Credits

1.1 Copyright 1940 by Charles R. Knight. Reproduced by permission of Rhoda Knight Kalt.

1.2 Copyright © Janice Lilien. Originally published in Natural History magazine, December 1985.

1.3 From Charles White, An Account of the Regular Gradation in Man …, 1799. Reprinted from Natural History magazine.

1.4 Reprinted by permission of Charles Scribner’s Sons, an imprint of Macmillan Publishing Company, from Henry Fairfield Osborn, Men of the Old Stone Age. Copyright 1915 by Charles Scribner’s Sons; copyright renewed 1943 by A. Perry Osborn.

1.7 Reprinted courtesy of the Boston Globe.

1.8 Reprinted courtesy of the Boston Globe.

1.9 Reprinted courtesy of Bill Day, Detroit Free Press.

1.11 Reprinted courtesy of Guinness Brewing Worldwide.

1.12 Reprinted courtesy of Granada Group PLC.

1.15 From James Valentine, “General Patterns in Metazoan Evolution,” in Patterns of Evolution, ed. A. Hallam. Elsevier Science Publishers (New York). Copyright © 1977.

1.16(A) From David M. Raup and Steven M. Stanley, Principles of Paleontology, 2d ed. Copyright © 1971, 1978 W. H. Freeman and Company. Reprinted with permission.

1.16(B) Figure 4.6 in Harold Levin, The Earth Through Time. Copyright © 1978 by Saunders College Publishing, a division of Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc. Reprinted by permission of the publisher.

1.16(C) From J. Marvin Weller, The Course of Evolution. McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc. Copyright © 1969.

1.16(E) From Robert R. Shrock and William H. Twenhofel, Principles of Invertebrate Paleontology. McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc. Copyright © 1953.

1.16(F) From Steven M. Stanley, Earth and Life Through Time, 2d ed. Copyright © 1986, 1989 W. H. Freeman and Company. Reprinted with permission.

2.4, 2.5, 2.6 Smithsonian Institution Archives, Charles D. Walcott Papers, 1851–1940 and undated. Archive numbers SA-692, 89-6273, and 85-1592.

3.1 By permission of the Smithsonian Institution Press, from Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, vol. 57, no. 6. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.

3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7 From D. L. Bruton, 1981. The arthropod Sidneyia inexpectans, Middle Cambrian, Burgess Shale, British Columbia. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London B 295: 619–56.

3.8 From H. B. Whittington, 1978. The lobopod animal Aysheaia pedunculata Walcott, Middle Cambrian, Burgess Shale, British Columbia. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London B 284:165–97.

3.9, 3.10, 3.11 From D. L. Bruton, 1981. The arthropod Sidneyia inexpectans, Middle Cambrian, Burgess Shale, British Columbia. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London B 295: 619–56.

3.13, 3.14, 3.15, 3.16 From H. B. Whittington, 1971. Redescription of Marrella splendens (Trilobitoidea) from the Burgess Shale, Middle Cambrian, British Columbia. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 209:1–24.

3.17, 3.19 From H. B. Whittington, 1974. Yohoia Walcott and Plenocaris n. gen., arthropods from the Burgess Shale, Middle Cambrian, British Columbia. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 231:1–21.

3.20 From H. B. Whittington, 1975. The enigmatic animal Opabinia regalis, Middle Cambrian, Burgess Shale, British Columbia. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London B 271:1–43.

3.22 Reprinted by permission of Cambridge University Press.

3.23 From A. M. Simonetta, 1970. Studies of non-trilobite arthropods of the Burgess Shale (Middle Cambrian). Palaeontographica Italica 66 (n.s. 36):35–45.

3.24, 3.25, 3.26 From H. B. Whittington 1975. The enigmatic animal Opabinia regalis, Middle Cambrian, Burgess Shale, British Columbia. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London B 271:1–43.

3.27 From C. P. Hughes, 1975. Redescription of Burgessia bella from the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale, British Columbia. Fossils and Strata (Oslo) 4:415–35. Reproduced with permission.

3.30 From S. Conway Morris, 1977. A new entoproct-like organism from the Burgess Shale of British Columbia. Palaeontology 20:833–45.

3.33 From S. Conway Morris, 1977. A redescription of the Middle Cambrian worm Amiskwia sagittiformis Walcott from the Burgess Shale of British Columbia. Paläontologische Zeitschrift 51:271–87.

3.35 From S. Conway Morris, 1977. A new metazoan from the Cambrian Burgess Shale, British Columbia. Palaeontology 20:623–40.

3.36 From D. E. G. Briggs, 1976. The arthropod Branchiocaris n. gen., Middle Cambrian, Burgess Shale, British Columbia. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 264:1–29.

3.37 From D. E. G. Briggs, 1978. The morphology, mode of life, and affinities of Canadaspis perfecta (Crustacea: Phyllocarida), Middle Cambrian, Burgess Shale, British Columbia. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London B 281:439–87.

3.39, 3.40(A–C) From H. B. Whittington, 1977. The Middle Cambrian trilobite Naraoia, Burgess Shale, British Columbia. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London B 280:409–43.

3.42, 3.43 From H. B. Whittington, 1978. The lobopod animal Aysheaia pedunculata Walcott, Middle Cambrian, Burgess Shale, British Columbia. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London B 284:165–97.

3.44 From D. E. G. Briggs, 1981. The arthropod Odaraia alata Walcott, Middle Cambrian, Burgess Shale, British Columbia. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London B 291:541–85.

3.47, 3.50 From H. B. Whittington, 1981. Rare arthropods from the Burgess Shale, Middle Cambrian, British Columbia. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London B 292:329–57.

3.51, 3.52, 3.53 From D. L. Bruton and H. B. Whittington. 1983. Emeraldella and Leanchoilia, two arthropods from the Burgess Shale, British Columbia. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London B 300:553–85.

3.55 From D. E. G. Briggs and D. Collins, 1988. A Middle Cambrian chelicerate from Mount Stephen, British Columbia. Palaeontology 31:779–98.

3.56, 3.57, 3.59 From S. Conway Morris, 1985. The Middle Cambrian metazoan Wiwaxia corrugata (Matthew) from the Burgess Shale and Ogygopsis Shale, British Columbia, Canada. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London B 307:507–82.

3.60, 3.61 From D. E. G. Briggs, 1979. Anomalocaris, the largest known Cambrian arthropod. Palaeontology 22:631–64.

3.63, 3.64 From H. B. Whittington and D. E. G. Briggs, 1985. The largest Cambrian animal, Anomalocaris, Burgess Shale, British Columbia. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London B 309:569–609.

3.65 From S. Conway Morris and H. B. Whittington, 1985. Fossils of the Burgess Shale. A national treasure in Yoho National Park, British Columbia. Geological Survey of Canada, Miscellaneous Reports 43:1–31.

3.67, 3.68, 3.69(A–B), 3.70 From H. B. Whittington and D. E. G. Briggs, 1985. The largest Cambrian animal, Anomalocaris, Burgess Shale, British Columbia. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London B 309:569–609.

3.73, 3.74 From D. E. G. Briggs and H. B. Whittington, 1985. Modes of life of arthropods from the Burgess Shale, British Columbia. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 76:149–60.

4.1, 4.2, 4.3 Smithsonian Institution Archives, Charles D. Walcott Papers, 1851–1940 and undated. Archive numbers 82–3144, 82–3140, and 83–14157.

5.3 Drawing by Charles R. Knight: neg. no. 39443, courtesy of Department of Library Services, American Museum of Natural History.

5.5 Courtesy of A. Seilacher.

5.6 From R. C. Moore, C. G. Lalicker, and A. G. Fischer. Invertebrate Fossils. McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc. Copyright 1952.

5.7 From A. Yu. Rozanov, “Problematica of the Early Cambrian,” in Problematic Fossil Taxa, ed. Antoni Hoffman and Matthew H. Nitecki. Copyright © 1986 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Reprinted by permission.