjomand, 99.
17. Ibid., 101.
18. The Siege of Mecca: The Forgotten Uprising in Islam’s Holiest Shrine and the Birth of al-Qaeda, Yaroslav Trofimov, 224–225.
19. The best account of the mosque takeover, which I have relied on heavily here, is provided by Yaroslav Trofimov’s book Siege of Mecca.
20. Before Taliban, Edwards.
21. Ibid., 212.
22. Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001, Steve Coll, 113.
23. Before Taliban, Edwards, 249–252.
24. Ghost Wars, Coll, 114.
25. “Guerrillas Use Cease-Fire to Rearm,” William Branigin, Washington Post, October 18, 1983.
1. I say “quasi-colonial” because Iran was not formally the colony of any foreign powers—though many Iranians undoubtedly felt that way.
2. The Eagle and the Lion: The Tragedy of American-Iranian Relations, James A. Bill, 159–160, http://lawrecord.com/files/34_Rutgers_L_Rec_39.pdf.
3. “U.S. Embassy Stormed by Tehran Mob,” Nicholas Cumming-Bruce, Guardian, February 15, 1979, http://century.guardian.co.uk/1970–1979/Story/0,,106889,00.html.
4. Guests of the Ayatollah: The Iran Hostage Crisis, the First Battle in America’s War with Militant Islam, Mark Bowden, 212.
5. “Iran Hostage’s Diary: Robert C. Ode, Nov. 4, 1979, Through July 8, 1980,” http://www.jimmycarterlibrary.gov/documents/r_ode/Ode_pages1thru50.pdf.
6. Ibid.
7. Guests of the Ayatollah, Bowden, 183.
8. The Reign of the Ayatollahs: Iran and the Islamic Revolution, Shaul Bakhash, 65.
9. Again, this body should not be confused with the later government organization created in the course of another round of constitutional reform in 1984. See Chapter 11.
10. Only men were eligible, needless to say (which is odd, since there are female clerics).
11. “Iran’s Politics: The Supreme Leader,” Karim Sadjapour, in The Iran Primer: Power, Politics, and U.S. Policy, 12.
12. Reign of the Ayatollahs, Bakhash, 83.
13. Modern Iran: Roots and Results of Revolution, Nikki R. Keddie, 195.
14. Ibid., 249.
1. Author’s interview with Rong Zhiren, Guangzhou, April 9, 2010.
2. “Rong Yiren, a Chinese Billionaire, Dies at 89,” David Barboza, New York Times, October 28, 2005, http://www.nytimes.com/2005/io/28/obituaries/28rong.html?fta=y.
3. Author’s interview with Tom Gorman, Hong Kong, March 10, 2010.
4. http://www.creativebrief.com/blog/2011/07/15/market-leader-interview-graham-fink-ogilvy-china/.
5. Author’s interview with Jeff Muir, Hong Kong, May 5, 2010.
6. “Watch Out for the Foreign Guests!” China Encounters the West, Orville Schell, 54–55.
7. Ibid., 22–23.
8. Author’s interview with Qian Gang, Hong Kong, May 10, 2010.
9. “Teresa Teng, Singer, 40, Dies; Famed in Asia for Love Songs,” Sheryl WuDunn, New York Times, May 10, 1995, http://www.nytimes.com/1995/05/10/obituaries/teresa-teng-singer-40-dies-famed-in-asia-for-love-songs.html.
10. Interview with Muir.
11. Broken Earth: The Rural Chinese, Steven W. Mosher, 37–38.
12. Ibid., 40.
13. “Xiaogang Village, Birthplace of Rural Reform, Moves On,” Wang Ke, China.org. cn, December 15, 2008, http://www.china.org.cn/china/features/content_16955209.htm.
14. How the Farmers Changed China: Power of the People, by Kate Xiao Zhou, 56.
15. “Xiaogang Village, Birthplace of Rural Reform, Moves On,” Ke.
16. Ibid.
17. “Farmers Who Provided the Spark,” Raymond Li, South China Morning Post, November 17, 2008.
18. How the Farmers Changed China, Zhou, 53–54.
19. “Xiaogang Village, Birthplace of Rural Reform, Moves On,” Ke.
20. How the Farmers Changed China, Zhou, 53–54.
21. http://mengwah.wordpress.com/2011/03/31/3–1-reforming-the-agricultural-sec-tor-contract-responsibility-system/.
22. “China in the 1980s,” Economist, December 29, 1979.
23. Hungry Ghosts, Jasper Becker, 262.
24. Agrarian Radicalism in China, 1968–1981, David Zweig, 180. See also “Summary of Experiences in Rural Economic Restructuring in Experimental Counties in Guanghan, Qionglai, and Xindu Counties of Sichuan Province,” Gui Yuwen, Jingji Guanli, April 15, 1982 (in China Report: Economic Affairs 238, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, June 9, 1982).
25. Interview with Zhong Taiyin, The China Boom Project, Asia Society, http://china-boom.asiasociety.org/bio/detail/219.
26. Broken Earth, Mosher, 44.
27. Author’s interview with Tom Gorman, Hong Kong, March 10, 2010.
28. Deng Xiaoping Shakes the World: An Eyewitness Account of China’s Party Work Conference and the Third Plenum (November-December 1978), Yu Guangyuan, 204–205.
29. Ibid., 188.
30. Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China, Ezra Vogel, 221–223.
31. Ibid., 397.
32. Interview with C. K. Feng, April 8, 2010.
33. Deng Xiaoping Shakes the World, Yu, 399.
34. Author’s interview with Rong Zhiren, Guangzhow, April 9, 2010.
1. Karmal had actually been offered a cabinet post under President Daoud, who was eager to see the Parchamis shore up his government, but had declined.
2. “Revolution in Afghanistan,” Fred Halliday, 41.
3. The Great Gamble: The Soviet War in Afghanistan, Gregory Feifer, 19.
4. Ibid., 33.
5. Afghanistan: The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979–1982, M. Hassan Kakar, 36.
6. Great Gamble, Feifer, 42.
7. Ibid., 42–43.
8. Ibid., 46–47. Compare the account in Afghanistan, Kakar, 39.
9. The Global Cold War: Third World Interventions and the Making of Our Times, Odd Arne Westad, 313.
10. Barry Shlachter, Associated Press, September 17, 1979.
11. Ibid.
12. “Foes ‘Eliminated,’ Afghan Leader Says,” Stuart Auerbach, Washington Post, September 18, 1979.
13. Great Gamble, Feifer, 52–53. One of the Afghans involved in the operation, Said Mohammed Guliabzoi, disputes the Soviet account of events, saying that he stayed in the country to coordinate the resistance to Amin. Ibid., 56.
14. Global Cold War, Westad, 313.
15. “Concerning the Situation in ‘A’: New Russian Evidence on the Soviet Intervention in Afghanistan,” Odd Arne Westad, Cold War International History Project Bulletin, 130, http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/e-dossier_4.pdf. See also Global Cold War, Westad, 311.
16. Failed Empire, Zubok, 262.
17. Afghanistan, Kakar, 42 (see “Stumbling Toward War”).
18. “Concerning the Situation in ‘A,’” Westad, 128.
19. Global Cold War, Westad, 315.
20. Great Gamble, Feifer, 13.
21. Ibid., 43.
22. Global Cold War, Westad, 318.
23. Ibid., 319.
24. Failed Empire, Zubok, 263.
25. Global Cold War, Westad, 32Iff.
26. Great Gamble, Feifer, 77–78.
27. Global Cold War, Westad, 326.
28. Now known once again by its prerevolutionary name, Lubyanka Square.
29. KGB in Afghanistan, Mitrokhin, 95.
1. The Polish Revolution: Solidarity, Timothy Garton Ash, 43.
2. Ibid.
3. Pilgrim to Poland: John Paul II, compiled by the Daughters of St. Paul, 182.
4. Ibid., 185.
5. Ibid., 184–185.
6. The Polish Revolution: Solidarity, Ash, 35; From Solidarity to Martial Law: The Polish Crisis of 1980–1981—a Documentary History, edited by Andrzej Paczkowski and Malcolm Byrne, xxxi.
7. From Solidarity to Martial Law, edited by Paczkowski and Byrne, xxxix.
8. In Andrzej Wajda’s marvelous film account of the Solidarity movement, Man of Marble (1980), the cynical journalist sent to Gdańsk to collect compromising material on the strikers soon discovers, to his horror, that there is not a drop of booze to be found in the city.
9. KOR: A History of the Workers’ Defense Committee in Poland, 1976–1981, Jan Józef Lipski, 176.
10. The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB, Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, 515. The Vatican II reference comes from The Polish Revolution: Solidarity, Ash.
11. The Polish Revolution: Solidarity, Ash, 294.
12. Ibid., 276.
13. “In Search of Lost Meaning,” in In Search of Lost Meaning: The New Eastern Europe, Adam Michnik, 28–29.
14. The Polish Revolution: Solidarity, Ash, 304.
15. Witness to Hope: The Biography of Pope John Paul II, 1920–2005, George Weigel, 460.
16. The End and the Beginning: Pope John Paul II—the Victory of Freedom, the Last Years, the Legacy, George Weigel, 113.
17. “Obituary: Cardinal Frantisek Tomasek,” Felix Corley, Independent, August 5, 1992, http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-cardinal-frantisek-tomasek-1538238.html.
18. “The Inspiration for a Workers’ Revolution,” Michael Dobbs, Washington Post, April 3, 2005, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A22109–2005Apr2.html.
1. “The Islamic Republic of Iran, 1979–1989,” Shaul Bakhash, 58.
2. Ibid., 59.
3. Yet another example, it would seem, of conservatives borrowing from the radical left.
4. “The Islamic Republic of Iran, 1979–1989,” Shaul Bakhash.
5. Khomeini: Life of the Ayatollah, Baqer Moin, 247.
6. The Turban for the Crown: The Islamic Revolution in Iran, Said Amir Arjomand, 5.
7. Khomeinism: Essays on the Islamic Republic, Ervand Abrahamian, http://www.escholarship.org/editions/view?docId=ft6c6006wp;query=20iran;brand=ucpress.
8. The Reign of the Ayatollahs: Iran and the Islamic Revolution, Shaul Bakhash, 36.
9. See “Religious Participation Among Muslims: Iranian Exceptionalism,” Gunes Murat Tezcur, Taghi Azadarmaki, and Mehri Bahar, in Critique: Critical Middle Eastern Studies 15, no. 3 (2006): 217–232, http://web.clas.ufl.edu/users/kenwald/pos6292/Tezcur%20et%20all%20Critique%202006.pdf.
10. “Islamic Republic of Iran,” Bakhash, 55–56.
11. 1979 : The Year That Shaped the Modern Middle East, David W Lesch, 119.
12. Ibid., 162–163.
13. “Islamic Republic of Iran,” Bakhash, 57.
14. 1979, Lesch, 161, quoting “Conceptual Sources of the Post-Revolutionary Iranian Behavior Toward the Arab World,” Mahmood Sariolghalam, in Iran and the Arab World, Hooshab Amirahmadi and Nader Entessar, 22.
15. Creating an Islamic State: Khomeini and the Making of a New Iran, Vanessa Martin, 193.
16. “Islamic Republic of Iran,” Bakhash, 57.
17. The Global Cold War: Third World Interventions and the Making of Our Times, Odd Arne Westad, 299.
18. For all their grand global aspirations, the Chinese do not believe that their culture applies to anyone but the Chinese and show little evidence of wishing to impose it on alien races.
1. Defense of Muslim Lands, Sheikh Abdullah Azzam, xix-xx.
2. Ibid., 16–17.
3. Azzam, it should be noted, was a fully qualified religious scholar—something that could not even remotely be said of Osama bin Laden, though this did not stop him from issuing legal rulings.
4. The Looming Tower: Al-Qaeda and the Road to 9/11, Lawrence Wright, 95–96.
5. Ibid., 130.
6. “Blowback from the Afghan Battlefield,” Tim Weiner, New York Times, March 13, 1994.
7. “Terrorism Havens: Indonesia,” Council on Foreign Relations, 2005, http://www.cfr.org/indonesia/terrorism-havens-indonesia/p9361.
8. The Fragmentation of Afghanistan: State Formation and Collapse in the International System, Barnett Rubin, 227.
1. In the early 1930s, joblessness reached 3 million (about 30 percent).
2. Britain Under Thatcher, Anthony Seldon and Daniel Collings, 14.
3. “The Lady’s Not for Turning,” Margaret Thatcher, Guardian, April 29, 2007, http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2007/apr/30/conservatives.uk.
4. The Lady’s Not for Burning, Christopher Fry (1948).
5. “Strength in the Face of Adversity,” Simon Jenkins, Guardian, April 30, 2007, http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2007/apr/30/conservatives.uk2.
6. Britain Under Thatcher, Seldon and Collings, 15.
7. Thatcher and Sons: A Revolution in Three Acts, Simon Jenkins, 61.
8. One of Us: Life of Margaret Thatcher, Hugo Young, 107.
9. Ibid., 136.
10. “The First Few Months” (Thatcher’s notes for a conference speech, October 3, 1979), http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/899D539506F54F5FBBBB75AD5B018C94.pdf.
11. Keynes, the Keynesians, and Monetarism, Tim Congdon, 8.
12. A Balance of Power, James Prior, 121.
13. Thinking the Unthinkable: Think-Tanks and the Economic Counter-Revolution, 1931–1993, Richard Cockett, 287.
14. “It Is Time for Britain’s Economy to Buck Up,” Samuel Brittan, Financial Times, July 7, 2011.
15. Thinking the Unthinkable, Cockett, 323.
16. Margaret Thatcher, John Campbell, 2:709–710.
17. Imitation is the sincerest form of flattery, and it is worth noting that the British Left took a page from Thatcher’s playbook in the 1980s and 1990s by founding its own think tanks modeled on those that fueled the market “counterrevolution.” Richard Cockett cites Martin Jacques’s Demos, which, he says, “owes much of its inspiration to the working methods of the IEA, and in particular the work of Arthur Seldon.” Thinking the Unthinkable, Cockett, 328.
18. Ibid., 322.
19. Thatcher and Thatcherism, edited by Eric J. Evans, 139.
20. National Review, Tim Congdon, 1993.
21. Thinking the Unthinkable, Cockett, 324.
22. “Balcerowicz Plan: 20 Years On,” Warsaw Voice, December 16, 2009, http://www.warsawvoice.pl/WVpage/pages/article.php/21501/article
23. Chicago School economists engineered the free-market economic reform program implemented by General Augusto Pinochet in Chile in 1973 (after the bloody coup in which he toppled his predecessor as president, Salvador Allende). The program was a resounding success that strongly influenced many other governments around Latin America—though those who implemented similar policies often thankfully did so in tandem with political liberalization as well.
24. Thinking the Unthinkable, Cockett, 306.
25. Ibid., 307.
26. The Commanding Heights: The Battle for the World Economy, Daniel Yergin and Joseph Stanislaw, 219.
27. Ibid., 233.
28. Ibid., 258.
29. Margaret Thatcher, Campbell, 2:625.
30. National Review, Congdon, 1993.
1. “Crossing the River While Feeling the Rocks: Land-Tenure Reform in China,” John W. Bruce and Zongmin Li, International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC, 2009, http://www.ifpri.org/publication/crossing-river-while-feeling-rocks.
2. Fujian was also home to the Xiamen Special Economic Zone, the only SEZ created in 1979 that was outside of Guangdong Province.
3. “The Course of China’s Rural Reform,” Du Runsheng, International Food Policy Research Institute, 2006, 6, http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/oc52.pdf.
4. Capitalism with Chinese Characteristics, Huang Yasheng, 50–100.
5. Special Economic Zones and the Economic Transition in China, Wei Ge, 47.
6. Ibid., 49.
7. Ibid., 47.
8. Ibid., 68.
9. Ibid., 75.
10. The Search for Modern China, Jonathan Spence, 715–716.
11. “‘Two Faces’ of Deng Xiaoping,” Bao Tong, Radio Free Asia, December 29, 2008.
12. “June 9 Speech to Martial Law Units,” Deng Xiaoping, http://tsquare.tv/chronology/Deng.html.
13. Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China, Ezra Vogel, 659–660.
14. Ibid.
15. “Deng’s Last Campaign,” Roderick MacFarquhar, New York Review of Books, December 17, 1992.
16. Ibid.
17. Ibid.
18. Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China, Vogel, 697.
19. The Global Cold War: Third World Interventions and the Making of Our Times, Odd Arne Westad, 362.
1. The Progress of Socialism: A Lecture by Sidney Webb, LL.B. (Modern Press, London, 1890), http://archive.org/details/progressofsocialoowebbuoft.
2. The Unthinkable Revolution in Iran, Charles Kurzman, 99.
3. See “The Religious Mind of Mrs. Thatcher,” Antonio E. Weiss. www.margaretthatcher.org/document/112748.
4. See The Final Revolution: The Resistance Church and the Collapse of Communism, George Weigel.
5. The Communist Manifesto, Marxists Internet Archive, 20, http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/download/pdf/Manifesto.pdf.
6. Khomeini, “Speech at Feyziyeh Theological School,” August 24, 1979; in Anti-American Terrorism and the Middle East: A Documentary Reader, Barry Rubin and Judith Colp Rubin, 34. Oxford University Press, USA, 2004.
7. “What Is Man Afraid Of?,” Redemptor Hominis, John Paul II, http://www.vatican.va/edocs/ENG0218/PG.HTM#$2Q.
8. Kanan Makiya, interview with the author, Cambridge, MA, September 29, 2009.
9. “Mohammed Bouazizi: The Dutiful Son Whose Death Changed Tunisia’s Fate,” Peter Beaumont, Guardian, January 20, 2011, http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/jan/20/tunisian-fruit-seller-mohammed-bouazizi.
10. “A Shi’ite Victory That Subverted Shi’ite Tradition,” Jeffrey Donovan, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, February 10, 2009.
11. For a more detailed exploration of modern Shenzhen, see Postcards from Tomorrow Square: Reports from China, James Fallows.
12. “China Internal Security Spending Jumps Past Army Budget,” Chris Buckley, Reuters, March 5, 2011, http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/03/05/china-unrest-idUSTOE72400920110305.
13. Marketing Dictatorship: Propaganda and Thought Work in Contemporary China, Anne-Marie Brady, 2.
14. See especially “Arise, Slaves, Arise!,” in Out of Mao’s Shadow: The Struggle for the Soul of a New China, Philip P. Pan, 113–146.
15. For a detailed description of these Chinese studies, see China’s Communist Party: Atrophy and Adaptation, David Shambaugh.
16. Creating Wealth and Poverty in Postsocialist China, edited by Deborah S. Davis and Wang Feng, 6.
17. One much-noted novel from the early reform period, by the writer Dai Hou Ying, was entitled simply Human.
18. It is, of course, possible that the model in question was a foreigner. Even so, I argue her worth as a symbol of the secular future to which many Afghans genuinely aspired in the 1970s.
19. The post-2001 history of Afghanistan would probably have taken a dramatically different course had Ahmad Shah Massoud not fallen victim to al-Qaeda suicide bombers in September 2001. (This was after the KGB and his rivals among the mujahideen had repeatedly attempted to kill him during the 1980s.) Of the other leaders treated in this book, Deng Xiaoping, true to his extraordinary talent for survival, probably leads the pack in number of attacks survived; fanatical Maoists, who never forgave him for his heresy, repeatedly tried to kill him. John Paul II survived the 1981 attempt on his life by the Turkish assassin Mehmet Ali Ağca (under circumstances that remain the subject of some dispute). The shah considered executing Khomeini during his arrest in 1964, but was dissuaded when senior clerics awarded Khomeini the title of “ayatollah,” thus making it politically unfeasible for the shah to lay a hand on him. Finally Margaret Thatcher survived a bomb planted in her hotel by Irish Republican terrorists during the Conservative Party conference in Brighton in 1984.