NOTES

Throughout the notes, page numbers of newspaper articles refer to the first page of the article, and the following sources are identified in short form:

ACLU Archives: American Civil Liberties Union Archives, Princeton University Libraries, Princeton, N.J.

Bryan Papers: William Jennings Bryan Papers, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Darrow Papers: Clarence Darrow Papers, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Fortas Papers: Abe Fortas Papers, Princeton University Libraries, Princeton, N.J.

Hicks Papers: Judge Sue K. Hicks Papers, University of Tennessee Libraries, Knoxville, Tenn.

Mims Papers: Edwin Mims Papers, Vanderbilt University Libraries, Nashville, Tenn.

Peay Papers: Official Papers of Governor Austin Peay, Tennessee State Archives, Nashville, Tenn.

Transcript: The World’s Most Famous Court Case: Tennessee Evolution Case. Dayton: Bryan College, 1990.

INTRODUCTION

1. All quotations from the trial are taken from Transcript, 284–304.

2. William Jennings Bryan, In His Image (New York: Revell, 1922), 13.

3. Transcript, 323.

4. William Jennings Bryan, Is the Bible True? (Nashville: private printing, 1923), 10.

5. Henry Fairfield Osborn, “Evolution and Religion,” New York Times, 5 March 1922, sec. 7, p. 2.

6. Transcript, 236–38, 244–45, 277–78.

7. “The Scopes Trial,” Chicago Tribune, 17 July 1925, p. 8.

CHAPTER ONE. DIGGING UP CONTROVERSY

1. Charles Dawson and Arthur Smith Woodward, “On the Discovery of Palaeolithic Human Skull and Mandible,” Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 69 (1913), 117.

2. For a scientific description of these fossil remains from the time, see Arthur Keith, The Antiquity of Man (London: Williams & Norgate, 1915), 497–511; and for a somewhat later description by an expert witness for the defense in the Scopes trial, see Kirtley F. Mather, Old Mother Earth (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1929), 52–55.

3. Dawson and Woodward, “Discovery,” 133–35, 139.

4. Boyd Dawkins, in discussion following ibid., 148–49.

5. “Paleolithic Skull Is a Missing Link; Bones Probably Those of a Direct Ancestor of Modern Man,” New York Times, 19 December 1912, p. 6.

6. “Man Had Reason Before He Spoke,” New York Times, 20 December 1912, p. 6.

7. For example, “Exhibit Skull Believed Oldest Ever Discovered,” Chicago Tribune, 20 December 1912, p. 9.

8. “Darwin Theory Proved True; English Scientists Say the Skull Found in Sussex Establishes Human Descent from Apes,” New York Times, 22 December 1912, p. C1.

9. “Simian Man,” New York Times, 22 December 1912, p. 12.

10. See, e.g., Edward Hitchcock and Charles H. Hitchcock, Elementary Geology (New York: Ivison, 1860), 377–93; James D. Dana, Manual of Geology, 2d ed. (New York: Ivison, 1895), 767–70.

11. C. I. Scofield, ed., Scofield Reference Bible (New York: Oxford University Press, 1909), 3n2, 4nn1,2.

12. Ronald L. Numbers, The Creationists: The Evolution of Scientific Creationism (New York: Knopf, 1992), 7.

13. George William Hunter, A Civic Biology (New York: American, 1914), 253.

14. Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species by Charles Darwin: A Variorum Text, ed. Morse Pechham (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1959), 747. Darwin goes on to add that Lamarckian-type factors might also cause variation.

15. Charles Darwin to Asa Gray, 22 May 1860, in Francis Darwin, ed., Life and Letters of Charles Darwin, vol. 2 (New York: Appleton, 1896), 105.

16. T. H. Huxley to Bishop of Ripon, 19 June 1887, in Leonard Huxley, Life and Letters of Thomas Henry Huxley, vol. 2 (New York: Appleton, 1901), 173.

17. T. H. Huxley to Charles Darwin, 23 November 1859, in ibid., vol. 1, 189.

18. T. H. Huxley to Charles Kingsley, 30 April 1863, in ibid., 52.

19. Charles Hodge, What is Darwinism? (New York: Scribner’s, 1874), 11, 173.

20. Asa Gray, Natural Selection and Religion: Two Lectures Delivered to the Theological School of Yale College (New York: Scribner’s, 1880), 68–69.

21. “Introduction,” American Naturalist 1 (1867), 2.

22. Joseph LeConte, Evolution and Its Relation to Religious Thought (New York: Appleton, 1891), 258, 301.

23. Clarence King, “Catastrophism and Evolution,” American Naturalist 2 (1877), 470.

24. E. D. Cope, Theology of Evolution: A Lecture (Philadelphia: Arnold, 1887), 31.

25. For example, at the time of the Scopes trial, the antievolution leader William Bell Riley lauded LeConte as an example of a scientist who believed that “there must be an infinite Creator back of nature.” W. B. Riley, “Should Evolution Be Taught in Tax Supported Schools?” (1928), in Ronald L. Numbers, ed., Creation–Evolution Debates (New York: Garland, 1995), 371.

26. Peter J. Bowler, Evolution: The History of an Idea (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984), 233.

27. Vernon L. Kellogg, Darwinism To-Day (New York: Holt, 1907), 5.

28. Julian Huxley, Evolution: The Modern Synthesis (London: Chatto and Windus, 1968); William Jennings Bryan, “The Prince of Peace,” in William Jennings Bryan, ed., Speeches of William Jennings Bryan, vol. 2 (New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1909), 266–67.

29. A. H. Strong, Systematic Theology, vol. 2 (Westwood: Revell, 1907), 473.

30. B. B. Warfield, Biblical and Theological Studies (New York: Scribner’s, 1911), 238.

31. James Orr, God’s Image of Man (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1904), 96.

32. James Orr, “Science and the Christian Faith,” in The Fundamentals: A Testimony to the Truth 7 (Chicago: Testimony, [1905–15]), 102–3 (emphasis in original).

33. John William Draper, History of the Conflict Between Religion and Science (New York: Appleton, 1874), vi.

34. Andrew Dickson White, The Warfare of Science (London: King, 1876), 7.

35. Orr, “Science and Faith,” 89. The historian George M. Marsden wrote about Draper and White, “Though dubious reconstructions of the evidence (usually ignoring, for instance, that most of the debate about science had been debates among Christians) they suggested that the intellectual life of the past several centuries had been dominated by the conflict between advocates of religious based obscurantism and enlightened champions of value-free scientific truth.” George M. Marsden, Understanding Fundamentalism and Evangelicalism (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, 1991), 139–40.

36. Edwin Mims, “Modern Education and Religion,” manuscript of address to the Association of American Colleges, in Mims Papers.

37. A. W. Benn and F. R. Tennant, quoted in James R. Moore, The Post-Darwinian Controversies (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979), 41, 47.

38. Arthur Keith, Concerning Man’s Origin (London: Watts, 1927), 41 (reprint of essay first published in the Rationalist Press Association Annual for 1922).

39. Clarence Darrow, The Story of My Life (New York: Grosset, 1932), 250.

40. Clarence Darrow, quoted in Kevin Tierney, Darrow: A Biography (New York: Croswell, 1979), 85; Arthur Weinberg and Lila Weinberg, Clarence Darrow: A Sentimental Rebel (New York: Putnam’s, 1980), 42.

41. “Malone Glad Trial Starts on Friday,” Chattanooga Times, 19 July 1925, p. 2; Arthur Garfield Hays, “The Strategy of the Scopes Defense,” Nation, 5 August 1925, p. 158.

42. W. C. Curtis, “The Evolution Controversy,” in Jerry R. Tompkins, ed., D-Days at Dayton: Reflections on the Scopes Trial (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1965), 75.

43. Moore, Post-Darwinian Controversies, 73.

44. Asa Gray, The Elements of Botany for Beginners and Schools (New York: Ivison, 1887), 177.

45. Joseph LeConte, A Compend of Geology (New York: Appleton, 1884), 242–82, 313–90.

46. James Edward Peabody and Arthur Ellsworth Hunt, Elementary Biology: Plants (New York: Macmillan, 1912), 118.

47. Clifton F. Hodges and Jean Dawson, Civic Biology (Boston: Ginn, 1918), 331–35.

48. George William Hunter, A Civic Biology: Presented in Problems (New York: American, 1914), 194–96, 405.

49. Statistics from U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Census, Historical Statistics of the United States, vol. 1 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1975), 16, 368–69; Tennessee Department of Education, Annual Report for 1925 (Nashville: Ambrose, 1925), 165.

50. Austin Peay, “The Second Inaugural—1925,” in Austin Peay, Governor of Tennessee, 1923–29: A Collection of State Papers and Public Addresses (Kingsport, Tenn.: Southern, 1929), 211.

51. Bettye J. Broyles, Churches and Schools in Rhea County, Tennessee (Dayton: Rhea County Historical and Genealogical Society, 1992), 258.

52. Thomas Hunt Morgan, A Critique of the Theory of Evolution (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1916), 194.

53. Thomas Hunt Morgan, The Scientific Basis of Evolution (New York: Norton, 1932), 109–10.

54. For example, Curtis asserted in his affidavit as expert witness for the defense at the Scopes trial, “The modern science of genetics is beginning to solve the problem of how evolution takes place, although this question is one of extreme difficulty.” The antievolutionist Harold W. Clark, who taught science at a small church college, sought to refute Curtis on this point but in doing so acknowledged that modern discoveries in genetics were reviving the idea that slight, random variations could account for evolution. Harold W. Clark, “Back to Creationism,” in Ronald L. Numbers, ed., The Early Writings of Harold W. Clark and Frank Lewis Marsh (New York: Garland, 1995), 100.

55. Albert Edward Wiggam, The Next Age of Man (Indianapolis: Bobs-Merrill, 1927), 43.

56. William Jennings Bryan, “God and Evolution,” New York Times, 26 February 1922, sec. 7, p. 1 and sec. 7, p. 11.

57. Henry Fairfield Osborn, “Evolution and Religion,” New York Times, 5 March 1922, sec. 7, p. 2. In the same year, Princeton University naturalist Edwin Conklin issued a similar public attack on antievolutionism in which he charged, “Uncertainty among scientists as to cause of evolution has been interpreted by many non-scientific persons as throwing doubt upon its truth.” Edwin G. Conklin, Evolution and the Bible (Chicago: American Institute of Sacred Literature, 1922), 3. Both Osborn and Conklin were liberal Christians, and Conklin’s defense of teaching evolution appeared in a series of modernist religious tracts.

58. Thomas Hunt Morgan, What Is Darwinism? (New York: Norton, 1927), viii–ix (reprint of earlier popular article) (emphasis in original).

59. Bryan, “Prince of Peace,” 269.

60. George W. Hunter and Walter G. Whitaman, Science in Our World of Progress (New York: American, 1935), 486.

61. Hunter, Civic Biology, 263.

62. William Jennings Bryan, In His Image (New York: Revell, 1922), 108; Transcript, 333–36.

63. Billy Sunday, “Historical Fabric of Christ’s Life Nothing Without Miracles,” Commercial Appeal (Memphis), 7 February 1925, p. 13.

64. Albert Edward Wiggam, The New Decalogue of Science (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1922), 105. In his closing argument for the Scopes trial, as part of his attack on evolutionary theory, Bryan expressly denounced this book and the eugenic ideas that it promoted.

65. Wiggam, Next Age of Man, 45 (emphasis in original).

66. Raymond A. Dart, Adventures with the Missing Link (New York: Harper, 1959), 5.

67. Raymond A. Dart, “Australopithecus africanus: The Man-Ape of South Africa,” Nature 115 (1925), 198.

68. Robert Broon, “Some Notes on the Taungs Skull,” Nature 115 (1925), 571.

69. Raymond A. Dart to Arthur Keith, 26 February 1925, in Frank Spencer, ed., The Piltdown Papers, 1908–1955 (London: Oxford University Press, 1990), 160 (emphasis in original).

70. Dart, Adventures with the Missing Link, 7.

71. Dart, “Australopithecus,” 198–99.

72. Bryan, “Prince of Peace,” 269.

73. Dart, Adventures with the Missing Link, 38–40 (includes quotations from newspapers and magazines); William Jennings Bryan, “Mr. Bryan Speaks to Darwin,” Forum 76 (1925), 102–3. At about the same time, antievolution science lecturer Harry Rimmer asserted that the Piltdown hominid “is made up of plaster of Paris and imagination,” while William Bell Riley referred to it as “imaginatively created.” Harry Rimmer, “Monkeyshines: Fakes, Fables, Facts Concerning Evolution,” in Edward B. Davis, ed., The Antievolution Pamphlets of Harry Rimmer (New York: Garland, 1995), 427; W. B. Riley, “Evolution—A False Philosophy,” in William Vance Trollinger, Jr., ed., The Antievolution Pamphlets of William Bell Riley (New York: Garland, 1995), 101.

CHAPTER TWO. GOVERNMENT BY THE PEOPLE

1. William Jennings Bryan, “God and Evolution,” New York Times, 26 February 1922, sec. 7, p. 1.

2. Henry Fairfield Osborn, “Evolution and Religion,” New York Times, 5 March 1922, sec. 7, p. 14.

3. John Roach Straton, “In the Negative,” in John Roach Straton and Charles Francis Potter, Evolution Versus Creation (1924), reprinted in Ronald L. Numbers, ed., Creation–Evolution Debates (New York: Garland, 1995), 88–89. The fundamentalist leader William Bell Riley later took a similar position; see W. B. Riley, Evolution—A False Philosophy, reprinted in William Vance Trollinger, Jr., ed., The Antievolution Pamphlets of William Bell Riley (New York: Garland, 1995), 111–12.

4. George McCready Price, The Phantom of Organic Evolution (New York: Revell, 1924), 110–11. For a representative example of Osborn’s dating of these fossils, see Henry Fairfield Osborn, Evolution in Religion and Education (New York: Scribner’s, 1926), 146.

5. William Jennings Bryan, “Speech to the West Virginia State Legislature,” in William Jennings Bryan, Orthodox Christianity Versus Modernism (New York: Revell, 1923), 37.

6. William Jennings Bryan, “The Prince of Peace,” in William Jennings Bryan, ed., Speeches of William Jennings Bryan (New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1909), 267.

7. A. C. Dixon and R. A. Torrey, quoted in Ronald L. Numbers, The Creationists: The Evolution of Scientific Creationism (New York: Knopf, 1992), 39.

8. Shailer Mathews, “Modernism as Evangelical Christianity,” in Mark A. Noll et al., eds., Eerdmans’ Handbook to Christianity in America (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans’, 1983), 379.

9. “Editorial,” Our Hope 25 (July 1918), 49.

10. George M. Marsden, Fundamentalism and American Culture: The Shaping of Twentieth-Century Evangelicalism, 1870–1925 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1980), 149.

11. Ibid., 157–58.

12. William Bell Riley, Message to the Metropolis (Chicago: Winona, 1906), 24–48, 165–95, 224–27 (quote on 48).

13. Transcribed proceedings of the WCFA conference were published as God Hath Spoken (Philadelphia: Bible Conference Committee, 1919), 27, 221, 441.

14. [Curtis Lee Laws], “Convention Side Lights,” Watchman-Examiner 8 (1920), 834.

15. William Bell Riley, quoted in Ferenc Morton Szasz, The Divided Mind of Protestant America, 1880–1930 (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1982), 107.

16. William Jennings Bryan, “Applied Christianity,” The Commoner, May 1919, p. 12.

17. William Jennings Bryan, America and the European War (New York: Emergency Peace Federation, 1917), 14; William Jennings Bryan, quoted in Jonathan Daniels, The Wilson Era: Years of Peace, 1910–17 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1944), 428.

18. William Jennings Bryan, quoted in Lawrence W. Levine, Defender of the Faith: William Jennings Bryan, The Last Decade, 1915–1925 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1965), 274.

19. Levine, Defender of the Faith, vii.

20. Bryan, “Prince of Peace,” 266–68.

21. Ibid., 268–69.

22. Vernon Kellogg, Headquarters Nights (Boston: Atlantic, 1917), 22, 28.

23. William Jennings Bryan, Shall Christianity Remain Christian? Seven Questions in Dispute (New York: Revell, 1924), 146.

24. James H. Leuba, The Belief in God and Immortality (Boston: Sherman, French, 1916), 203, 213, 254.

25. William Jennings Bryan, In His Image (New York: Revell, 1922), 118.

26. Ibid., 120.

27. William Jennings Bryan and Mary Baird Bryan, The Memoirs of William Jennings Bryan (Philadelphia: United, 1925), 459.

28. David Starr Jordan, quoted as representative in Harold Bulce, “Avatars of the Almighty,” Cosmopolitan Magazine 47 (1909), 201. See also Marsden, Fundamentalism and American Culture, 130–31, 267–69.

29. Bryan, In His Image, 125. The “Menace of Darwinism” speech appeared as chapter 4 of this book, from which these quotes were taken.

30. William Jennings Bryan, The Bible and Its Enemies (Chicago: Bible Institute, 1921), 39.

31. Bryan, In His Image, 94.

32. Ibid., 98, 100.

33. Numbers, The Creationists, 43.

34. Bryan, In His Image, 93.

35. Ibid., 122.

36. William Jennings Bryan, quoted in Levine, Defender of the Faith, 277 (emphasis added).

37. William Bell Riley to William Jennings Bryan, 7 February 1923, in Bryan Papers.

38. “The Evolution Controversy,” Christian Fundamentals in Schools and Churches 4 (April–June 1922), 5.

39. William Bell Riley, “Shall We Tolerate Longer the Teaching of Evolution?” Christian Fundamentals in Schools and Churches 5 (January–March 1923), 82.

40. W. B. Riley, “The Theory of Evolution Tested by Mathematics,” in Trollinger, ed., Anti-evolution Pamphlets, 148.

41. William Vance Trollinger, Jr., “Introduction,” in Trollinger, ed., Anti-evolution Pamphlets, xvii–xix.

42. Bryan, “Speech to Legislature,” in William Jennings Bryan, Orthodox Christianity Versus Modernism (New York: Revell, 1923), 46.

43. Bryan, In His Image, 243. See also William Jennings Bryan, “Applied Christianity,” The Commoner, May 1919, 11.

44. William Bell Riley to Charles S. Thomas, 1 July 1925, in Bryan Papers.

45. William Jennings Bryan, Is the Bible True? (Nashville: private printing, 1923), 15.

46. For estimates of popular support by current scholars, see Levine, Defender of the Faith, 270–71; Numbers, The Creationists, 44–45.

47. William Jennings Bryan, quoted in Levine, Defender of the Faith, 218.

48. Bryan, In His Image, 122.

49. Bryan, Seven Questions in Dispute, 154.

50. Bryan, “God and Evolution,” sec. 7, p. 11.

51. Bryan, “Speech to Legislature,” 48.

52. William Jennings Bryan, “Prohibition,” The Outlook 133 (1923), 263.

53. Bryan, “Speech to Legislature,” 45–46.

54. Edger Lee Masters, “The Christian Statesman,” The American Mercury 3 (1924), 391.

55. William Jennings Bryan, quoted in “Progress of Anti-Evolution,” Christian Fundamentalist 2 (1929), 13.

56. Bryan and Bryan, Memoirs, 179–80.

57. “A Remarkable Man,” Commercial Appeal (Memphis), 29 April 1925, p. 6.

58. “Are People People?” Chicago Tribune, 20 June 1923, p. 8.

59. Amendment to 1923 Okla. House Bill 197.

60. 1923 Fla. House Concurrent Resolution 7.

61. William Jennings Bryan, “W. G. N. Put ‘On Carpet,’ Gets a Bryan Lashing,” Chicago Tribune, 20 June 1923, p. 14 (contains quote and affirmed that “my views are set forth in” the Florida resolution).

62. Bryan, In His Image, 103–4 (emphasis in original).

63. William Jennings Bryan to Florida State Senator W. J. Singleton, 11 April 1923, in Bryan Papers.

64. “Memphis This Week Is Baptist Citadel,” Commercial Appeal (Memphis), 11 May 1925, p. 1.

65. Edwin Conklin, “The Churches,” in Philip M. Hamer, ed., Tennessee—A History, 1672–1932, vol. 2 (New York: American Historical Society, 1933), 826–27.

66. T. H. Alexander, “Biography,” in Austin Peay: A Collection of State Papers and Public Addresses (Kingsport, Tenn.: Southern, 1929), xxx (quote); Joseph H. Parks and Stanley J. Folmsbee, The Story of Tennessee (Norman, Okla.: Harlow, 1963), 374; Billy Stair, “Religion, Politics, and the Myth of Tennessee Education,” Tennessee Teacher 45 (1978), 19–20.

67. Austin Peay, “Address to Graduation Class of Carson and Newman College,” in Austin Peay, 433–34.

68. Bryan, Is the Bible True? 3.

69. “Bryan’s Latest,” Nashville Banner, 28 January 1925, p. 8.

70. “Bryan Angrily Denies He’s a Millionaire,” Commercial Appeal (Memphis), 28 April 1925, p. 1; “Remarkable Man,” p. 6.

71. “Legislature Begins Drive on Evolution,” Commercial Appeal (Memphis), 21 January 1925, p. 1.

72. Journal of the House of Representatives of Tennessee (1925 Reg. Sess.), 180.

73. John W. Butler, quoted in “Dayton’s ‘Amazing’ Trial,” The Literary Digest 86 (25 July 1925), 7.

74. 1925 Tenn. House Bill 185.

75. Bryan, Is the Bible True? 15–16.

76. This summary of House action was compiled from Journal of the House, 248; “Evolution In Schools Barred by the House,” Commercial Appeal (Memphis), 28 January 1925, p. 1; “Peay Master of Assembly on Tax Plans,” Chattanooga Times, 28 January 1925, p. 1; “Peay Program Is Voted by Solons,” Knoxville Journal, 28 January 1925, p. 12; Ralph Perry, “Bar Teaching of Evolution,” Nashville Banner, 28 January 1925, p. 3.

77. E. M. Matthews to Editor, Nashville Banner, 31 January 1925, p. 4.

78. Lee Wilkerson to Editor, Nashville Banner, 29 January 1925, p. 8.

79. Dillon J. Spottswood to Editor, Nashville Tennessean, 4 February 1925, p. 4.

80. Atha Hardy to Editor, Nashville Tennessean, 4 February 1925, p. 4.

81. Thomas Page Gore to Editor, Nashville Banner, 27 February 1925, p. 6.

82. “And Others Call It God,” Nashville Tennessean, 1 February 1925, p. 4.

83. “Monkey Business,” reprinted in “State Press Comment,” Knoxville Journal, 11 February 1925, p. 6.

84. Louisville Courier-Journal, “Darwinism Done For,” Chattanooga Times, 1 February 1925, p. 16.

85. “Lie Is Passed in Legislature,” Nashville Banner, 5 February 1925, p. 7.

86. “Proceedings in Legislature,” Nashville Tennessean, 11 March 1925, p. 8.

87. “Bill on Evolution Draws Fire Pastor,” Chattanooga Times, 9 February 1925, p. 7.

88. “Baptists for Science in Church Colleges,” Commercial Appeal (Memphis), 5 February 1925, p. 5.

89. Quoted in Kenneth M. Bailey, “The Enactment of Tennessee’s Anti-Evolution Law,” Journal of Southern History 41 (1950), 477.

90. Journal of the Senate of Tennessee (1925 Reg. Sess.), 214, 254, 286, 352.

91. Sam Edwards to Editor, Nashville Banner, 4 February 1925, p. 8.

92. J. R. Clerk to Editor, Nashville Tennessean, 5 February 1925, p. 4.

93. J. W. C. Church to Editor, Nashville Tennessean, 8 February 1925, p. 4.

94. Mrs. E. P. Blair to Editor, Nashville Tennessean, 16 March 1925, p. 4.

95. Dan Goodman to Editor, Nashville Tennessean, 6 February 1925, p. 4.

96. John A. Shelton to William Jennings Bryan, 5 February 1925, in Bryan Papers.

97. William Jennings Bryan to John A. Shelton, 9 February 1925, in Bryan Papers.

98. This review and the following summary of Sunday’s crusade was compiled from daily articles in the 6 to 23 February 1925 issues of the Memphis Commercial Appeal, which included both daily news reports and a complete transcript of each sermon.

99. Ibid.

100. “First Verse of Bible Key to All Scripture,” Commercial Appeal (Memphis), 13 March 1925, p. 11.

101. This summary of Senate action was compiled from “Evolution Is Given Hard Jolt,” Knoxville Journal, 14 March 1925, p. 1; Howard Eskridge, “Senate Passes Evolution Bill,” Nashville Banner, 13 March 1925, p. 1; “Legislators Bar Teaching Evolution,” Chattanooga Times, 14 March 1925, p. 2; “Proceedings,” p. 8; Journal of the Senate of Tennessee (1925 Reg. Sess.), 516–17; Thomas Fauntleroy, “Darwinism Outlawed in Tennessee Senate,” Commercial Appeal (Memphis), 14 March 1925, p. 1.

102. Eskridge, “Senate Passes Evolution Bill,” 1.

103. Excerpts from these letters to the governor appeared in “Peay Opens His Ape Law Letters,” Nashville Banner, in Peay Papers, GP 40–13 (including quotation about Middle Ages); James L. Graham to Austin Peay, 18 March 1925, in Peay Papers, GP 40–13; James W. Mayor to Austin Peay, 14 March 1925, in Peay Papers, GP 40–13.

104. H. A. Morgan to Austin Peay, 9 February 1925, in Peay Papers, GP 40–24; “Anti-Evolution Bill Stirs Tennessee,” Atlanta Journal, 24 May 1925, p. 11.

105. W. M. Wood to Austin Peay, 14 March 1925, in Peay Papers, GP 40–13.

106. Austin Peay, “Message from the Governor,” 23 March 1925, in Journal of the House of Representatives of Tennessee (1925 Reg. Sess.), 741–45 (emphasis added). In his classic account of the Scopes trial, Six Days of Forever? Tennessee v. John Thomas Scopes (London: Oxford University Press, 1958), Ray Ginger uses this and other evidence to argue that the Tennessee antievolution statute was a symbolic protest rather than a serious law. It is clear to me, however, that antievolutionists took this statute seriously—they expected it to compel compliance. Bryan simply thought that, owing to the law-abiding nature of schoolteachers, the law would be self-enforcing rather than require active monitoring. What he did not anticipate was that some respected citizens would protest the statute by intentionally flaunting it. If there was a symbolic protest here, it was by opponents of the law in disobeying it rather than by proponents of the law in enacting it.

107. “Give Up Schools Before Bible Is Peay’s Attitude,” Nashville Tennessean, 27 June 1925, p. 1; Peay, “Message,” 745.

108. W. J. Bryan to Austin Peay, undated telegram, in Bryan Papers.

109. Peay, “Message,” 743, 745; Bryan to Shelton, 9 February 1925.

CHAPTER THREE. IN DEFENSE OF INDIVIDUAL LIBERTY

1. James Harvey Robinson, The Mind in the Making: The Relation of Intellect to Social Reform (New York: Harper, 1921), 181–86.

2. Woodrow Wilson, “War Message, April 2, 1917,” in Papers of Woodrow Wilson, vol. 41 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1983), 519–27.

3. Postmaster General Albert S. Burleson, quoted in Paul L. Murphy, World War I and the Origin of Civil Liberties in the United States (New York: Norton, 1979), 98.

4. Roger N. Baldwin to W. D. Collins, 25 January 1918, in ACLU Archives, vol. 26.

5. Norman Thomas, “War’s Heretics: A Plea for the Conscientious Objector,” reprinted in The Survey 33 (1917), 391–94 (quote at 394).

6. Roger N. Baldwin, quoted in Samuel Walker, In Defense of American Liberties: A History of the ACLU (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), 39.

7. Walker, In Defense of American Liberties, 21.

8. Robinson, Mind in the Making, 180–82.

9. Ibid., 186.

10. Ibid., 187–88.

11. Quoted in “The Real Motives Back of the Tennessee Evolution Case,” National Bulletin (Military Order of the World War), June 1925, p. 3.

12. Roger N. Baldwin, quoted in Peggy Lamson, Roger Baldwin: Founder of the American Civil Liberties Union (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1976), 124.

13. Roger N. Baldwin, quoted in Walker, In Defense of American Liberties, 46–47.

14. Gitlow v. New York, 268 U.S. 652, 666 (1925).

15. Schenck v. United States, 249 U.S. 47, 51–52 (1919).

16. Oliver Wendell Holmes, quoted in Gerald Gunter, Learned Hand: The Man and the Judge (New York: Knopf, 1994), 163.

17. Abrams v. United States, 250 U.S. 616, 828–30 (Holmes, J., dissenting, 1919) (emphasis added).

18. American Civil Liberties Union, The Fight for Free Speech (New York: American Civil Liberties Union, 1921), 6–8.

19. Roger N. Baldwin, in Walker, In Defense of American Liberties, 52.

20. Arthur Garfield Hays, City Lawyer: The Autobiography of a Law Practice (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1942), 227. Despite this position on free speech, Hays regularly brought libel actions on behalf of his clients and himself.

21. Arthur Garfield Hays, Let Freedom Ring (New York: Liveright, 1928), xi.

22. Ibid., xx.

23. Walker, In Defense of American Liberties, 53.

24. Arthur Garfield Hays, City Lawyer, 227.

25. David E. Lilienthal, “Clarence Darrow,” Nation 124 (1927), 417.

26. In a characteristic comment on the topic, Darrow observed that “the only thing I ever saw that seemed to have free will was an electric pump I had once on a summer vacation. Every time we wanted it to go, it stopped. I couldn’t think of anything except free will, and all of a sudden when we knew nothing about it, it started again.” In Clarence Darrow and Will Durant, Is Man a Machine? (New York: League for Public Discussion, 1927), 51.

27. Will Herberg, Protestant, Catholic, Jew (Garden City: Doubleday, 1960), 259–60.

28. Kevin Tierney, Darrow: A Biography (New York: Croswell, 1979), 85.

29. Robert G. Ingersoll, “Reply to Dr. Lymann Abbott,” in Robert G. Ingersoll, The Works of Robert G. Ingersoll, vol. 4 (New York: Dresden, 1903), 463.

30. Clarence Darrow, The Story of My Life (New York: Grosset, 1932), 409; Clarence Darrow, “Why I Am an Agnostic,” in Clarence Darrow, Verdicts Out of Court, Arthur Weinberg and Lila Weinberg, eds. (Chicago: Quadrangle, 1963), 434.

31. Clarence Darrow, quoted in Lilienthal, “Darrow,” 419.

32. Darrow, “Why I Am an Agnostic,” 436.

33. For example, Darrow, My Life, 382–423 (quotes from 383 and 419).

34. Darrow, My Life, 408–13.

35. “Darrow Asks W. J. Bryan to Answer These,” Chicago Daily Tribune, 4 July 1923, p. 1.

36. See W. B. Norton, “Bryan’s Ailment Is Intolerance, Pastor’s Assert,” Chicago Daily Tribune, 28 June 1923, p. 3.

37. Darrow, My Life, 249.

38. John Haynes Holmes, I Speak for Myself: The Autobiography of John Haynes Holmes (New York: Harper, 1959), 263. The philosopher Will Durant made a similar observation during a debate with Darrow. Darrow and Durant, Is Man a Machine? 45.

39. Hays, City Lawyer, 221.

40. For example, Henry R. Linville, The Biology of Man and Other Organisms (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1923), 4–5. See also Henry R. Linville and Henry A. Kelly, A Text-book in General Zoology (Boston: Ginn, 1906).

41. American Civil Liberties Union, The Fight for Free Speech (New York: American Civil Liberties Union, 1921), 17–18.

42. Lusk Committee, quoted in Robinson, Mind in the Making, 190–91.

43. Walker, In Defense of American Liberties, 59. The ACLU sought to get its message into public schools during the twenties both by providing schools speakers and helping high school debaters prepare for debates on free-speech issues. See, e.g., Roger N. Baldwin to College and High School Debating Societies, 17 October 1924, ACLU Archives, vol. 253. A typical example of classroom “Americanism” materials that surfaced in many places was the U.S. Bureau of Education’s 1923 American Education Week curriculum, which lauded the country’s founding fathers and military exploits.

44. Darrow, My Life, 25.

45. Georgia Supreme Court, quoted in William Seagle, “A Christian Country,” American Mercury 6 (1925), 233.

46. 1915 Tenn. Acts, ch. 102.

47. Joseph Story, Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States, vol. 2 (Boston: Little & Brown, 1851), 590–97.

48. Andrew Dickson White describes the episode at length in Andrew Dickson White, A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom, vol. 1 (London: Macmillan, 1896), 313–16. See also Paul K. Conkin, Gone With the Ivy: A Biography of Vanderbilt University (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1985), 50, 60–62.

49. George M. Marsden, The Soul of the American University: From Protestant Establishment to Established Non-Belief (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 130.

50. White, History of the Warfare of Science, vol. 1, 315.

51. “The Case of Professor Mecklin,” Journal of Philosophical, Psychological, and Scientific Methods 11 (1918), 67–81.

52. Arthur O. Lovejoy, “Organization of the American Association of University Professors,” Science 41 (1915), 152.

53. “General Report of the Committee on Academic Freedom and Academic Tenure,” Bulletin of the American Association of University Professors 1 (December 1915), 21, 23, 27, 29–30.

54. “Report on the University of Tennessee,” Bulletin of the American Association of University Professors 10 (1924), 217.

55. Ibid., 213–59 (quotes at 217 and 255). See also Jonas Riley Montgomery, Stanley J. Folmebee, and Lee Seifern Greene, To Foster Knowledge: A History of the University of Tennessee, 1794–1970 (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1984), 185–87.

56. “Report on Tennessee,” 56–63 (quotes); Montgomery, Folmebee, and Greene, To Foster Knowledge, 187–89.

57. Joseph V. Dennis, “Presidential Address,” Bulletin of the American Association of University Professors 10 (1924), 26–28.

58. “Report of Committee M,” Bulletin of the American Association of University Professors 11 (1925), 93–94.

59. Henry R. Linville, “Tentative Statement of a Plan for Investigating Work on Free-Speech Cases in Schools and Colleges,” in ACLU Archives, vol. 248.

60. Harry F. Ward, “MEMORANDUM on Academic Freedom,” ACLU Archives, vol. 248.

61. Harry F. Ward and Henry R. Linville, “Freedom of Speech in Schools and Colleges: A Statement by the American Civil Liberties Union, June, 1924,” ACLU Archives, vol. 248.

62. “Free Speech in Colleges Tackled by New Group—Civil Liberties Union Forms Committee to Act in Cases of Interference with Students and Teachers,” 22 October 1924, Press Release, ACLU Archives, vol. 248. See also John Haines Holmes and Roger Baldwin to “Colleges,” 15 November 1924, ACLU Archives, vol. 248.

63. Lucille Milner, Education of an American Liberal: An Autobiography of Lucille Milner (New York: Horizon, 1954), 161–62.

64. Roger N. Baldwin, “Dayton’s First Issue,” in Jerry R. Tomkins, ed., D-Days at Dayton: Reflections of the Scopes Trial (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1965), 56.

65. “Cries at Restrictive Laws,” New York Times, 26 April 1925, in ACLU Archives, vol. 273.

66. “Plan Assault on State Law on Evolution,” Chattanooga Daily Times, 4 May 1925, p. 5; “Anti-Evolution Law Won’t Affect Elementary Schools,” Jackson Sun, 29 March 1925, in Peay Papers, GP 40–13.

CHAPTER FOUR. CHOOSING SIDES

1. Why Dayton, of All Places? (Chattanooga: Andrews, 1925), 3.

2. The Census Bureau did not list Dayton in the 1870 census and placed its population at only 200 persons in 1880. The 1890 census reported a population of 2,719 for Dayton in 1890, but by the 1900 census the figure had dropped to 2,004. Thereafter, the Census Bureau ceased to separately list towns under 2,500 and Dayton dropped off the list. Boosted by agricultural development, however, the Rhea County population continued to grow. See U.S. Census Bureau, 1880 Census: Population, vol. 1 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1883), 338; U.S. Census Bureau, 1900 Census: Population, vol. 1, pt. 1 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1901), 373.

3. “Rappleyea Rapped,” Chattanooga Times, 19 May 1925, p. 5. Some secondary sources spelled this surname “Rappelyea,” but contemporary sources used “Rappleyea.”

4. “Was Converted Through Science,” Chattanooga Times, 21 May 1925, p. 2; G. W. Rappleyea to Editor, Chattanooga Times, 19 May 1925, p. 5. When his devout Roman Catholic mother later read about his pivotal role in these events, she chided him, “You always had lots of book sense, but never any common sense.” “Was Converted Through Science,” p. 2.

5. Fred E. Robinson, in Warren Allem, “Backgrounds of the Scopes Trial at Dayton, Tennessee,” Master’s thesis, University of Tennessee, 1959, p. 58.

6. Untitled typed statement of S. K. Hicks replying to charges before the Tennessee state bar association, in Hicks Papers.

7. John T. Scopes, The Center of the Storm: Memoirs of John T. Scopes (New York: Holt, 1967), 58–59; Juanita Glenn, “Judge Still Recalls ‘Monkey Trial’—50 Years Later,” Knoxville Journal, 11 July 1975, p. 17; Allem, “Backgrounds of the Scopes Trial,” 60–61.

8. T. W. Callaway, “Father of Scopes Renounced Church,” Chattanooga Times, 10 July 1925, p. 1.

9. Arthur Garfield Hays, Let Freedom Ring (New York: Liveright, 1928), 33.

10. Sue K. Hicks in Glenn, “Judge Still Recalls,” 17. Other firsthand versions reported Scopes saying, “I’ll be willing to stand trial,” or “I don’t care. Go ahead.” Indeed, Scopes recalled it both ways himself at different times and said that he was given two opportunities to “back down.” John T. Scopes, in “Chance Conversation Started Scopes Case,” Knoxville Journal, 30 May 1925, p. 1; Scopes, Center of the Storm, 60. See also Sue K. Hicks quoting Scopes in Allem, “Backgrounds of the Scopes Trial,” 60.

11. Walter White, in Allem, “Backgrounds of the Scopes Trial,” 61.

12. “Arrest Under Evolution Law,” Nashville Banner, 6 May 1925, p. 1.

13. “Cheap Publicity,” Nashville Tennessean, 23 June 1925, p. 4.

14. “Darwin Bootlegger Arrested by Deputy,” Commercial Appeal (Memphis), 7 May 1925, p. 1.

15. John P. Fort, “Final Resolution Demands Chattanooga Cease Move to Bring New Case,” Chattanooga News, 19 May 1925; “One Evolutionist Out of Hundred,” Chattanooga Times, 11 July 1925, p. 1; H. L. Mencken, “The Monkey Trial: A Reporter’s Account,” in Jerry R. Tompkins, ed., D-Days at Dayton: Reflections on the Scopes Trial (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1965), 44 (reprint of 15 July 1925 article).

16. The 1920 federal census reported that only 6.5 percent of the Rhea County population was “Negro,” precisely one-third the Tennessee state percentage. U.S. Census Bureau, 1920 Census: Population, vol. 3 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1922), 961, 167.

17. Mencken, “Monkey Trial,” 36–37 (reprint of 9 July 1925 article).

18. “Rebuke to the ‘Antis’,” Chattanooga Times, 4 June 1925, p. 4; Edwin Mims, “Address to Southern Conference on Education,” in Mims Papers; “Peay Not to Visit Dayton for Trial,” Nashville Banner, 16 June 1925, p. 1; “Doubts Legality of Special Term,” Chattanooga Times, 24 May 1925, p. 9; “J. Will Taylor’s Comments,” Nashville Banner, 26 May 1925, p. 1.

19. “Cheap Publicity,” p. 4; “Hungered and Thirsted for Publicity,” Knoxville Journal, 18 July 1925, p. 6; “A Humiliating Proceeding,” Chattanooga Times, 8 July 1925, p. 4; “Dayton Now Famous,” Nashville Banner, 26 May 1925, p. 8; “Tennessee’s Opportunity,” Nashville Banner, 12 July 1925, p. 1.

20. “The Dayton Serio-Comedy,” Chattanooga Times, 24 June 1925, p. 4.

21. “Southerners Open the Exposition,” New York Times, 12 May 1925, p. 11.

22. “The South and Its Critics,” Chattanooga Times, 8 May 1925, p. 1.

23. “Come South,” Nashville Banner, 6 May 1925, p. 8, and “Arrest Under Law,” p. 1.

24. Scopes, Center of the Storm, 63.

25. “Scopes Held for Trial Under Evolution Law,” Commercial Appeal (Memphis), 10 May 1925, p. 1; “Scopes Held to Grand Jury in Evolution Test,” Nashville Tennessean, 10 May 1925, p. 1; Scopes, Center of the Storm, 63–65.

26. “Evolution Taught at Central High,” Chattanooga Times, 19 May 1925, p. 5.

27. “Dayton to Raise Advertising Fund,” Chattanooga Times, 23 May 1925, p. 15; “Dayton Seeks Pup Tents and Loud Speakers for Scopes Trial Crowd,” Nashville Tennessean, 23 May 1925, p. 1; “Set Stage for Evolution Case,” Nashville Banner, 24 May 1925, p. 1; “Preparations Begin for Evolution Trial,” Knoxville Journal, 6 June 1925, p. 1; “Nation Divided on Darwinism as Trial Looms,” Nashville Tennessean, 29 May 1925, p. 1.

28. “Trial Can Be Held in June, Says Judge,” Chattanooga Times, 21 May 1925, p. 2; “H. G. Wells May Fight Bryan in Scopes Case,” Commercial Appeal (Memphis), 15 May 1925, p. 35.

29. “You May Not Be for Him, but, Nevertheless, There He Is,” Columbus Dispatch, 14 July 1925, p. 4; W. J. Bryan to Cartoonist, Columbus Dispatch, 27 July 1925, p. 1.

30. “Material Criticism Decries Supernatural,” Commercial Appeal (Memphis), 5 May 1925, p. 1.

31. “Commoner Believes Evolution Tommyrot,” Commercial Appeal (Memphis), 11 May 1925, p. 1.

32. Ibid., p. 1; “Radical Enemies of Evolution Forced to Acknowledge Defeat,” Commercial Appeal (Memphis), 15 May 1925, p. 1; W. B. Riley, “The World’s Christian Fundamentals Association and the Scopes Trial,” Christian Fundamentals in School and Church 7 (October–December 1925), 37; “Bryan May Be in Case,” Nashville Banner, 12 May 1925, p. 1.

33. The Memphis Press to Rhea County, 14 May 1925, in Hicks Papers.

34. Sue K. Hicks to the Memphis Press, 14 May 1925, in Hicks Papers; Sue K. Hicks to William J. Bryan, 14 May 1925, reprinted in William Jennings Bryan and Mary Baird Bryan, The Memoirs of William Jennings Bryan (Philadelphia: United, 1925), 483.

35. W. J. Bryan to Sue Hicks, 20 May 1925, in Hicks Papers.

36. “Darrow Falls Back on Omar,” Commercial Appeal (Memphis), 18 April 1925, p. 6.

37. Clarence Darrow, The Story of My Life (New York: Grosset, 1932), 249.

38. “Darrow Ready to Aid Prof. Scopes,” Nashville Banner, 16 May 1925, p. 1. Bryan’s daughter Grace later blamed the participation of Malone in the Scopes defense on his desire to “‘get even’ because of the severe rebuke father gave him which resulted in his dismissal from the State Department” when Bryan served as Secretary of State. Grace Dexter Bryan to Sue K. Hicks, 12 April 1940, in Hicks Papers.

39. “Make It Bryan vs. Darrow,” St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 14 May 1925, p. 20.

40. Forrest Bailey to Walter Lippmann, 12 June 1926, in ACLU Archives, vol. 311.

41. American Civil Liberties Union, Minutes of 6/8/25 Executive Committee Meeting, in ACLU Archives, vol. 279.

42. Scopes, Center of the Storm, 70–72.

43. Bailey to Lippmann, 12 June 1926.

44. W. H. Pitkin to Felix Frankfurter, 10 November 1926, in ACLU Archives, vol. 299.

45. “Scopes Dined, Says Fight Is for Liberty,” New York Times, 11 June 1925, p. 1; “Malone Will Not Be Goat,” Nashville Banner, 11 June 1925, p. 1; “Jazz Faction Puts Malone Back in Case,” Chattanooga Times, 11 June 1925, p. 1.

46. “Darrow Likens Bryan to Nero,” Nashville Banner, 18 May 1925, p. 1.

47. For example, Brewer Eddy to John R. Neal, 10 September 1925, in ACLU Archives, vol. 274.

48. Bryant Harbert, “Darrow an Atheist, Is Bryan’s Answer,” Commercial Appeal (Memphis), 23 May 1925, p. 1.

49. “Bryan Hissed and Cheered in Evolution Speech,” Nashville Tennessean, 19 May 1925, p. 1; William Jennings Bryan to James W. Freedman, 10 June 1925, in Bryan Papers. For the New York Times editorial position, see “The End Is in Sight at Dayton,” New York Times, 18 July 1925, p. 12; “Ended at Last,” New York Times, 22 July 1925, p. 18.

50. “Dayton Jolly as Evolution Trial Looms,” Chattanooga Times, 21 May 1925, p. 1; “Dayton to Raise Advertising Fund,” Chattanooga Times, 23 May 1925, p. 15.

51. “Clarence Darrow Retires,” Commercial Appeal (Memphis), 27 April 1925, p. 6.

52. “Scopes’ Legal Advisors Split on Outside Aid,” Chattanooga Times, 29 May 1925, p. 1; “Dayton Jolly,” 1; “Darrow–Malone Defense Scopes Riles Dayton,” Knoxville Journal, 28 May 1925, p. 1; “Evolution Trial Raises Two Sharp Issues,” New York Times, 31 June 1925, sec. 9, p. 4; “The Scopes Defense,” Commercial Appeal (Memphis), 30 May 1925, p. 8; “Scopes Glad to Have Help of Notables,” Chattanooga Times, 30 May 1925, p. 1.

53. “Evolution Case Won’t Test Truth of Theory, Says Neal,” Nashville Tennessean, 16 May 1925, p. 1.

54. “Dr. Neal Swamped by Mail Over Scopes Case,” Knoxville Journal, 28 May 1925, p. 1.

55. “Two Extreme Views,” Chattanooga Times, 1 July 1925, p. 4.

56. “Not in Favor of Extra Term of Rhea Court,” Chattanooga Times, 21 May 1925, p. 2.

57. “Says Evolution Law Wholesome Statute,” Chattanooga Times, 24 May 1925, p. 9.

58. Philip Kinsley, “Scopes Indicted for Teaching Evolution,” Commercial Appeal (Memphis), 26 May 1925, p. 1.

59. “Prompt Action by Grand Jury,” Nashville Banner, 25 May 1925, p. 1; Kinsley, “Scopes Indicted,” p. 1; “Scopes Is Indicted in Tennessee for Teaching Evolution,” New York Times, 26 May 1925, p. 1; “Jury Foreman in Scopes Case Is Evolutionist,” Evening World (New York), 26 May 1925, p. 1.

60. “Judge’s Own Views,” Nashville Banner, 25 May 1925, p. 5; Kinsley, “Scopes Indicted,” 2.

61. “Trial July 10 Suits Bryan,” Nashville Banner, 26 May 1925, p. 1.

62. Kinsley, “Scopes Indicted,” 1.

CHAPTER FIVE. JOCKEYING FOR POSITION

1. “Butler Denounces New Barbarians,” New York Times, 4 June 1925, p. 3.

2. “Antievolution Law Termed Outrageous,” Nashville Banner, 28 June 1925, p. 1; “Tennessee Hit by Dr. Potter,” Nashville Banner, 15 June 1925, p. 1.

3. “Shaw and Coleman on Scopes Trial,” New Leader (New York) 25 July 1925, p. 6 (reprint of Shaw’s pretrial speech); David M. Church, “Net of Dayton Trial Spreads,” Nashville Banner, 7 June 1925, sec. 2, p. 7; Frederick Kuh, “Ape Case Loosens Up Tongue of Einstein,” Pittsburgh Sun, 22 June 1925, p. 10.

4. “Scopes Dined Says Fight Is for Liberty,” New York Times, 11 June 1925, p. 1.

5. Oliver H. P. Garett, “Colby Enters Scopes Case: Darrow Chief,” Chattanooga Times, 10 June 1925, p. 1 (reprint of New York World article).

6. “Scopes Here Grins, Does Not Know If He Is a Christian,” New York World, 7 June 1925, p. 1; Edward Levinson, “Man and Monkey: An Interview with Scopes,” New Leader (New York), 11 July 1925.

7. “Scopes Rests Hope in U.S. Constitution and Supreme Court,” Washington Post, 13 June 1925, p. 1.

8. Henry Fairfield Osborn, Evolution and Religion in Education (New York: Scribner’s, 1925), 34, 90, 96, 117, 122 (reprint of Osborn’s 1925 The Earth Speaks to Bryan, with added chapters); “Science and Showmanship,” New York World, 14 July 1925, p. 10.

9. “Dr. Osborn Advises Scopes on Defense,” New York Times, 9 June 1925, p. 5.

10. “Scientists Pledge Support to Tennessee Professor Arrested for Teaching Evolution,” Daily Science News Bulletin, 18 May 1925 (press release), in ACLU Archives, vol. 273.

11. George Hunter, A Civic Biology (New York: American, 1914), 261.

12. C. B. Davenport, “Evidences for Evolution,” Nashville Banner, 1 June 1925, p. 6.

13. Henry Fairfield Osborn, “Osborn States the Case for Human Evolution,” New York Times, 12 July 1925, sec. 8, p. 1; Kenneth Kyle Bailey, “The Anti-Evolution Crusade of the Nineteen-Twenties,” Ph.D. diss., Vanderbilt University, 1953, p. 127; Luther Burbank to John Haynes Holmes, 29 July 1925, in ACLU Archives, vol. 274; Ray Ginger, Six Days or Forever? Tennessee versus John Thomas Scopes (Boston: Beacon, 1958), p. 79.

14. “‘Monkey Law’ in Limelight,” Nashville Banner, 22 May 1925, p. 1.

15. “Declares Bryan Befogs the Issue,” New York Times, 18 May 1925, p. 8.

16. “Says Scopes Trial Will Help Religion,” New York Times, 15 June 1925, p. 18; “Bible and Evolution Conflict, Says Potter,” Chattanooga Times, 2 July 1925, p. 2.

17. H. L. Mencken, “The Monkey Trial: A Reporter’s Account,” in Jerry R. Tomkins, ed., D-Days at Dayton: Reflections of the Scopes Trial (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1965), 40 (reprint of 13 July 1925 article).

18. Transcript, 75.

19. “Dean Divinity School Thinks Bible Is Not in Conflict with Evolution,” Chattanooga Times, 10 July 1925, p. 14; Transcript, 224–25.

20. “Sees Bryan as a Pharisee,” New York Times, 18 May 1925, p. 8; “Two Extreme Views,” Chattanooga Times, 1 July 1925, p. 4; “Tennessee Held Up to Scorn by Aked,” Nashville Banner, 12 June 1925, p. 2.

21. “Evolution Is Discussed by Two Ministers in Knoxville,” Knoxville Journal, 8 June 1925, p. 5.

22. “V. U. Seniors Hear Theologian Rank Darwin as Saint,” Nashville Tennessean, 8 June 1925, p. 1.

23. Transcript, 223–24.

24. Transcript, 229.

25. William Jennings Bryan, Seven Questions in Dispute (New York: Revell, 1924), 128.

26. “Real Religion and Real Science,” Commercial Appeal (Memphis), 26 July 1925, sec. 1, p. 4.

27. “Tennessee Hit by Dr. Potter,” p. 1; Herbert Sanborn, “Four Species of Evolution,” Nashville Banner, 5 July 1925, p. 2.

28. “Deny Science Wars Against Religion,” New York Times, 25 May 1923, p. 1.

29. “Evolution Given Hard Jolt,” Knoxville Journal, 14 March 1925, p. 1.

30. “Resolution Aimed at Tennessee Law,” Nashville Banner, 1 July 1925, p. 21; “Educators Taboo Evolution Question,” Nashville Banner, 1 July 1925, p. 21.

31. “Pastor Compares Darrow, Devil,” Knoxville Journal, 1 July 1925, p. 2.

32. J. Frank Norris to W. J. Bryan, n.d. [June 1925], in Bryan Papers.

33. “Billy Sunday Not to Go to Dayton,” Nashville Banner, 7 July 1925, p. 9.

34. Ronald L. Numbers, “Introduction,” in Ronald L. Numbers, ed., Creation–Evolution Debates (New York: Garland, 1995), ix.

35. W. J. Bryan to John Straton, 1 July 1925, in Bryan Papers.

36. “S. F. Debate on Evolution Ends in ‘Tie’,” San Francisco Examiner, 15 June 1925, p. 13.

37. “The San Francisco Debates on Evolution,” in Numbers, ed., Creation–Evolution Debates, 196, 289–90, 364.

38. George McCready Price to W. J. Bryan, 1 July 1925, in Bryan Papers.

39. W. J. Bryan to Dorothy MacIver James, 9 May 1925, in Bryan Papers.

40. “Daily Editorial Digest,” Nashville Banner, 22 May 1925, p. 8; “Weird Adventures of 200 Reporters At Tennessee Evolution Trial,” Editor & Publisher, 18 July 1925, p. 1.

41. Edward Caudill, “The Roots of Bias: An Empiricist Press and Coverage of the Scopes Trial,” Journalism Monographs 114 (July 1989), 32.

42. “Novel View in Evolution Row,” Chattanooga Times, 6 July 1925, p. 12.

43. T. W. Callaway, “One Evolutionist Out of Hundred,” Chattanooga Times, 11 July 1925, p. 1.

44. Ira Hicks to Sue K. Hicks, n.d. [mid June 1925], in Hicks Papers.

45. “Baptist Editor Supports Bryan,” Nashville Banner, 13 June 1925, p. 1.

46. “Evolution in the Public Schools,” The Present Truth, 1 July 1925, p. 1.

47. “Dayton Keyed Up for Opening Today of Trial of Scopes,” New York Times, 10 July 1925, p. 1.

48. Philip Kinsley, “Invoke Divine Guidance for Evolution Case,” Chicago Tribune, 10 June 1925, p. 1.

49. “Anti-Evolution Leagues Form Over Country,” Chattanooga Times, 2 July 1925, p. 1.

50. “Bryan Discusses Tennessee Case,” Nashville Banner, 2 June 1925, p. 3.

51. “Bryan Calls Attention to Decision in Oregon,” Chattanooga Times, 4 June 1925, p. 1.

52. “Modernist Fires Back at Commoner,” Nashville Banner, 20 May 1925, p. 1.

53. “People Will Settle Question, Says Bryan,” Chattanooga Times, 3 July 1925, p. 1.

54. “Bryan Gets the Jump on Defense Lawyers,” Commercial Appeal (Memphis), 9 July 1925, p. 1.

55. W. J. Bryan to Sue K. Hicks, 28 May 1925, in Hicks Papers.

56. Sue K. Hicks to Ira E. Hicks, 8 June 1925, in Hicks Papers.

57. Sue K. Hicks to Reese V. Hicks, 8 June 1925, in Hicks Papers.

58. Bryan to Hicks (emphasis in original).

59. “Bryan Outlines Issues,” p. 1.

60. Sue Hicks to Reese Hicks; Sue Hicks to Ira Hicks.

61. W. J. Bryan to Dr. Howard A. Kelly, 17 June 1925, in Bryan Papers.

62. Sue Hicks to Ira Hicks.

63. Ira E. Hicks to Sue K. Hicks, 5 June 1925, in Hicks Papers; Sue K. Hicks to W. J. Bryan, 8 June 1925, in Hicks Papers.

64. W. J. Bryan to George McCready Price, 1 June 1925, in Bryan Papers.

65. George McCready Price to W. J. Bryan, 1 July 1925, in Bryan Papers.

66. Howard A. Kelly to W. J. Bryan, 15 June 1925, in Bryan Papers.

67. W. J. Bryan to Howard A. Kelly, 22 June 1925, in Bryan Papers.

68. W. J. Bryan to S. K. Hicks, 10 June 1925, in Hicks Papers.

69. Ibid.

70. Samuel Untermyer to W. J. Bryan, 25 June 1925, in Bryan Papers.

71. Herbert E. Hicks and Sue K. Hicks to W. J. Bryan, 10 June 1925, in Hicks Papers; Herbert E. Hicks and Sue K. Hicks to W. J. Bryan, 13 June 1925, in Hicks Papers; W. J. Bryan to S. K. Hicks, 16 June 1926, in Hicks Papers; Ginger, Six Days or Forever? 74–78.

72. Herbert E. Hicks and Sue K. Hicks to John T. Raulston, 1 July 1925, in Hicks Papers.

73. “Give Up Schools Before Bible Is Peay’s Attitude,” Nashville Tennessean, 27 June 1925, p. 1.

74. “Dayton Trial Will Be Brief, Nashville Lawyer Predicts,” Nashville Banner, 9 June 1925, p. 10.

75. W. J. Bryan to W. B. Marr, 15 June 1925, in Darrow Papers.

76. “Stewart Predicts Act Will Stand Acid Test,” Chattanooga Times, 11 June 1925, p. 2.

77. “Scopes Counsel Expect Trial to Last Month,” Nashville Tennessean, 23 June 1925, p. 1; Arthur Garfield Hays, “The Strategy of the Scopes Defense,” The Nation, 5 August 1925, pp. 157–58.

78. “Witnesses for Defense at Dayton,” Nashville Banner, 26 June 1925, p. 20.

79. Bryan, Seven Questions in Dispute, 154; “Bryan Discusses Evolution Case,” Nashville Banner, 2 June 1925, p. 3; Transcript, 172.

80. “No Such Thing as Evolution, Bryan Declares,” Chattanooga Times, 2 June 1925, p. 1.

81. W. J. Bryan to W. B. Riley, 27 March 1925, in Bryan Papers; Transcript, 230.

82. Mencken, “Monkey Trial,” 40 (reprint of 13 July 1925 article).

83. John T. Scopes, The Center of the Storm: Memoirs of John T. Scopes (New York: Holt, 1967), 78.

84. Letter from Sue K. Hicks to W. J. Bryan, 23 June 1925, in Hicks Papers.

85. “Darrow Declares He Is Always Seeking Truth,” Knoxville Journal, 23 June 1925, p. 1; “Glut of Laws Threat Against All Freedom,” Commercial Appeal (Memphis), 24 June 1925, p. 1; “Scopes Dined Says Fight Is for Liberty,” p. 1; “Drab Views Bared Before Capacity Crowd in Speech,” Knoxville Journal, 24 June 1925, p. 1.

86. Arthur Garfield Hays, City Lawyer (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1942), 212.

87. Hicks to Bryan, 23 June 1925; “Drab Views Bared,” p. 1.

88. James Gibson, “Evolution Stalks State Bar Meeting,” Commercial Appeal (Memphis), 17 June 1925, p. 1; “Keebler’s Attack on Legislation Is Not Sustained,” Knoxville Journal, 26 June 1925, p. 1.

89. “$10,000 Defense Fund Is Asked for Scopes; To Be Spent on Case in Lower Courts,” New York Times, 22 June 1925, p. 1.

90. “Anti-Evolution Act Invasion of Rights—Malone,” Knoxville Journal, 28 June 1925, p. 1.

91. “Scopes Counsel, Here, Plans for Evolution Case,” Chicago Tribune, 30 June 1925, p. 6.

92. “Scopes Trial Food for Thought, Colby,” Knoxville Journal, 25 June 1925, p. 1.

93. “Rogers Sidesteps Evolution Trial,” Nashville Banner, 31 May 1925, p. 1.

94. “Scopes Trial Call Test Free Speech,” Chattanooga Times, 25 June 1925, p. 5; “Malone Pays His Respects to W. J. Bryan,” Chattanooga Times, 26 June 1925, p. 5; “Malone Says Constitution Facing Test,” Chattanooga Times, 27 June 1925, p. 5; “Says Legislature Can’t Make Morals,” Nashville Banner, 28 June 1925, p. 5.

95. W. B. Marr to Sue and Herbert Hicks, 10 June 1925, in Hicks Papers.

96. “Dr. Neal Says Renaissance Now Dawning,” Chattanooga Times, 30 June 1925, p. 1; “Scopes Dined Says Fight Is for Liberty,” p. 1.

97. “Scopes Attorney Fight Dayton Trial,” New York Times, 4 July 1925, p. 2; “Federal Judge Refuses to Take Jurisdiction in Scopes Case; Trial Opens Friday in Dayton,” Chattanooga Times, 7 July 1925, p. 1; Scopes, Center of the Storm, 78–82.

98. “Federal Judge Refuses,” p. 1.

99. Mencken, “Monkey Trial,” 44 (reprint of 15 July 1925 article).

100. “Broadcast of Scopes Trial Unprecedented,” Chicago Tribune, 5 July 1925, sec. 7, p. 6; Philip Kinsley, “Dayton Raises Curtain Soon,” Nashville Banner, 5 July 1925, p. 6.

101. Mencken, “Monkey Trial,” 43 (reprint of 15 July 1925 article). Mason’s activities in Tennessee were discussed in Joe Maxwell, “Building the Church (of God in Christ),” Christianity Today, 8 April 1996, p. 25.

102. “Dayton Keyed Up for Opening Today of Trial of Scopes,” New York Times, 10 July 1925, p. 1.

103. T. W. Callaway, “Dayton Bootblack Gives Preacher His Definition of Fundamentalism,” Chattanooga Times, 8 July 1925, p. 1.

104. “Dayton Cheers the Commoner,” Chattanooga Times, 8 July 1925, p. 1.

105. “Bryan in Dayton, Calls Scopes Trial Duel to the Death,” New York Times, 8 June 1925, p. 1.

106. “Visitors Come on Every Train,” Nashville Banner, 9 July 1925, p. 3.

107. W. C. Cross, “Bryan, Noted Orator, in Favor at Dayton,” Knoxville Journal, 10 July 1925, p. 1.

108. “Bryan Threatens National Campaign to Bar Evolution,” New York Times, 8 July 1925, p. 1.

109. Philip Kinsley, “Bryan Gets Jump on Defense Lawyers,” Commercial Appeal, 9 July 1925, p. 1.

110. Transcript, 159.

111. “Malone Glad Trial Starts on a Friday,” Chattanooga Times, 10 July 1925, p. 2.

112. Ibid.; Charles Francis Potter, “Ten Years After the Monkey Show I’m Going Back to Dayton,” Liberty, 28 September 1935, p. 36.

113. Clarence Darrow, The Story of My Life (New York: Grosset, 1932), 251.

114. “Darrow Loud in His Protest,” Nashville Banner, 8 July 1925, p. 1.

115. “Dayton Keyed Up,” p. 1; Philip Kinsley, “Invoke Divine Guidance for Evolution Case,” Chattanooga Times, 10 July 1925, p. 1.

CHAPTER SIX. PRELIMINARY ROUNDS

1. Sterling Tracy, “No Modernists Named on the Scopes Jury; All Believe in Bible,” Commercial Appeal (Memphis), 11 July 1925, p. 1.

2. “Scopes Jury Chosen with Dramatic Speed,” New York Times, 11 July 1925, p. 1.

3. “Dayton Disappointed,” Chattanooga Times, 11 July 1925, p. 1.

4. Clarence Darrow, The Story of My Life (New York: Grosset, 1932), 256.

5. Arthur Garfield Hays, Let Freedom Ring (New York: Liveright, 1928), 34.

6. “Scopes Jury Chosen with Dramatic Speed,” 1.

7. Ibid.; “Quash Indictment but Return New One,” Nashville Banner, 10 July 1925, p. 1.

8. John T. Scopes, Center of the Storm: Memoirs of John T. Scopes (New York: Holt, 1967), 102–3.

9. W. J. Bryan to S. K. Hicks, 25 June 1925, in Hicks Papers.

10. Darrow, My Life, 256.

11. Scopes, Center of the Storm, 105; Hays, Let Freedom Ring, 76–77; Transcript, 3, 109.

12. Transcript, 41; Tracy, “No Modernists Named on the Scopes Jury,” 1.

13. Transcript, 29–36.

14. Transcript, 13–14; Hays, Let Freedom Ring, 37; Watson Davis, “School of Science for Rhea County,” Chattanooga Times, 11 July 1925, p. 1.

15. Transcript, 14.

16. H. L. Mencken, “The Monkey Trial: A Reporter’s Account,” in Jerry D. Tompkins, ed., D-Days at Dayton: Reflections on the Scopes Trial (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1965), 38–39 (reprint of 11 July 1925 article).

17. Tracy, “No Modernists Named on the Scopes Jury,” 1.

18. “A Typical Southern Jury,” Pittsburgh American, 17 July 1925, p. 4.

19. Transcript, 43.

20. Transcript, 7–9.

21. Davis, “School of Science for Rhea County,” 1.

22. Transcript, 43.

23. Jack Lait, “Scopes Trial Keys Up Dayton,” Nashville Banner, 12 July 1925, p. 1.

24. “Dayton’s Police Suppress Skeptics,” New York Times, 12 July 1925, p. 1.

25. Mencken, “Monkey Trial,” 40 (reprint of 13 July 1925 article).

26. Ralph Perry, “‘Loud Speaker’ for the State,” Nashville Banner, 13 July 1925, p. 1.

27. “Hostility Grows in Dayton Crowd; Champions Clash,” New York Times, 12 July 1925, p. 1.

28. Ibid.

29. “Dayton’s One Pro-Evolution Pastor Quits as Threat Bars Dr. Potter from Pulpit,” New York Times, 13 July 1925, p. 1. (Article title refers to Howard G. Byrd, pastor of Dayton’s northern Methodist church, who quit after his invitation to let Potter deliver the Sunday sermon was overruled by the congregation.)

30. “Dayton’s One Pro-Evolution Pastor Quits,” 1.

31. “Crowds Jam Court to See Champions,” New York Times, 14 July 1925, p. 1.

32. Darrow, My Life, 259.

33. Transcript, 45.

34. Transcript, 50.

35. Transcript, 55.

36. Transcript, 56–57; Hays, Let Freedom Ring, 42–43.

37. “Clash of Attorneys,” Nashville Banner, 13 July 1925, p. 3.

38. Transcript, 66.

39. Transcript, 66–68, 73.

40. “Lively Clashes in Move to Quash Indictment,” Chattanooga Times, 14 July 1925, p. 1.

41. Darrow, My Life, 259–60.

42. “Darrow Scores Ignorance and Bigotry Seeking to Quash Scopes Indictment,” New York Times, 14 July 1925, p. 1.

43. Transcript, 75.

44. Transcript, 79–84.

45. Transcript, 77–87.

46. “Darrow Scores Ignorance and Bigotry,” 1.

47. Mencken, “Monkey Trial,” 41 (reprint of 14 July 1925 article).

48. “Darrow Scores Ignorance and Bigotry,” 1.

49. Philip Kinsley, “Liberty at Stake if Law Stands, Darrow Says,” Chicago Tribune, 14 July 1925, p. 1.

50. Joseph Wood Krutch, “Darrow vs. Bryan,” Nation, 29 July 1925, p. 136.

51. Hays, Let Freedom Ring, 46.

52. “Lively Clashes in Move to Quash Indictment,” 1.

53. Darrow, My Life, 257.

54. “Darrow’s Paradise,” Commercial Appeal (Memphis), 15 July 1925, p. 1.

55. Mencken, “Monkey Trial,” 41 (reprint of 14 July 1925 article).

56. Hays, Let Freedom Ring, 41.

57. Transcript, 89–90.

58. Transcript, 90–91; “Stormy Scenes in the Trial of Scopes as Darrow Moves to Bar All Prayers,” New York Times, 15 July 1925, p. 1.

59. Transcript, 92.

60. Sterling Tracy, “Lawyers Out for Gore When Evolution Trial Starts to Get Rough,” Commercial Appeal (Memphis), 15 July 1925, p. 1.

61. Transcript, 93–94; “Weird Adventures of 200 Reporters at Tennessee Evolution Trial,” Editor & Publisher, 18 July 1925, p. 1.

62. Tracy, “Lawyers Out for Gore,” 1.

63. Transcript, 97, 98, 102.

64. Scopes, Center of the Storm, 124.

CHAPTER SEVEN. THE TRIAL OF THE CENTURY

1. Ralph Perry, “Defense Calls Dr. Metcalf,” Nashville Banner, 16 July 1925, p. 6.

2. John T. Scopes, Center of the Storm: Memoirs of John T. Scopes (New York: Holt, 1967), 138–39.

3. “Schoolboy Testimony State’s Program Now,” Chattanooga Times, 14 July 1925, p. 2.

4. Transcript, 112.

5. Transcript, 113–16.

6. Transcript, 113–15.

7. Sterling Tracy, “Scientific Evidence, Issue in Scopes Case, Is Pondered by Court,” Commercial Appeal (Memphis), 16 July 1925, p. 1.

8. H. L. Mencken, “The Monkey Trial: A Reporter’s Account,” in Jerry D. Tompkins, ed., D-Days at Dayton: Reflections on the Scopes Trial (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1965), 44 (reprint of 14 July 1925 article).

9. Transcript, 121–22.

10. Transcript, 127.

11. Transcript, 129–31.

12. Transcript, 133.

13. Scopes, Center of the Storm, 136, 188.

14. Transcript, 138.

15. Mencken, “Monkey Trial,” 45 (reprint of 7 July 1925 article).

16. Transcript, 139.

17. “Darrow Puts First Scientist on Stand to Instruct Scopes Judge on Evolution; State Completes Its Case in One Hour,” New York Times, 16 July 1925, p. 1.

18. Sterling Tracy, “Malone Wins Cheers from Dayton People on Answering Bryan,” Commercial Appeal (Memphis), 17 July 1925, p. 1.

19. Transcript, 153.

20. Transcript, 156–60.

21. Transcript, 163–64, 166–67, 169; “Prosecution Moves to Exclude Experts,” Nashville Banner, 16 July 1925, p. 1.

22. Philip Kinsley, “They Call Us Bigots When We Refuse to Throw Away Our Bibles,” Commercial Appeal (Memphis), 17 July 1925, p. 1 (Chicago Tribune wire story).

23. Transcript, 170.

24. Clarence Darrow, The Story of My Life (New York: Grosset, 1932), 263.

25. Transcript, 170–80.

26. Transcript, 180–82.

27. Scopes, Center of the Storm, 147–48.

28. Transcript, 184–88.

29. Sterling Tracy, “Malone Wins Cheers from Dayton People on Answering Bryan,” Commercial Appeal (Memphis), 17 July 1925, p. 1; Arthur Garfield Hays, Let Freedom Ring (New York: Liveright, 1928), 65–66; John Washington Butler, “For Heaven’s Sake!” Commercial Appeal (Memphis), 19 July 1925, p. 3; Scopes, Center of the Storm, 154–56.

30. Transcript, 190–99; Tracy, “Malone Wins Cheers,” 1.

31. Ralph Perry, “Eventful Hour of Scopes Trial,” Nashville Banner, 17 July 1925, p. 1.

32. “Bryan Defends Tennessee and Its Law; Calls Evolution Attack on Church; Spirited Debate on Expert Evidence,” New York Times, 17 July 1925, p. 1.

33. Kinsley, “They Call Us Bigots,” 1.

34. Transcript, 185.

35. Transcript, 201–3 (emphasis added); Scopes, Center of the Storm, 158–59; “Judge Shatters the Scopes Defense by Barring Testimony of Scientists; Sharp Clashes as Darrow Defies the Court,” New York Times, 18 July 1925, p. 1.

36. Transcript, 204–9; Hays, Let Freedom Ring, 67–68.

37. Transcript, 207–9; Sterling Tracy, “Scientists Excluded, Darrow Spends a Day ‘Strafing’ the Judge,” Commercial Appeal (Memphis), 18 July 1925, p. 1.

38. Mencken, “Monkey Trial,” 50 (reprint of 18 July 1925 article).

39. “Weird Adventures of 200 Reporters at Tennessee Evolution Trial,” Editor & Publisher, 18 July 1925, p. 1.

40. “Mencken Epithets Raise Dayton’s Ire,” New York Times, 17 July 1925, p. 3.

41. Charles Francis Potter, “Ten Years After the Monkey Show I’m Going Back to Dayton,” Liberty, 28 September 1935, p. 37.

42. Bill Perry, “Scopes Defense Facing Defeat,” Nashville Banner, 19 July 1925, p. 1.

43. “Defense Counsel at Work on Affidavits,” Nashville Banner, 18 July 1925, p. 1; “Bryan’s Statement,” Commercial Appeal (Memphis), 19 July 1925, p. 1; John Herrick, “Bryan Stirs Up Animus Among Tennessee Folk,” Chicago Tribune, 20 July 1925, p. 4.

44. “Offer of $10,000 to Start Bryan ‘University’ Opens Dayton Campaign for $1,000,000 Fund,” New York Times, 17 July 1925, p. 1.

45. “Darrow’s Statement,” Commercial Appeal (Memphis), 19 July 1925, p. 1; “Bryan and Darrow Wage War of Words in Trial Interlude,” New York Times, 19 July 1925, p. 1; “Bryan Now Regrets Barring of Experts,” New York Times, 18 July 1925, p. 2.

46. Herrick, “Bryan Stirs Up Animus,” 1.

47. “Defense Counsel Make Ready for Final Battle,” Nashville Tennessean, 19 July 1925, p. 1.

48. Perry, “Scopes Defense Facing Defeat,” 1.

49. Transcript, 211.

50. Transcript, 216–80.

51. Transcript, 225–27.

52. Scopes, Center of the Storm, 114.

53. “Bryan, Made Witness in Open Air Court, Shakes His Fist at Darrow Amid Cheers; Apology End Contempt Proceedings,” New York Times, 21 July 1925, p. 1.

54. “Defense Counsel Make Ready for Final Battle,” 1.

55. Scopes, Center of the Storm, 166.

56. Transcript, 288.

57. “Big Crowd Watches Trial Under Trees,” New York Times, 21 July 1925, p. 1.

58. Ralph Perry, “Added Thrill Given Dayton,” Nashville Banner, 21 July 1925, p. 2.

59. Darrow, My Life, 267.

60. Transcript, 285.

61. Transcript, 302.

62. Hays, Let Freedom Ring, 77.

63. Scopes, Center of the Storm, 178.

64. Transcript, 302.

65. “Bryan, Made Witness in Open Air Court,” 1.

66. Transcript, 299.

67. Transcript, 304.

68. Ralph Perry, “Added Thrill Given Dayton,” Nashville Banner, 21 July 1925, p. 2.

69. Sterling Tracy, “Darrow Quizzes Bryan; Agnosticism in Clash with Fundamentalism,” Commercial Appeal (Memphis), 21 July 1925, p. 1.

70. Clarence Darrow to H. L. Mencken, 15 August 1925, in H. L. Mencken Collection, New York Public Library, NY.

71. Transcript, 305.

72. Transcript, 306–8.

73. Transcript, 311–12.

74. Corinne Rich, “Jurors Know Least About Scopes Trial,” Commercial Appeal (Memphis), 22 July 1925, p. 1.

75. “Scopes Fined $100,” Chattanooga Times, 22 July 1925, p. 1.

76. Sterling Tracy, “Scopes Is Convicted; Draws $100 Fine for Teaching Evolution,” Commercial Appeal (Memphis), 22 July 1925, p. 1.

77. Transcript, 316–17.

CHAPTER EIGHT. THE END OF AN ERA

1. Lawrence W. Levine, Defender of the Faith: William Jennings Bryan, The Last Decade, 1915–1925 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1965), 355.

2. “Commoner Propounds 9 Specific Questions to Chicago Attorney,” Knoxville Journal, 22 July 1925, p. 8.

3. “Dayton Hears Parting Shots,” Nashville Banner, 22 July 1925, p. 4.

4. “Bryan Doesn’t Claim ‘To Know Everything’; He Replies to Foes,” Commercial Appeal (Memphis), 23 July 1925, p. 1.

5. Transcript, 338. (Bryan’s unused closing argument was printed as a supplement in the unofficial published version of the trial transcript.)

6. George F. Milton, “A Dayton Postscript,” Outlook 140 (1925), 552. For a similar comment, see Milton’s editorial, “Disgraceful Performance,” Chattanooga News, 21 July 1925, p. 8.

7. Ray Ginger, Six Days or Forever? Tennessee v. John Thomas Scopes (London: Oxford University Press, 1958), 192; “Bryan Satisfied with His Recent Crusades,” Commercial Appeal (Memphis), 23 July 1925, p. 3.

8. Grace Dexter Bryan to Judge Sue Hicks, 12 April 1940, in Hicks Papers.

9. William Jennings Bryan and Mary Baird Bryan, The Memoirs of William Jennings Bryan (Philadelphia: United, 1925), 485–86.

10. Transcript, 339.

11. Irving Stone, Clarence Darrow for the Defense (New York: Doubleday, 1941), 464; Joseph Wood Krutch, “The Great Monkey Trial,” Commentary (May 1967), 84; Robert D. Linder, “Fifty Years After Scopes: Lessons to Learn, a Heritage to Reclaim,” Christianity Today, 18 July 1975, p. 9.

12. Arthur Garfield Hays, Let Freedom Ring (New York: Liveright, 1928), 79–80.

13. “Dayton Snap Shots,” Nashville Banner, 12 July 1925, p. 8.

14. “Dayton Back to Earth,” Commercial Appeal (Memphis), 23 July 1925, p. 2; “Dayton’s Subsidence,” Nashville Banner, 22 July 1925, p. 8; John T. Scopes, Center of the Storm: Memoirs of John T. Scopes (New York: Holt, 1967), 191–95.

15. Scopes, Center of the Storm, 194, 206–7.

16. Russell D. Owen, “The Significance of the Scopes Trial,” Current History 22 (1925), 875.

17. Herbert E. Hicks to Ira Evans Hicks, 22 July 1925, in Hicks Papers; “Malone Talks at Follies,” New York Times, 24 July 1925, p. 13; Arthur Garfield Hays, “The Strategy of the Scopes Defense,” The Nation, 5 August 1925, p. 158.

18. H. L. Mencken, “The Monkey Trial: A Reporter’s Account,” in Jerry D. Tompkins, ed., D-Days at Dayton: Reflections on the Scopes Trial (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1965), 51 (reprint of 18 July 1925 article); “Says Evolution Laws Will Become General,” Commercial Appeal (Memphis), 23 July 1925, p. 4.

19. Ralph Perry, “Both Won in Scopes Hearing,” Nashville Banner, 22 July 1925, p. 1.

20. T. W. Callaway, “Think Darrow Met His Match,” Chattanooga Times, 22 July 1925, p. 2; W. S. Keese, “Declares Bryan Shorn of Strength,” Chattanooga Times, 22 July 1925, p. 2.

21. “Real Religion and Real Science,” Commercial Appeal (Memphis), 26 July 1925, sec. 1, p. 4.

22. Frank R. Kent, “On the Dayton Firing Line,” The New Republic 43 (1925), 259.

23. “Ended at Last,” New York Times, 22 July 1925, p. 18; “As Expected, Bryan Wins,” Chicago Tribune, 22 July 1925, p. 8.

24. “Dayton’s ‘Amazing’ Trial,” Literary Digest, 25 July 1925, p. 7.

25. “2,000,000 Words Wired to the Press,” New York Times, 22 July 1925, p. 22; “The End in Sight at Dayton,” New York Times, 18 July 1925, p. 12; Transcript, 316.

26. Howard W. Odum, “Duel to the Death,” Social Forces 4 (1925), 190.

27. “His Death Dramatic,” New York World, 27 July 1925, p. 16.

28. Scopes, Center of the Storm, 203; G. W. Rappleyea to Forrest Bailey, 7 August 1925, in ACLU Archives, vol. 274; Austin Peay, “The Passing of William Jennings Bryan,” in Austin Peay, A Collection of State Papers and Political Addresses (Kingsport, TN: Southern, 1929), 450.

29. “Comment of Press of Nation on Bryan’s Death,” New York Times, 27 July 1925, p. 2.

30. Charles O. Oaks, “Death of William Jennings Bryan,” in Norm Cohen, “Scopes and Evolution in Hillbilly Songs,” JEMF Quarterly 6 (1970), 176; W. B. Riley, “Bryan: The Great Commoner and Christian,” Christian Fundamentals in School and Church 7 (October 1925), 9, 11.

31. “Evolution Issue in Congress, Forecast,” Commercial Appeal (Memphis), 30 July 1925, p. 1.

32. “Mississippi May Ban Theory of Evolution,” Commercial Appeal (Memphis), 31 July 1925, p. 1; “Tennessee Man Attacks Evolution,” Clarion-Ledger (Jackson), 9 February 1926, p. 3.

33. Frank R. Kent, “On the Dayton Firing Line,” The New Republic 43 (1925), 260; “Dr. John Roach Straton Challenges Darrow,” Johnstown Democrat, 20 August 1925, p. 16; Riley, “Bryan: The Great Commoner and Christian,” 11. About the same time, J. Frank Norris compared Bryan standing against Darrow to “Moses challenging Pharaoh” and “Martin Luther hurling his thesis [sic] at Pope Leo X. It is the greatest battle of the centuries.” See James J. Thompson, Jr., Trial as by Fire: Southern Baptists and the Religious Controversies of the 1920s (Macon, Ga.: Mercer University Press, 1982), 132.

34. Cohen, “Scopes and Evolution in Hillbilly Songs,” 176–81; “Demand for Special Record,” Talking Machine World (15 September 1925), 83; see also Mel R. Wilhoit, “Music of the Scopes Monkey Trial,” typescript, Bryan College Music Department, Dayton, Tennessee, 1995. The country music classic, “A Boy Named Sue,” a distant cousin of these Scopes songs, was inspired by the Scopes prosecutor Sue Hicks. Juanita Glenn, “Judge Still Recalls ‘Monkey Trial’—50 Years Later,” Knoxville Journal, 11 July 1975, 17.

35. H. L. Mencken, “Editorial,” American Mercury 6 (1925), 159.

36. Ronald L. Numbers, “The Scopes Trial: History and Legend,” Southern Culture (forthcoming); “Dayton and After,” Nation 121 (1925), 155–56; Mencken, “Editorial,” 160; Maynard Shipley, The War on Modern Science (New York: Knopf, 1927), 3–4.

37. “Darrow’s Blunder,” New York World, 23 July 1925, p. 18; “Darrow Betrayed Himself,” Times-Picayune (New Orleans), 23 July 1925, p. 8.

38. “The Scopes Case Counsel,” Religious Weekly Review, 27 June 1925, in ACLU Archives, vol. 276; Brower Eddy to John R. Neal, 10 September 1925, in ACLU Archives, vol. 274; Edwin Mims, “Modern Education and Religion,” 6, in Mims Papers; Raymond B. Fosdick to Roger N. Baldwin, 19 October 1925, in ACLU Archives, vol. 274; Roger N. Baldwin to Raymond B. Fosdick, 21 October 1925, in ACLU Archives, vol. 274.

39. ACLU Executive Committee, “Minutes,” 3 August 1925, in ACLU Archives, vol. 279; Forrest Bailey to Clarence Darrow, 2 September 1925, in ACLU Archives, vol. 275 (quoting from earlier letter to Neal); Rappleyea to Bailey, 7 August 1925.

40. Forrest Bailey to Charles H. Strong, 12 August 1925, in ACLU Archives, vol. 274 (similar letters in same volume); “The Conduct of the Scopes Trial,” The New Republic 43 (1925), 332.

41. Bailey to Darrow, 2 September 1925; Clarence Darrow to Forrest Bailey, 4 September 1925, in ACLU Archives, vol. 274.

42. Forrest Bailey to Walter Nelles, 4 September 1925, in ACLU Archives, vol. 274; “Mr Hughes and the Tennessee Law,” New York World, 3 September 1925, p. 8; Arthur Garfield Hays to Walter Nelles, 9 September 1925, in ACLU Archives, vol. 274; Walter Nelles to Arthur Garfield Hays, 10 September 1925, in ACLU Archives, vol. 274.

43. Transcript, 288; Mencken, “Monkey Trial,” 51 (reprint of 18 July 1925 article); Joseph Wood Krutch, “Darrow vs. Bryan,” Nation, 29 July 1925, p. 136; Maynard M. Metcalf et al. to Michael I. Pupin, 17 August 1925, in Darrow Papers.

44. Forrest Bailey to John T. Scopes c/o Clarence Darrow, 29 September 1925, in ACLU Archives, vol. 274.

45. Clarence Darrow to Forrest Bailey, 10 February 1926, in ACLU Archives, vol. 299; Forrest Bailey to Franklin Reynolds, 23 December 1925, in ACLU Archives, vol. 274. For an example of local attorneys handling matters, see Franklin Reynolds to Forrest Bailey, 10 December 1925, in ACLU Archives, vol. 274.

46. See, e.g., Forrest Bailey to Walter Nelles, 4 September 1925, in ACLU Archives, vol. 274; Forrest Bailey to Frank H. O’Brien, 3 December 1925, in ACLU Archives, vol. 274.

47. K. T. McConnico to Charles L. Cornelius, 16 September 1926, in Peay Papers, GP 40–24.

48. Austin Peay to Samuel Untermyer, 19 September 1925, in Peay Papers, GP 40–24.

49. “Condensed Minutes of Annual Meeting,” Journal of the Tennessee Academy of Sciences 1 (1925), 9; Wilson L. Newman to Austin Peay, 5 December 1925, in Peay Papers, GP 40–13.

50. For the correspondence to Peay on this matter, see Peay Papers, GP 40–13, which also includes a Nashville Banner article summarizing the letters. For the ACLU offer to support a challenge to the Mississippi law, see American Civil Liberties Union, “Press Service,” 20 March 1926, in ACLU Archives, vol. 299.

51. George F. Milton to Austin Peay, 8 August 1925, in Peay Papers, GP 40–24; Franklin Reynolds to Forrest Bailey, 18 March 1926, in ACLU Archives, vol. 299; John T. Scopes to Roger N. Baldwin, 8 August 1926, in ACLU Archives, vol. 299.

52. Forrest Bailey to Arthur Garfield Hays, 5 January 1926, in ACLU Archives, vol. 299; Forrest Bailey to Robert S. Keebler, 5 January 1926, in ACLU Archives, vol. 299; Arthur Garfield Hays to Forrest Bailey, 6 January 1926, in ACLU Archives, vol. 299; Robert S. Keebler to Forrest Bailey, 9 February 1926, in ACLU Archives, vol. 299; Arthur Garfield Hays to Walter Nelles, 9 September 1925, in ACLU Archives, vol. 274. Bailey miscounted the number of Tennessee and non-Tennessee lawyers on the defense brief. There were five “foreigners” (Darrow, Malone, Hays, Rosensohl, and the ACLU attorney Walter H. Pollak), and four “natives” (Neal, Keebler, Spurlock, and a local attorney named Frank McElwee, who had advised the defense throughout the trial and appeal).

53. John Randolph Neal to Forrest Bailey, 15 February 1926, in ACLU Archives, vol. 299.

54. “Reply Brief and Argument for the State of Tennessee,” State v. Scopes, 154 Tenn. 105 (1926), pp. 14, 78–80, 380 (emphasis in original).

55. “Brief and Argument of the Tennessee Academy of Sciences as Amicus Curiae,” Scopes v. State, 154 Tenn. 105 (1926), pp. 16, 90, 154.

56. “World Awaits Scopes Hearing Here Monday,” Nashville Banner, 30 May 1926, p. 1; “State Defends Anti-Evolution Law,” Knoxville Journal, 1 June 1926, p. 1.

57. “Supreme Court Hears Scopes Case,” Nashville Banner, 31 May 1926, p. 1.

58. Ibid.; “Anti-Evolution Law Called ‘Capricious’,” Commercial Appeal (Memphis), 1 June 1926, p. 1.

59. “Supreme Court Hears Scopes Case,” 1.

60. William Hutchinson, “Darrow Makes Fervid Plea,” Nashville Banner, 1 June 1926, p. 1.

61. “Scopes Case Rests in Hands of State’s Highest Tribunal,” Knoxville Journal, 2 June 1926, p. 1; “Darrow and McConnico Speak in Scopes Case,” Nashville Banner, 1 June 1926, p. 1.

62. Ibid.; “Darrow Declares Science as Real as Religion,” Chattanooga Times, 2 June 1926, p. 1.

63. “Argument of Clarence Darrow,” Scopes v. State, 154 Tenn. 105 (1926), pp. 17, 26–28, in Darrow Papers; Hutchinson, “Darrow Makes Fervid Plea,” 1; Hays, Let Freedom Ring, 80.

64. Hays, Let Freedom Ring, 80; “Religious Issue Flares in Scopes Case Pleas,” Chattanooga Times, 1 June 1926, p. 1; “Scopes Case,” 1 (Associated Press wire story).

65. Forrest Bailey to Clarence Darrow, 3 June 1926, in ACLU Archives, vol. 299; Clarence Darrow to Forrest Bailey, 9 June 1926, in ACLU Archives, vol. 299; Roger N. Baldwin to John T. Scopes, 10 August 1926, in ACLU Archives, vol. 299; Wolcott H. Pitkin to Felix Frankfurter, in ACLU Archives, vol. 299.

66. Scopes, Center of the Storm, 237.

67. Scopes v. State, 154 Tenn. 105, 289 S.W. at 363, 364, 367, 370 (1927).

68. Ibid., 289 S.W. at 367.

69. “Scopes Goes Free, but Law Is Upheld,” New York Times, 16 January 1927, p. 1; “Will Ask Court to Rehear Case,” Nashville Banner, 17 January 1927, p. 1.

70. “Finis Is Written in Scopes Case,” Nashville Banner, 16 January 1927, p. 1.

71. Lida B. Robertson to Governor Peay, 11 August 1925, in Peay Papers, GP 40–13.

72. Shipley, War on Science, 111.

73. See, e.g., Virginia Gray, “Anti-Evolution Sentiment and Behavior: The Case of Arkansas,” Journal of American History 62 (1970), 357–65.

74. “Malone Talks,” 13; “The Inquisition in Tennessee,” The Forum 74 (1925), 159; Edwin Mims, “Mr. Mencken and Mr. Sherman: Smartness and Light,” in Mims Papers, box 19; Edward J. Larson, Trial and Error: The American Controversy Over Creation and Evolution (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), 83–84.

75. Hays, “Strategy of the Scopes Defense,” 157; Clarence Darrow, The Story of My Life (New York: Grosset, 1932), 267. See also Hays, Let Freedom Ring, 79; Arthur Garfield Hays, City Lawyer (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1942), 215.

76. W. B. Riley, “The World’s Christian Fundamentals Association and the Scopes Trial,” Christian Fundamentals in School and Church 7 (October 1925), 39–40.

77. Charles A. Baird and Mary R. Baird, The Rise of American Civilization, vol. 2 (New York: Macmillan, 1928), 752–53.

78. Preston William Slosson, The Great Crusade and After (New York: Macmillan, 1931), 432–33. For a similar account, see William W. Sweet, The Story of Religion in America (New York: Harper, 1930), 513.

79. Paxton Hibbon, Peerless Leader: William Jennings Bryan (New York: Farrar, 1929), 402 (quote); Morris R. Werner, Bryan (New York: Harcourt, 1929), 339–55.

80. For an extended analysis of this issue, see Paul M. Waggoner, “The Historiography of the Scopes Trial: A Critical Re-evaluation,” Trinity Journal (new series), 5 (1985), 161.

CHAPTER NINE. RETELLING THE TALE

1. Frederick Lewis Allen, Only Yesterday: An Informal History of the Nineteen-Twenties (reprint, New York: Harper, 1964), 163–71.

2. Ibid., 163–64, 170; Clarence Darrow, The Story of My Life (New York: Grosset, 1932), 267.

3. Allen, Only Yesterday, vii–viii.

4. Roderick Nash, The Nervous Generation: American Thought, 1917–1930 (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1970), 5–8. See also Darwin Payne, The Making of Only Yesterday: Frederick Lewis Allen (New York: Harper, 1975), 98–103.

5. Ernst Mayr, personal communication, 1 December 1995.

6. Allen, Only Yesterday, 168–70; Paul M. Waggoner, “The Historiography of the Scopes Trial: A Critical Re-evaluation,” Trinity Journal (new series), 5 (1985), 161.

7. Gaius Glen Atkins, Religion in Our Times (New York: Round Table, 1932), 250–52; Mark Sullivan, Our Times: The United States, 1900–1925 (New York: Scribner’s, 1935), 644.

8. William W. Sweet, The Story of Religion in America (New York: Harper, 1930), 513; William W. Sweet, The Story of Religion in America, rev. ed. (New York: Harper, 1939); Irving Stone, Clarence Darrow for the Defense (Garden City: Doubleday, 1941), 437.

9. W. J. Bryan to Dr. Howard A. Kelly, 17 June 1925, in Bryan Papers; John Thomas Scopes to Editor, Forum (June 1925), xxvi.

10. William Vance Trollinger, Jr., “Introduction,” in William Vance Trollinger, Jr., ed., The Antievolution Pamphlets of William Bell Riley (New York: Garland, 1995), xvii–xviii.

11. Howard W. Odum, An American Epoch: Southern Portraiture in the National Picture (New York: Holt, 1930), 167–68. For a similar comment later in the decade, see Howard W. Odum, Southern Regions of the United States (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1936), 501, 527.

12. C. H. Thurber to W. J. Bryan, 21 November 1923, in Bryan Papers; W. J. Bryan to C. H. Thurber, 22 December 1923, in Bryan Papers.

13. Compare George William Hunter, A Civic Biology (New York: American, 1914), 193–96, 235, 404–6, 423, with George William Hunter, A New Civic Biology (New York: American, 1926), 250, 383, 411–12, 436. For a broad analysis of multiple texts, see Judith V. Grabner and Peter D. Miller, “Effect of the Scopes Trial,” Science 185 (1974), 832–37; Gerald Skoog, “The Topic of Evolution in Secondary School Biology Textbooks: 1900–1977,” Science Education 63 (1979), 620–36; Edward J. Larson, Trial and Error: The American Controversy Over Creation and Evolution (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), 84–88.

14. Ronald L. Numbers, The Creationists: The Evolution of Scientific Creationism (New York: Knopf, 1992), 100; Edward B. Davis, “Introduction,” in Edward B. Davis, ed., The Antievolution Pamphlets of Harry Rimmer (New York: Garland, 1995), xvi–xix.

15. George M. Marsden, Fundamentalism and American Culture: The Shaping of Twentieth-Century Evangelicalism, 1870–1925 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1980), 184–85.

16. Joel A. Carpenter, “Fundamentalist Institutions and the Rise of Evangelical Protestantism, 1929–1942,” Church History 49 (1980), 62–75 (Carpenter quote from Marsden, Fundamentalism and American Culture, 194).

17. Ronald L. Numbers, “The Creationists,” in Martin E. Marty, ed., Fundamentalism and Evangelicalism (Munich: Saur, 1993), 261.

18. John 18:36 (AV); 1 Cor. 1:20 (AV).

19. “I’ll Fly Away,” in Wonderful Melody (Hartford, Conn.: Hartford Music, 1932).

20. Richard Hofstadter, The American Political Tradition: And the Men Who Made It (New York: Knopf, 1948), 199–202. For later, more balanced presentations, see Lawrence W. Levine, Defender of the Faith: William Jennings Bryan, The Last Decade, 1915–1925 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1965); Paolo E. Coletta, William Jennings Bryan. Vol. 3. Political Puritan, 1915–1925 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1969).

21. Norman F. Furniss, The Fundamentalist Controversy, 1918–1931 (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1954), 3.

22. William E. Leuchtenburg, The Perils of Prosperity, 1914–1932 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1958), 217–23.

23. Ray Ginger, Six Days or Forever? Tennessee v. John Thomas Scopes (London: Oxford University Press, 1958), 190–217, 238.

24. Richard Hofstadter, The Age of Reform: From Bryan to F.D.R. (New York: Knopf, 1955), 286.

25. Richard Hofstadter, William Miller, and Daniel Aaron, The United States: The History of a Republic (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1957), 636; Irwin Unger, These United States: The Questions of Our Past, vol. 2, 6th ed. (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1995), 712; Samuel Eliot Morison, Henry Steele Commanger, and William E. Leuchtenburg, A Concise History of the American Republic, rev. ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1977), 588; William Miller, A New History of the United States (New York: Braziller, 1958), 356. A half-dozen other collegiate textbooks published between 1960 and 1995 contain similar accounts of the trial.

26. See Michael Lienesch, Redeeming America: Piety and Politics in the New Christian Right (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1993), 154.

27. Compare Harry Rimmer, “The Theories of Evolution and the Facts of Human Antiquity” (1929), in Davis, ed., Antievolution Pamphlets, 84–85, with later pamphlets in this collection; compare with Arthur I. Brown, “Science Speaks to Osborn,” in Ronald L. Numbers, ed., The Antievolution Works of Arthur I. Brown (New York: Garland, 1995), 134–75, with other works in this collection.

28. George McCready Price to William Jennings Bryan, 1 July 1925, in Bryan Papers; “Says Millions Here Oppose Darwinism,” New York Times, 8 September 1925, p. 9; George McCready Price, “What Christians Believe About Creation,” Bulletin of Deluge Geology 2 (1942), 76.

29. Henry M. Morris, History of Modern Creationism (San Diego: Master, 1984), 73.

30. Jerry Falwell, The Fundamentalist Phenomenon: The Resurgence of Conservative Christianity (Garden City: Doubleday, 1981), 86.

31. “House Decides State to Keep Evolution Act,” Chattanooga Times, 20 February 1935, p. 2.

32. Judson A. Rudd to Members of the Legislature, 15 March 1951, in Scopes trial file, Bryan College Archives, Dayton, Tennessee.

33. Ibid. For a discussion of this period of anti-Communist activity by fundamentalists, see James Davison Hunter, Evangelicalism: The Coming Generation (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987), 121–24.

34. Ferenc M. Szasz, “William Jennings Bryan, Evolution and the Fundamentalist–Modernist Controversy,” in Marty, ed., Fundamentalism and Evangelicalism, 109. For an example of a later defense of Bryan, see Robert D. Linder, “Fifty Years After Scopes: Lessons to Learn, a Heritage to Reclaim,” Christianity Today, 18 July 1975, pp. 7–10.

35. Hunter, Evangelicalism, 120.

36. Ginger, Six Days or Forever? 238.

37. Richard Hofstadter, Anti-Intellectualism in American Life (New York: Knopf, 1963), 3, 125, 130–31.

38. Jerome Lawrence and Robert E. Lee, “Inherit the Wind: The Genesis & Exodus of the Play,” Theater Arts (August 1957), 33; Elizabeth J. Haybe, “A Comparison Study of Inherit the Wind and the Scopes ‘Monkey Trial’,” Master’s thesis, University of Tennessee, 1964, p. 66; Tony Randall, personal communication, April 1996.

39. Lawrence and Lee, “Genesis & Exodus,” 33.

40. Jerome Lawrence and Robert E. Lee, Inherit the Wind (New York: Bantam, 1960), vii, 4; John T. Scopes, The Center of the Storm: Memoirs of John T. Scopes (New York: Holt, 1967), 270.

41. Lawrence and Lee, Inherit the Wind, 3, 7, 64.

42. Joseph Wood Krutch, “The Monkey Trial,” Commentary (May 1967), 84.

43. Lawrence and Lee, Inherit the Wind, 7, 30, 63.

44. Ronald L. Numbers, “Inherit the Wind,” Isis 84 (1993), 764.

45. Lawrence and Lee, Inherit the Wind, 85, 91, 103; Gerald Gunther, personal communication, 17 November 1995.

46. Lawrence and Lee, Inherit the Wind, 32, 42.

47. Ibid., 112–15.

48. Andrew Sarris, “Movie Guide,” Village Voice, 10 November 1960, p. 11.

49. “Mixed Bag,” The New Yorker, 30 April 1955, p. 67; “The New Pictures,” Time, 17 October 1960, p. 95; Robert Hayes, “Our American Cousin,” Commonweal 62 (1955), 278; Walter Kerr, “Inherit the Wind,” New York Herald Tribune, 22 April 1955, p. 10; Stanley Kauffmann, “O Come All Ye Faithful,” The New Republic, 31 October 1960, pp. 29–30; Sarris, “Movie Guide,” 11. The movie version did not win any academy awards, although Tracy was nominated as Best Actor for his portrayal of Drummond-Darrow. Interestingly, he lost to Burt Lancaster, who won it for his performance in the title role of Elmer Gantry, a part loosely based on the antievolutionist pastor John Roach Straton.

50. Scopes, Center of the Storm, 210; Juanita Glenn, “Judge Still Recalls ‘Monkey Trial’—50 Years Later,” Knoxville Journal, 11 July 1975, p. 17. As a fiercely loyal Democratic politician, Bryan would have had one consolation: the release of the movie coincided with the 1960 presidential election, and its thinly veiled attack on McCarthyism may have contributed to the narrow defeat of the Republican party’s red-baiting nominee, Richard M. Nixon.

51. Krutch, “Monkey Trial,” 83.

52. Ibid.; National Center for History in Schools, National Standards for United States History: Exploring the American Experience (Los Angeles: National Center, [1994]), 180.

53. Carl Sagan, personal communication, 21 November 1995; Howard J. Van Till, personal communication, 27 December 1995.

54. Morris, History of Modern Creationism, 76–77. For examples of these attempts, see David N. Menton, “Inherit the Wind: A Hollywood History of the Scopes Trial,” Contrast (January 1985), p. 1; Euphemia Van Rensselaer Wyatt, “Theater,” Catholic World 181 (1955), 226; Phillip E. Johnson, Darwin on Trial (Washington, D.C.: Regnery, 1991), 4–6.

55. Martin E. Marty, Righteous Empire: The Protestant Experience in America (New York: Dial, 1970), 220; Martin E. Marty, personal communication, 29 November 1995.

56. Stephen Jay Gould, Hen’s Teeth and Horse’s Toes (New York: Norton, 1983), 270, 273.

57. Allen, Only Yesterday, 171; Hofstadter, Anti-Intellectualism, 129; Lawrence and Lee, Inherit the Wind, 109; Randall, personal communication, April 1996; Kauffman, “O Come All Ye Faithful,” 29.

CHAPTER TEN. DISTANT ECHOES

1. “The Conduct of the Scopes Trial,” The New Republic 43 (1925), 332.

2. Gitlow v. New York, 208 U.S. 652 (1925)(free speech); Everson v. Board of Education, 330 U.S. 1 (1947)(establishment clause); McCullum v. Board of Education, 333 U.S. 203 (1948)(religious instruction); Engel v. Vitale, 370 U.S. 421 (1962)(school prayer); Abington School Dist. v. Shempp, 374 U.S. 203 (1963)(Bible reading). Following these decisions, the ACLU annual report stated, “We are confident that when more sectarian religious practices are brought to the Court’s attention, they likewise will be declared unconstitutional.” American Civil Liberties Union, Freedom Through Dissent: 42nd Annual Report (New York: ACLU, [1963]), 22.

3. For discussions of this development, see Arnold B. Grobman, The Changing Classroom: The Role of the Biological Sciences Curriculum Study (Garden City: Doubleday, 1969), 94–95, 204; Gerald Skoog, “The Topic of Evolution in Secondary School Biology Textbooks: 1900–1977,” Science Education 63 (1979), 632–33.

4. Bud Lumke, “Science Teacher Takes Stand in Evolution Hearing,” Arkansas Democrat, 1 April 1966, p. 1; “Proceedings,” in Appendix, Epperson v. Arkansas, 393 U.S. 97 (1968), 40–60; “Teacher Fired on Evolution,” Knoxville Journal, 15 April 1967, p. 1.

5. “The Press-Scimitar Blitzes the Tennessee Anti-Evolution Law,” Scripps-Howard News (August 1967), 9; “Monkey Law Bill May Be Decided,” Nashville Tennessean, 10 May 1967, p. 8.

6. Lorry Daughtrey, “House Act Fails to Stir Scopes,” Nashville Tennessean, 13 April 1967, p. 1.

7. “Press-Scimitar Blitzes Tennessee Anti-Evolution Law,” 9.

8. “House Votes Down ‘Monkey Law’,” Nashville Banner, 12 April 1967, p. 1; “I May Be Leaving,” Nashville Tennessean, 15 April 1967, p. 4 (editorial cartoon); Daughtrey, “House Act Fails to Stir Scopes,” 1.

9. Bill Kovach, “‘Monkey Law’ Left Out on a Limb,” Nashville Tennessean, 21 April 1967, p. 1; “Seems I’m Still Here,” Nashville Tennessean, 22 April 1967, p. 4.

10. “‘Monkey Law’ Vote Stalled,” Nashville Tennessean, 12 May 1967, p. 12; “Rehired Teacher to Test ‘Monkey Law’ Anyway,” Nashville Tennessean, 13 May 1927, p. 1; “Overthrow of Monkey Law Asked,” Knoxville Journal, 16 May 1967, p. 3; “Anti-Evolution Law Brings Shame on State,” Nashville Tennessean, 15 May 1976, p. 8; William Bennett, “State’s ‘Monkey Law’ Repealed by Senators,” Commercial Appeal (Memphis), 17 May 1967, p. 1; “Scott to End Suit; Scopes Welcomes Action in Assembly,” Nashville Banner, 17 May 1967, p. 2; Walter Smith, “Monkey Law Dead, but Dayton Residents Recall Famed Trial,” Nashville Banner, 19 May 1967, p. 14 (national wire service article).

11. State v. Epperson, 242 Ark. 922, 416 S.W.2d 322, 322 (1967).

12. “In Court’s Failure, the Barrier Remains,” Arkansas Gazette, 8 June 1967, p. 6A.

13. Peter L. Zimroth, “Epperson and Blanchard v. Ark.,” 20 December 1967, in Fortas Papers; Peter L. Zimroth, “Supp. Memo,” 16 February 1968, in Fortas Papers.

14. Arthur Goldschmidt to Abe Fortas, 22 November 1968, in Fortas Papers.

15. Louis R. Cohen, “Epperson v. Arkansas,” 14 December 1967, p. 3, in John Marshall Harlan Papers, Princeton University Library; “Brief for Appellants,” Epperson v. Arkansas, 393 U.S. 97, p. 8; “Brief for Appellee,” Epperson v. Arkansas, 393 U.S. 97, pp. 1, 28–31; “Brief of American Civil Liberties Union and American Jewish Congress,” Epperson v. Arkansas, 393 U.S. 97, p. 2; for example (Transcript of Oral Arguments), Epperson v. Arkansas, 393 U.S. 97, p. 14.

16. “No. 7, Epperson v. Arkansas,” 18 October 1968, in Fortas Papers. All but acknowledging the statute’s lack of religious effect, Fortas wrote in the initial handwritten draft of his opinion, “For our purposes, it is unimportant that the theory of evolution continues to live and to command substantial adherence, probably even in Arkansas’ publicly supported institutions of learning.” In Epperson case file, 26 October 1968, in Fortas Papers.

17. Epperson v. Arkansas, 393 U.S. at 102–9.

18. Lemon v. Kurtzman, 403 U.S. 602, 612 (1971); Gerald Gunther, personal communication, 17 November 1995; Charles Alan Wright, personal communication, 21 November 1995.

19. Epperson v. Arkansas, 393 U.S. at 239 (Black, J., concurring).

20. Epperson v. Arkansas, 393 U.S. at 109. For the added language, compare the published opinion with Fortas’s handwritten draft dated 26 October 1968, in Fortas Papers.

21. “Court Rules in ‘Scopes Case’,” U.S. News and World Report, 22 November 1968, p. 16; “Making Darwin Legal,” Time, 22 November 1968, p. 41; “Evolution Revolution in Arkansas,” Life, 22 November 1968, p. 89; Fred P. Graham, “Court Ends Darwinism Ban,” New York Times, 12 November 1968, p. 1.

22. Jerome Lawrence and Robert E. Lee, Inherit the Wind (New York: Bantam, 1960), 89; Epperson v. Arkansas, 393 U.S. at 109. For a typical Bryan plea for neutrality, see William Jennings Bryan, “God and Evolution,” New York Times, 26 February 1922, sec. 7, p. 1.

23. Transcript, 185–87.

24. Epperson v. Arkansas, 393 U.S. at 109.

25. Wendell R. Bird, “Freedom from Establishment and Unneutrality in Public School Instruction and Religious School Regulation,” Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy 2 (1979), 179.

26. This version of the quote—and there are several in various creationist writings, but none with any authoritative reference to Darrow himself—appeared as the introduction to Wendell R. Bird, “Creation-Science and Evolution-Science in Public Schools: A Constitutional Defense in Public Schools,” Northern Kentucky Law Review 9 (1982), 162.

27. George Gallup, “Public Evenly Divided Between Evolutionists, Creationists,” Los Angeles Times Syndicate, 1982, p. 1 (press release); “76% for Parallel Teaching of Creation Theories,” San Diego Union, 18 November 1981, p. A15 (reporting national poll where over 80 percent of respondents favored either parallel teaching or exclusive teaching of creationism).

28. Tenn. Code Ann. sec. 49–2008; Ark. Stat. Ann. sec. 80–1663, et. sec. (1981 Supp.); La. Rev. Stat. Ann. sec. 17: 286.3 (1981). For a complete discussion of these statutes and the litigation that they spawned, see Edward J. Larson, Trial and Error: The American Controversy Over Creation and Evolution (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), 125–88.

29. “Remember Scopes Trial? ACLU Does,” Times-Picayune (New Orleans), 22 July 1981, p. 1.

30. Aguillard v. Edwards, 765 F.2d 1251, 1253 and 1257 (5th Cir. 1985); Aguillard v. Edwards, 778 F.2d 225, 226 (5th Cir. 1985)(Gee, J., dissenting).

31. Edwards v. Aguillard, 482 U.S. 578, 590, 590 n. 10 (1986); ibid. at 603 (Powell, J., concurring); ibid. at 638 (Scalia, J., dissenting)(citation omitted).

32. Stephen L. Carter, The Culture of Disbelief: How American Law and Politics Trivialize Religious Devotion (New York: Basic Books, 1993), 169, 175–76, 178.

33. Foreword, in Henry M. Morris, ed., Scientific Creationism, gen. ed. (San Diego: Creation-Life, 1974), iii, v.

34. Bernard Ramm, The Christian View of Science and Scripture (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, 1954), 260. Regarding Graham’s endorsement, see Ronald L. Numbers, The Creationists: The Evolution of Scientific Creationism (New York: Knopf, 1992), 185.

35. Tom Curley, “New Life in Evolution Debate,” USA Today, 27 March 1996, p. 3A; Millicent Lawton, “Ala. Board Mulls Taking Stand on Evolution as Theory,” Education Week, 8 November 1995, p. 13.

36. Peter Applebome, “70 Years After Scopes Trial, Creation Debate Lives,” New York Times, 10 March 1996, p. 1.

37. Paula Wade, “Attempt to Amend ‘Monkey Bill’ Revives Debate over Darwin, God and Teacher,” Commercial Appeal (Memphis), 5 March 1996, p. A1.

38. Andy Sher and Alison LaPolt, “Senators Slap Hold on ‘Son of Scopes’ Bill; Sponsor Vows Return,” Nashville Banner, 5 March 1996, p. B4; “Echoes of Scopes Trial,” Nashville Banner, 4 March 1996, p. A10; “Evolution Bill Makes It Through House Panel,” Jackson Sun (Tenn.), 28 February 1996, p. 10A; Andy Sher, “Evolution-Bill Opponents Toss in Monkey Wrenches,” Nashville Banner, 4 March 1996, p. B2; Vicki Brown, “Evolution Bill Killed in Senate,” Cookeville Herald-Citizen, 29 March 1996, p. 2.

39. Dan George, “60 Years After Scopes, Town Is Much the Same,” Indianapolis Star, 21 June 1985, p. 19A; Jane DeBose, “New Battle Over Evolution,” Atlanta Constitution, 6 March 1996, p. B5; Ann LoLordo, “Tennessee Legislature Might Try Scopes Again,” Baltimore Sun, 7 March 1996, p. 1A.

40. “Inherit the Wind: The State Sequel,” Nashville Tennessean, 3 March 1996, p. 6A.

41. Lewis Funke, “‘Inherit the Wind’ Is Play upon History,” New York Times, 22 April 1955, p. 20; Vincent Canby, “Of Monkeys, Reason and the Creation,” New York Times, 5 April 1996, p. C1; “Mixed Bag,” The New Yorker, 30 April 1955, p. 67; “The Theater,” The New Yorker, 22 April 1996, p. 12; Roger Rosenblatt, “Inherit the Wind,” News Hour with Jim Lehrer, 13 May 1996.

42. Richard Hofstadter, Anti-Intellectualism in American Life (New York: Knopf, 1963), 129.

43. Tony Randall, personal communication, April 1996.

44. Canby, “Of Monkeys, Reason and Creation,” C1.

AFTERWORD TO THE 2020 EDITION

1. For example, see transcript, 337.

2. Andy Sher, “Tennessee House OKs Bill Shielding Teachers Who Doubt Evolution, Global Warming,” Chattanooga Times Free Press, April 7, 2011, 1.

3. Edwards v. Aguillard, 482 U.S. 578, 638 (Justice Scalia dissenting).

4. See Tangipahoa Parish Bd. of Educ. v. Freiler, 530 U.S. 1251 (Justice Scalia dissenting).

5. Ronald Reagan, “Remarks at the Annual Conservative Political Action Conference Dinner,” March 2, 1984, Ronald Reagan, Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, 1984, vol. 1 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1986), 292. Reagan made similar comments during the 1980 campaign and throughout his term in office.

6. Henry M. Morris, The Long War Against God: The History and Impact of the Creation/Evolution Conflict (Green Forest, AR: Master Books, 1989), 18.

7. “Bill Nye Tours the Ark Encounter with Ken Ham,” Answers in Genesis, YouTube, March 13, 2017, 1:57:04, at 11:43–50, www.youtube.com/watch?v=PPLRhVdNp5M.

8. Transcript, 175.

9. “Bill Nye,” at 11:50–58.

10. Arthur Garfield Hays, “The Strategy of the Scopes Defense,” The Nation, August 5, 1925, 158.

11. “Darrow Declares He Is Always Seeking Truth,” Knoxville Journal, June 23, 1925, 1.

12. Jill Lepore, These Truths: A History of the United States (New York: Norton, 2018), 667.

13. Art Swift, “In U.S., Belief in Creationist View of Humans at New Low,” Gallup, May 22, 2017, news.gallup.com/poll/210956.

14. Pew Research Center, “Evangelical Protestants” and “Mainline Protestants,” 2014 U.S. Religious Landscape Study, www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study.

15. Pew Research Center, “Evangelical Protestants.”

16. Jerome Lawrence and Robert E. Lee, Inherit the Wind (New York: Bantam, 1960), 66.

17. Mary Beth Norton, David M. Katzman, David W. Blight, Howard Chudacoff, and Fredrik Logevall, A People and a Nation: A History of the United States, 7th ed. (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2007), 680.

18. Eric Foner, Give Me Liberty! An American History, 2nd ed. (New York: Norton, 2008), 783.

19. Lepore, These Truths, 416–417.

20. Alan Blinder, “College Is Torn: Can Darwin and Eden Coexist?” New York Times, May 20, 2014, A-1.

21. Richard Fausset, “To a Statue Outside the Court, Objections,” New York Times, July 14, 2017, A-9.

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