Actaeus, 180–81
ecology of, 221
Leanchoilia and, 183
administrators, 241, 245
Agassiz, Louis, 212–13, 242
Aitken, J. D., 77
Alalcomenaeus, 180–81, 221–22
Allmon, Warren, 114
Alvarez, Luis, 280–81, 305
American Anthropological Association, 256–57
American Association for the Advancement of Science, 242
Amiskwia, 150–53, 222
Amoeba, 58
Amphioxus, 321–22
analogy, 213, 231
anatomy of arthropods, 103–6
animals:
origin of, 55–60
phyla of, 99
as polyphyletic group, 38n
soft tissue of, 60–61
see also particular animals
Annelida, 127, 137
Onychophora and, 168
Pikaia as, 321
Anomalocaris, 14, 194–206, 213–14, 217, 218, 225, 239
earlier animals similar to, 227
extinction of, 236–37
in Knight’s and current illustrations, 25–26
monograph on, 82
outside of Burgess Shale, 224
reclassification of, 109
reinterpreted as appendage of larger animal, 157
Anomalocaris canadensis, 201
Anomalocaris nathorsti, 201
anostracans, 129
antennae:
on Marrella, 117–20
on Sidneyia, 177
Anthropological Society of Washington, 256
Aphrodita (see mouse), 189
Aplacophora, 193n
archaeocyathids, 314–15
Archaeopteryx, 63–64
arthropods:
Anomalocaris and, 194, 206
bivalved, 158
in Burgess Shale, 25, 188, 208–9
in Burgess Shale, ecology of, 219–22
in Burgess Shale, genealogies of, 216–17
in Burgess Shale, rare, 178–81
in Burgess Shale, reexamination of, 138–39
classification and anatomy of, 102–6
elimination of Trilobitoidea class of, 167–68
groups within, 137
Onychophora and, 168
Opabinia as, 127–29, 131–32
Walcott’s ordering of, 271
see also particular arthropods
artifact theory, 271–74
Atdabanian stage, 226, 316
Aysheaia, 25, 91, 168–72, 188, 238, 292
as ancestor of insects, 237
ecology of, 221
Backus, David, 17–18
Bailey, George, 14
Bakker, Bob, 141
Banffia, 212
Barrois, Charles, 251
beetles, 47
benthic organisms, 219
Bidentia, 109
bilateral symmetry, 289, 290
biramous limbs, 104–5
birds:
Diatryma gigantea, 296–97
phororhacids, 298–99
bivalved arthropods, 158
Branchiocaris as, 158–61
Canadaspis as, 161–63
Odaraia as, 173–76
Boas, Franz, 255–57
borhyaenids, 298–99
bracts, 149
brain, linear theories of evolution of, 29–31
Branchiocaris pretiosa, 94, 158–61, 219–20
branchiopods, 109
Opabinia as, 125–26
Yohoia as, 121, 122n
Brandon Bridge fauna, 63
Briggs, Derek E. G., 14, 17, 83–84, 121
on Alalcomenaeus, 221–22
on Anomalocaris, 196, 198–206
bivalved arthropods studied by, 157–58
on Branchiocaris, 158–61
after Burgess Shale studies, 207
on Canadaspis, 161–63
on classification of Burgess arthropods, 217
on conodonts, 149
on diversification and competition, 235
on ecology of Burgess arthropods, 219
on Odaraia, 173–76
problem species at Burgess Shale listed by, 212
on reaction to Opabinia interpretation, 126
on Sanctacaris, 187
on Sidneyia, 195
Sidneyia counterpart found by, 96
on specialization of Burgess animals, 237
as Whittington’s student, 141, 144
Bruton, David, 83
on Emeraldella and Leanchoilia, 181, 183–84
“merostomoids” studied by, 137–38
on Sidneyia, 87–91, 176–78
three–dimensional models made by, 96
Bryan, William Jennings, 261, 262
Burgess, 69n
Burgessia, 121
ecology of, 219
Hughes on, 138–39
Burgess Shale, 13–19
alternative outcomes for fauna of, 293–99
arthropods in, 103, 188
Atdabanian fauna in, 317
bivalved arthropods in, 158
coelomates in, 38n
cone of diversity in misinterpretations of, 45–48
contingency in, 51–52, 288–89, 292
decimation of fauna of, 233–39
disparity followed by decimation in, 207–12
diversity and disparity of life in, 49
ecology of arthropods of, 219–22
ecology of fauna of, 222–24
environmental conditions creating, 62
Hallucigenia as symbolic of, 153–54
history of discovery of, 70–78
importance of, 280
importance of Canadaspis in, 162–63
importance of fossils of, 23
importance of transformation in interpretation of, 79–81
Knight’s illustration of life in, 25–26
life following, 63–64
life preceding, 55–60
location of, 65–69
Marrella fossils in, 107–21
Opabinia fossils in, 124–36
origins of fauna of, 228–33
other sites similar to, 224–27
pattern of maximal initial proliferation in, 301–4
phyla found in, 99–100
Pikaia in, 321–23
polychaetes in, 163–64
preservation of fossils in, 69–70
relationships between organisms in, 212–18
shift in interpretation of fossils of, 172–73
Sidneyia fossil in, 85–96
three–dimensionality of fossils of, 84–85, 101
types of fossils in, 25
as typical of Cambrian period, 218
Walcott’s intent to examine, 251–52
Walcott’s shoehorn error on, 244–53, 260–63, 266–77
Waptia fossils in, 138–39
“worms” in, 142–43
Yohoia fossils in, 121–24
Butler, Nicholas Murray, 256
calyx, 149
Cambrian explosion, 24, 55–60, 208, 225, 226, 234, 310
Chinese fossils of, 226
first fauna of, 314–16
life following, 64
modern fauna in, 316–17
theories of origins of, 228–30
Walcott on, 263–77
Cambrian period:
Burgess Shale fossils as typical of, 218
ecology of, 222–24
camera lucida, 85
Canadaspis perfecta, 109, 121, 161–63, 188
ecology of, 219, 223
Canadia, 154
Canadia sparsa (Hallucigenia), 154
cannibalism, 96
Capra, Frank, 14, 287
carbon:
in fossils of soft-bodied animals, 84–85
isotopes of, 58
replaced by silica in fossils, 101
Carboniferous period, 61
Camarvonia, 109
Carnegie, Andrew, 242, 253
Carnegie Institution, 242
carnivores, 96
Cathedral Escarpment (Burgess Shale), 69
Cenozoic era, 54
chaetognaths, 151
Chamberlin, T. C, 247
chelicerates (Chelicerata), 25, 103, 106, 177
Sanctacaris as, 187–88
chimpanzees, 29
Chordata, 321
chordates, Pikaia as, 321–22
Civil War, 284–85
Clark, D. L., 307
coelomates, 38
Coleman, Al, 17–18
Collins, Desmond, 18, 77, 185–86, 224–25
Collins, Marianne, 18
competition, 229
decimation of Burgess fauna and, 234
cone of diversity of life, 39–42, 223
Haeckel’ s, 263–67
in misinterpretation of Burgess Shale, 45–50, 268–69
Conklin, Edwin Grant, 262
Conodontophorida, 149
conodonts, 148–49
continental drift, 279
contingency:
in Burgess Shale, 288–89, 292, 301–4
Darwin on, 290
historical, 284–85
in human origins, 291
in mass extinctions, 306
patterns illustrating, 299–301
portrayed in fiction, 285–86
portrayed in films, 287–88
Conway Morris, Simon, 14, 17, 83–84, 293
on Amiskwia, 150–53
Anomalocaris and, 196
on Burgess polychaetes, 163–64
after Burgess Shale studies, 207
on Dinomischus, 149–50
on diversification and competition, 234–35
on ecology of Burgess fauna, 222–24, 230
on Hallucigenia, 153–57
on Laggania and Peytoia, 197–98
on Nectocaris, 145–47
on Odontogriphus, 147–49
on Ottoia, 225
on Pikaia, 321, 322
on polychaetes, 294, 295
problem species at Burgess Shale listed by, 212
on reaction to Opabinia interpretation, 126
on survival of Burgess fauna, 237–38
Walcott’s specimens reexamined by, 80, 142–45
as Whittington’s student, 141
on Wiwaxia, 189–93
Wiwaxia studied by, 92, 96
coral, 38n
counterparts of fossils, 93–96
coxa, 105
creationism:
Cambrian explosion and, 56
Scopes trial and, 261
Cretaceous mass extinction, 54, 278
diatoms’ survival during, 307–8
extraterrestrial–impact theory of, 280
small animals surviving, 307
crustaceans (Crustacea), 25, 103, 106, 109
Anomalocaris as, 194
bivalved arthropods as, 158–59
Canadaspis, 161–63
Marrella as precursor of, 120
Naraoia, 164–67
cyanophytes, 58
Darwin, Charles, 16, 107, 263, 282
on Cambrian explosion, 271–72
on contingency, 290
on extinctions, 300
on fitness and survival, 236
on incomplete fossil record, 60
on mass extinctions, 305
on origins of multicellular animals, 56–57
on Precambrian life, 270
Walcott on, 257–59
wedge metaphor used by, 299
Darwinism:
competition in, 229
decimation of Burgess fauna and, 234
filling of ecological niches in, 228
portrayed in fiction, 285–86
tautology argument and, 236
Davis, N. C, 225
Day, Bill, 32
decimation, 47n, 302n
of Burgess fauna, 233–39
disparity followed by, 207–12
problem of origins of, 227
Devonian period, fossils of, 61, 63
diatoms, 307–8
Diatryma gigantea, 296–97
Diceros, 68
Dinomischus, 149–50
dinosaurs, 280
Knight’s illustrations of, 23
mammals and, 318
disparity in anatomy, 49
in Burgess fauna, origins of, 228–33
followed by decimation, 207–12
problem of origins of, 227
diversity of life, 49
in Burgess Shale, 45–47
cone of, 39–42
decimation in, 47n
dorsal side, 105
Dzik, J., 227
earth:
age of, 45n, 57
age of, Kelvin’s estimate of, 279
origin of life on, 289, 309
echinoderms, 302
Haeckel on, 265–66
ecology:
of Burgess arthropods, 219–22
of Burgess Shale, competition in, 229
of Burgess Shale fauna, 222–24
in theories of origins of Burgess fauna, 228
Ediacara fauna, 58–60, 231, 311–14
edrioasteroids, 302
elasipods, 156
Eldonia, 195–96, 212
Eldredge, Niles, 81n
Emeraldella, 181–84, 219
Eno, W. P., 254
Entoprocta, 149–50
environment, filling of niches in, 228
Eocene epoch, 296
Eohippus (Hyracotherium), 36
Equus (horse), 36
eras, geological, 54
eukaryotic cells, 58
evolution of, 309–11
evolution:
alternative outcomes of, 293–99
Cambrian explosion seen as disproof of, 56–57
chain of being theory of, 28–29
cone of diversity illustration of, 39–42
decimation of Burgess fauna and, 233–39
of eukaryotic cells, 309–11
expressed in taxonomy, 97
homology and analogy in, 213
of horses, 36
of humans, 319–21
linear theories of, 29–31
of mammals, 318
“march of progress” illustrations of, 31–35
mass extinctions in, 305–8
monophyly and divergence in, 38
of multicellular animals, 311–14
origins of Burgess fauna and, 228–33
origins of disparity and decimation in, 227
portrayed in fiction, 285–86
taxonomy in, 98–100
Walcott on, 257–63
exoskeletons, 104
extinctions:
of Burgess fauna, 233–39
Darwin on, 300
decimation in, 47n
“inverted cone” model of, 47–48
mass, 305–8
eyes:
of Odaraia, 173–74
of Opabinia, 127, 132
on Sarotrocercus, 179
Field (British Columbia), 65
Fieldia, 109
fieldwork, myth of, 80
fish, 317
fitness, Darwinian, 236
food grooves, 105
of Sidneyia inexpectans, 93
Fortier, Y. O., 114
Fosdick, R. B., 261
fossils.
of Actaeus, 180
of Alalcomenaeus, 180–81
of Amiskwia, 150–53
of Anomalocaris, 194–206, 199
of Aysheaia, 168–72
of Branchiocaris, 157–61
of Burgess Shale, 23, 24
at Burgess Shale, preservation of, 69–70
of Canadaspis, 161–63
of Diatryma gigantea, 296–97
of Dinomischus, 149–50
of echinoderms, 302
of Emeraldella, 181–84
excavation and dissection of, 87–91
of Habelia, 179
of Hallucigenia, 153–57
of Leanchoilia, 181–84
of Marrella, 107–21
of Molaria, 178–79
monographs on, 97
of multicellular animals, 55
of Naraoia, 164–67
of Nectocaris, 145–47
of Odaraia, 173–76
of Odontogriphus, 147–49
of Opabinia, 124–36
orientations of, 91–93
part and counterpart for, 93–96
of Pikaia, 321–23
Precambrian, 57–59
Precambrian, artifact theory of, 271–75
preserved in silica, 101
of Sanctacaris, 186–88
of Sarotrocercus, 179–80
of Sidneyia, 176–78
of soft–bodied animals, 60–64, 225
of teeth, 60
three–dimensionality of, 242
Walcott’s examination of, 244–45
of Waptia, 138–39
of Wiwaxia, 189–93
of Yohoia, 121–24
Freud, Sigmund, 44, 81
Frost, Robert, 291
Galápagos Islands, 286, 301
Galileo Galilei, 16, 289
genes, transferred between species, 38n
genetic systems, “aging” of, 230–31
genius, 100
geographic range, mass extinctions and, 306
Geological Survey of Canada, 76, 114, 127, 199
geology, 44–45
continental drift in, 279
time scale in, 53–55
gill branches, 104
of Opabinia, 133
Glaessner, Martin, 311
Glenn, Libby, 17
gnathobase, 105
Goddard, Robert H., 248
Gombos, A. M., Jr., 307
Grand Canyon, 260n
Granger, W., 296–97
Granton Sandstone (Scotland), 149
Gray, Asa, 290
Habelia, 179, 219
Haeckel, Ernst, 263–67
Hall, James, 243
Hallucigenia, 14, 25
Conway Morris on, 153–57 heads:
of Actaeus, 180
of Alalcomenaeus, 180
of A nomalocaris, 202
appendages on, 184
of Odaraia, 173–74
of Sanctacaris, 186
helicoplacoids, 302
Henry, Joseph, 242
Higgins, A. K., 225
Hill, R. T., 248
historical explanation, 283–84
historical sciences, 278–79
natural history as, 280–81
history, contingency in, 284–85
holothurians, 156, 195–96
holotype, 287n
Homo erectus, 29, 319, 320
homology, 213, 214, 231
Homo sapiens, see
humans Hoover, Herbert, 248, 262
horses, evolution of, 36
horseshoe crabs, 43n
Horsey, Anna, 64, 250
Hou Xian-guang, 226
Hrdlicka, Ales, 249
Hughes, Chris, 83, 121, 138–39
humans:
contingency in origin of, 291
linear theories of evolution of, 28–31
“march of progress” illustrations of evolution of, 31–35
origin of, 319–21
Pikaia as ancestor of, 322–23
Hunsrückschiefer, 61, 63, 112, 302
Hurdia, 109
Hutchinson, G. Evelyn, 18, 77–78, 129
on Aysheaia, 168–69, 172
Huxley, Thomas Henry, 16
Hyatt, Alpheus, 257
hybridization of plants, 38n
Hymenocaris (Canadaspis), 109
Hyracotherium, 36
Ichncumonidae, 290
invertebrates, 38n
Isua rocks, 57, 58
Jablonski, D., 306
jaws, 171
of Anomalocaris, 236–37
of polychaetes, 295
of Wiwaxia, 192, 193
jellyfish, 26
Johnson, Larry, 32
Jordan, David Starr, 252
Jurassic period, 63–64
Kauffman, Stu, 232–33
Kelvin, William Thomson, Baron, 45n, 279
Khayyám, Omar, 43–44
King, Clarence, 246–47
King, Stephen, 285–86
kingdoms (in taxonomy), 98–99
Kitchell, J. A., 307, 308
Knight, Charles R., 23, 298
illustration of Burgess Shale life by, 25–26, 194
Kummel, Bernie, 141–42
laboratory research, myth of, 80
lace crabs, see Marrella splendens
Laertes, 27
Lagerstätten, 61–63, 112, 149, 322
Laggania cambria, 196–99, 201
Leakey, Meave, 101
Leakey, Richard, 101
Leanchoilia, 109, 181–84, 220–21, 238, 292
Lendzion, K., 227
Limulus polyphemus (horseshoe crab), 43n
Linnaeus, Carolus, 98, 142
Lipalian interval, 269, 273–76
Littorina littorea, 68
lophophores, 147–48
Lovejoy, A. O., 28
Lower Cambrian period, 225–26
Mackenzia, 195
McLaren, Digby, 77
malacostracans, 109
Canadaspis as, 162
mammals, 296
bird as rivals to, 297
in Cretaceous mass extinction, 307
evolution of, 318
Manton, Sidnie, 162n
“march of progress” illustrations, 31–35
Marr, 72
Marrella splendens, 25, 69, 72, 74–75, 137, 238, 292
ecology of, 219, 222, 223
outside of Burgess Shale, 224
Walcott’s classification of, 107–13
Whittington’s first monograph on, 81, 82, 113–21
marsupials, 298
Marx, Karl, 79
mass extinctions, 48, 54–55, 234, 305–8
Cretaceous, 278
extraterrestrial-impact theory of, 280
natural selection and, 300n
Permian, 229
Matthew, W. D., 296–97
Mazon Creek fossils, 61, 63, 65, 136
Mendel, Gregor, 241
merostomes, 109
Merostomoidea, 112, 181–82
“merostomoids,” 137–38, 176–78, 215n
discrediting of, 181–83
in Walcott’s classification, 268
Mesozoic era, 54
Meszoly, Laszlo, 17
metamerism, 103
Millikan, R. A., 262
Milton, John, 127
Mimetaster, 63, 302n
Molaria, 178–79, 219
mollusks, Wiwaxia and, 193
molting, 238
monographs, 97, 100
monophyly, 38
Mount Stephen (British Columbia), 68, 71–72
mouths:
of Anomalocaris, 203
of Anomalocaris, Peytoia as, 200–201
of Aysheaia, 169
of Branchiocaris, 160
names for parts of, 159n
of Opabinia, 132–133
multicellular animals:
evolution of, 311–14
first appearance of, 55
Murchison, Sir Roderick Impey, 56, 57
Museum of Comparative Zoology (Harvard), 213
Naraoia, 72, 110, 164–67, 208, 226
Nathorstia (Olenoides serratus), 109
National Academy of Sciences, 242
National Museum of Natural History, 75
National Research Council, 242
natural history, 280–81
natural selection, 228, 257, 258, 290
mass extinctions and, 300n
Neanderthal people, 29–31, 319–20
Nectocaris, 145–47
nektobenthonic organisms, 219–20
Neopilina, 206
Newell, Norman, 140
nuclear winter, 308
Odaraia, 173–76, 238
ecology of, 221
origin of name for, 69
tail of, 213
Odbody, Clarence, 14
Odontogriphus, 143, 217
Conway Morris on, 147–49
ecology of, 222
rarity of, 152
Ogygopsis, 68, 194
Olenellus, 272
Olenoides serratus, 109
Onychophora 103, 168, 188n
Aysheaia and, 171–72
Opabinia regalis, 14, 24, 25, 52, 239
origin of name for, 69
reclassification of, 109
reinterpretation of, 124–36, 144n, 145
Orwell George, 130
Osborn Henry Fairfield, 29, 262
Ottoia prolifica, 96, 222, 225, 294
oxygen, in decay of fossils, 62
Palaeontological Association (Great Britain), 124, 126
paleontology 84
discoveries in, 280
doctoral research in, 139–40
as “stamp collecting,” 281
Paleozoic era, 54–55
pandas, 300–301
Paramecium, 58
Parker, Sybil P., 293
Pasteur, Louis, 142
Peel, J. S., 225
Peripatus, 168
Permian mass extinction, 55, 229, 306
Perspicaris, 161, 221
Peters, Mike, 32
Peytoia nathorsti, 196–203
Pharkidonotus percarinatus, 68
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London, 79–80, 97, 280
phororhacids 298–99
phyla, 99–100
arthropods, 102–6
“phyllopod bed,” 69
Pikaia gracilens, 321–23
Piltdown man, 29
Pithecanthropus (Homo erectus), 29
Pius IX (pope), 130n
plants:
diatoms, 307–8
hybridization of, 38n
Plenocaris, 122n, 221
Pollingeria, 212
Polonius, 27
polychaetes (Polychaeta), 25, 142, 154
alternative evolution of, 293
in Burgess Shale, 163–64, 171
survival of, 295
polyphyly 38n
Pope, Alexander, 28, 44
Portalia, 212
Precambrian fauna, 231
Precambrian period, 55
Ediacara fauna in, 311–14
fossils of, 57–59
in Walcott–s chronology, 269–75
predators 223–24
predictability, contingency and, 289–90
priapulids (Priapulida), 25, 142, 163, 293–94
near extinction of, 294–96
primates 265
progress:
Darwin on, 257–58, 305
“march of progress” illustrations of, 31–35
in science, myths of, 80
Walcott on, 259–61
prokaryotic cells, 58, 60, 309, 310
Protocaris pretiosa, 159
Pseudonotostraca 112, 121
punctuated-equilibrium theory, 81n
Pupin, Michael, 256, 262
rami, 104
randomness, in extinctions, 47n, 306
Rattus rattus rattus, 68
Raup, David M., 306
Raymond Percy, 76–78, 94
Branchiocaris fossil found by, 159
Marrella fossils collected by, 108
on Opabinia, 133
Walcott disliked by, 111n
religion, 261–62
Rendell, Ruth (Barbara Vine), 285
Resser, Charles E., 76, 159, 245
Ripley, S. Dillon, 242
Robison, Richard, 171, 198, 225
Rockefeller, John D., 253, 254
rodents, 265
Romer, A. S., 111n, 297
Roosevelt Quentin, 249
Roosevelt Theodore, 242n, 249
Rowe, L. S., 252
Royal Society of London, 79–80, 97, 280
Rozanov A. Yu., 315
Rutter, 74
Sage, Mrs. Russell, 254
Sanctacaris, 77, 186–88, 208, 224–25, 238, 292
monograph on, 82
Sarotrocercus, 179–80, 221
Schevill Bill, 18, 77
Schidlowski M., 57–58
Schopf, T. J. M., 61
Schuchert Charles, 71, 108, 251
science.
biases and objectivity in, 244
Freud on, 44
genius in, 100
“hard” and “soft,” 278–79
myths of progress in, 80
natural history as, 280–81
“popular” writing on, 16
religion and, 261–62
spying and, Boas–Walcott letters on, 255–56
testability in, 282
scientific method, 277–78, 283
sclerites of Wiwaxia, 189–91, 225
Scopes trial, 261
Seilacher Dolf, 312–14
Sepkoski Jack, 61
sexual reproduction, 309–10
shared derived traits, 177, 214
shared primitive (symplesiomorphic) traits, 176–77, 214–15
Sidneyia inexpectans, 25, 85–96, 176–78, 184, 238, 292
Anomalocaris and, 195
ecology of, 219
Signor Phil, 226
silica fossils preserved in, 101
Simonetta, A. M., 129
Simpson, G. G., 299
single-celled life, 58
diatoms, 307–8
Smithsonian Institution, 75
Boas fired from, 256
Walcott as head of, 241–42
Snodgrass 123
soft-bodied animals, fossils of, 60–64
at Burgess Shale, 69–70, 72–74, 208
flattening of, 84
near site of Burgess Shale, 77
outside of Burgess Shale, 225
Solnhofen limestone, 63–64
Soper, N. J., 225
South American fauna, 297–99
Spearman Charles, 279
species:
diversity of and disparity in, 49
genes transferred between, 38n
holotypes of, 287n
increasing number of, 47
in phyla, 99–100
spines:
on Alalcomenaeus, 180, 221–22
of Hallucigenia, 155, 156
on Wiwaxia, 189–93
sponges 38n, 75–76
Aysheaia and, 169–71
Burgess Shale fossils of, 74
sterotypy, 49
Stevenson, Robert Louis, 98
Størmer, Leif, 111–13, 116–18, 120–22, 124
Merostomoidea class of, 181
Trilobitoidea class of, 168
stromatolites 58, 309
Suddes Steven, 17
Sweden, Upper Cambrian fossils from, 63
symplesiomorphic (shared primitive) traits, 176–77
Szep 32
Taft, William Howard, 245n
tagma, 104
tagmosis, 104, 146, 209n
tails:
of Odaraia, 175, 213
on Sidneyia, 177–78
tautology argument, 236
taxonomy 98–100
of arthropods, 102–3, 106
as expression of evolutionary arrangement, 97
of worms, 142
teeth 60
of Anomalocaris, 203
conodonts and, 148–49
of Wiwaxia, 192
Tegopelte gigas, 167, 176, 226
tentacles:
in Amiskwia, 151
in Hallucigenia, 155–57
in Odontogriphus, 147–48
Thylacosmilus, 298
time, geological, 44–45, 53–55
Tolstoy, Leo, 285
Tommotian fauna, 59–61, 226, 314, 315
Tontoia, 109
Triassic period, 318
trilobites (Trilobita), 25, 103, 106
in Burgess Shale, 208
ecology of, 219
first appearance of, 226
Marrella as, 108–9, 116–20
Naraoia and, 165–67
Olenellus, 272
origin of, 316
Walcott’s correspondence on, 251
Trilobitoidea 112–14, 117
eliminated as class, 167–68
Marrella as, 120–21
Yohoia as, 122, 124
Trilobitomorpha 112, 117
“tripod” fish, 156
Tullimonstrum (Tully Monster), 63, 136
Tuzoia, 109, 194
Twain Mark, 45
uniramians (Uniramia), 25, 103, 106
uniramous limbs, 105
Valentine, James W., 231
ventral side, 105
Vermes (“worms”), 142
vertebrates:
as coelomates, 38n
Pikaia as ancestor of, 322
terrestrial, origin of, 317–18
Vine Barbara (Ruth Rendell), 285
Vonnegut Kurt, 286
Walcott, Charles Doolittle, 13–14
as administrator, 245–51
on Amiskwia, 150
analogy and homology not distinguished by, 214n
Anomalocaris and, 194–96
archives of, 243–44
on Aysheaia, 168
on bivalved arthropods, 158
Burgess Shale discovered by, 24, 56, 71–75
Burgess Shale fossils classified by, 109–13, 137
Burgess Shale fossils interpreted by, 85
on Canadia sparsa (Hallucigenia), 154
cone of diversity in interpretations of
Burgess Shale by, 45–47
conservative personality of, 253–57
counterparts of fossils not studied by, 93
death of wife of, 64
determinism of, 288
on evolution and natural history, 257–63
fossils in odd orientations not studied by, 91–92
fossils named by, 68–69
Knight’s illustration of life in Burgess Shale
based on, 25–26
landscape photography by, 65
life of, 240–43
Marrella classified as Trilobita by, 108–9, 117–18
on Naraoia, 164
on Opabinia, 125–29, 133
on Pikaia, 321
on Pollingeria, 212
on Polychaeta, 164
on Protocaris, 159
published articles by, 75–76
reexamination of specimens collected by, 80, 142–57
shoehorn error of, 244–45, 266–77
on Sidneyia, 85–87, 176
on Yohoia, 121, 122n
Walcott, Charles Doolittle, Jr., 249
Walcott Helen, 64–65, 74, 249–50
Walcott, Helena, 68, 72, 74, 75
death of, 64, 243, 249
Raymond disliked by, 111n
Walcott, Sidney, 68, 71, 74
Walcott Stuart, 64, 68, 72, 74, 249
Walker Alan, 101
walking legs, 104, 105
of Marrella, 117
on Sidneyia, 93, 177
Waptia, 25, 72, 121, 138, 219
Weiner Jonathan, 42–43
whales 300
Whewell, William, 282
White Andrew D., 252
White Charles, 28–29
Whiteaves J. F., 194, 198, 201
Whittington Harry, 14, 15, 17, 83–84
on Alalcomenaeus, 221–22
on Anomalocaris, 157, 199–206
on Aysheaia, 91, 168–72
Burgess Shale fossils reinterpreted by, 24, 81
after Burgess Shale studies, 207
on competition in Burgess Shale, 229
Conway Morris and, 142–45
counterparts of fossils studied by, 93, 96
on diversification and competition, 235
on ecology of Burgess arthropods, 219
on Emeraldella and Leanchoilia, 181, 183–84
fieldwork by, 80
fossils in odd orientations studied by, 92
in Geological Survey of Canada, 76, 77
on Marrella, 108, 113–21
methods used by, 85
on Naraoia, 165–67
on Opabinia, 124–26, 131–36
on Pikaia, 322
problem species at Burgess Shale listed by, 209, 212
on rare arthropods from Burgess Shale, 178–81
replaced at Harvard by Gould, 78, 141–42
research team assembled by, 137–41
on specialization of Burgess animals, 237
three–dimensional visualization by, 101
time spent studying Burgess Shale by, 107
on Yohoia, 121–24
Wilson Woodrow, 242, 255
Wisconsin Brandon Bridge fauna, 63
Wiwaxia, 25, 189–93, 217, 234, 238
Conway Morris on growth of, 96
monograph on, 82
origin of name for, 69
reconstruction of, 92
sclerites of, 225
Wollaston, W. H., 85
worms:
alternative evolution of, 293
in Burgess Shale, 142–43, 163
Yohoia tenuis, 121–24, 137
ecology of, 219–20
Yoho National Park (Canada), 65
Zhang Wen-tang, 226