1. The seed for the Democratic Party donkey was planted by those opposed to Andrew Jackson who thought it a real knee-slapper to call him Andrew Jackass. Pun-averse opponents of Jackson also used a donkey, depicting Jackson riding one—a reference to a then-remembered statement by Benjamin Franklin regarding poor men who ride donkeys to the polls. Not until 1870, however, was a donkey used to represent the Democratic Party. It (and the elephant as a representation of the Republican Party) were the inspiration of Thomas Nast, star cartoonist for Harper’s Weekly. Conceivably Nast was influenced by John Donkey, though that donkey and the publication that created him had long since been put to pasture. See Monaghan, “Origin of Political Symbols,” 205–12.
2. Untitled, Joliet (IL) Signal, July 11, 1848.
3. Unedited footage of Queer Nation commercial for presidential candidate Joan Jett Blakk, 1992, Bill Stamets Collection, C.2005-08, Chicago Film Archives.
4. “Crazy Candidates,” Fort Wayne (IN) Daily Sentinel, May 28, 1872.
5. Federal Election Commission, “2012 Candidate Summary,” “2016 Candidate Summary,” https://www.fec.gov/data/candidates/.
1. “Election of 1828,” American Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/showelection.php?year=1828.
2. Hubbell and Adair, “Robert Munford’s ‘The Candidates.’”
1. John Donkey, “Important Presidential Correspondence,” The John-Donkey, March 18, 1848, 183.
2. John Donkey, “To the Public,” The John-Donkey, April 22, 1848, 262.
3. Cf. “Address by John Donkey,” Portage Sentinel (Ravenna OH), May 3, 1848; “John Donkey in the Field!,” North Carolina Standard (Raleigh), May 3, 1848; “Address by John Donkey,” Democratic Banner (Louisiana MO), May 8, 1848; “John Donkey in the Field!,” Spirit of Jefferson (Charles Town VA, now WV), May 23, 1848.
4. “Sure Enough!,” Democratic Banner (Louisiana MO), June 26, 1848.
5. “Thomas Dunn English Dead,” New York Times, April 2, 1902; Hutchisson, Poe, 190; “Poe Letters and Manuscripts Found in a Pillow-Case,” 823–24.
6. “Death of G. G. Foster,” New York Times, April 18, 1856.
1. Smith, History of the Church, 210.
2. Donkey, “To the Public,” 262.
3. “The Election,” Baton Rouge Gazette, April 6, 1844.
4. Smith, History of the Church, 188.
5. “Another Candidate for President,” Whig Standard (Washington DC), March 13, 1844.
6. “A New Advocate for a National Bank,” Washington (DC) Globe, reprinted in North Carolina Standard (Raleigh), March 27, 1844.
7. Smith, History of the Church, 206.
8. “Very Important and Curious from the Mormon Empire,” New York Herald, January 26, 1844.
9. “The Mormons,” Whig Standard (Washington DC), February 28, 1844.
10. “Life in Nauvoo,” New York Daily Tribune, May 28, 1844.
11. “The Mormon War,” Cleveland Herald, June 27, 1844.
12. Smith, History of the Church, 211.
1. “The Victim of an Idea,” New Orleans Crescent, September 6, 1868.
2. “The Victim of an Idea.”
3. “Endless Life,” Register of Debates, 97–98.
4. “Letter from Charlestown,” New Albany (IN) Daily, April 22, 1868.
5. “The Victim of an Idea.”
6. “Debate on Kossuth Resolution,” Southern Press (Washington DC), January 27, 1852.
7. “The Victim of an Idea”; “Death of Live-Forever Jones,” Daily Ledger (New Albany IN), August 31, 1868; “Death of Live-Forever Jones,” St. Cloud (MN) Journal, September 10, 1868.
8. “The Victim of an Idea.”
9. “A Strange Character,” Wyoming Democrat (Tunkhannock PA), October 21, 1868.
10. While it is a widely believed myth that the explorer Ponce de Leon searched for the Fountain of Youth, for actual examples see Haber, “Anti-Aging Medicine.”
11. Mooney, “The Ghost Dance Religion,” 788, 797, 908, 967, 983.
12. Pritchard, “Religious Change,” 297–330; Pritchard, “The Burned-Over District Reconsidered,” 243–65; Rowe, “A New Perspective.”
13. “Popery in the United States,” Boston Investigator, April 26, 1843. For the dispute regarding Lafayette, see Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette, Wikiquote, https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette.
14. “Live Forever Jones,” Hickman (KY) Courier, September 19, 1868.
15. “Millerism as Amended,” Niles National Register (Washington DC), April 6, 1844, 96.
16. “The Victim of an Idea.”
17. Lamon, Life of Abraham Lincoln, 242.
18. “The Victim of an Idea.”
1. Untitled, Bossier Banner (Bellevue LA), January 6, 1872. Front-page images of Trump as a clown in the New York Daily News also include “Sideshow Don,” April 11, 2011; “Dawn of the Brain Dead: Clown Comes to Life with N.H. Win,” February 10, 2016; “Clown’s Dopey Hair Trigger,” May 21, 2016.
2. “Second Appearance,” New Orleans Republican, June 22, 1872; “George Francis Train at Tammany Hall,” New York Times, December 27, 1869; “Transcript: Donald Trump at G.O.P. Convention,” New York Times, July 22, 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/22/us/politics/trump-transcript-rnc-address.html?_r=0.
3. Train, My Life, 72.
4. Train, My Life, 77.
5. Downey, “George Francis Train,” 251–61.
6. “Fourth of July in Australia,” Boston Post, October 8, 1853. For Train as correspondent, see Wright, The Forgotten Rebels, 30.
7. Train, My Life, 132; Holland, “George Francis Train,” 25; Vivian Yee, “Donald Trump’s Math Takes His Towers to Greater Heights,” New York Times, November 1, 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/02/nyregion/donald-trump-tower-heights.html.
8. “Letter from Chicago,” New Orleans Republican, May 26, 1872; Train and Nichols, People’s Candidate, 3.
9. Train, Spread Eagleism, viii–ix.
10. Train, Spread Eagleism, ix–x.
11. Train, Young America in Wall Street, 344–45.
12. “Not Bad,” Sugar Planter (West Baton Rouge LA), February 13, 1858.
13. “The Two Conventions,” National Republican (Washington DC), October 10, 1862; “The Conflict Commenced in Boston—George Francis Train Mobbed by Sumner’s Supporters—No Free Speech,” Richmond Dispatch, October 11, 1862; “Massachusetts Politics,” New York Times, October 26, 1862.
14. Train and Nichols, People’s Candidate, 4; Downey, “George Francis Train,” 253.
15. Train and Nichols, People’s Candidate, 21.
16. Bryan McGovern to author, March 1, 2017. Train was arrested aboard ship when he arrived at Cork, causing a diplomatic dust-up as an American citizen was being arrested by British authorities on the basis of statements he had made in the United States that were not illegal in the United States. Train was subsequently released.
17. “George Francis Train for Congress,” New York Herald, October 10, 1868; “The Vote in the Fifth Congressional District,” New York Times, November 6, 1868.
18. “George Francis Train on the Chinese,” Cairo (IL) Evening Bulletin, July 9, 1869.
19. “Train,” Public Ledger (Memphis TN), April 7, 1871.
20. For examples of racist jokes, see “Local Affairs,” Albany (OR) Register, July 24, 1869; “Wit, Humor and Wisdom,” Monticello (IA) Express, January 4, 1872.
21. “The World on the Notabilities at Chicago,” Cleveland Morning Leader, September 2, 1864.
22. “Train Oil,” Washington Standard (Olympia), July 17, 1869.
23. Untitled, Idaho World (Idaho City), April 25, 1872.
24. “All Sorts of Paragraphs,” Monticello (IA) Express, January 4, 1872.
25. “Personal,” New Albany (IN) Ledger, January 6, 1872.
26. “Train’s Ovation,” Public Ledger (Memphis), April 7, 1871.
27. “Train—The Next President on the Rostrum,” Nashville Union and American, November 18, 1871.
28. “Local Affairs—Tuesday Night,” Albany (OR) Register, July 24, 1969.
29. Leip, Atlas of Presidential Elections.
30. “Special Dispatches—The Vote in Different Parts of the State,” Knoxville (TN) Chronicle, November 6, 1872.
31. “New York—George Francis Train Judged Insane,” Chicago Tribune, May 21, 1873; “New York News,” Helena (MT) Weekly Herald, April 3, 1873; “Bermischte Depeschen aus New-York” [Various Dispatches from New York], Der Deutsche Correspondent (Baltimore), April 15, 1873.
32. “Is Train Insane?,” New York Times, April 16, 1873.
33. “The Train Lunacy Investigation,” New York Times, April 23, 1873; “The Train Lunacy Case,” New York Times, April 29, 1873.
34. “Train Pronounced Sane,” New York Times, May 7, 1873; “The Courts—George Francis Train,” New York Herald, May 21, 1873; “Train,” Knoxville (TN) Chronicle, May 21, 1873.
35. “The Political Campaign of 1872,” 419; Zinn, A People’s History, 204.
36. “The Political Campaign of 1872,” 401, 402, 419.
37. “George Francis Train’s Lecture,” New York Times, April 30, 1877.
38. “Train on the Platform,” New York Times, September 26, 1887.
39. “Citizen Train Wouldn’t Stand Up,” New York Times, April 28, 1894.
40. “Citizen Train as a Rope Skipper,” New York Times, July 18, 1893.
41. “Train in Chicago,” New York Times, October 8, 1887.
1. “A Train on the Track,” Memphis Appeal, March 22, 1871; “Don’t Accept,” New Northwest (Portland OR), July 5, 1872.
2. Untitled, New Orleans Republican, February 19, 1871.
3. Untitled, Idaho World (Idaho City), April 13, 1871.
4. Untitled, New Orleans Republican, June 23, 1872; “Paragrams,” Pacific Commercial Advertiser (Honolulu), August 17, 1872.
5. Untitled, Democrat (New Albany OR), June 14, 1872.
6. Untitled, Hickman (KY) Courier, April 6, 1872.
7. “A Petticoat President,” Weekly Panola (MS) Star, February 11, 1871; “A Petticoat Politician,” New York Herald, May 27, 1870; “Is This an Honest Administration?,” New National Era (Washington DC), April 11, 1872.
8. “The Free Love Queen,” Sumter Watchman (Sumterville SC), June 14, 1871.
9. Untitled, Eaton (OH) Weekly Democrat, February 8, 1872.
10. Untitled, Ottawa (IL) Free Trader, September 16, 1871.
11. Cf. “Blood, Woodhull, Clafin,” New York Herald, May 16, 1871; “Mrs. Woodhull Explains,” Janesville (WI) Gazette, August 31, 1871.
12. In the midst of the 1872 presidential campaign, Woodhull’s ex-husband was dying from complications resulting from substance abuse and appealed to her for shelter. Demonstrating profound mercy and kindness, she and her second husband again provided him a place in their home, where he soon passed away. See “The Death of Dr. Woodhull,” Chicago Tribune, April 15, 1872.
13. Untitled, Painesville (OH) Journal, November 25, 1871.
14. “The Grand Fisk Ovation,” Charleston (SC) Daily News, November 27, 1871; “Woman’s ‘Rights,’” Belmont (OH) Chronicle, November 30, 1871.
15. Woodhull, Principles of Social Freedom, 12, italics in original.
16. Woodhull, Principles of Social Freedom, 14, 19–20, 11.
17. Woodhull, Principles of Social Freedom, 21–22.
18. “Concentrated Nastiness,” Lexington (KY) Caucasian, February 3, 1872.
19. Woodhull, Principles of Social Freedom, 24.
20. “‘Victoria’ on the Stump,” New York Herald, February 21, 1872.
21. “The Queen of Quacks,” Chicago Tribune, September 17, 1871; “The Grand Fisk Ovation . . . Demosthenes at Steinway Hall,” Charleston (SC) Daily News, November 27, 1871.
22. Untitled, Evening Star (Washington DC), September 12, 1871.
23. Woodhull, Principles of Social Freedom, 3.
24. Edwards, Personal Recollections, 85.
25. “The New York Convention,” New Northwest (Portland OR), May 31, 1872.
26. “Northern Society,” Nashville Union and American, June 8, 1871.
27. “The Beecher-Woodhull Scandal,” Intelligencer (Wheeling WV), January 13, 1873.
28. “Vivacious Vic,” Saint Paul (MN) Daily Globe, May 12, 1892; “The Women’s Victoria,” Pittsburgh Dispatch, October 22, 1892.
1. Untitled, Cincinnati Star, April 25 1876. For the American Party, see “An American Party,” Wisconsin State Journal (Madison), June 24, 1876.
2. “Political,” Brownstown (IN) Banner, December 12, 1872.
3. “The American Party,” Northern Tribune (Cheboygan MI), December 2, 1876.
4. “From the New York American,” Illinois Gazette (Shawnee-town), March 22, 1828.
5. “Anti-Masonic Convention,” National Intelligencer (Washington DC), October 1, 1831; “Anti-Masonic Nominations,” New York Spectator, October 1, 1831; “National Anti-Masonic Convention,” Gettysburg (PA) Star, October 4, 1831.
6. “Secret Societies,” reprinted from Cincinnati Enquirer in Portsmouth (OH) Times, June 18, 1870.
7. “Crazy Candidates,” Fort Wayne (IN) Daily Sentinel, May 28, 1872.
8. “The Masonic Bugaboo,” Chicago Tribune, November 20, 1874, reprinted in Indianapolis Journal, November 24, 1874; Boonsville (IN) Enquirer, November 28, 1874.
9. Untitled, Bloomington (IL) Daily Leader, February 20, 1875.
10. While never in the national spotlight, James B. Walker was highly respected among those who knew him. His retirement ceremony, which recounted his career, was written up and sent to Illinois newspapers. Cf. “Wheaton—James B. Walker,” Chicago Tribune, August 1, 1875.
11. Kutlowski, “Anti-Masonry Reexamined”; Bullock, “A Pure and Sublime System.”
12. Roberts, “The Crusade against Secret Societies,” 399.
13. “The Political Campaign of 1872,” 401, 419.
1. Cf. “A Presidential Candidate,” St Mary’s Beacon (Leonardtown MD), May 8, 1879; Ouachita Telegraph (Monroe LA), July 4, 1879; Carbon Advocate (Lehightown PA), July 5, 1879; Evening Star (Washington DC), July 14, 1879.
2. “Campaign Post,” Boston Post, September 6, 1876.
3. “Reformer or Tax-Dodger?,” New York Times, September 2, 1876; “No Excuse for Tilden,” New York Times, September 4, 1876.
4. “The Courier Journal Says,” Memphis Public Ledger, October 20, 1876; “Hayes’s Defective Memory,” Alpena (MI) Weekly Argus, October 25, 1976; “The LeRoy Charge against Gov. Hayes,” Watertown (WI) Republican, October 25, 1976.
5. “Gen. Hayes,” Eaton (OH) Democrat, October 7, 1875.
6. “A Word to Workingmen,” Lima (OH) Democrat, October 5, 1876; “For Workingmen,” Bartholomew Democrat (Columbus IN), October 6, 1876.
7. Garfield was caught up in a shady investment structure to help finance construction of the Union Pacific Railroad. For his testimony before a congressional investigating committee, see “Credit Mobilier,” Memphis Daily Appeal, January 15, 1873; Peskin, Garfield, 354–59.
8. “Samuel L. Clemens,” National Republican (Washington DC), October 3, 1876; Morris, Fraud of the Century, 142–44.
9. “Mark Twain Home, an Anti-Imperialist,” New York Herald, October 16, 1900.
10. “Mark Twain,” reprinted from New York World in St. Paul (MN) Globe, October 21, 1900.
11. “Mark Twain Home Again,” New York Times, October 16, 1900.
1. Cf. “A Law to Stop Lynching,” New York Times, August 18, 1899; “Negro on Lynching,” Trenton (NJ) Evening Times, April 27, 1899; “Negro Appointment Plan,” New York Times, January 25, 1903; “Negroes Working for Crum,” New York Times, February 4, 1903.
2. Cf. “National Colored Labor Convention,” New Era (Washington DC), January 13, 1870; “Washington,” Knoxville (TN) Chronicle, February 18, 1871; “The Negro in Politics,” Manning (SC) Times, August 1, 1888.
3. “Indorse Roosevelt,” Wilmar (MN) Tribune, July 13 1904; “Negroes Name a Ticket,” Free Lance (Fredericksburg VA), July 12, 1904.
4. “Candidate for President Arrested,” St. Paul (MN) Globe, July 14, 1904.
5. Untitled, Fulton County News (McConnellsburg PA), July 27, 1904, italics added.
6. “Many Parties in the Field,” Arizona Silver Belt (Globe City), July 28, 1904.
7. Wellman, “Bringing Order to a Disorderly Place,” 1117–28.
8. “Bill Scott,” St. Louis (MO) Palladium, July 16, 1904; Mouser, Black Gambler’s World, 92.
9. Miller, Guide into the South, 99, 148, 216, 277, 307, 465; “Quarters of Negroes Destroyed by Fire,” Defiance (OH) Express, March 9, 1904; “Vengeance on Negroes,” Weekly Tribune (Moulton IA), April 26, 1904; “‘Tip’ Harrison on Roosevelt,” Atlanta Constitution, November 20, 1904; “White People of South,” Atlanta Constitution, December 4, 1904.
10. “Taylor Has Novel Career,” Omaha Daily Bee, July 25, 1904.
11. “Negro Candidate for President of the U.S.,” Tacoma (WA) Times, August 7, 1904; “Negro Candidate for President of U.S.,” Logansport (IN) Reporter, August 10, 1904; “Negro Candidate for President of U.S.,” Spokane Press, August 23, 1904.
12. “Letter of Acceptance,” Evening Democrat (Ottumwa IA), September 14, 1904; “Accepts the Honor,” Ottumwa (IA) Courier, September 15, 1904.
13. “What Taylor Thinks,” Evening Times-Republican (Marshalltown IA), September 3, 1904; “Taylor Writing Acceptance,” Omaha Bee, September 4, 1904; “A National Negro Party,” Hawaii Star (Honolulu), September 21, 1904.
14. George E. Taylor, “The National Liberty Party’s Appeal,” Independent, October 13, 1904, 844–66.
15. Taylor, “The National Liberty Party’s Appeal,” 845.
16. “Campaign Will Be Aggressive,” Ottumwa (IA) Weekly Democrat, September 1, 1904.
17. “Says Taylor Is a Tool,” Ottumwa (IA) Weekly Courier, September 17, 1904.
18. “Associated Press Dispatches,” St. Paul (MN) Appeal, May 7, 1904.
19. Untitled, Cedar Falls (IA) Gazette, April 5, 1904; Mouser, For Labor, Race, and Liberty, 122–23.
20. “Republican Party vs. All Other Parties,” Iowa State Bystander (Des Moines), September 23, 1904.
21. “Colored Man Fails to File His Nomination Papers,” Marshalltown (IA) Times-Republican, October 10, 1904; “Sparks Not on Ticket,” Ottumwa (IA) Weekly Courier, October 11, 1904.
22. Mouser, For Labor, Race, and Liberty, 117, 125, 127.
23. Untitled, Stark County Democrat (Canton OH), September 20, 1904.
24. Mouser, For Labor, Race, and Liberty, 159.
25. “Topics of the Times,” Times-Republican (Marshalltown IA), November 29, 1904.
26. Mouser, For Labor, Race, and Liberty, 129.
27. “Iowa News,” Oxford Mirror (Oxford Junction IA), April 25, 1907; “Politicians and Politics,” Bismarck (ND) Daily Tribune, April 30, 1907; “Once Ran for President,” Washington Post, April 12, 1907.
1. Will Rogers, “I Accept the Nomination,” Life, May 31, 1928, 3.
2. “Will Rogers for President,” Life, May 31, 1928, 4.
3. Will Rogers, “Our Candidate Insults the Voters,” Life, September 21, 1928, 3.
4. Will Rogers, “Our Candidate Won’t Sling Mud,” Life, October 12, 1928, 5.
5. Will Rogers, “Our Candidate Has No Religion,” Life, October 19, 1928, 3.
6. L. J. Quinby, “A Laughing President,” letter to the editor, Baltimore Sun, January 1, 1928.
7. L. J. Quinby was the author of three respectable, though less than best-selling, books, including Natural Basis of Morals and Ethics. His bread and butter came from what he wrote under the pen name Wallace Clifton. These included his more titillating Three Paths: Biography of a Man Who Tried Them All and scenarios he ground out for silent films. In that world of agents and promoters, his career overlapped that of Will Rogers, who had appeared in twenty-five films prior to 1928.
8. “Will Rogers Endorsed,” New York Times, January 22, 1928; “Will Rogers Named as Candidate for Presidency of U.S.,” Burlington (IA) Hawk-Eye, January 22, 1928.
9. “Will Rogers Not a Candidate This Year; His Phrase Is ‘I Do Not Contemplate,’” New York Times, February 3, 1928.
10. Rogers, “I Accept the Nomination,” 3.
11. Will Rogers, “Is Will Rogers Too Big for the Presidency?,” Life, June 28, 1928, 4.
12. Henry Ford, “Henry Ford Tells Why He Indorses Will Rogers,” Life, June 21, 1928, 4.
13. “Senators to Discuss the Value of Radio,” New York Times, October 23, 1928.
14. Waterloo (IA) Times-Tribune cited in “An Insult,” Life, September 6, 1928, 37; Corvallis Gazette cited in Rogers, “Is Will Rogers Too Big for the Presidency?,” 4.
15. Leip, Atlas of Presidential Elections.
1. “Gracie’s Checking Account,” The George Burns and Gracie Allen Show, CBS television, season 1, episode 5, December 7, 1950.
2. Burns, Gracie, 188, 190.
3. “Listen! With Slocum,” Washington Post, February 26, 1940.
4. Burns, Gracie, 186.
5. Burns, Gracie, 186.
6. “Listen! With Slocum,” Washington Post, March 9, 1940.
7. Burns, Gracie, 188.
8. “Jimmie Fidler in Hollywood,” Washington Post, March 17, 1940.
9. “Walter Winchell on Broadway,” Burlington (NC) Times-New, April 5, 1940.
10. “Surprise Party Candidate Captures S.L.,” Salt Lake Tribune, May 11, 1940.
11. Burns, Gracie, 191; “Gracie Tells of Platform,” Mason City (IA) Globe-Gazette, May 15, 1940; “Venus de M. Has No Arms; Gracie Lacking Elsewhere,” Nebraska State Journal (Lincoln), May 17, 1940.
12. Allen, How to Become President, 38, 54, 56, 58.
13. Burns, Gracie, 190; United Press International, “Mrs. Big-Gracie Nominated by Surprise Party,” Washington Post, May 19, 1940.
14. Allen, How to Become President, 26.
15. Allen, How to Become President, 26, 49.
16. Allen, How to Become President, 19.
17. “Sampascoopies,” Lowell (MA) Sun Times, June 18, 1940.
18. “Joke Over, Gracie Pulls Out of Race,” Charleston (WV) Gazette, June 30, 1940; “Gracie Allen Ends Phoney Campaign,” Nevada State Journal (Reno), June 30, 1940.
19. Mae West, the sexy stage and film star, was famous for zingers that zapped others, but she paid a price other sex symbols in her era did not. Her movies were routinely placed on the Legion of Decency’s list of indecent films, and despite excellent box office, she was never given her own radio or television show.
20. Russell, “Self-Deprecatory Humor”; Wagner, “Have Women a Sense of Humor?”; Mellencamp, “Situation Comedy.”
21. Burns, Gracie, 190.
22. Allen, How to Become President, 51.
1. “Gracie Reports,” Pampa (TX) News, September 16, 1948.
2. “What Next?,” Milwaukee (WI) Sentinel and Gazette, September 26, 1850.
3. “Vegetarians Issue 12-Point Platform,” New York Times, July 22, 1948; Russell Porter, “Splinter Parties in Presidency Race,” New York Times, October 31, 1948.
4. United Press International, “Calls on Vegetarians over World to Drop George B. Shaw,” Amarillo (TX) Daily News, August 31, 1948; “Earl Wilson: Great Vegetarian Controversy,” Zanesville (OH) Recorder, August 20, 1948.
5. Harold Williams, “The Passing Show: Spinach for All,” Long Beach (CA) Press-Telegram, May 25, 1948.
6. Philip S. Marden, “Saturday Chat,” Lowell (MA) Sun, November 19, 1949.
7. Cf. “Ration, Where’s Thy Sting?,” Tucson (AZ) Citizen, January 29, 1943.
8. “Vegetarian Says Meat Strike May Help,” Circleville (OH) Herald, January 17, 1946; Edward Ellis, “Meat Strike May Bring Longer Life,” Dubuque (IA) Telegraph-Herald, January 17, 1946; “Two Sides to Everything, Even the Meat Strike,” Ames (IA) Tribune, January 17, 1946; “Hails Meat Strike as Aid to Health,” Moorhead (MN) Daily News, January 17, 1946; “Vegetarian Pleased by Meat Strike,” Kenosha (WI) Evening News, January 17, 1946.
9. “Meat Prices Set New Highs,” New York Times, September 9, 1947; “Meat, Butter Resume Price Rise,” New York Times, November 4, 1947; “Retail Meat Costs Up 2 to 6 Cents,” New York Times, July 14, 1948.
10. “81-Year-Old Candidate for the Presidency to Run on Strictly Vegetarian Diet,” New York Times, July 30, 1947. The age cited may be a typesetting error; by all other reports, Maxwell would have been eighty-five years old.
11. “Meat Strike May Bring Longer Life.”
12. Associated Press report, “Vegetarian Eyes Presidency,” Hagerstown (MD) Morning Herald, June 18, 1948.
13. On relationship with Townsend, “Good-bye Doctor,” Lowell (MA) Sun, February 24, 1938; radio show in Chicago, “Townsend Club to Hear Dr. John Maxwell,” Oak Leaves (Oak Park IL), March 31, 1938; columnist in Milwaukee and restaurant, “John Maxwell to Speak,” Blue Island (IL) Sun-Standard, December 22, 1938; CBS appearance, “Radio,” Huronite (Huron SD), May 13, 1948; “No Meat, No Drink,” Time, August 11, 1947, 22.
14. Timotheus T., “About Town and Country,” Harrisburg (IL) Daily Register, May 25, 1948.
15. “The Vegetarian Party,” Altoona (PA) Mirror, June 29, 1948.
16. “Lettuce-Nibblers Will Put Up Doctor for President,” Wisconsin Rapids Daily Tribune, July 29, 1947; “Meat Tee-totaler Candidate for Party,” Berkeley (IA) Gazette, July 30, 1947; “Politico-Gastric Note,” St. Louis (MO) Dispatch, reprinted in Helena (MT) Independent-Record, September 12, 1948.
17. On his being a naturopath physician, “Meat Strike May Bring Longer Life”; birth in England, “Ineligible Candidates,” Canandaigua (NY) Daily Messenger, July 12, 1948; “‘Splinter’ Parties in Presidency Race,” New York Times, October 31, 1948.
18. Associated Press, “Candidate of Vegetarians Writes In His Own Name,” New York Times, November 3, 1948.
19. “So They Say,” Kenosha (WI) News, September 1, 1948.
20. Jim Stingl, “Lettuce Adorn Vegetarian Presidential Candidate’s Final Plot,” Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel, September 10, 2010; on placing of gravestone, Jim Stingl, “Historian Votes for Proper Send-Off,” Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel, November 16, 2013, http://archive.jsonline.com/news/milwaukee/historian-votes-for-proper-send-off-b99143430z1-232212791.html/.
1. “Tomlinson Is Confident of Election by Miracle,” Bluefield (WV) Daily Telegraph, February 18, 1960.
2. “Clergymen Establish Picket Line,” Hammond (IN) Times, November 5, 1937; “Bobbed Hair Is Compromise with Satan,” Greenville (MS) Delta Star, November 9, 1937.
3. “1940 Fair Exceeds Ten Million Mark,” New York Times, August 26, 1940; “Couple Wedded in Parachute,” Massillon (OH) Evening Independent, August 26, 1940.
4. “5th Av. Fox Chase Causes Jail Term,” New York Times, January 8, 1922; “‘Welcome’ for Queen Made a Movie Stunt,” New York Times, October 1, 1926.
5. “Tomlinson Is Confident of Election by Miracle”; “Church of God Overseer to Run for President,” Southern Illinoisan (Carbondale), September 8, 1950; Ward Cannel, “What Homer Wants Is to Be King of U.S.,” El Paso (TX) Herald-Post, February 23, 1960.
6. United Press International, “‘I Am the King,’ Tomlinson Says,” Anniston (AL) Star, September 4, 1954; Associated Press, “Bishop Proclaims Himself New King of Whole World,” Kingsport (TN) Times-News, September 5, 1954.
7. “Miter in the Ring,” Washington Post, September 6, 1951.
8. “In Seeking Presidency, Bishop Will Fast 21 Days,” New York Times, August 11, 1951; “Bishop Runs for President,” San Antonio (TX) Light, August 10, 1951; “Bishop to Stump U.S. as Presidential Candidate,” Hattiesburg (MS) American, August 18, 1951.
9. In addition to Tomlinson, those candidates were Riley Alvin Bender, Farrell Dobbs, Don Dumont, Albert S. Falk, Vincent Hallinan, Stuart Hamblen, Eric Hass, Chauncey Himmelman, Herbert C. Holdridge, Darlington Hoopes, Ellen Linea Jensen, Henry Krajewski, Robert McCormick, Reginald B. Naugle, Frederick Proehl, and Gerald L. K. Smith. Cf. “Woods Full of Unknown GOP Hopefuls,” Washington Post, July 8, 1952; “The Political Picture,” Atlanta (GA) Daily World, September 3, 1952.
10. United Press International, “Crowns Himself ‘King’ of Iowa,” Washington (IA) Evening Globe, March 17, 1960; Associated Press, “President Hopeful Crowns Himself as King of Iowa,” Arizona Republic (Phoenix), March 18, 1960.
11. “King of All Nations,” Findlay (OH) Republican-Courier, November 14, 1955; “Tomlinson Is Barred from Emperor’s Tomb,” Norwalk (OH) Reflector, December 28, 1955; “U.S. Sect Leader Sitting in Red Square Proclaims Himself King of Russia,” New York Times, July 13, 1958.
12. “What Homer Wants Is to Be King of U.S.”
13. “Tomlinson Is Confident of Election by Miracle.”
14. “King of the World Begins Campaign for Presidency,” Edwardsville (IL) Intelligencer, June 3, 1963.
15. Among the many newspapers carrying this report were “Church of God Bishop Leads Peace Rally at Childersburg,” Anniston (AL) Star, September 14, 1952; “Bishop Tomlinson Beats a Sword into a Plowshare,” Washington Post, September 15, 1952; “Beats Sword into Plowshare,” Jefferson City (MO) Post-Tribune, September 15, 1952.
16. “Arkansas Now Has a ‘King,’” Blytheville (AR) Courier News, May 19, 1960.
17. Floyd Carl Jr., “The Washington County Carousel,” Northwest Arkansas Times (Fayetteville), December 15, 1960.
18. William Whitworth, “Profile: The Tide of Times,” New Yorker, September 24, 1966, 69.
19. Whitworth, “Profile,” 108.
20. Associated Press, “‘King of the World’ Quits, to Work for ‘Golden Age,’” The Robesonian (Lumberton NC), September 24, 1963.
21. Associated Press, “Church of God Party Changed,” Fairbanks (AK) Daily News Mirror, August 22, 1960; “Roving with Boyle—Not the Same Church of God,” Wilson (NC) Daily Times, March 24, 1960; “Pastor Refutes Claims of ‘King,’” Florence (SC) Morning News, April 13, 1960.
22. Associated Press, “Small Attendance at Convention,” Joplin (MO) Globe, March 22, 1964.
23. “Theocratic Party Plans Clergy Cabinet,” Florence (SC) Morning News, April 25, 1964; “Theocratic Party Favors 10 Per Cent Income Tax,” Raleigh Register (Beckley WV), April 30, 1964; “Theocratic Candidates Campaign,” Lawrence (KS) Daily Journal-World, May 21, 1964.
24. Minneapolis Star editorial, reprinted in Austin (TX) Daily Herald, September 21, 1968.
25. Associated Press, “Tomlinson Runs Again for President,” Abilene (TX) Reporter-News, March 25, 1968.
26. Associated Press, “Bishop Tomlinson Offers Garden of Eden Platform,” Joplin (MO) Globe, August 30, 1968.
27. “Runs on Commandments,” New York Times, August 17, 1951.
28. “Church Leader Say He Plans a Third Party,” Joplin (MO) News Herald, March 14, 1960.
29. Ward Cannel, “Homer Runs for President but Really Seeks Kingdom,” Brainerd (MN) Daily Dispatch, March 17, 1960.
30. As early as 1787 the Protestant theologian Johann Eichhorn built upon emerging theories that Genesis and Exodus were compilations of texts from competing political and theological factions in ancient Israel. This branch of scholarship continued and expanded with works such as Benjamin Bacon’s The Genesis of Genesis (1892), onward to Richard Elliott Friedman’s Who Wrote the Bible? (1997) and numerous others.
31. Bill Daniel, “King of the World Seeks Presidency of U.S. on Church of God Ticket,” Billings (MT) Gazette, June 22, 1960.
1. Jack Smith, “Flying Saucer Man Runs for President,” Los Angeles Times, August 10, 1960.
2. United Press International, “Candidate Gets Idea from Planets,” Albuquerque (NM) Journal, March 4, 1972.
3. United Press International, “Los Angeles ‘Selected’ for Arrival on Earth of Men from Mars,” Rio (TX) News-Herald, November 5, 1956.
4. “Army Tells Plans for New Rocket Weapon, Space Ships,” Twin Falls (ID) Telegram, January 30, 1946; “Supersonic Flying Saucers Sighted by Idaho Pilot,” Chicago Tribune, June 26, 1947.
5. “Flying Saucers Seen by Others,” Montana Standard (Butte), June 29, 1947.
6. “Ten Workers Lose Jobs in Loyalty Probe,” Lubbock (TX) Morning Avalanche, June 28, 1947; “Flying Saucers May Be Russian,” Daily Mail (Hagerstown MD), December 22, 1947.
7. “Drew Pearson Says,” Idaho State Journal (Pocatello), November 27, 1949.
8. “Pact Defense,” Soda Springs (ID) Sun, January 5, 1950; “Race in Outer Space,” Times-News (Twins Falls ID), October 14, 1957; “Russians Launch Rocket at Moon,” Montana Standard (Butte), September 13, 1959.
9. David Lawrence, “Mystery of the Flying Saucers,” Evening Star (Washington DC), November 2, 1955.
10. “Space People Destroyed Red Rocket,” Pasadena Independent, September 17, 1959.
11. “So They Say,” Register News (Mt. Vernon IL), August 4, 1959.
12. “Space People Have Candidate,” Oxnard (CA) Press-Courier, August 10, 1960.
13. Marx and Engels, Manifesto of the Communist Party, 20–25.
14. Hal Draper, “Afternoon with the Space People,” Harper’s, September 1960, 37–40.
15. “America Needs a Space Age President,” campaign ad for Gabriel Green, Los Angeles Mirror News, July 22, 1960, http://files.abovetopsecret.com/files/img/nz57686c79.jpg.
16. Peters, “UFOs,” 261–78, 297.
17. “Newest UFOs Blink Lights,” Billings (MT) Gazette, September 16, 1973; Warren Brown, “Carter Laughs Off His ‘UFO Sighting,’” Washington Post, May 12, 1976.
18. Exodus 19:16–19, King James Version, cited in Lewis, The Gods Have Landed, xi.
19. Jung, Flying Saucers, 2–7.
20. “Write-In ‘Space Age’ Candidate Withdraws,” Kenosha (WI) News, October 24, 1960.
21. “Flying Saucer Clubs Head Contends for Presidency,” Hayward (CA) Daily Review, March 4, 1972.
22. Marx, “Money, the Universal Whore,” 205.
23. On the founding of the Universal Party, “Political Party Out of Luck,” Reno (NV) Gazette, September 7, 1964; Green candidacy, Carla Fisher, “Iowa Ballot 7 Columns,” Burlington (IA) Hawk-Eye, October 22, 1972; platform of the Universal Party, Our Campaigns, http://www.ourcampaigns.com/PartyDetail.html?PartyID=1605.
24. Don Cole, “Presidential Candidate Has Space Contacts,” Arizona Daily Sun (Flagstaff), April 10, 1972.
25. “James Dent: The Gazetteer,” Charleston (WV) Gazette, March 20, 1972.
26. United Press International, “Candidate Gets Ideas from Planets,” Albuquerque (NM) Journal, March 4, 1972.
27. Mark Henry, “Verbose Encounters at Giant Rock,” Riverside (CA) Press-Enterprise, August 3, 1996.
1. “Artist, 24, Fasting to Gain Recognition,” New York Times, December 21, 1965; “In Seeking Presidency Bishop Will Fast 21 Days,” New York Times, August 11, 1951.
2. “Nemesis Pickets Dali Show,” New York Herald Tribune, December 19, 1965; Zalman, “Dali, Magritte, and Surrealism’s Legacy,” 24–38.
3. “Gubernatorial Aspirant Throws Beret in Ring,” New York Times, August 19, 1966.
4. Herbert Gold, “Where the Action Is,” New York Times, February 19, 1967; Bernard Weinraub, “10,000 Chant ‘L-O-V-E,’” New York Times, March 27, 1967; Steven A. O. Golden, “Inhibitions and Movies Unreel as a Love-In Turns Itself On,” New York Times, May 3, 1967.
5. “Campaigns for Presidency on ‘Love’ Ticket,” Dubuque (IA) Telegraph-Herald, May 3, 1967.
6. “Hippie Seeking Presidency Stages Campaign Happening,” Hayward (CA) Daily Review, May 3, 1967; “Platform of Love for U.S. President,” Burlington (IA) Hawk-Eye, May 5, 1967; “Help a Humble Beatnik Earn an Honest Living,” Corona (CA) Daily Independent, May 3, 1967; photo caption from Bradford (PA) Era, May 4, 1967.
7. “Hippie Seeking Presidency Stages Campaign Happening,” Hayward (CA) Daily Review, May 3, 1967.
8. “Abolafia for President,” New Yorker, May 13, 1967.
9. Don McNeill, “Abolafia for President: A Case of Self-Propulsion,” Village Voice, May 11, 1967.
10. Tom Tiede, “He Sees World Going to Pot,” syndicated article cited from Burlington (NC) Times-News, February 1, 1968.
11. Sylvie Reice, “The Swinging Set,” Steubenville (OH) Herald-Star, April 15, 1968; Kay Bartlett, “Runaways in Hippieland,” Baltimore Sun, September 22, 1968.
12. Mike Jahn, “New York Current,” Bucks County (PA) Courier Times, January 30, 1968.
13. Associated Press, “If Elected, He’ll Be Mr. President-Baby,” Long Beach (CA) Independent Press Telegram, May 26, 1967.
14. United Press International, “Love-In Rally,” Berkshire (MA) Eagle, May 29, 1967.
15. Sculptures of Founding Fathers in togas include Horatio Greenough’s statue of George Washington at the Smithsonian’s National Museum of American History; Giuseppe Ceracchi’s bust of Washington in the Metropolitan Museum of Art; Francesco Lazzarini’s statue of Benjamin Franklin, the original at the Library Company of Philadelphia and its more widely known replica above the entrance to the American Philosophical Society in Philadelphia; another of Franklin, sculpted in the workshop of H. Micali, at the American Antiquarian Society, Worcester, Massachusetts; and two different busts of Alexander Hamilton in a toga by Ceracchi, one at Thomas Jefferson’s Monticello, the original of the other now lost but reproduced at the Treasury Department.
16. Marcuse, Eros and Civilization, xxi; attribution to Abolafia, Alan Feuer, “These Stars May Show Skin, but the Focus Is on the Suits,” New York Times, June 18, 2006.
17. National Archives, “Statistical Information about Casualties of the Vietnam War,” https://www.archives.gov/research/military/vietnam-war/casualty-statistics.html.
18. Capp, “Hippie Economics,” 64–67.
19. Associated Press, “Galbraith Says He’ll Back Humphrey as ‘Better Man,’” New York Times, October 21, 1968.
20. “Galbraith Reviewed with Brush and Pen,” Washington Post, August 30, 1967; Donald Fritts, “Capp ‘Discovers’ Hippie Candidate,” Bakersfield Californian, September 15, 1967; “You Should Buy and Read: The Hippie Economics,” Emporia (KS) Gazette, September 16, 1967; “Hippie Economics,” Sandusky (OH) Register, November 11, 1967; Congressional Record, 90th Congress, 2nd Session, A5691.
21. Bell-McClure wire service, “N.Y. Hippies Wonder What Happened to Summer of Love,” Fond du Lac (WI) Commonwealth Reporter, July 26, 1968.
22. Kenneth F. Case, “Case’s Column,” Ludington (MI) Daily News, August 8, 1968.
23. “View from Here,” Northwest Arkansas Times (Fayetteville), October 22, 1968.
24. Muriel Dobbin, “On the Campaign Fringe,” Baltimore Sun, November 4, 1980; United Press International, “Candidate Just Grins . . . and Bares It!,” Roswell (NM) Daily Record, December 20, 1979.
25. Graham and Greenfield, Bill Graham Presents, 255.
26. Emanuel Perlmutter, “Hippie Threats Win a Theater,” New York Times, October 24, 1968.
27. Associated Press, “Scene of Debate ‘Shouts’ Civic Pride,” Lubbock (TX) Avalanche-Journal, October 7, 1976.
28. “What’s New in Art,” New York Times, July 10, 1966.
1. Digby Diehl, “Of Thee I Sing, Pat Paulsen,” New York Times, October 20, 1968.
2. “Auto Safety,” Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour, CBS, February 26, 1967.
3. Erskine Johnson, “First Appearance: Got 17,000 Letters,” Abilene (TX) Reporter-News, May 10, 1967.
4. “Should the Use of Firearms Be Restricted?,” Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour, CBS, March 19, 1967.
5. Newspaper Enterprise Association, “‘Generals’ Night’ Premiere Hollywood’s 1st ’67 Glitter,” Lima (OH) News, February 25, 1967.
6. Charles Lucy, “Doctors Try to Beat Candidates of Socialized Medicine,” El Paso Herald-Post, October 28, 1950.
7. “Should Doctor’s Fees Be Regulated?,” Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour, CBS, September 24, 1967.
8. Grant Marshall, “Taken for Granted,” Burlington (IA) Hawk-Eye, October 6, 1967.
9. Stan Maays, “Smothers Brothers as Supreme Court?,” North Adams (MA) Transcript, December 23, 1967.
10. Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour, CBS, February 11, 1968.
11. Associated Press, “Satire Become TV Specialty,” Robesonian (Lumberton NC), January 16, 1968.
12. Williams and Kragen, Pat Paulsen for President, 46–47.
13. “Are Our Draft Laws Unfair?,” Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour, CBS, October 29, 1967.
14. Hal Humphrey, “Viewing TV: Paulsen for President Special Planned,” Beckley (WV) Register and Post, June 1, 1968; “Election Special: Pat Paulsen for President Sweat Shirts,” Woolco department store ad, Amarillo (TX) Daily News, September 28, 1968; on campaign dinners, Associated Press, “Paulsen Steps Up Presidential Campaign,” Coshocton (OH) Tribune, July 25, 1968.
15. Marian Dern, “Pat Paulsen: Comic, Candidate,” TV Week, June 23, 1968, 15.
16. Ernie Kreiling, “A Closer Look at Television,” Van Nuys (CA) News, June 6, 1968; Osborne-Thompson, “Tracing the ‘Fake’ Candidate,” 67.
17. “Candidate Intentionally Funny,” Kenosha (WI) News, September 6, 1968; Richard Robinson, “Pat Splurges,” Freemont (CA) Argus, September 12, 1968.
18. Tony Cillo, “Pat Paulsen Views Meaty,” Long Beach (CA) Press-Telegram, October 14, 1968.
19. Associated Press, “Comic Paulsen Opens ‘Drive’ at Convention,” Evening Star (Washington DC), August 5, 1968.
20. “Candidate Intentionally Funny.”
21. “Paulson Won’t Stand Pat,” Evening Star (Washington DC), August 28, 1968.
22. “Candidate Intentionally Funny.”
23. George Gent, “Smothers Show Censored Anew,” New York Times, January 27, 1968.
24. George Gent, “Seeger Will Sing ‘Big Muddy’ on TV,” New York Times, February 15, 1968.
25. Lawrence Laurent, “More Than Controversy Aids Smothers,” Washington Post, February 27, 1968.
26. Nat Hentoff, “The Smothers Brothers: Who Controls TV?,” Look, June 24, 1969, 27–29.
27. “A ‘Serious’ Candidate,” Racine (WI) Journal-Times, January 31, 1972; on the legal challenge, Associated Press, “Actor, Comic Lose Pace Campaigning,” Bluefield (WV) Daily Telegraph, March 6, 1972; Associated Press, “Pat Paulsen Withdraws from Presidential Race,” San Antonio (TX) Express, April 19, 1972.
28. Carr, “On the Edge of Tastelessness,” 20.
1. Cleaver, “Revolution in the White Mother Country,” 13–15.
2. Cleaver, “The Land Question and Black Liberation,” 284.
3. Wallace Turner, “Black Panthers, White Power,” New York Times, July 20, 1968.
4. Rout, Eldridge Cleaver, ix.
5. Leip, Atlas of Presidential Elections.
6. Willard Clopton, “Shift to Militancy Seen in Peace Protests,” Washington Post, September 3, 1967.
7. Associated Press, “Peace Party Nominates E. Cleaver,” Mitchell (SD) Daily Republic, August 19, 1968.
8. The approximation reflects the number of U.S. newspaper articles of the two events in the database Newspaper Archive (accessed May 10, 2017). Four newspapers in the database carried reports of Cleaver’s announcement that he intended to seek the presidency; forty-eight reported on his wanting Rubin as a running mate.
9. David Dietz, “Black Panther Author Tells View on Weapons, ‘Pigs,’” San Rafael (CA) Independent Journal, July 3, 1968.
10. “Cleaver Leads Gregory in Race,” Pasadena Independent, August 5, 1968.
11. James J. Kilpatrick, “Donnybrook Hour Approaches,” Thomasville (GA) Times-Enterprise, August 22, 1968.
12. Gene Oishi, “Agnew Can Be Scapegoat but Not Hero,” Baltimore Sun, November 3, 1968.
13. Combined New Service, “Cleaver Gives First UC Lecture; No Obscenity in ‘Scholarly’ Talk,” Long Beach (CA) Press-Telegram, October 7, 1968. Cf. scholarly in quotation marks in relation to Cleaver’s lectures, “Cleaver Resumes Attacks on Reagan, Rafferty, Etc.,” Hayward (CA) Daily Review, October 10, 1968.
14. Cf. Barthelemy, Black Face, Maligned Race; Smith, “Hot Bodies and ‘Barbaric Tropics’”; Adler, “The Rhetoric of Black and White in Othello”; Buxton, “The Significance (or Insignificance) of Blackness.”
15. “Cleaver Dares Gov. Reagan to Duel,” Arizona Republic (Phoenix), October 5, 1968.
16. Cleaver, Target Zero, 38; Rout, Eldridge Cleaver, vii.
17. “Panthers Accuse Police of Murder,” Long Beach (CA) Independent, April 8, 1968; Associated Press, “Clash between Police and Black Panthers,” Glens Falls (NY) Times, April 8, 1968.
18. “Dumbfounding Ruling by a Court,” San Mateo (CA) Times, June 15, 1968.
19. United Press International, “Legislature Faces Security Crisis,” Bakersfield Californian, May 4, 1967.
20. “Black Panther Author Tells View on Weapons, ‘Pigs.’”
21. Associated Press, “Militancy Is Here to Stay,” Long Beach (CA) Press-Telegram, October 4, 1968.
22. Rout, Eldridge Cleaver, 95.
1. “Keeping the Record Straight,” Albuquerque (NM) Journal, August 21, 1968.
2. “Low Comedy,” Washington Post, January 4, 1968.
3. Diggs Datrooth, “National Hotline,” Chicago Defender, February 3, 1968; Connie Woodruff, “On the Scene,” New York Amsterdam News, November 2, 1968; Eliot Asinof, “Dick Gregory Is Not So Funny Now,” New York Times, May 17, 1968.
4. “Police Seize 48 in Protest at Chicago,” Baltimore Sun, August 13, 1963; “Gregory on Hunger Strike,” Albuquerque (NM) Tribune, November 17, 1965.
5. Gregory, Write Me In!, 14.
6. Ernest Boynton, “Bang-Bang Is a Threat to the Nation,” Chicago Defender, December 16, 1967.
7. “Onion for the Day,” Chicago Defender, June 5, 1968.
8. Phyllis Battelle, “Dick Gregory Not Feeling Too Funny,” Lowell (MA) Sun, March 4, 1965.
9. Dick Gregory, “Let’s First Make It Right,” excerpts from speech at Yale University, Charleston (WV) Gazette Mail, March 3, 1968.
10. “Dick Gregory Pioneers as a Negro Comedian,” Southern Illinoisan (Carbondale), September 25, 1960.
11. Chapel, “Humor in the White House,” 45.
12. Gatch, “Dick Gregory’s ‘One Vote’ Note.”
13. United Press International, “Dick Gregory Pamphlets Are Seized,” Brazil (IN) Daily Times, October 23, 1968.
14. “Greg $$ Elude G-Men,” Chicago Defender, October 24, 1968.
15. Wilkie Connor, “The Paperbacks: Comedian’s Bid for the Presidency Is No Joke,” Gastonia (NC) Gazette, July 7, 1968.
16. Leip, Atlas of Presidential Elections.
17. Those candidate were Shirley Chisolm (1972), Margaret Wright (1976), Clifton DeBerry (1980), Andrew Pulley (1980), Jesse Jackson (1984, 1988), Larry Holmes (1984, 1988), Dennis L. Serrette (1984), Edward Winn (1984, 1988), Lenora Fulani (1988, 1992), James Warren (1988, 1992), Ronald Daniels (1982), Joan Jett Blakk (1992), Helen Halyard (1992), Isabell Masters (1992, 1996), Alan Keyes (1996, 2000, 2008), James Harris (1996, 2000, 2004), Monica Moorehead (1996, 2000), Randall A. Venson (2000), John Parker (2004), Al Sharpton (2004), and Carol Moseley Braun (2004).
1. Tom Buckley, “The Battle of Chicago: From the Yippies’ Side,” New York Times, September 15, 1968.
2. Hoffman, Revolution for the Hell of It, 32.
3. John Kifner, “Hippies Shower $1 Bills on Stock Exchange Floor,” New York Times, August 25, 1967.
4. Associated Press, “Hippies Toss Cash in Exchange,” Tucson (AZ) Daily Citizen, August 25, 1967.
5. Hoffman, Revolution for the Hell of It, 32–33.
6. Krassner, Confessions, 162.
7. Raskin, For the Hell of It, 128–29.
8. Raskin, For the Hell of It, xxi.
9. John Chamberlain, “Old Rooseveltian Glue Losing Much of Magic,” Kittanning (PA) Times, August 29, 1968; see also Kemble, “The Democrats after 1968.”
10. Buckley, “The Battle of Chicago.”
11. “City vs. Hippies,” Santa Fe New Mexican, August 23, 1968; Richard Ciccone, “Yippies’ Candidate Can’t Run,” Mitchell (SD) Daily Republic, August 24, 1968.
12. David Smothers, “Yippies Are Sideshow in Chicago,” Lubbock (TX) Avalanche-Journal, August 23, 1968.
13. Nicholas von Hoffman, “Yippies Trot Out Candidate,” Washington Post, August 24, 1968.
14. Rubin, DO IT!, 83.
15. “Yippies’ Candidate Can’t Run.” The likelihood of Hugh “Wavy Gravy” Romney being the one quoted in this article is based on his telling an interviewer eight years later that he previously ran a pig for president who was the first “black and white candidate.” See Pat Ryan, “Wavy Gravy Makes Debut,” Austin Texan, October 22, 1976.
16. “Yippies Present a Pig as Presidential Choice,” New York Times, September 29, 1968.
17. United Press International, “Americans Have Many Choices on General Election Ballots,” Nevada State Journal (Reno), November 4, 1968.
18. Chazalon, “‘Thea’tricks’”; “Mocking the Judge,” Billings (MT) Gazette, February 7, 1970; J. Anthony Lukas, “Two of Chicago 7 Don Black Robes,” New York Times, February 7, 1970.
19. David E. Rosenbaum, “Yippie Leader Arrested,” New York Times, October 4, 1968; “Yippie Adjudged Guilty,” New York Times, November 22, 1968; Bart Barnes, “Court Overturns Conviction for Flag Desecration,” Washington Post, March 30, 1971.
20. Associated Press, “Anti-War Yippies Disrupt House Un-American Probers,” Salina (KS) Journal, October 2, 1968.
21. Raskin, For the Hell of It, 240–41, 245, 253; John T. McQuiston, “Abbie Hoffman, 60’s Icon, Dies,” New York Times, April 14, 1989.
22. David S. Broder, “GOP Set to Join Democrats’ Efforts to Revamp Conventions,” Washington Post, March 6, 1969; David S. Broder, “Top Democrats Meet to Plan Party Reforms,” Washington Post, April 26, 1969.
23. Chazalon, “‘Thea’tricks.’”
1. Wavy Gravy, Something Good for a Change, 227–28.
2. Dennis McDougal, “Bringing Back the ’60s on the Wavy Gravy Train,” Los Angeles Times, November 17, 1987.
3. Jay Miller, “A Perfect Candidate for the Nobody-Cares Folks,” Santa Fe New Mexican, October 12, 1988.
4. Raskin, For the Hell of It, 108; Richard Sealey, “The Poly-Tickle Rally of the Century,” Santa Fe New Mexican, September 30, 1988.
5. Wavy Gravy, Something Good for a Change, 229–30; Jack Stamm, “Hippies on a ‘Dopeless High’ in Tesuque Canyon Rites,” Santa Fe New Mexican, June 24, 1968.
6. Barnard L. Collier, “300,000 at Folk-Rock Fair,” New York Times, August 17, 1969.
7. Barnard L. Collier, “200,000 Thronging to Rock Festival,” New York Times, August 16, 1969.
8. Associated Press, “Pop Fans to Descend on Texas,” Montana Standard (Butte), August 30, 1969; Eric Spitznagel, “Q&A: Wavy Gravy, 75, on His Ben & Jerry’s Break-up and Most Cherished Arrest Memory,” Vanity Fair, May 19, 2011, http://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2011/05/qa-wavy-gravy-75-on-his-ben-jerrys-break-up-and-most-cherished-arrest-memory.
9. “Local News,” Clay County (IN) Enterprise, July 18, 1972.
10. Gendin, “Why Vote?,” 123–32.
11. United Press International, “In Hollywood,” Piqua (OH) Daily Call, May 12, 1932.
12. Frank Sanello, “Puppets on ‘Spitting Image’ Lampoon Politicos,” Franklin (PA) News-Herald, August 28, 1986.
13. Michael Sterling, “Wavy Gravy Alias Hugh Romney,” Austin Texan, February 20, 1975; United Press International, “Nobody for President,” San Antonio (TX) Light, July 13, 1976; United Press International, “Flourishing Political Flee Market Has Emerged Outside Statler Hilton,” Dunkirk-Fredonia (NY) Evening Observer, July 14, 1976.
14. Georgie Anne Geyer, “The Way Radicals End,” Biloxi (MS) Sun-Herald, August 21, 1976.
15. Associated Press, “Nobody Kicks Off Campaign,” Neenah (WI) Daily Northwestern, October 13, 1976.
16. Associated Press, “Wavy Gravy Brings Nobody’s Drive to State,” Farmington (NM) Daily Times, October 20, 1976.
17. United Press International, “‘Nobody’ for President Campaign Hits Texas,” Amarillo (TX) Globe-Times, October 27, 1976.
18. “Young Republicans Want Conservative,” Reno (NV) Evening Gazette, March 17, 1975; on enactment in Nevada, “Copout Option,” Mt. Carmel (IL) Republican Register, February 23, 1976; Kentucky proposal, “Ballot Choice Too Wide Open,” Charleston (WV) Gazette, November 4, 1975; California proposal, John Pachtner, “Bill Would Allow Vote for Nobody,” Freemont (CA) Argus, March 2, 1977.
19. Art George, “A Social Worker in Freak’s Clothing,” Oakland (CA) Tribune, July 28, 1974.
20. Jay Miller, “The Perfect Candidate for the Nobody-Cares Folks,” Santa Fe New Mexican, October 12, 1988.
1. Drag in for Votes, directed by Gabriel Gomez and Elspeth Kydd, independent film, 1991.
2. Drag in for Votes.
3. Cook, “Race Activists,” 150–51; Jeffreys, “Joan Jett Blakk for President,” 186–95.
4. Baim, Out and Proud, 183.
5. “Some Guys Have All the Fun,” Milwaukee Journal, June 8, 1992.
6. Irene Lacher, “Leave It to Shivela to Put Camp Back in Campaign Series,” Los Angeles Times, August 16, 1992; “Convention ’92,” Houston Chronicle, July 14, 1992.
7. Nationwide news coverage of Ben-Shalom included “Lesbian Struggles to Serve in Army,” New York Times, August 10, 1989; Nora Zamichow, “Isolation Painful for Partners of Gays in Service,” Los Angeles Times, February 3, 1991; Ruth Marcus, “Justices Decline to Review Anti-Homosexual Policies,” Washington Post, February 27, 1990.
8. All Things Considered, National Public Radio, April 25, 1993.
9. Bawer, A Place at the Table, 39; on the controversy over Blakk, Bogad, “Sturm und Drag.”
1. All Things Considered, National Public Radio, February 14, 1992.
2. Molly A. K. Conner, “He Reigns Supreme,” Concord (NH) Monitor, January 15, 2012.
3. C. J. Ciarmella, “There’s Finally a Documentary about Perpetual Candidate Vermin Supreme,” Vice, March 25, 2015, https://www.vice.com/en_ca/article/qbegq5/someone-finally-made-a-documentary-about-vermin-supreme-324.
4. Who Is Vermin Supreme? An Outsider Odyssey, directed by Steve Onderick, independent film, 2014.
5. Katie Gunther Kodat, “Peace March Growing as It Nears Goal,” Baltimore Sun, November 7, 1986; Andrea Pawlyna, “The Foot Soldiers of Peace March Near Journey’s End,” Baltimore Sun, November 13, 1986.
6. Conner, “He Reigns Supreme.”
7. Sandy Banisky, “The Name Is Mr. Vermin,” Baltimore Sun, November 4, 1987.
8. “Gallimaufry,” Baltimore Sun, November 9, 1987.
9. “Gallimaufry.”
10. “The Name Is Mr. Vermin.”
11. Kennedy, Dangerous Joy, 119–20.
12. Associated Press, “Demonstrators Fill L.A. Streets,” Cedar Rapids (IA) Gazette, August 14, 2000.
13. Pagan Kennedy, “Merry Prankster Performance Artist Vermin Supreme,” Boston Globe, January 11, 2004.
14. “Zombie Preparedness: Dark Horse Issue?,” National Journal, December 20, 2011, NewsBank-Access World News, http://infoweb.newsbank.com.
15. For mandatory tooth brushing, Myra Eder, “For Some, Convention Is Center of Universe,” Orland Park (IL) Star, September 1, 1996; zombies powering turbines, Robyn Urback, “Vermin Supreme, Man with a Boot on His Head,” National Post, November 25, 2015, http://nationalpost.com/opinion/robyn-urback-vermin-supreme-man-with-a-boot-on-his-head-could-be-the-most-sensible-presidential-candidate/wcm/d5957f51-2eb9-40ba-80c5-a876f4cd6383; free pony for everyone, Seth Brown, “The Pun Also Rises,” Bennington (VT) Banner, June 23, 2015, http://www.benningtonbanner.com/stories/the-pun-also-rises-vermin-supreme-in-2016,300113.
16. Kennedy, Dangerous Joy, 115.
17. For anarchist, Gene Collier, “Finally, a Candidate Who Vows to Do Something about the Weather,” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, August 15, 2000; for friendly tyrant, Erin Duggin, “Anyone Can Run in N.H.,” Syracuse (NY) Post-Standard, February 1, 2000; for ultimate goal, “He Reigns Supreme.”
18. Who Is Vermin Supreme?
19. “Your Voice/Your Vote,” ABC News, http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/video/presidential-candidate-vermin-supreme-tells-abc-news-campaign-36121810.
20. “Finally, a Candidate Who Vows to Do Something about the Weather.”
21. Kennedy, Dangerous Joy, 117, 121.
22. Annie Garau, “Vermin Supreme Support Grows in Bloomington,” Xavier Crosswire (Cincinnati OH), April 1, 2016.
23. Marla McKenna, “Vermin Supreme—A Choice We Can Live With,” Charlottesville (VA) Daily-Progress, June 22, 2016.
24. Mike Argento, “Vote for Vermin Love Supreme! Get a Pony!,” York (PA) Daily Record, December 13, 2015.
1. Bibeau, Sundays with Vlad, 162; Pizza, Paganistan, 70–72.
2. Impaler, directed by Tray White, Trivial Productions, 2007.
3. Dane Smith, “‘Impaler’ Sinks His Teeth into Governor’s Race,” Minneapolis Star Tribune, January 12, 2006.
4. “‘Impaler’ Sinks His Teeth into Governor’s Race.”
5. Ed Kemmick, “Magikal Impaler Announces Candidacy,” Billings (MT) Gazette, January 13, 2006, http://billingsgazette.com/news/opinion/blogs/city-lights/magikal-impaler-announces-candidacy/article_8ad6f296-72cb-5df1-8a89-7dbd09acb28a.html.
6. Fox & Friends, Fox News, January 16, 2006.
7. The Situation with Tucker Carlson, MSNBC, January 16, 2006.
8. Jackie Nielsen, “The Vampire on the Campaign Trail,” Iowa State Daily (Ames IA), January 18, 2006, http://www.iowastatedaily.com/opinion/article_3319aa2a-f6ad-588e-8ba2-35856616e052.html.
9. Will Tubbs, “We’re No. 2!,” Leesville (LA) Daily Leader, February 13, 2006, NewsBank-Access World News, http://infoweb.newsbank.com.
10. “The Bottom Line,” San Antonio (TX) Express-News, January 23, 2006.
11. Jason Offutt, “Ballots Are Still Better Than Bullets,” Independence (MO) Examiner, January 28, 2006, NewsBank-Access World News, http://infoweb.newsbank.com.
12. “People in the News,” Duluth (MN) News Tribune, February 1, 2006, NewsBank-Access World News, http://infoweb.newsbank.com.
13. Jonathan Casiano, “He’s Got a Big Stake in Presidential Future,” Newark (NJ) Star-Ledger, March 30, 2007.
14. Peter Shilling, “Impaler: The Documentary,” Minneapolis Star Tribune, May 24, 2007; Lavanya Ramanathan, “The Devil Made Him Do It,” Washington Post, September 27, 2007.
15. Laycock, Vampires Today, 160; News Channel 5 This Morning, WTVF (Nashville TN), October 2, 2006; “‘Impaler’ Pledges to Impale Bush,” Metro (London, UK), March 13, 2007, http://metro.co.uk/2007/03/13/impaler-pledges-to-impale-bush-162726/.
16. Impaler.
1. Neil White, “Colbert Running,” State (Columbia SC), October 18, 2007; for favorite son, Jacques Steinberg, “Colbert Consulted Parties before Announcing Run,” New York Times, October 18, 2007; for peaches, Cokie Roberts and Steven V. Roberts, “Stephen Colbert Is a Real Fake,” Port Arthur (TX) News, November 5, 2007.
2. Candidate books written during this time include Hillary Clinton, It Takes a Village; Barack Obama, The Audacity of Hope; John Edwards, Home: The Blueprints of Our Lives; John McCain, Hard Call: Great Decisions and the Extraordinary People Who Made Them; Mike Huckabee, From Hope to Higher Ground: 12 Steps to Restoring America’s Greatness; Fred Thompson, Government at the Brink: The Root Causes of Government Waste and Mismanagement; Mitt Romney, Turnaround; Ron Paul, Revolution: A Manifesto; Rudy Giuliani, Leadership.
3. Good Morning America, ABC, October 9, 2007.
4. Larry King Live, CNN, October 11, 2007.
5. The Daily Show with Jon Stewart, Comedy Central, October 16, 2007.
6. Associated Press, “Stephen Colbert Tosses Satirical Hat into Presidential Race,” Alton (IL) Telegraph, October 18, 2007.
7. Howard Kurtz, “Primary-Time TV with Colbert the Candidate,” Washington Post, October 17, 2007, emphases added.
8. Michael Cavna, “Comedians of Clout,” Washington Post, June 12, 2008.
9. Laura Capitano, “Candidate Colbert, Do You Dare?,” Florida Times-Union (Jacksonville), October 23, 2007; Marisha Pietrowski, “The Stephen Colbert Buzz,” BG News (Bowling Green State University OH), October 25, 2007, https://issuu.com/bgviews/docs/2007-10-25.
10. Jones, “The Stephen Colbert Problem,” 295–323.
11. “Farewell, Stephen,” Henderson (NC) Daily Dispatch, November 3, 2007.
12. Eric Boehlert, “Stephen Colbert’s Joke Is on the Press,” Kokomo (IN) Tribune, November 6, 2007.
13. Baumgartner and Morris, “One ‘Nation,’ under Stephen?”
14. LaMarre et al., “The Irony of Satire.”
15. Faina, “Public Journalism Is a Joke.”
16. Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission, 558 U.S. 310 (2010).
17. Juliet Eilperin, “Waning War on Cash in Politics,” Washington Post, April 30, 2013.
18. Benacka, Rhetoric, Humor, and the Public Sphere, 110–11.
19. Alexandra Petri, “Run, Stephen, Run!,” Washington Post, January 14, 2012.
1. Dan Geringer, “When It Comes to Sex, Artist Has to Laugh,” Philadelphia Daily News, May 21, 1987; Corey Nicholl, “Frank Moore,” Berkeleyside (Berkeley CA), October 17, 2013, http://www.berkeleyside.com/2013/10/17/frank-moore-shaman-artist-teacher-writer-musician/.
2. Allan Parachini, “Federal Official Seeks Dates of Four Artists’ Shows Back to ’84,” Los Angeles Times, June 25, 1990.
3. The Douginator, “Interview with a Presidential Candidate: Frank Moore,” Arabian Monkey, July 5, 2006, http://www.frankmooreforpresident08.com/blog/2007/07/interview-with-presidential-candidate.html; Corey Nicholl, “Frank Moore Gathers Presidential Electors Nationwide for Groundbreaking Write-in Campaign,” Indy Media Center, February 23, 2008, https://www.indybay.org/newsitems/2008/02/23/18481148.php; Cara Dagett, “Meet Frank Moore,” Colorado Independent, March 28, 2008, http://www.coloradoindependent.com/3467/meet-frank-moore-he-just-makes-sense.
4. “Presidential Ballot Finalized in Montana,” Sidney (MT) Herald, September 9, 2008; Martin Wisckol, “Ron Paul Qualifies as Write-in Candidate,” Orange County Register (Santa Ana CA), October 29, 2008, https://www.ocregister.com/2008/10/29/ron-paul-qualifies-as-write-in-candidate/; “A Final Look at Several Races on the Ballot,” Red Bluff (CA) Daily News, November 3, 2008, NewsBank-Access World News, http://infoweb.newsbank.com.
5. “When It Comes to Sex, Artist Has to Laugh.”
1. Jennifer S. Lee, “Living the 8-Bit Dream in a 32-Bit World,” New York Times, July 22, 1999; Associated Press, “Chief Scientist Picked for Antimissile Effort,” New York Times, October 31, 1987.
2. Sarah Moore, “Inmate Eyes Spot on the Ballot,” Beaumont (TX) Enterprise, November 20 2007.
3. Joline Gutierrez Krueger, “Ex-Candidate Gets 17 Years in Prison,” Albuquerque Times, September 28, 1999.
4. Jonathan McDonald, “Man Gets 17 Years for Mailing Threats in Letters to Odessan,” Odessa (TX) American, September 29, 1999; “Ex-Candidate Gets 17 Years in Prison.”
5. “Voters Go to the Poll,” Carol County (IN) Comet, November 1, 2000.
6. “Cargo, Chavez to Face Runoff in Albuquerque Mayoral Vote,” Santa Fe New Mexican, October 6, 1993; Mark Oswald, “Capital Chronicle,” Santa Fe New Mexican, May 23, 1994; “Musician Joins Race for Mayor’s Job,” Albuquerque Journal, July 3, 1997.
7. Kevin Landrigan, “No Cigar,” Nashua (NH) Telegraph, October 21, 2007; Sarah Moore, “Inmate Eyes Spot on Ballot,” Beaumont (TX) Enterprise, November 20, 2007.
8. “Texas Prison Candidate Cons Way onto Idaho Primary Ballot,” Walla Walla (WA) Union-Bulletin, April 16, 2008; “If Elected, Presidential Candidate Can’t Serve,” Tulsa (OK) World, April 17, 2008; “Inmate Makes ‘Mockery’ of Idaho Ballot,” Santa Fe New Mexican, April 17, 2008.
9. The precise number of signatures was 1 percent of the eligible voters in Idaho. The state’s new law stipulated that a presidential candidate could either collect the signatures or pay a $1,000 fee. Judd’s financial disclosures indicated he was able to pay the fee from funds that appear to be from an inheritance. Cf. “Inmate Eyes Spot on the Ballot.”
10. Vote Smart, https://votesmart.org/candidate/biography/15574/keith-judd#.WkZoxDdG3IU. Biographical information about Judd that appeared in many of the news reports was credited to this website in at least one of them.
11. “Inmate Makes ‘Mockery’ of Idaho Ballot.”
12. Betsy Z. Russell, “Idaho Settles Suit over Ballot,” Spokane (WA) Spokesman-Review, July 20, 2011.
13. Geoff Earle, “Jailbird Shocker in W.Va. Vote,” New York Post, May 10, 2012.
14. Don Surber, “The Left Name-Calling Continues,” Charleston (WV) Daily Mail, May 16, 2012.
15. Letter to the Editor, Salisbury (NC) Post, May 13, 2012, NewsBank-Access World News, http://infoweb.newsbank.com.
16. Hoppy Kercheval, “About That Embarrassing Vote for a Felon,” Charleston (WV) Daily Mail, May 17, 2012.
17. “We’re All Inmate 11593-051 Now,” Investor’s Business Daily, May 10, 2012.
18. Hannity, Fox News, December 13, 2011.
1. John Lahr, “Dealing with Roseanne,” New Yorker, July 17, 1995, 43–60.
2. Gilbert, Performing Marginality, 142–45, 161; Lee, “Subversive Sitcoms”; Dresner, “Roseanne Bar”; Auslander, “Brought to You by Fem-Rage”; Russell, “Self-Deprecatory Humor.” The sparsity of Barr’s books in university libraries can be seen in the fact that, in the Washington DC metropolitan area, only one of her books (My Lives) is currently in the collection of only the University of Maryland–College Park library.
3. Hannity, Fox News, September 24, 2012.
4. Associated Press, “Names and Faces,” Schenectady (NY) Gazette, February 4, 2012.
5. Rick Steelhammer, “Raising the Barr of Election Insanity,” Charleston (WV) Gazette, February 5, 2012; “President Roseanne Barr?,” Fort Lauderdale (FL) Sun Sentinel, September 19, 2012.
6. Christie D’Zurilla, “Roseanne Barr Is Running for President as a Green Party Candidate,” Waterbury (CT) Republican-American, February 4, 2012.
7. Barr, Roseannearchy, 4.
8. Allen, How to Become President, 41.
9. Hunter Walker, “Roseanne in the Rose Garden?,” New York Observer, June 6, 2012, http://observer.com/2012/06/roseanne-in-the-rose-garden/.
10. Monica Hesse, “Patiently Waiting for the Green Light,” Washington Post, July 16, 2012.
11. Beau Yarbrough, “Internal Affairs: Roseanne Barr Forms ‘Green Tea Party,’” San Jose (CA) Mercury News, June 9, 2012, http://www.mercurynews.com/2012/06/09/internal-affairs-roseanne-barr-forms-green-tea-party-and-vows-to-soldier-on/.
12. Hannity, Fox News, September 24, 2012.
13. Donald Trump interview, The Hugh Hewitt Show, August 10, 2016, http//:www.hughhewitt.com/donald-trump-makes-return-visit/.
14. “Once Again, It’s Silly Political Season Time,” Colorado Springs Gazette, August 15, 2013.
15. Cf. “Trump, Christie, Sanders,” Face the Nation, CBS, December 6, 2015, http://www.cbsnews.com/news/face-the-nation-transcripts-december-6-2015-trump-christie-sanders/.
16. Jimmy Kimmel Live!, ABC, March 22, 2018.
17. Roseanne Barr, “My Platform for President,” Roseanneworld, March 3, 2012, http://www.roseanneworld.com/2012/03/03/my/.
18. Roseanne Barr, “What Am I Anyway? A Zoo?,” New York Times, July 31, 1989.
19. “Rants & Raves,” Augusta (GA) Chronicle, February 15, 2012.
20. “CNN Political Ticker: Roseanne Sets Sights on White House,” CNN, August 5, 2011, http//:politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2011/08/05/roseanne-sets-sights-on-white-house/.
21. For Trump on not needing teleprompters, Robert Costa and Philip Rucker, “All 33 Times Donald Trump Jabbed the Bushes in One 35-Minute Interview,” Washington Post, August 27, 2015, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2015/08/27/all-33-times-donald-trump-jabbed-the-bushes-in-one-35-minute-interview/?utm_term=.8210056dee63; for Trump on not bowing to foreign leaders, Glenn Kessler, “Trump’s NATO-Funding Claims Too Simple, Hyperbolic,” Washington Post, April 3, 2016.
1. Patrick Lakamp, “Gubernatorial Hopeful Walks on the Fringe,” Syracuse (NY) Herald-American, May 8, 1994.
2. Agus Hamilton, “Jokes to Go!,” Joplin (MO) Globe, October 26, 2010.
3. Bao Ong and Sam Roberts, “One Word Battle,” New York Times, October 7, 2009.
4. Saturday Night Live, NBC, October 23, 2010.
5. Associated Press, “Rent Candidate Doll,” Roswell (NM) Daily Record, November 2, 2010.
6. Edwards, “Flip the Script,” 34–35; David Montgomery, “Auto-Tune the News Taps into SD for Political Humor,” Capital Journal (Pierre SD), September 16, 2009, http://www.capjournal.com/news/auto-tune-the-news-taps-into-sd-for-political-humor/article_fbd88d57-e25a-53a9-9454-e600dccc98e2.html.
7. Mark Bennett, “Will ‘Enthusiastic Discontent’ Give Rise to a New Political Party in America?,” Terre Haute (IN) Tribune-Star, October 24, 2010.
8. Gail Collins, “The Fury Failure,” North Adams (MA) Transcript, October 22, 2010.
9. “The Race before the Race,” National Journal, January 31, 2011, NewsBank-Access World News, http://infoweb.newsbank.com.
10. Hannity, Fox News, March 8, 2011.
11. Neil Genzlinger, “Damn,” New York Times, August 12, 2011.
12. Catherine Duazo, “Former N.Y. Mayoral Candidate McMillan Speaks,” Daily Princetonian, April 29, 2011, NewsBank-Access World News, http://infoweb.newsbank.com.
1. Associated Press, “Playgirl Model ‘Naked Cowboy’ Gets Chilly Reception in Louisiana,” Orange (TX) Leader, January 12, 1999.
2. Deepti Hajela, “‘Naked Cowboy’ Briefs Public on His Presidential Bid,” Elyria (OH) Chronicle Telegram, October 7, 2010; “Times Square Cowboy Has Naked Ambition: Presidency,” Johnstown (PA) Tribune Democrat, October 5, 2010; Aliyah Shahid, “Naked Cowboy, Times Square Staple, to Run for President,” New York Daily News, October 7, 2010, http://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/naked-cowboy-times-square-staple-run-president-2012-tea-party-candidate-article-1.191364; Myles Tanzer, “No Longer Naked Cowboy Announces 2012 Bid for President,” Village Voice, October 6, 2010, https://www.villagevoice.com/2010/10/06/no-longer-naked-cowboy-announces-2012-bid-for-president/.
3. “Naked Cowboy’s Next Gig: Run for President,” NBC News, October 6, 2010, http://www.nbcnews.com/id/39543094/ns/us_news-weird_news/#.WXNFf-mQzIU.
4. Burck, Determination, 12.
5. Associated Press, “Even New Yorkers Turned Their Heads,” Syracuse (NY) Post-Standard, October 9, 1999.
6. Burck, Determination, 34, 98.
7. Burck, Determination, 18–19.
8. Alison Leigh Cowan, “Naked Cowboy Drops Out,” New York Times, September 5, 2009.
9. Burck, Determination, 117.
10. Associated Press, “Naked Cowboy vs. Naked Cowgirl,” Aiken (SC) Standard, June 28, 2010.
11. Dan Slater, “The Naked Cowboy Sues the Naked M&M,” Wall Street Journal, February 13, 2008, http//:blogs.wsj.com/law/2008/02/13/the-naked-cowboy-sues-the-naked-mm; Dan Slater, “Naked Cowboy’s Lawsuit Drives M&M Outta Dodge,” Wall Street Journal, February 15, 2008, https://blogs.wsj.com/law/2008/02/15/naked-cowboys-lawsuit-drives-mm-outta-dodge/; Robert Trigaux, “In Naked Cowboy vs. Clear Channel Communications, Who Has Trademark Rights?,” Tampa Bay (FL) Times, June 1, 2009; Eriq Gardner, “CBS Beats New York’s Naked Cowboy in ‘Bold and the Beautiful’ Lawsuit,” Hollywood Reporter, February 24, 2012, http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/thr-esq/cbs-naked-cowboy-lawsuit-bold-and-the-beautiful-294639.
12. Tanzer, “No Longer Naked Cowboy.”
13. Burck, Determination, 29.
14. Burck, Determination, 44.
1. “Deez Nuts for President 2016,” https://deeznutsforpresident2016.yolasite.com/.
2. The poll was conducted by Public Policy Polling, a left-leaning organization, albeit with a substantial record of accurate data collection.
3. Ben Collins and Emily Shire, “Presidential Sensation Deez Nuts Is a 15-Year-Old Iowa Farm Boy,” Daily Beast, August 19, 2015, http://www.thedailybeast.com/presidential-sensation-deez-nuts-is-a-15-year-old-iowa-farm-boy.
4. Kyle Munson, “At Home on the Farm with Deez Nuts,” USA Today, August 26, 2015, https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/elections/2015/08/26/deez-nuts-iowa-interview/32391651/; Tessa Berenson, “Deez Nuts Speaks: Meet Brady Olson, the 15-Year Old Presidential Candidate,” Time, August 24, 2015, http://time.com/4007941/deez-nuts-president-2016/; CBS News, August 20, 2015; NBC News, September 1, 2015.
5. Chris Cillizza, “Why I Hate Polls about How Darth Vader Would Beat Donald Trump in 2016,” Washington Post, December 16, 2015, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2015/12/16/i-hate-polls-about-how-darth-vader-would-beat-donald-trump-in-2016/?utm_term=.dcf3438d71b8. The polling organization was Ipsos.
6. Stein, Vice Capades, 196–200.
1. Dmitry Belyaev, “Time Travel Expert Andrew D. Basiago Is Running for President,” Metro, May 25, 2016, NewsBank-Access World News, http://infoweb.newsbank.com.
2. Examples of articles in the various local editions of Examiner.com are Alfred Lambremont Webre, “Secret DARPA Time Travel Program May Hold Key to Understanding the Deep Politics of 9/11,” Seattle Examiner, March 16, 2010; Jeffrey Pritchett, “Alta Dillard & Chad Dillard: The Ufology Revolving Doors 1st M.A.B.U.S. Case!,” Panama City (FL) Examiner, April 21, 2011; Clare Kolewski, “Taking the Persecution of Christians to the Next Level,” Detroit Examiner, October 24, 2013; “UFO Sighting: NASA Cover-up?,” Chicago Examiner, November 11, 2014; Norman Byrd, “Head on Mars: Photo Shows Odd Artifact Resembling Barack Obama?,” Charleston (SC) Examiner, November 30, 2014; “Humans on Mars: Obama Makes Pledge in State of the Union,” Honolulu Examiner, January 21, 2015; Dustin Pardue, “Time Travel, the Beatles, and an Amazingly Suspicious Cassette Tape,” Winston-Salem (NC) Examiner, February 2, 2015. All are archived in NewsBank-Access World News, http://infoweb.newsbank.com.
3. Executive editor Jim Pimentel quoted in Matt Smith, “Blogos-Free,” SF Weekly, December 5, 2007, http://www.sfweekly.com/news/blogos-free/.
4. Neel V. Patel, “Confessed Time Traveler Andrew Basiago Is Running for President, Knows He’ll Win,” Inverse, April 21, 2016, https://www.inverse.com/article/14577-confessed-time-traveler-andrew-basiago-is-running-for-president-knows-he-ll-win.
5. Steve Turrell, “Beam Me Up, Xoe!,” Santa Fe New Mexican, July 23, 2010; Jay Miller, “Governor’s Past Is Beyond Belief,” Alamogordo (NM) Daily News, August 20, 2010. On first appearance of Pegasus Project in Marvel Comics, “The Stars Are Wrong,” Realm of Kings 1, no. 1 (January 2010).
6. David Moye, “Seattle Attorney Andrew Basiago Claims U.S. Sent Him on Time Travels,” Huffington Post, April 28, 2012, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/04/28/andrew-basiago-seattle-attorney-time-travels_n_1438216.html.
7. Cf. “Things People Believe,” Hartford (CT) Advocate, July 5, 2012.
8. Biographical details from Peter Larsen, “Road to Recovery, Ruin—Rebuilding Results Mixed on Street Ravaged by Tremblor,” Los Angeles Daily News, January 15, 1995.
9. Basiago, “Discovery of Life on Mars.”
10. Freeman, “Is This the 2nd Biggest Conspiracy of All?”
11. Peter Wade, “Meet the Time-Traveling Presidential Candidate,” Esquire, April 30, 2016, http://www.esquire.com/news-politics/news/a44479/time-traveling-presidential-candidate-andrew-basiago/.
12. Brandt, “Racism and Research”; Moreno, “Bioethics and the National Security State”; Human Experimentation, 3–10.
1. Alexis C. Madrigal, “Meet the Only U.S. Presidential Candidate Promising Immortality,” Huffington Post, February 8, 2016, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/zoltan-istvan-transhumanist-president_us_56b7c39ee4b08069c7a7b1d0.
2. Vicki Larson, “Transhumanist Novel by Zoltan Istvan Sparks Intense Dialog among Futurists,” Marin Independent Journal (San Rafael CA), December 19, 2013, http://www.marinij.com/general-news/20131219/transhumanist-novel-by-zoltan-istvan-sparks-intense-dialog-among-futurists; Daniel Rothberg, “Meet the Transhumanist President Candidate Who Won’t Be Onstage Tonight,” Las Vegas (NV) Sun, October 13, 2015, https://lasvegassun.com/news/2015/oct/13/meet-the-transhumanist-presidential-candidate-who/.
3. Zoltan Istvan, “To Ensure a Future of Transhumanism,” Huffington Post, February 24, 2016, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/zoltan-istvan/should-atheists-confront-_b_9303396.html.
4. Solomon Kleinsmith, “How Many Votes Did Zoltan Istvan Get in the 2016 Presidential Election?,” Quora, November 28, 1016, https://www.quora.com/How-many-votes-did-Zoltan-Istvan-get-in-the-2016-Presidential-Election.
5. Zoltan Istvan, “Interview: Zoltan Istvan on Transhumanism and His U.S. Presidential Campaign,” Huffington Post, July 6, 2016, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/zoltan-istvan/an-interview-on-transhuma_b_10798942.html.
6. Christine Emba, “Will Technology Allow Us to Transcend the Human Condition?,” Washington Post, May 16, 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/in-theory/wp/2016/05/16/will-technology-allow-us-to-transcend-the-human-condition/?utm_term=.c9f7a7837983.
7. Analyses of The Transhumanist Wager in traditional publications include O’Connell, To Be a Machine; Bartlett, Radicals Chasing Utopia; Hauskeller, Mythologies of Transhumanism; Fuller, “Wherein Lies the Value of Equality”; Harris, Solitude; Stolyarov; “Business as an Agent of Human Progress.”
8. Hunter Styles, “Zoltan’s Cyborg Utopia: The Transhumanist Party Presidential Candidate Wants Us to Live Forever,” Easthampton (MA) Valley Advocate, June 10, 2015, http://valleyadvocate.com/2015/06/10/zoltans-cyborg-utopia/.
9. Martin Wisckol, “Zoltan, a Presidential Candidate for the Future,” Orange County Register (Santa Ana CA), July 22, 2016, http://www.ocregister.com/2016/07/22/zoltan-a-presidential-candidate-for-the-future/.
10. Phil Fairbanks, “Candidacy Is ‘Phenomenal Teaching Moment,’” Buffalo (NY) News, November 7, 2016.
11. Dave Barry, “A Man Named Zoltan Is Running for President, Too, and He Wants Our Bodies,” Miami Herald, July 20, 2016, http://www.miamiherald.com/living/liv-columns-blogs/dave-barry/article90792612.html.
12. John Hendrickson, “Can This Man and His Massive Robot Network Save America?,” Esquire, May 19, 2015, http://www.esquire.com/news-politics/interviews/a35078/transhumanist-presidential-candidate-zoltan/.
1. “Editor’s Table,” Old Guard 2, no. 8 (August 1864): 191–92.
2. “In Tribulation,” Holmes County Farmer (Millersburg OH), September 22, 1864.
3. Meinders, Americans against Obama, 42.
4. “Levi Scifres,” Salem (IN) Democrat, August 15, 1900.
5. Please forgive me, William Shakespeare and Shakespeareans, especially Professor William Slights.
