Abeja, La (factory): workers at, unionize,
46; site of CGT-CROM worker batdes,
171–172Acayucan (Ver.): 1906 uprising at,
93acción directa: used by Lucha,
116–118; and Dr. Atl,
136; rejected by Calles regime,
116; advocated and used by CGT,
171–174; rejected,
175–177
ácratas: defined by Lucha,
119
Actopan (Hgo.): Chávez López defeated at,
40–41Acuantla, San Francisco: and Chavez López,
33,
34; deportations from,
34–35Aguascalientes (Ags.): railroad workers in, organize,
84; syndicates of,
127; Casa created at,
136; new anarchist groups in,
156; alternative to CROM urged in,
159Aguirre, Rodolfo: signs Casa-Constitutionalist pact,
133; member of CSL,
161Ahualulco (S.L.P.): versus Hacienda de las Bocas,
67–68alcabala : elimination of,
87
Aldana, Vicente: Monterrey Casa leader,
127albóndiga: during
tumulto of 1692,
43
Allen, José: deported CGT member,
160Aimarás, Judge José María: and investigation of Cuéllar,
34–35American anarchists: Knights of Labor,
80; in mining camps,
84; at Cananea,
91–92; and Tampico IWW,
157–160; CGT members deported,
160American Federation of Labor: CROM attends convention of,
158–159; accused of manipulation,
160Amsterdam: headquarters of AIT,
120Anaconda Copper Company: part owner at Cananea,
91anarchism: European background and development of,
3–12; in countryside,
15,
62–71; and urban working class,
17; and Rhodakanaty,
19–28; growth of,
48,
53,
57–59; in Círculo,
49; and cooperativism,
50; weakness of,
74–75; and Pan American Conference,
84–85; resurgence of,
85–87; of PLM,
89; of Ricardo Flores Magón,
88; of Enrique Flores Magón,
90; and Río Blanco,
93–99; as cause of Revolution,
103; of Amadeo Ferrés,
104–108; of López Dónez,
109; antipolitics of,
119–120; toward anarchosyndicalism,
120–121; in
El Sindicalista, 123; defined,
123; goals of,
127; and Germinal,
157; as libertarian communism,
160–161; of CGT,
173; and FAM,
176–177; causation of,
178; summary on,
179–183; mentioned,
133anarchist militias: ineffectiveness of,
10–11; of Casa,
127; in Revolution,
133–135Anarchist Socialist Revolutionary Review (Boston):
79
anarchists: first urban
agraristas, 15; impact of, on urban labor movement,
16; distinguished from “socialists,”
16; as precursors of Revolution,
17; and Chávez López,
39–42; and urban workers,
44–46,
47,
103; of La Social,
46; form
sociedades de resistencia, 49; and Sociedad,
50; and collectivism,
51–53; oppose 1876 civil war,
56; dominate Sucursal and Congreso,
57; oppose Díaz and García de la Cadena presidential bids,
57–58; weakness of,
74–75; rallies of, in Mexico City,
75; strength of,
76; repression of,
77–81; of PLM,
88–102; organize Confederación Tipográfico de México,
107; as
obreros intelectuales, 107–111; create Luz and the Casa,
111–114; jailed,
114; disrupt Gran Liga,
116; beliefs of,
124; new groups of, surface,
156–157; form CGT,
159; support of agrarian movement by,
171; achievements of,
179–181; mentioned,
178anarchosyndicalism: as mature industrial form of libertarian socialism,
8; Spanish FAI-CNT definition of,
9; role of, in Revolution,
17; and textile workers,
83; emergence of,
87–88; and Orizaba textile workers,
94; of Amadeo Ferrés,
104; Confederación Nacional de Artes Gráficas as syndicate of,
110; nationwide drive for,
115–116; challenges Huerta regime,
120–121; advanced by entry of Artes Gráficas into Casa,
122; Salazar favors,
122; explained in
El Sindicalista, 123; as “Industrial Republic,”
124; and Monterrey Casa,
127; and goals of Casa directorate,
130; growth and failures of,
137–138,
174–176; in
Ariete, 138–139; and CGT,
160–177; assessment of,
182–183; mentioned,
126,
179anarchosyndicalists: and Casa del Obrero,
111–114; take over Gran Liga,
116; stage strikes in Mexico City,
120–121; and exile of Lucha leaders,
121; distrust Salazar,
122; on Christ,
124; program of,
127–128; reject Villa and Zapata,
131–132; Obregón seeks support of,
132–135; plan to use Casa-Constitutionalist alliance to overthrow regime,
133,
136; define Mexican Revolution,
138–139; establish regional confederation of labor,
141; overestimate success,
151; crushed by government,
154–155; and CGT,
156–161,
169–170; and Obregón,
159; and Noy del Sucre,
165; mentioned,
173Apizaco(Tlax.): attacked by Chavez López,
40Aragón, Agustín: positivist,
123; addresses crowds,
124; mentioned,
138Araiza, Luis: quoted,
95; chairs strike meeting at Star Salon,
152–153; edits
Verbo Rojo, 161; accepts Código de Trabajo,
176Araoz de León, Albert: and CGT,
160Arbol Grande: Casa created at,
136Arce, Enrique H.: and
obreros intelectuales, 107; and Luz,
112,
156; edits
Tinta Roja, 129; opposes Constitutionalists,
133; edits
Ariete, 138–139; mentioned,
175Arizona: rangers in,
91–92Armenta, Eloy: member of Luz and Casa,
112–114; organizes May Day march 1913,
119; anti-Huerta,
121; organizes miners’ militia,
131army: at La Fama Montañesa,
50; and agrarian uprising of 1878–1884,
69–72; suppresses Chalco,
72; attacks Negrete,
82; used in strikes,
83; at Cananea,
92; at Río Blanco,
97–99; needed at Mexico City and Orizaba,
99; brakes 1910 strike at Santa Rosa,
100; retakes Baja California from PLM,
102; supports Huerta,
118; Constitutionalist and Red Battalions in,
132–136; victories of,
140; raids Casa,
140–141; closes Casa,
154–155; and Mexico City transit strike,
164–166; crushes Veracruz rent union,
169; protects factories in Federal District,
170–171; intervenes in strike in Tampico,
173–174Arriaga, Camilo: social reformer,
88–89Arroyo, Lt. Gabriel:
rurales commander at Río Blanco,
97artisans: as organizers of labor and socialist movements,
11,
17,
21,
178; as members of Sociedad,
32,
46; and Círculo membership,
47–48; deteriorating conditions of,
86–87;
tipógrafos, 108–111; and Casa,
111–114,
127,
137–138; Luz recruits,
113Asociación Cooperativa de Consumo de Obreros Colonos:
53Asociación Internacional de Trabajadores (AIT):
120Asociación Liberal Reformista,
88Asociación Socialista de Tipógrafos Mexicanos:
46Avila, Manuel: heads “Gran Círculo,”
94ayuntamiento municipal: 70
Baca Calderón, Esteban: and Cananea,
91Baja California: PLM activities in,
90,
102bakers: of Monterrey,
127; in national Casa syndicate,
128; workshop of, in Morelia,
135; and Mexico City strike,
138–139Bakunin, Mikhail: ideology and methods of,
5–7; antielite intellectualism of,
9–10; essays of, in Casa library,
118; writings of, in
Ariete and
Verbo Rojo, 138–139,
161,
178; mentioned,
26,
64,
87,
182Bakuninism: dissemination of, in Mexico,
16; federated workers’ associations of,
24; explained to La Social,
30; and creation of Sociedad,
32; and ideology of Alberto Santa Fe,
69; Luz as control group of,
115; mentioned,
68Banderillas (Pue.): Casa created at,
136barbers: strike of, in Mexico City,
139; organized in Tampico,
157Barcelona anarchists: wish to organize Latin America,
18; Rhodakanaty visits,
19; and Noy del Sucre assassination,
165Barragán Hernández, José: member of
obreros intelectuales, 122,
125; alliance of, with Constitutionalists,
133; and general strike of July-August 1916,
152; and conflict with Carranza,
154–155; assassinated,
155Barron (factory): struck by Casa affiliate,
120–121batallones rojos : recruitment and performance of,
133–135; veterans of, confront Carranza regime,
140–141 ; mentioned,
182
bed manufacturers: affiliate with Casa,
138beltmakers: Casa syndicate,
128Biblioteca de la Casa del Obrero:
114,
118blacksmiths: Casa syndicate,
128Bolsheviks: and Russian anarchists,
161bookbinders: Casa syndicate,
128Borrán, Jorge D.: confrontation of, with Morones,
157–158bourgeoisie: rise to power,
52; support Madero,
101; “insolence” of,
120; distrusted by Casa,
132–135; cooperate with Constitutionalists,
151–155Bozora, Florencio: meets with PLM junta members,
89Bulnes, Francisco: on Río Blanco uprising,
98Bustamante, Rosalio: in Laredo,
89buttonmakers: Casa syndicate,
128; strike in Mexico City,
139
cabinetmakers: join Casa,
121Cáceres, Simón: chief of Veracruz
policía privada, 168Calles, Plutarcho Elías: breaks 1923 transit strike,
165; selected to succeed Obregón,
166; sends troops to intervene in Tampico strike,
173–174; conflict of, with Morones,
174–175; mentioned,
168,
183Calles regime: rejects
acción directa, 166; opposes Díaz Soto y Gama agrarian reform,
171; with CROM against CGT,
171–174; mentioned,
129camarada de confianza : in PLM clandestine structure,
90
Campeche: strikers deported to,
49campesinos: vis-à-vis Creoles during independence struggle,
11–12; confront changing society,
13; struggle to preserve a peasant order,
15; communal heritage of,
17; Rhodakanaty on,
23; needs of, rationalized,
29; and La Escuela del Rayo y del Socialismo,
32–33; plague Cuéllar,
34; incited at Chalco,
37–41; and credit banks,
52–53; expelled from Rancho de San Vicente,
56; tactics of,
60; 1849 uprisings of,
62–73; weaknesses of,
74–75; urban migration of,
85; worsening condition of,
86; in Padua-Santanón forces,
93; lowered real wages of, and Revolution,
103; and CGT,
160,
161; organizing of,
171,
173; mentioned,
56,
77,
78,
180,
182
Cananea (Son.): and Western Federation of Miners,
84; strike of,
90–92,
93Cananea Copper Company:
90–92Cano, Juan: conflict of, with Villanueva,
45–49; leader of labor
moderados, 45; attacked by Zalacosta,
47; supported by Juárez,
47; leader of Sociedad Unionista de Sombrereros,
49; advocates cooperation with Lerdo regime,
49,
181capitalism: and Rhodakanaty,
25; criticized by Velatti,
50–52; viewed by Ferrés,
106; criticized,
108; Artes Gráficas at “war” with,
110; critiqued by Lucha,
118–119; general strike as war upon,
123–124; attacked by
tribuna roja, 125; alleged support of Villa and Zapata for,
133Cárdenas, Lázaro: reformism of,
183carpenters: of Monterrey,
115,
127; join Casa,
121; workshop of, in Morelia,
135; strike in Mexico City,
139; organized in Tampico,
157Carranza, Venustiano: pledges support to
municipio libre, 41; nature of his movement,
102; against Villa and Zapata,
129; uses Dr. Ad,
136; dissolves Red Battalions,
140; arrests 1916 general strike committee,
152–154; toppled,
159,
182–183Carranza regime: solves strikes,
128; moves toward alliance with Casa,
129–135; deals with Morelia strike,
135; crisis of, with Casa and urban working class,
136–155; attacked by Ariete,
139; reacts to May 1916 strike,
150–151; and Morones,
151; cooperation of, with bourgeoisie,
151–154; closes Casa,
154–155; deports Borrán,
158carriage drivers: Casa syndicate,
128; strike,
139Cartilla socialista: 20,
21
Casa Amiga de la Obrera:
83Casa del Obrero Mundial: anarchosyndicalist,
17; and textile workers,
83; in Orizaba,
94; and PLM,
102; organization of,
108–116; strikes Café Inglés and La Ciudad de Hamburgo,
116–117; attacks Huerta regime,
118–122; affiliates with anarchist international,
120; and Congress,
121–122; and
tribuna roja, 124–125; suppressed,
125; reopened,
126–127; directors and syndicates of,
128; tactics of,
129–135,
138–139; alliance of, with Constitutionalists,
132–133; distrusts factions of Revolution,
132–135; to overthrow regime and capitalism,
133; Red Battalions of,
133–135; nationwide,
135–136; growth of,
136–137; crisis of, with Carranza regime,
136–155; and general strikes of 1916,
140–155; closed,
153–155; former leaders of, and CGT,
161; assessment of,
182–183; mentioned,
104,
107,
173,
176,
178,
181Casas Grandes (Chih.): PLM at,
100,
101Castro, Benito: cooperativist and member La Social,
46,
47; and Círculo,
47,
48,
49Castro, Leobardo: Casa moderate,
129Catholic millenarianism:
61Celaya (Gto.): battle of,
135; Casa organized at,
136Centro de Cultura Racionalista:
125Centro General de los Trabajadores Organizados:
46–47Centro Industrial Mexicano: and regulations for workers,
95–96Centro Sindicalista Libertario (CSL): controls CGT,
161–162; versus CROM in San Angel,
162–163,
171–172; supports Mexico City transit strike,
164–166; militant and active,
172–173; discouraged,
175; mentioned,
181Cerritos (factory): 1885 and 1889 strikes at,
83; and Río Blanco rebellion,
98Cervantes Lozano, G.: Monterrey Casa leader,
127Cervantes Torres,_____: member 1916 general strike committee,
152–154Chalco (Mex.): school founded by Rhodakanaty in,
32; haciendas in, attacked by Chávez López,
33; deportations from,
34–35; historical background and social banditry of,
36–37; Chávez López executed in,
41; and Zalacosta,
42; and agrarian revolution,
62; Negrete rebellion in,
70–71; supports Montiel,
72; mentioned,
69,
77,
78charrismo: and new GCOL,
99; and leadership of Gran Confederación de Obreros,
100; mentioned,
181
chauffeurs: Casa syndicate,
128Chavero, Alfredo: delegate to Pan American Conference,
84–85Chávez López, Julio [Julio Chávez or Julio López]: and Rhodakanaty,
32; and “communist-socialism,”
33; rebellion of,
33–38; and concept of class struggle,
37–41; manifesto of,
38–39; executed at Chalco,
41; presages
municipio libre, 41; and Zalacosta,
42; and Negrete,
71; mentioned,
63,
68,
69,
73,
75,
182Chicoloapan, San Vicente: atrocities in,
34; deportations from,
34–35Chicontepee (Ver.): taken by Anselmo Gómez,
40Chihuahua (Chih.): Casa organized at,
136Chihuahua, state of: uprising of 1878–1884 in,
68–69,
78; PLM activities in,
90; mentioned,
62,
136Chinameca (Ver.): and 1906 uprising,
93Church: attacked by liberals,
13–14; cited by Chávez López,
39; and
tumultos, 43; landholdings of,
62; and
La Revolución Social, 94; and Ferrés,
105; and Moncaleano,
112–113; critiqued by Lucha,
119; and Díaz Soto y Gama,
124; attacked by
tribuna roja, 125; support of, for Villa and Zapata alleged,
133; mentioned,
53Ciudad Camargo (Coah.): and 1906 uprising,
93Ciudad de Hamburgo: struck and unionized,
116–117Ciudad Juárez (Chin.): and 1906 uprising,
93; captured,
107; new anarchist groups in,
156–157Ciudad Victoria (Tarn.): Casa created in,
136; new anarchist group in,
156Clark, Marjorie Ruth: quoted,
176class struggle: and agrarianism,
37–41; predicted at Río Blanco,
93,
98; viewed by Ferrés,
106; general strike as,
123; viewed by Casa,
133,
136; proclaimed by national labor congress,
141; advocated by CGT,
160–161; mentioned,
52Club Liberal de Cananea:
91Club Liberal Ponciano Arriaga:
89Club Nacional de Obreros Libres:
80Club Socialista de Estudiantes:
30Coahuila, state of: 1878–1884 uprising in,
68–69; PLM activities in,
90; miners’ militia in,
131Coatepec (Mex.): raided by Chávez López,
33; atrocities in,
34; deportations from,
34–35; petitions of, over land dispute,
37cobblers: cooperative workshop of, in Morelia,
135Colado, José: anti-Huerta,
121; organizes miners’ militia,
131Colegio de San Ildefonso:
20Colima (Col.): Casa created in,
136; sends delegates to national labor congress,
141Colin y López,_____: delegate to Congreso,
55collectivism: Bakuninist,
6; differences of, from mutualism and communist anarchism,
6–7Colmena, La (factory): mutualist society at,
30; first strike in Mexico at,
31; and anarchist organizers,
32; reorganized,
46; and Zacatecas Círculo,
57; unrest at,
83; Casa and strike at,
120–121Colonia Obrera de Buenavista:
53Comité de Propaganda:
135,
137Comité Liberal de Estudiantes:
88Commonfort, Ignacio: land reform program and,
19; mentioned,
29communist anarchism: stresses need,
7; and Ricardo Flores Magón,
88; CGT advocates,
160–162,
169–170,
173Communist Federation of the Proletariat:
159,
160Communisty party of Mexico: opposed,
159; and CGT,
160–161; in Veracruz rent strike,
167–169Compañía Mexicano de Petroleo “El Aguila,” S.A.: struck,
139Comte, Auguste: seeks universal laws,
21,
24confectionary workers: of Monterrey,
127Confederación Cívica Independiente:
114Confederación del Trabajo de la Región Mexicana:
141Confederación de Sindicatos Obreros:
167Confederación de Trabajadores Mexicanos:
179Confederación de Transportes y Comunicaciones:
173Confederación General de Trabajadores (CGT): and textile workers,
83; and Enrique Flores Magón,
90; anarcho-syndicalist,
156,
174–176; created,
159; program and ideology of,
160–162; holds First National Workers Congress,
161; versus CROM in San Angel,
162–163; supports Mexico City transit strike,
164–166; and 1922–1923 Veracruz rent strike,
166–169; and Orizaba-Veracruz strikes of 1923–1924,
169–170; joins AIT,
169–170,
173; membership estimates of,
170; faces govemment-CROM hostility,
171–174; obtains union ship at San Antonio de Abad,
172; and Código de Trabajo,
176–177; demise of,
177; mentioned,
179,
183Confederación General Obrera:
158Confederación Nacional de Artes Gráficas: created,
109; and
canteros, 110; organizes Mexico City publishing houses,
110–111; relationship of, with Moncaleano,
112–114; joins Casa,
122; becomes syndicate,
128; mentioned,
123Confederación Nacional del Trabajo:
58Confederación Regional Obrera Mexicana (CROM): created,
158; sends delegates to AFL convention,
158–159; attacked by Luz,
159; favored by Obregón,
159; leadership of, accused of class collaboration,
160; versus CGT in San Angel,
162–163; supports strike-breaking efforts in transit strike,
164–166; and Veracruz rent strike,
166–168; and Orizaba-Veracruz strikes of 1923–1924,
169–170; membership estimates of,
170; dedicated grass-roots members of,
173; disintegrates,
174–175; mentioned,
126–127,
151,
179,
183Confederación Tipográfico de México: organized,
107; organizes publishing houses,
108; becomes Confederación Nacional de Artes Gráficas,
109; mentioned,
112Congreso General Obrero de la República Mexicana: first women delegates to,
24; dissolved by Díaz regime,
27; and anarchist international,
27,
79; manifesto of,
54; on Díaz and García de la Cadena presidential bids,
57–58; holds mass rally in Columbus Park,
58; La Social members on directorate of,
75–76; condemns
El Socialista and Zacatecas Círculo,
76; closed,
79; mentioned,
80,
115,
179,
180,
181Congreso Preliminar Obrero:
141,
167Congress (Mexican): and the Conservatorio,
45; Casa appeals to,
121; dissolved by Huerta,
122; mentioned,
171conservatives: power of, retained after independence,
12; conflict of, with liberals,
14Conservatorio Artística Industrial:
45,
47Constitutional Convention:
41Contreras textile workers: join Unión Mutua de Tejedores del Distrito del Tlalpan,
45–46; support Zacatecas Círculo,
57; support CGT,
163; involved in CGT-CROM labor violence,
171–172cooperativism: Rhodakanaty and,
25,
26; advanced,
50–54,
59; anarchists convert mutualist societies to,
51–53; González advocates,
64–66; taken over by government,
80–81; obsolescent,
87; at Río Blanco,
94; advocated by Salazar,
122; in
El Sindicalista, 123; mentioned,
178Córdoba (Ver.): Casa formed in,
136; mentioned,
131Cuéllar, Gen. Rafael: commands search for Chávez López,
32–33; repression by,
34; investigated by government,
34–35; unable to quell rebellion,
35,
39–40; mentioned,
77Cuerpo Central de Trabajadores:
159
De la Colina, Federico: and
obreros intelectuales, 107; and
tipógrafos, 122; helps Casa fugitives,
125; addresses Casa-Constitutionalist meeting,
126; edits
Tinta Roja, 129De la Hoz, Santiago: in Laredo,
89De la Huerta, Adolfo: Constitutionalist-Casa liaison,
132; and CGT,
162,
166; revolts,
166; mentioned,
168De la Luz Blanco, José: PLM military commander,
101De la Vega, Santiago R.: in Laredo,
89; writes for
El Sindicalista, 122–123; addresses Casa-Constitutionalist meeting,
126delegado: in PLM clandestine structure,
90
Del Rio (Tex.): and 1906 uprising,
93Del Valle, Casimiro: on 1916 general strike committee,
152–154democracy: rejected by Rhodakanaty,
23De Moncaleano, Bianca:
112Departamento de Trabajo:
116Dhiosdado, Fortino C: at Columbus Park rally,
58Díaz, Enzaldo: anarchist
agrarista joins Zapata,
131Díaz, Modesto: arrested,
100Díaz, Porfirio: and village land seizures,
14; and new landed elite,
15;
paz porflriana of,
15; dissolves National Congress of Mexican Workers,
27; and civil war,
55; support of Círculo members for,
56; expulsion of
campesinos by,
56; alliances against,
57; and San Simonito Tlacomulco,
66; labels Santa Fe a “communist,”
69; challenged by Negrete and García de la Cadena,
81–82; versus Flores Magóns,
88–94,
100–103; and GCOL,
94–99; mentioned,
27,
67,
71–79 passim,
106,
181Díaz Ramirez, Manuel: Stalinist and member of CGT,
160–161Díaz regime: and agrarian land seizures,
35; Limantour and,
66; and control of labor movement,
79–82; and weakening economy,
83; concern of, with PLM and anarchists,
84–85; abolishes
alcabala, 87; and PLM,
88–94,
100–103; and Río Blanco uprising,
94–99; versus provincial elites,
103; as cause of Revolution,
103; mentioned,
72,
77,
78,
104,
180,
181,
182,
183Díaz Soto y Gama, Antonio: member of PLM and Casa del Obrero,
102; works in Escuela Racionalista,
114–115; anti-Huerta,
121; writes for
El Sindicalista, 122–123; quoted on Christian communism,
124; joins Zapata,
131; opposes alliance with Constitutionalists,
133; mentioned,
138,
171,
178Diéguez, Manuel: and Cananea,
91Díez, Manuel: at Río Blanco,
97Domínguez, Bélisario: anti-Huerta leader,
122Douglas (Ariz.): and 1906 PLM arrests,
93draftsmen: Casa syndicate,
128drivers and conductors: organized in Monterrey,
127Durango, state of: uprising of 1878–1884 in,
68–69; mentioned,
70dyers: affiliate with Casa,
138
Ebano, El: battle of,
135electrical railway workers: of Monterrey,
127electricians: organized in Tampico,
157El Paso (Tex.): and 1906 uprising,
93; raid on PLM in,
100Empleados Libres y Cosmopólitas:
116–117Empleados y Obreros de Tráfico de la Compañía de tranvías:
159Ericsson Telephone Company: workers at, join CGT,
159; and 1923 strike,
165,
174Escobedo, José G.: purged from CGT,
161–162Escuela de Filosofia Transcendental:
26Escuela del Rayo y del Socialismo: founded in Chalco,
32; as club “por y para la libertad,”
33; expectations of Rhodakanaty for,
41; mentioned,
71,
78Escuela Racionalista: described,
112; established,
113–115; Casa reinaugurales,
138–139; advocated by CGT,
171Esquivei, Ciro Z. : member of Luz and Casa,
112–114
Fabela, Isidro: addresses May Day rally,
119–120Fabri, Luis: books by, in Casa library,
118Fama Montañesa, La (factory): organized 1868,
45; workers at, join Unión Mutua de Tejedores del Distrito del Tlalpan,
45–46; strike at,
50,
53Federación Anarquista Mexicana (FAM):
176–177Federación Comunista del Proletariado Mexicano:
159Federación de Obreros de Hilados y Tejidos del Estado de México y del Distrito Federal:
159Federación de Sindicatos:
157Federación de Sindicatos del Distrito Federal: and general strikes of 1916,
140–151,
151–155; former members of, and new anarchist groups,
156; and Veracruz Congreso Preliminar Obrero,
167Federación de Sindicatos Obreros:
152Federación de Trabajadores del Puerto de Veracruz:
167Federación General Obrera del Ramo Textil:
171–172Federación Hilandera:
163Federación Obrera del Ramo de Lana:
176Federación Obrera de Tejedores:
117Federal District Federation of Workers Syndicates:
152Ferrer Guardia, Francisco: influence of, on Moncaleano and Escuela Racionalista,
112; essays by, circulated,
113–114; and Luz of Monterrey,
115; cited,
119; memorial to,
156; mentioned,
138,
157Ferrés, Amadeo: background and ideology of,
104–106; on Madero and needs of workers,
106–107; organizes
tipógrafos, 107–111; and Artes Gráficas,
110,
122; and Escuela Racionalista,
112; and Moncaleano,
112–114; cited,
119; and anti-Huerta May Day rally,
119–120; mentioned,
138,
178,
181First International Workingmen’s Association: and Bakunin,
5–6; Jura branch of, and Mexico,
17; La Social affiliation with,
30; bulletin of, circulated,
46Flores, Antonio: warns government about Chávez López,
33; complains of Cuéllar’s atrocities,
34; charged with atrocities by Cuéllar,
34–35; apprehensions of,
40Flores, Joaquin: expulsion
of campesinos by,
67–68Flores brothers: Casa
agraristas join Zapata,
131Flores Magón, Enrique: background of,
88–89; moves to U.S.,
88–89; anarchism of,
90; prepares uprising of 1908,
100–101; mentioned,
182Flores Magón, Ricardo: leader of PLM,
84; background of,
88–89; moves to U.S.,
88–89; anarchist,
89–90; and 1906 uprising,
93; arrested,
100; goes to prison,
101; disadvantages of, versus Madero,
101–102; as peasant-worker leader,
102; supported by Moncaleano and Luz,
113; and CGT,
161,
162; mentioned,
182Flores Magonistas: disputes of, with Casa,
129; supported by CGT,
161; mentioned,
181,
182Fort Mayer [
sic]: deported CGT member,
160Fourier, François: and phalansteries,
4; ideas of, in Mexico,
16; Rhodakanaty and,
21,
25; studied by artisans of Sociedad,
45; mentioned,
24French: during Maximato,
14; intervention of,
31,
73; textile factory owners,
95,
100,
121; owners of El Oro,
140; mentioned,
63,
71Furlong Detective Agency: versus Flores Magóns,
89–90; raid of PLM headquarters by,
100
Gallardo, Pablo: betrayal of,
95Galván, Ursulo: and Veracruz peasantry,
168; rejects anarchism,
169Ganz, Nathan: at anarchist international,
79García, Carlos: Monterrey Casa leader,
127García, Luis A. : PLM military commander,
101García, Timoteo: member 1916 general strike committee,
152,
154García de la Cadena, Trinidad: protects Círculo,
57; presidential candidate,
57–58,
75,
76; rebels,
81–82,
ley de fuga applied by,
81; mentioned,
71,
82García Ramirez, Rodolfo: member of Luz and Casa,
112–114Garcín, Victor: at Río Blanco,
97Garrido, Fernando: cited,
52Gasca, Celestino: organizing activity of,
127; Casa leader,
129; and Casa-Constitutionalist pact,
133; organizes in Guanajuato,
135; and repression of CGT in San Angel,
163; resigns post,
174gendarmería imperial: and Mexico’s first strike,
31
gendarmería montada: raid Star Salon,
154
General Confederation of Labor:
158Geneva Congress of First International Workingmen’s Association:
46Godwin, William: and Rousseau’s contentions,
3–4Goldman, Emma: meets with PLM,
89Gómez, Anselmo: in Hidalgo and Veracruz,
40–41Gómez, Gen. de Brigada Arnulfo R.: during 1923 CGT-army battle,
165González, Gen. Abraham: crisis of, with Casa,
136–137González, Gen. Pablo: raids House of Tiles,
140González, José María: antielite intellectualism of,
9–10; joins Círculo Proletario,
46; describes cooperativism,
50–51; attacks Díaz,
56; officer of Congreso,
57,
58,
75,
76; agrarianism of,
63–67; mentioned,
54,
73,
81,
181González, Julian: quack medicine man,
22González, Pres. Manuel: attacks anarchists,
74–75; mentioned,
77,
79,
81,
82González Cantú, José: assassin of Barragán Hernández,
155González Monroy, Jesús: quoted,
92 government: rejected by Rhodakanaty,
23; investigates Cuéllar,
34; and Chavez López,
39; and first Círculo directorate,
48; attacks labor movement,
74–82; described by Ferrés,
105; challenged by Moncaleano,
112–113; failure of, to provide educational services,
115; general strike as war upon,
123–124; attacked by
tribuna roja, 125; attacked by
Ariete, 139; reacts to May 1916 general strike,
150–151; works with CROM against CGT,
171–174; corruption of, as cause of anarchism,
178; mentioned,
63,
71,
179Gran Círculo de Obreros de México: created,
47; prohibits members of political parties,
47–48; supports
municipio libre, 48; and factional strife,
49; campaign by, to build cooperatives,
51–53; and national workers’ congress,
54; and 1876 civil war,
56; Sucursal becomes rival of,
57; condemns
El Socialista, 75–76; closed down,
79; mentioned,
55,
64,
78,
81,
115,
181Gran Círculo de Obreros Libres (CGOL): created,
94; reformed,
95; and strike,
95–99,
181Gran Comité Conmunero:
69,
77Gran Confederación de Obreros:
100Gran Liga Obrera de la República Mexicana:
116Great League of Mexican Workers:
116Greene, William D.: part owner of Cananea Copper Co.,
91–92Grupo Casa del Obrero Mundial:
157Grupo Cultural Ricardo Flores Magón:
177Grupo de Estudiantes Socialistas: formed by Rhodakanaty and students,
20; as Mexican branch of Bakuninism,
20–21; becomes La Social,
23Guadalajara (Jal.): lockout of textile workers in,
96;
tipógrafos organized in,
108; Casa begins organizing campaign in,
127; workers in, join Constitutionalist forces,
135; Casa activities in,
136,
156Guanajuato (Gto.): Salazar organizes at,
135; Casa created at,
136Guanajuato, state of: uprising of 1878–1884 in,
68–69; village congress in,
69; mentioned,
70Guerrero, state of: uprising of 1842 in,
62; Negrete rebellion in,
70–71,
75Guerrero, Praxedis: leads 1906 uprising,
93; prepares revolt of 1908,
100–101; killed,
101Gutherie, Chester Lyle: on urban working-class unrest,
44Gutiérrez de Lara, Lazaro: and Cananea,
91; in Casa del Obrero,
102
hacendados : government as collaborator with,
37–39; cited by Chávez López,
38; and Ley del Pueblo,
69; as “younger Creoles,”
86; mentioned,
60,
62,
66–68,
70,
71,
77,
89
Hacienda de las Bocas: expulsion of
campesinos from,
56,
67–68Hacienda La Tenería: and land seizures,
66haciendas: expansion of, in Chalco region,
36,
37; land on, redistributed by Chávez López,
40; growth of,
61; raided,
62; and Ley del Pueblo,
69–70; growth during Porfiriato,
86; of Izabal,
91; mentioned,
66,
71,
72,
74–75harbor boat crews: organized in Tampico,
157Herder, Johann Gottfried: cited,
26Hermanos Rojos: new anarchist group,
156; urges alternative to CROM,
159Hermosillo (Son.): Casa organized in,
136Hernández, Joaquin: Casa
agrarista 131Hernández, Leonardo: member 1916 general strike committee,
152–154Herrera, Alejandro: third secretary of Círculo,
48Herrera, Carlos:
jefe político of Orizaba,
95–97; fired,
98Hidalgo, state of: uprising of 1878–1884 in,
68–69; mentioned,
71Hidalgo y Costilla, Miguel: stirs up
campesino masses,
37,
61,
62Hijo del Trabajo, El: on liberty of the professions,
22; supports ccoperativism,
53; shutdown,
56; opposes García de la Cadena,
57; Paula González edits,
58; and agrarianism,
63; supports Negrete,
71; and Congreso-Círculo condemnation of
El Socialista and Zacatecas Círculo,
76; on Veracruz shootings,
78–79; mentioned,
54,
55,
59,
64,
109
Hill, Gen. Benjamin: and May 1916 general strike,
141–151; arrests Casa members,
155Hinojosa, Pedro: orders capture of rebels,
82 Historia de las asociaciones obreras en Europa: 52Hobsbawn, Eric J. : cited,
62Horace (Quintus Horatius Flaccus): cited,
26Hormiga, La (factory): occupied by
rurales, 99; site of CGT-CROM confrontation,
171–172Homos, Los (Coah.): 1908 uprising in,
101House of Tiles: Casa meeting place,
140–141; taken by government,
141–150Huerta, Carmen: leader of La Social and Mexican National Labor Congress,
24,
55; president of Congreso,
57,
76; at Columbus Park rally,
58; heads Junta Privada de las Sociedades Mutualistas,
80; mentioned,
180Huerta, Victoriano: establishes dictatorship,
118; deports Casa leadership,
121; dissolves Congress,
122; Casa conflict with,
125; mentioned,
131,
138,
154Huerta regime: attacked by Lucha,
118–119; attacked by Casa,
120–121; labels Casa as
“foco de conspiración” 121; condemned in Congress,
122; arrests Casa leaders,
125; mentioned,
129,
130Hugo, Victor: in working-class press,
109Huitrón, Jacinto: member of Luz and Casa,
112–114; arrested,
114,
156; works in Escuela Racionalista,
114–115; and Huerta,
121,
125; imprisoned,
121; addresses Casa-Constitutionalist meeting,
126; Casa delegate to anarchist international congress of 1914,
128; anarchist
agrarista, joins Zapata,
131; supports alliance with Constitutionalists,
133; on revolution,
136; held at Jefatura de las Armas,
140–141; in CGT,
160–161; and 1922 CGT street demonstrations,
163; opposes CGT acceptance of Código de Trabajo,
176; leads Federación Anarquista Mexicana,
176–177; mentioned,
132Huxley, T. H.: and evolution,
7–8
Ibarra, Francisco: and Cananea,
91Iglesias, José María: in civil war,
55,
56,
67Inclán, Angela: member 1916 general strike committee,
152,
154Independent Civic Confederation:
114industrialization: and social stress,
12,
52; and urban labor movement,
44,
85; restricted growth of,
74; in Orizaba,
94; viewed by Ferrés,
106; mentioned
60,
178Industrial Workers of the World (IWW): and Cananea,
84; Tampico petroleum workers affiliate with,
157–158; Tampico groups of, join CGT,
159–160; in Mexico City,
160; mentioned,
83intellectuals: alienation of, as cause of Revolution,
103; recruited to Luz and Casa,
114–115; and CGT,
161Internacional, La: published,
59; and Hacienda de las Bocas,
67–68; agrarian program of,
68–69; mentioned,
77,
178
International Alliance for Social Democracy:
6International Association of Workers (AIT): Casa affiliates with,
120; Huitrón delegate to international congress of,
128; CGT affiliates with,
173; mentioned,
174,
183Irapuato (Gto.): Casa created in,
136Ixhuatlán (Ver.): and 1906 uprising,
93Izabal, Gov. Rafael: and Cananea strike,
90–92
Jalapa (Ver.): Casa created in,
136Janos (Chih.): Guerrero killed in,
101Jara, Heriberto: addresses May Day rally,
119–120; rejects national labor congress,
141Jefatura de las Armas:
140jefe de guerrilla: in PLM clandestine structure,
90
Jiménez (Coah.): and 1906 uprising,
93Jovenes Socialistas Rojos:
156Juárez, Benito: against Maximilian,
32; opposed by Negrete,
34; approves deportations during Chávez López uprising,
34–35; honorary president of Conservatorio,
45; donates cathedral to Sociedad,
45; exchanges letters with Cano,
47; dies,
48–49; versus Negrete and García de la Cadena,
81–82; mentioned,
56,
71,
73,
77,
181Juárez, Manuel: Santa Rosa GCOL leader,
96; killing of,
98Junco, Pedro: leads Veracruz Casa affiliate,
167Junta (PLM): infiltrated,
90; and 1906
uprising,
93; reorganizes,
93; arrested and aided in Los Angeles,
100; compromised,
101; versus Madero,
101–102Junta de Conciliación y Arbitraje: established,
170–171; used against CGT,
171–174; and handling of labor disputes,
175–176Junta Privada de las Sociedades Mutualistas de México:
80
Kibbey, Joseph H.: territorial governor of Arizona,
91–92Knights of Columbus (Caballeros de Colon):
162Knights of Labor: aid Club Nacional,
80; influence of,
83,
84Kropotkin, Peter Alekseevich: and peasantry,
4; and communist anarchism,
6–7; gives anarchism a theory of history,
7–8; and Social Darwinists concerning evolution,
7–8; dissemination of ideas of, in Mexico,
16–17; Rhodakanaty and,
24,
26; in
Ariete,
138–139; in
Verbo Rojo, 161; mentioned,
87,
178,
182
labor movement: causes and role of, in Mexican history,
43–44; and deaths of Juárez and Villanueva,
48–49; reaction of, to García de la Cadena,
75–76; repression of,
78–82; and Ferrés,
104,
107; and Madero government,
116; and suppression of Lucha,
122; links of, with Obregón,
126–127; committed to Constitutionalists,
131–135; organizing by
comités de propaganda, 135; growth of,
136–138; unprecedented audacity of,
139; holds national congress,
141; government moves against,
151–155; mentioned,
118La Paz (B. Cfa.): Montiel exiled to,
72,
78Laredo (Tex.): and Club Liberal Ponciano Arriaga,
89Las Vacas (Coah.): PLM uprising in,
100–101Legaspi, Urbano: deported,
165Leibnitz, Baron Gottfried Wilhelm: cited,
26León (Gto.): battle of,
135; Casa created in,
136; anarchist group in,
157León, Luis: rejects agrarian plan,
171León de la Barra, Francisco: interim government of,
107Lerdo de Tejada, Sebastián: and Ley Lerdo program,
14; gives Círculo 200 pesos monthly,
49; deports Real del Monte strikers,
49; and civil war,
55–56; versus Negrete and García de la Cadena,
81–82; mentioned,
57,
66,
67,
71,
77,
78Ley del Pueblo: described,
69–70; Negrete supports,
71; mentioned,
77Ley Lerdo: intent and consequences of,
13–14; blamed by Coatepec for loss of land,
37; causes unrest,
62; mentioned,
67Liberal Congress of San Luis Potosí:
88liberals: heritage of,
12–13; program of,
13–14; conflict of, with conservatives,
14; cited by Chávez López,
39; return to Mexico City in 1867,
45; grant
the Conservatorio 1,200 pesos annually,
45; and Cano attacked by Zalacosta,
47; regarded as likely traitors,
48; return to power,
63; versus radical reformers,
81–82; land program of,
86; influence of, on PLM,
88; clubs of, as clandestine PLM units,
90; oppose Casa,
116; define May 1916 general strike,
150libertarian socialism: as anarchosyndicalism,
8; reflected in Congreso manifesto,
54; envisioned society of,
108; and positivism,
123; mentioned,
76,
80,
104,
138Liga Agraria de la República Mexicana:
71 ,
77Liga de Comunidades Agrarias y Sindicatos del Estado de Veracruz:
169Liga Minera de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos:
91Limantour, José Ives: and land seizures,
66; and Centro Industrial Mexicano,
96; fires
jefe político of Orizaba,
98Linares (N.L.): Casa created in,
136Lombardo Toledano, Vicente: and Ley del Trabajo,
176London: anarchist convention in,
79López Dónez, José: and
obreros intelectuales, 107–111; edits
El Sindicalista for Casa,
123; edits
Ariete, 138–139; member of Luz,
156; mentioned,
175,
181Los Angeles (Calif.): Ricardo Flores Magón resides in,
93; raid of PLM headquarters in,
100; PLM Junta in jail in,
101; mentioned,
129Los Grupos Revolucionarios de Emigrados Españoles en Varias Regiones:
80Lucha: created,
115; takes over Gran Liga,
116; runs Casa and organizes Mexico City workers,
116–118; critiques Mexican elite,
118–119; arrests, deportations and,
121,
130; protests to Congress,
121–122; disrupted,
122; and positivism,
123; view of Constitutionalists,
126–127; new organizing effort by,
127–129; absorbed by enlarged Casa Directorate,
128–129; mentioned,
138,
139luchador obrero: José Neira at Río Blanco,
94
lucha reinvindicadora: as class struggle,
106
Luz (Mexico City): secret anarchist group,
109; membership of,
112–113; supports PLM and Flores Magón,
113; organizes Casa,
113–115; program of,
113; becomes Lucha,
115; reorganized,
156; urges alternative to CROM,
159; mentioned,
138,
176
Machajski, Jan Waclaw: antielite intellectualism,
9–10Machorro, Ignacio: raids Casa headquarters,
125Macías, Lorenzo: member
obreros intelectuales, 107; member Luz,
112–114Madero, Francisco I.: supported,
88; candidacy of,
101; versus PLM Junta,
101–102; viewed by Ferrés,
105–106; forces of, take Ciudad Juárez,
107; creates Departamento de Trabajo,
116; assassinated,
118; mentioned,
93,
111,
112Madero regime: and labor movement,
115–118; and anti-Huerta rally,
119; mentioned,
130Magdalena, La (factory): early strike at,
83; 1907 strike at,
99; CGT violence at,
162–163; site of CROM-CGT confrontation,
171–172Malatesta, Enrique: essays by,
118,
161Manifiesto Anarquista del Grupo Luz:
113Manrique, Aurelio: opposes alliance with Constitutionalists,
133Marin, Anastasio S. : member Luz and
obreros intelectuales, 112–114; arrested,
121; supports Artes Gráficas entry into Casa,
122; edits
Emancipación Obrera, 125; detained,
125; anarchist
agrarista joins Zapata,
131Márquez, Julio: kidnapped,
163Martínez, Margarita: leads crowd at Río Blanco,
97; prisoner,
98“Mártires de Veracruz”:
78–79Marx, Karl: doctrines of, disseminated,
16; seeks universal laws,
21; dialectic of,
24Marxism: Rhodakanaty and,
25; and Alberto Santa Fe,
69; Partido Obrero Socialista and,
112; criticized by Lucha,
119Matamoros (Tarn.): 1908 uprising in,
101Mata Rivera, Juan de: joins Círculo Proletario,
46; first secretary of Círculo,
48; leads effort to create cooperatives,
51–52; edits
El Socialista, 54; opposes women delegates at national labor congress,
54–55; speaks at Columbus Park rally,
58; mentioned,
180matchmakers: of Monterrey,
127Matta Reyes, Elías: leads El Oro strike,
139–140Maximilian: creates
gendarmería imperial, 31; and village-hacienda disputes in Chalco,
37; mentioned,
45,
67Mayorazgo, El (factory): workers strike at,
84mechanics: Casa syndicate,
128Mejía, Francisco: honorary vice-president Conservatorio,
45Mejía, Ignacio: on Cuéllar and deportation of villagers,
34–35Méndez, Luis: member Luz and Casa,
112–114,
156; imprisoned,
121; escapes Huerta,
125; anarchist
agrarista joins Zapata,
131Mendoza, Ciro: CGT textile syndicate leader,
170; accepts Código de Trabajo,
176Mendoza, Pascual: GCOL leader,
96,
181Mérida (Yuc): May Day rally of 1913 in,
120; Casa formed in,
135–136metal workers: organized in Tampico,
157Mexican Anarchist Federation:
176–177Mexican Eagle Petroleum Company:
139Mexican Region Confederation of Labor:
141Mexican Revolution: and agrarianism,
60,
73; and Zapata,
75; causation of,
85–87,
102–103; and PLM,
102–103; viewed by Ferrés,
105–106; Casa commitment to,
131–136; Constitutionalist image in,
135; defined by Casa,
138–139; emergent official ideology during,
150; mentioned,
112Mexico, state of: land seizures in,
66; 1878–1884 agrarian uprising in,
68–69; El Oro mining strike in,
139–140; CGT affiliates in,
159; mentioned,
71,
75Mexico City:
tumultos in,
11–12,
43–44; liberals return to, in 1867,
45; artisans lead workers in, toward cooperativism,
46; press in, protests repression of Real del Monte strikers,
49; Primer Sucursal formed in,
57; 1879 Columbus Park rally in,
58,
75; prison of Santiago Tlatelolco in,
70; 1885 textile strike in,
83; railroad workers in, organize,
84; Pan American Conference at,
84–85; Flores Magóns reside in,
88; lockout of textile workers in,
96; troops needed in,
99;
tipógrafos organized in,
107–111; unions in,
109; Moncaleano works in,
112; workers organizing in,
116–118; swept by strikes,
120–121; “liberated,”
126–127; new Casa organizing campaign in,
127; public utilities in, closed,
128; working-class measures by Obregón-Carranza in,
130; taken by Villa and Zapata,
131; workers in, recruited for Red Battalions,
133–135; economic crisis in, during Revolution,
136–155; Escuela Racionalista opens in,
138–140; government raids Casa in,
140–141; utilities in, shut down during general strike of May 1916,
141–150; new anarchist groups in,
156–157; IWW in,
159–160; swept with labor unrest,
171–174; mentioned,
55,
77Meza, Evarista: member Círculo Proletario,
46; delegate to Congreso,
55Michaelova, Natalia: deported CGT member,
160Michoacán, state of: uprising of 1842 in,
62; 1878–1884 agrarian uprising in,
68,
70,
78; mining strike at El Oro in,
139–140; delegates from, at national labor congress,
141Mier y Teran, Luis: and Veracruz shootings,
78–79mill workers: Casa syndicate,
128Minatidán (Ver.): and 1906 uprising,
93miners: strike at Real del Monte,
49; strike at El Oro,
139–140Miraflores (factory): workers at, form mutualist society,
46; struck,
120–121Mirafuentes (factory): workers at, suspended,
98Modelo, El (printing house): organized,
110moderados: led by Juan Cano,
45; support Lerdo,
56; mentioned,
76
Molino, El (Ver.): 1889 strike at,
83Moneda, Eduardo: resigns post,
174Monta, Andrés: and GCOL,
94Monterrey (N.L.): railroad workers in, organize,
84; growth of,
85;
tipógrafos organized in,
108; Luz of,
115; 1913 May Day rally in,
120; growth of Casa in, in 1914,
127; workers in, join Constitutionalist forces,
135; anarchist group in,
156; mentioned,
136Montiel, Tiburcio: creates Liga Agraria de la República Mexicana,
71; assists Zalacosta,
71; arrested, exiled to La Paz,
72; suppression of,
77–78; mentioned,
73Montoya, Alejandro: deported,
165Mora, José María Luis: liberal program of,
13Morales, José: founds new GCOL,
95; and new contract,
96; and rebellion,
97–98Morelia (Mich.): Casa organized in,
135–136Morelos, state of: Chávez López uprising into,
33; and social banditry,
36; and agrarian revolution,
62; 1878–1884 agrarian uprising in,
68–69; and 1879 Negrete rebellion,
70–71; mentioned,
72,
75Morelos y Pávon, José María: followed by
campesino masses,
37,
61,
62Moreno, Rafael: GCOL leader,
96; killing of,
98Morones, Luis N.: emergence of,
128–129; and outcome of May 1916 general strike,
151; confrontation of, with Borrán at Tampico,
157–158; confrontation of, with Huitrón,
158; attacked by Luz,
159; favored by Obregón,
159; denounced as class collaborationist,
160; Secretario de Industria, Comercio, y Trabajo,
170; feuds with Obregón-Calles,
174–175; mentioned,
181municipio libre: attacked by Ley Lerdo,
13–14; as free village government,
15; basis for,
36; as replacement for national government,
37–41; presaged by Chávez López,
41; Carranza pledges support for,
41; endorsed by Círculo,
48; and Spanish intrusion,
60; landholdings of,
62; and Ley del Pueblo,
69–70; and Negrete,
71; and Plan de Ayala,
72; in PLM platform,
93; supported by Casa
agraristas, 131; mentioned,
61,
74–75,
180
Muñuzuri, José: edits
El Hijo, 53; supports women delegates to Congreso,
54–55; influences José María González,
64; mentioned,
56,
80,
181Murillo, Gerardo (pseud. Dr. Atl): and Casa-Constitutionalist liaison,
132–136; defines strike of May 1916,
150; Carranza emissary to strikers,
152–154; mentioned,
138,
151Mutualist-Cooperative Union of Restaurant Employees of the Federal District:
116,
117mutualist societies: and Proudhon,
5; as resistance societies,
30,
48; send delegates to Círculo,
47; seen as obsolescent,
87; at Río Blanco,
94; lamented by anarchosyndicalists,
181
Naranjo, Gen. Francisco: opposes Negrete,
71National Palace: endangered by Casa strikes,
117; Villa and Zapata meet at,
131; strike committee visits Carranza at,
152–154Negrete, Gen. Miguel: supports Chávez López,
34; and 1879 rebellion,
70–71; captured,
81; challenges Díaz,
81–82; mentioned,
73,
75,
77Neira, José: at Río Blanco,
94–95Nogales (factory): in Río Blanco uprising,
94–99; new strikes at,
99Nuevo Laredo (Tarn.): railroad workers in, organized,
84; Casa created in,
136; anarchist group in,
156Nuevo León, state of: PLM activities in,
90Núñez, Eulalio: attacks strikers at San Ildefonso,
31
Oaxaca, state of: 1842 agrarian uprising in,
62; PLM revolutionaries in,
84; Flores Magóns in,
88; use of strikebreakers threatened in,
99;
tipógrafos organized in,
108; worker organizing in,
135; Casa formed in,
136; sends delegates to national labor congress,
141; mentioned,
79Obregón, Alvaro: alliance of, with Casa,
126–127,
129–136; as “supporter” of syndicalism,
132; fails to support Casa in general strikes of 1916,
151–155; intervenes on behalf of Velasco,
155; topples Carranza,
159; and repression of San Angel textile workers,
163–164; assassinated,
174; mentioned,
182–183Obregón regime: blamed for repression of San Angel textile workers,
163–164; attempts to break Mexico City transit strike,
164–166; releases CGT prisoners,
166; and Veracruz rent strike,
168–169Obrero Internacional, El: founded,
50; supports cooperativism,
53; mentioned,
59,
109
Obreros de Artes Gráficas Comerciales del D.F.:
159obreros intelectuales : organize
tipógrafos and
sociedad de resistencia, 107–111; and Moncaleano,
112–114; bring Artes Gráficas into Casa,
122
Obreros Progresistas de Santa Rosa:
159Obreros y Empleados de Telefonos “Ericsson”:
159Obreros y Obreras del Palacio de Hierro:
159Ocampo, Epigmenio H.: publishes
El Sindicalista, 122–123Olaguibel, Carlos: and
charrismo, 181Ordóñez, Pedro: cooperativist and member of La Social,
46; La Social delegate to Círculo,
47; writes in
El Socialista, 49; president of
TRUE Círculo,
79; regidor,
83; mentioned,
80Orellana, Juan: third secretary of Congreso,
75Orizaba (Ver.): female workers in, organized,
55; anarchism urged on textile workers of,
90; strike at Río Blanco in,
93–99;
jefe político of, fired,
98; strike at Santa Rosa in,
100; worker organizing in,
135; Casa created in,
136; as headquarters of Mexican Region Confederation of Labor,
141; new anarchist group in,
157; CGT affiliates in,
159; CGT activities in, in 1923,
169Ortega, Alfonso: arrested,
114Ortega, Pedro: and
orreros intelectuales, 107; supports entry of Artes Gráficas into Casa,
122Ortiz Rubio, Pascual: reports on new labor code,
175–176Ortiz Rubio regime: confronts labor movement over Código de Trabajo,
176Osorio, Paula: gives women’s classes in Casa school,
125
Pachuca (Hgo.): invaded by Chavez López,
40–41; Real del Monte near,
49; Casa organized in,
136Padua, Donato: and 1906 uprising,
93; mentioned,
100painters: of Monterrey,
127; in Morelia,
135Palacio de Hierro, El:
120Paley, Michael: with IWW in Tampico,
160Palos, Eleuterio: anarchist
agrarista joins Zapata,
131Pan American Conference: and anarchist extradition laws,
84–85Pan American Federation of Labor:
160Pándelo, Cesar: member 1916 general strike committee,
152,
154Papantía (Ver.): 1896 agrarian uprising in,
72Partido Laborista Mexicano: versus CGT in San Angel,
162–163; supporters of, resign posts,
174Partido Liberal Mexicano (PLM): at Cananea,
84,
90–92; and Flores Magóns,
88–89; clandestine guerrilla units of,
90; 1906 platform of,
92–93; and 1906 uprising,
93; and Río Blanco,
94; and uprising of 1908,
100–101; as peasant-worker movement,
102; members of, in Casa del Obrero,
102; supported by Moncaleano and Luz,
113; mentioned,
72,
181,
182Partido Obrero Socialista:
112,
119Pascal, Blaise: cited,
26Paula González, Francisco de: treasurer of Círculo,
48; leads attack against Círculo,
56; edits
El Hijo, 58peasant wars. See preideological preindustriai protest
Peralta, Lt. Col. Miguel: proclaims martial law in Mexico City,
154Pérez, Alfredo: and
obreros intelectuales, 107Pérez de León, Rafael: joins Círculo Proletario,
46; fourth secretary of Círculo,
48,
49Pérez Medina, Alfredo: member 1916 general strike committee,
152,
154Pérez Taylor, Rafael: works in Escuela Racionalista,
114–115; quoted,
118–119; organizes 1913 May Day parade,
119; anti-Huerta,
121; writes for
El Sindicalista, 123; attacks Church,
124; explains anarchism,
125Pérez Treviño, Gen. Manuel: troops of, protect factories in Federal District,
170Pineda, Wolstano: accepts Código de Trabajo,
176Pinkerton Detective Agency. See Furlong Detective agency
Pino Suárez, José Mana: assassinated,
118plumbers: Casa syndicate,
128Porfiriato: land transfers during,
62; worker militancy during,
83; and socioeconomic change,
85–87; mentioned,
103,
179Portes Gil, Emilio: interim president,
174–175; and new labor code,
175positivism: and libertarian socialism,
123Prat, José: essays by, in Casa library,
118preideological preindustrial protest: of urban and rural workers in Mexico and Europe,
11; and social banditry,
11–12,
36; and
tumultos, 11–12,
43–44; and indigenous uprisings,
11–12,
60–63; mentioned,
178“Preliminary” National Labor Congress:
141Primer Sucursal: formed,
57; and García de la Cadena,
75–76; mentioned,
81Proal, Herón: background of,
167; leads Veracruz renters’ union,
168–169; exiled,
169Propaganda Committee:
135,
137Protesta, La (Buenos Aires):
183
Proudhon, Pierre Joseph: attracts working-class support for anarchism,
4; individualistic-communitarian values of,
4–5; differences of, with Bakunin,
6; dissemination of ideas of, in Mexico,
16; influence of, on Rhodakanaty,
19,
24–26; explained to La Social,
30; appealing to
campesinos at Chalco,
33; studied by artisans of Sociedad,
45;
What Is Property? by,
64; writings of, in Casa library,
118; in
Ariete, 138–139; in
Verbo Rojo, 161; mentioned,
87,
178,
182Proudhonism: new associations espouse,
46; Salazar advocates,
122provincial elites: alienation of, as cause of revolution,
103Provisional Government: and general strike of July-August 1916,
151Puebla (Pue.): insurgency along road near,
40; Casa organized in,
136Puebla, state of: Negrete supports Chávez López in,
34; and social banditry,
36; and agrarian revolution,
62,
68–69; Negrete rebellion of 1879 in,
70–71; invaded,
82; textile and railroad worker unrest in,
84,
99–100; textile industry in,
94; “resistance societies” created in,
131; sends delegates to national labor congress,
141; CGT affiliates in,
159; mentioned,
72,
75,
77,
95,
96Puerto México (Coatzalcoalcos, Ver.): Casa formed in,
136
Querétaro (Qro.): Constitutional Convention in, recognizes
municipio libre, 41; 1849 agrarian uprising nearby,
62; and 1878–1884 agrarian uprising,
68,
77,
78; lockout of textile workers in,
96; Casa formed in,
136Quintana Roo, territory of,
95Quintero, Rafael: and
obreros intelectuales,
107–111 ; supports entry of
tipógrafos into Casa,
122; publishes
El Sindicalista, 122–123; edits
Emancipación Obrera, 125; escapes Huerta,
125; leads Casa toward alliance with Obregón,
129; supports alliance with Constitutionalists,
133; edits
Ariete, 138–139; and CGT,
160,
161; absence of, during Código de Trabajo crisis,
175,
181Quiroz, Eleuterio: leads 1849 agrarian uprising,
62
railroad workers: organize,
84; support CGT strikes,
162–166; strike in Tampico,
173Rancho de San Vicente: expulsion of
campesinos from,
56,
67–68Rangel, Enrique: opposes CGT acceptance of Código de Trabajo,
176Rationalist Cultural Center:
125Ray y Guzmán, Manuel: president of Congreso,
58Real del Monte: strike at,
49real wages: lowering of, as precondition of revolution,
103; disastrous decline of, in Mexico City,
140–141; as cause of 1916 general strikes,
140–155; mentioned,
85Reclus, Eliseo: essays by, in Casa library,
118; in
Ariete, 138–139; in
Verbo Rojo, 161Reforma, La: program of,
13–14; encourages private enterprise and small agricultural holdings,
14; difficulty of estimating land seizures during,
35; anarchist view of,
52; mentioned,
96Regeneración: published,
88–89; circulation of,
89–90;
segunda época of,
176–177; mentioned,
92
Rendón, Serapio: anti-Huerta leader,
121; killed,
122restaurant workers: organized,
116–117; national syndicate of, joins Casa,
128retail clerks: Casa syndicate,
128Revolución Social, La: 94
revolutionary ideologies: presence of, as precondition of revolution,
103Rhodakanaty, Plotino C: background of,
19; writes
De la Naturaleza, 19; departure of, for Mexico,
19–20; view of
campesinos, 20; publishes
Cartilla socialista, 20; forms El Grupo de Estudientes Socialistas,
20–21; publishes
Neopanteísmo, 21; ideology of,
21–24,
25,
26; conservative reaction to,
24; reveals knowledge of Marxism,
25; and La Social,
25,
47; publishes
El Craneoscopio, 26; founds La Escuela de Filosofía Transcendental,
26; returns to Europe,
27–28,
72; describes Villanueva,
30; explains Proudhon and Bakunin,
30; creates Escuela del Rayo,
32; works with Chávez López.
33; impact of, upon emergent agrarian movement,
38; actions of, at Chalco,
41; returns to Mexico City,
42; distrusts government and emergent labor movement,
44; Círculo influenced by,
49; in
El Socialista, 49; delegate to Congreso,
55; writer for
La Internacional, 59; influences José Maña González,
64; returns to Chalco,
71–72; compared to Ferrés,
108; mentioned,
32,
54,
73,
78,
178,
181Rico, José: first secretary of Congreso and member of La Social,
58; writer,
La Internacional, 59Rinconada de la Soledad:
110Río Blanco (factory): 1907 uprising at,
93–99; infiltrators from, blamed for strikes,
99–100; strike of April 1907 at,
99–100; May Day rally of 1913 at,
120; mentioned,
182Río Frío: produces social banditry,
36; and agrarian revolution,
62Rio Grande (Tex.): and 1906 PLM arrests,
93Río Hondo (factory): workers at, support Zacatecas Círculo,
57Río Verde (Qro.): 1849 agrarian uprising in,
62Riquelme, Félix: member La Social and first secretary of Sucursal,
57; writer,
La Internacional, 59; first secretary of Congreso,
75; first secretary of Gran Círculo,
76Rivera, F.: Monterrey Casa leader,
127Rivera, Librado: in Laredo,
89; arrested,
100; CGT demands release of,
162Rocha, Federico: member 1916 general strike committee,
152,
154Rodarte, Fernando: and
obreros intelectuales, 107Rodríguez, Col. Miguel: and donation to Conservatorio,
45Rodríguez, F.: and expulsion
of campesinos, 67–68Rodríguez, José Refugio: and IWW in Mexico City,
160Rodríguez, Santana (pseud. Santanón): and Tabasco-Veracruz uprising,
93; mentioned,
100Rodríguez Villafuerte, Severino: secretary of
canteros, 109–110roji-negra: symbol of Mexican labor movement,
48; seized during 1923 army-CGT gun battle,
165
Roldán, Pioquinto: member of Luz and Casa,
112–114; arrested,
114; works in Escuela Racionalista,
114–115; anti-Huerta,
121; addresses Casa-Constinationalist meeting,
126; organizes miners’ militia,
131Romero, Epifanio: founds Conservatorio,
45; conflict of, with Villanueva,
45–49; supported by Juárez,
47; vice-president of Círculo,
48; replaces deceased Villanueva,
49; advocates cooperation with Lerdo regime,
49; mentioned,
55,
180Rousseau, Jean Jacques: on man, society, and state,
3; Proudhon and,
4Rubio, José: deported CGT member,
160Rumbia, José: at Río Blanco,
94–95rurales: at Hacienda de las Bocas,
67; and 1878–1884 agrarian uprising,
69–72; at Cananea,
92; at Río Blanco,
95,
97,
98; occupy La Hormiga textile factory,
99; mentioned,
77,
78
Ryan, John D. : and Cananea Copper Company,
91Rynning, Capt. Thomas: and Cananea,
92
sabio: as “rationally educated worker,”
106
saddlemakers: cooperative workshop of, established in Morelia,
135Saénz, Gen. Juan N.: opposes Negrete,
71Saint Louis (Mo.): PLM in,
89,
94Saint Paul (Minn.): CROM delegates attend AFL convention in,
158–159Salazar, Rosendo: and anarchosyndicalism,
122,
176; and El
Sindicalista, 123; organizing activity of,
127; edits
Tinta Roja, 129; leads Casa toward alliance with Obregón,
129,
133; organizes workers in Guanajuato,
135; claims Obregón betrayal of Casa,
154–155; purged from CGT,
160–161; member CSL,
161; opposes CGT agreement to Código de Trabajo,
176Salgado, José: and CGT-army gun battle of 1923,
164Saltillo (Coah.): Casa of,
136,
156; anarchist group in,
157; site of labor convention,
158–159San Andrés Tuxda (Ver.): Casa created in,
136San Angel (D.F.): invaded by Río Blanco refugees,
99; CGT violence in,
162–163; textile workers in Federación Hilandera in,
163; swept with labor violence,
171–172San Antonio (Tex.): and PLM,
89San Antonio de Abad (factory): 1885, 1890, 1892, 1894, and 1896 textile strikes at,
83; strike of 1909 at,
99; strike of 1913 at,
120–121; CGT gains union shop at,
172San Buenaventura (Hgo.): conflict with landowners at,
78Sandoval, Ramón: representative of Zacatecas Círculo,
75San Fernando (factory): 1889 strike at,
83San Ignacio Nopala (Hgo.): conflict with landowners at,
78San Ildefonso (factory): mutualist society formed at,
30; effect of French invasion on,
31; first strike in Mexico at,
31; workers at, respond to anarchists,
32; workers at, reorganized,
46; workers at, support Zacatecas Círculo,
57; CGT and violence at,
162San Juan de Dios hacienda:
36San Juan de Letrán monastery:
132San Lorenzo (factory): workers at, suspended,
98San Luis Potosí (S.L.P.): Casa organized in,
136San Luis Potosí, state of: 1878–1884 agrarian uprising in,
68–69,
78; syndicates of,
127; mentioned,
56,
67San Martín Texmelucan hacienda:
40,
77San Martín Texmelucan (Pue.): Chávez López attacks,
33,
40San Pedro y San Pablo cathedral:
45San Simonito Tlacomulco (Mex.): land seized in,
66Santa Brígida convent:
126,
132Santa Fe: Utopian commune,
61Santa Fe, Alberto: speaks at Columbus Park rally,
58; writes Ley del Pueblo,
69–70; chastizes deputy,
70; Negrete supports,
71; mentioned,
72,
73,
77,
178Santa Rosa (factory): in Río Blanco uprising,
93–99; 1910 strike at,
100; CGT syndicate organized at,
159Santiago Tlatelolco prison:
70,
77Santos Chocano, José: member of Lucha, exiled,
121San Vicente, Sebastián: deported,
160; and CGT shootout with army,
165–166Sarabia, Juan: in Laredo,
89Sarabia, Manuel: in Laredo,
89; in Casa del Obrero,
102Schmidt, Kaspar (pseud. Max Stirner): and “union of egoists,”
3–4; writings of, in Casa library,
118school teachers: form Casa syndicate,
128; strike,
139Seaman, Frank: deported CGT member,
160seamstresses: Casa syndicate,
128Second National Labor Congress:
157–158Secretaria de Industria, Comercio, y Trabajo:
171–174secretario de interior: of Artes Gráficas,
110
Seguí, Salvador (pseud. Noy del Sucre): assassination of,
165Serna, Severiano: Casa
agrarista, 131shoe factory workers: form Casa syndicate,
128Sierra, Justo: on Río Blanco uprising,
98Sierra de Jimilco (Coah.): 1908 uprising in,
101Silva, Agapito: cooperativist and member of La Social,
46Silva, Prisciliano: home of, raided,
100; arrested by Madero,
101Sinaloa, state of: 1878–1884 agrarian uprising in,
68–69; PLM activities in,
90; sends delegates to national labor congress,
141Sindicalista, El: published by Casa,
122–123; closes down,
124; mentioned,
125
Sindicato de Dependientes de Restaurantes:
128Sindicato de Tipógrafos y Gremios Anexos:
128Sindicato de Vía Permanente de la Compañía de Tranvías:
159Sindicato Revolucionario de Inquilinos:
167–169smelter workers: of Monterrey,
127Smith, Adam: liberals and,
12–13Social, La: created,
23; advocates the “Holy Idea,”
23; female members of,
24; Rhodakanaty describes program of,
25; members of,
29–30,
53; Bakunin and Proudhon explained to,
30; undertakes organization of first mutualist organizations,
30–31; and Rhodakanaty after return from Chalco,
42; cooperativist membership of,
46; manifesto of,
47; participates in
El Socialista and Círculo,
47; dominates Sucursal and Congreso,
55,
57–58; oppose García de la Cadena presidential bid,
57; and political participation,
58; publishes
La Internacional, 59; agrarian program of,
68–69; vulnerable,
74–75; mentioned,
77,
80,
115,
178,
180social banditry: and transition to agrarianism,
36,
62,
178.
See also pre-ideological preindustriai protest
socialism: interpreted by Rhodakanaty,
21–26; as viewed by Chávez López,
33,
39; in manifesto of La Social,
47; according to González,
50–51; and Velatti,
50–52; of
La Internacional, 68–69; and Santa Fe,
69–70; of Ferrés,
104–106; as communist anarchism of CGT,
160–162,
173Socialista, El: first socialist newspaper,
47; as voice of Círculo,
49; supports strikers at Real del Monte,
49; for cooperativism,
53; endorses Lerdo,
56; promulgates Ley del Pueblo,
69; Montiel helps edit,
72; attempts to rally García de la Cadena supporters,
75; condemned by Congreso and Círculo,
76; uses pseudonyms,
79; mentioned,
55,
59,
71,
78,
81,
109
Sociedad Artística Industrial: center of anarchist and urban worker organizing activity,
32,
44–45; Villanueva and,
34,
46; Conservatorio merges with,
45; receives meeting place from Juárez,
45; and La Social,
50,
115; salon of, used by Congreso,
54Sociedad Cosmopólita de Dependientes:
117sociedades de resistencia: Círculo members join,
48–49; at Real del Monte,
49; organized by workers at Río Blanco,
93–95;
tipógrafos form,
107; to oppose capitalism,
108; created by Casa
agraristas, 131; syndicates defined as, by national labor congress,
141; and CGT,
173
Sociedad Mutua del Ramo de Carpintería:
46Sociedad Mutua del Ramo de Hilados y Tejidos del Valle de México:
30–31Sociedad Mutua del Ramo de Sastrería:
30Sociedad Mutualista de Empleados Ubres:
117Sociedad Mutualista de Obreros Libres:
117Sociedad Particular de Socorros Mutuos:
21,
30Sociedad Progresista de Carpinteros:
51Sociedad Unionista de Sombrereros:
49Sonora, state of: PLM activities in,
90; Cananea in,
90–92; sends delegates to national labor congress,
141; mentioned,
61,
72Spagnoli, José: Monterrey Casa leader,
127Spanish anarchism: declaration of FAI-CNT,
9; and émigrés to Mexico,
18; and Bakuninists,
38; and Confederación Nacional del Trabajo,
58; and agrarian movement,
62; impact of, on Mexicans,
64,
89,
108,
178,
182; Ferrés and,
104; and influence of Ferrer Guardia,
112Spanish émigrés: join labor movement,
44; José Muñuzuri,
53; Juan B. Villareal,
57,
75; form Los Grupos Revolucionarios de Emigrados Españoles en Varias Regiones,
80; revitalize Mexican labor movement,
87–88; Amadeo Ferrés,
104; and Escuela Racionalista,
112,
114; Juan Tudó,
129; Jorge D. Borrán,
157–158; take part in CGT-army gun battle,
165–166; deported,
160,
165; mentioned,
83,
115Spencer, Herbert: seeks universal laws,
21,
24Spinoza, Baruch [or Benedict]: cited,
26state. See government
stoneworkers: organize Unión de Canteros Mexicanos,
109; of Monterrey,
127; Casa national syndicate,
128; mentioned,
87,
114strikebreakers: at Río Blanco,
99,
100; at El Oro,
140; at Mexico City,
140–141strikes: San Ildefonso and La Colmena,
31; Real del Monte,
49; La Fama Montañesa,
50; as tactic of anarcho-syndicalism,
52,
87; textile, between 1885 and 1896,
83; of 1900 in Puebla,
84,
94; Cananea,
90–92; Río Blanco,
93–99; at Santa Rosa,
100; increased support for,
108–111; Lucha directs,
116–118; during Huerta regime,
120–121; general, advocated,
123; close Mexico City transit system,
128; in Morelia,
135; wildcat,
136; school teachers and carriage drivers of Mexico City,
139; of May 1916,
140–141,
150–151; of July-August 1916,
151–155; CGT,
162–173; rent of Veracruz,
166–169; of 1923 in Veracruz-Orizaba,
169–170; CGT calls in San Angel-Contreras,
171–172; in Tampico,
173–174; of 1928 at Río Blanco,
174; uses of,
179–180; mentioned,
77Struck, Gustavo: described by Casa,
117Students’ Liberal Committee:
88subjefe: in PLM clandestine structure,
90
syndicates: and general strike,
123–124; as “self governing,”
127; and Mexico City Casa,
128–129; growth of,
137; defined as “resistance societies,”
141; and general strikes of 1916,
140–145; fragmented and disorganized,
156; of CGT,
159–160; mentioned,
84
Tabasco (Tab.): and 1906 uprising,
93; Casa created in,
136tailors: economic decline of,
86–87; join Casa,
120; of Monterrey,
127; national syndicate of, joins Casa,
128; workshop of, in Morelia,
135; organized in Tampico,
157Tamaulipas, state of: PLM activities in,
90Tampico (Ver.): Casa of,
136,
141,
156; and anarchist groups,
156; syndicates organized in,
157; CGT affiliates of,
159,
175; IWW in,
160; strikes in,
173–174Tampico Petroleum Workers: IWW affiliate,
157; strike of,
173–174Tapachula (Chis.): Casa formed in,
136Tarragona (Spain): Ferrés resides in,
156Tehuantepee (Oax.): Casa organized in,
136Tejada, Adalberto: governor of Veracruz,
168–169telephone workers: affiliate with CGT,
159; strike,
164–165Tepeji del Río (Hgo.): arrested strikers in jail at,
31Tepexpan (Mex.): conflict with landowners at,
78Tepic (Nay.):
tipógrafos organized in,
108Tepito,
barrio of: Casa leaders hidden in,
125Texas: and 1906 uprising,
93Texas Oil Company of Mexico:
157Texcoco (Mex.): Chávez López employed on hacienda nearby,
32,
40; and agrarian violence,
33; background of,
36textile workers: anarchism urged on, at Orizaba,
90; rebellion of, at Orizaba,
94–99; and lockout of 1906–1907,
96; Casa affiliate of, closes down Mexico City factories,
120–121; of Monterrey,
127; Casa national syndicate of,
128; strike of,
139; join CGT,
159; and violence at San Ildefonso,
162; in Federación Hilandera,
163; intensive strife of,
171–172; mentioned,
117.
See also individual strikes, faetones, and syndicatesTezuitlán (Pue.): Casa organized in,
136Third International Workingmen’s Association:
161Thompson, David E: opposes Flores Magóns,
89Tijera, Francisco: writer,
La Internacional, 59Tinajero, Eliás: anarchist
agrarista joins Zapata,
131tinsmiths: Casa syndicate of,
128tipógrafos: organization of,
104,
107,
111; and Moncaleano,
112–113; recruited to Casa,
114–115,
122; participate in 1913 anti-Huerta rally,
119; organized in Tampico,
157; mentioned,
87,
178
Tizapan (factory): workers at organized,
45–46Tlacotalpan (Ver.): Casa created in,
136Tlalmanalco (Mex.): uprising in, put down,
34Tlalnepanda (Mex.): site of first urban labor strike,
30–32Tlalpan (D.F.): Chávez López attacks haciendas in area of,
33; textile plant organized in,
45,
46Tlalpujahua (Mich.): Casa formed in,
135Tlaxcala (Tlax.): workers in,
95,
96; Casa created in,
136tobacco factory workers: affiliate with Casa,
138; CGT syndicate,
159Tolstoy, Leo: sought relief with peasantry,
4; published in working-class press,
109Toluca (Mex.): mutualist society formed in,
48; anarchist groups in,
157Tombstone (Ariz.): Ricardo Flores Magón sentenced in,
101Torreón (Coah.): strike of
tipógrafos in,
111; Casa formed in,
136; and Confederación General Obrera,
158Torres, Esther: member 1916 general strike committee,
152,
154transit workers: during Mexico City strike,
164–166Trevino, Ricardo: supports Morones,
157–158tribuna roja: Casa orators,
124
Tribuna Roja (Tampico):
157
Trinidad Juárez, J.: member of Luz and Casa,
112–114TRUE Círculo y Congreso de Obreros:
79–80
Unión Cooperativa Linotipográfica:
122Unión de Carpinteros:
115Unión de Propietarios:
168Unión de Tejedores de Miraflores,
46Unión Liberal Humanidad:
91Unión Mutua-Cooperativa de Dependientes de Restaurantes del D.F.:
116,
117Unión Mutua de Canteros:
46Unión Mutua de Tejedores del Distrito del Tlalpan:
46,
57United States: called “insolent,”
53; payment of debt to,
66; government of, opposes PLM,
92; consul from, at Veracruz praises Río Blanco suppression,
98; troops of, deploy near Las Vacas,
100–101; radicals in, help PLM,
102Uruapan (Mich.): Casa formed in,
135Urueta, Jesús: anti-Huerta leader,
121
Valadés, José C: and CGT,
160–161,
175; member CSL,
161; advocates workers’ control of factories,
169–170Valdés, Roberto: signs Casa-Constitutionalist Pact,
133Valenzuela, Gilberto: rejects
acción directa, 166Valor, El (factory): strike at,
83Vasco de Quiroga: and millenarian tradition,
61vecindades: as seedbeds of revolution,
16
Velasco, Ernesto: during general strike,
154–155Velatti, Ricardo: member of La Social,
46,
47; delegate to Círculo,
47; writes in
El Socialista, 49; appeals for cooperativism,
50–52,
54,
181Velázquez, General: troops of, at Río Blanco,
120Venegas, Ausencio: member 1916 general strike committee,
152,
154Veracruz (Ver.): shootings in,
78–79; growth of,
85; lockout of textile workers in,
96; American consul to, praises Río Blanco suppression,
98; and Casa-Constitutionaúst pact,
133; Casa street demonstrations in,
141; “Preliminary” National Labor Congress in,
141,
167; social conditions and economic structure of,
166–167; rent strike of 1922–1923 in,
166–169Veracruz, state of: Papantla rebellion of 1896 in,
72; PLM revolutionaries in,
84; and 1906 uprising,
93; CGT affiliates in,
159; Galván begins organization of peasantry in,
168Victoria, La (factory): 1888 strike in,
83Villa Cecilia (Tarn.): Casa created in,
136; new anarchist group in,
156; alternative to CROM urged in,
159Villanueva, Santiago: background of, and Grupo de Estudiantes Socialistas,
21; and La Social,
29–30; and first mutualist organizations,
30–31; creates La Sociedad,
32,
44–45; organizes central workers’ council,
42; leads urban labor organizing drive,
45; conflict of, with Romero and Cano,
45–49; and national workers’ congress,
54; influence of, on José Mana González,
63–64; and textile workers,
83–84; mentioned,
55,
181Villareal, Antonio I. : in Laredo,
89; socialist,
89–90; arrested,
100; visits Casa,
126; Casa-Constitutionalist liaison,
132Villareal, Col. José María: commander at Río Blanco,
97Villareal, Juan B. : and Congreso,
55,
75; president of Círculo,
76; mentioned,
80Villavicencio, Hermengildo: and Grupo de Estudiantes Socialistas,
21; background of,
29–30; creates Sociedad,
32,
44–45Virgen de Guadalupe:
61,
131
weavers: organized,
117; national syndicate of Casa,
128Wences, Otilo: CGT textile syndicate leaders,
170Western Federation of Miners:
83,
84Womack, John: quoted,
72–73women: Rhodakanaty supports emancipation of,
24,
26; delegates to first Mexican National Labor Congress,
24,
54–55; classes for,
125; and Monterrey Casa,
127,
180wood engravers, join Casa,
121workers: and anarchists in Círculo,
47; create “resistance societies,”
48; conditions of,
85–87; suspended after Río Blanco rebellion,
98; migrate from Orizaba region,
99–100; viewed by Ferrés,
106,
108–109; central planned for,
112; library for,
113–114; forming syndicates,
114,
116–118; appeal of
tribuna roja to,
125; recruited for Red Battalions,
133–135; organized on national scale,
135; meetings of, prohibited by Carranza,
156; councils of advocated by CGT,
160–161; mentioned,
76,
81,
83working class: evolution of,
15–16; organization of,
11,
17,
21,
44; emancipation of, advocated by Círculo,
48; movement of, and Congreso,
54; anarchist influence on,
57,
88; supports García de la Cadena,
76–77; militancy of,
83–84,
102; conditions of,
85–87; volunteers for PLM,
90; rebellions of,
90–92,
93–99; supports Madero,
101; and Revolution,
103,
135; and Ferrés,
104; program to mobilize,
108–109; newspapers and,
109; and Casa,
111,
122–123,
127; and Escuela Racionalista,
112,
114; government combats radicalism of,
116; and Mexico City strikes,
120–121; and suppression of Lucha,
122; and
Emancipación Obrera, 125; links of, with Obregón,
126–127,
130; crisis of, with Carranza regime,
136–155; widespread strikes and unrest of,
139–140; evolution of tactics of,
179–180; continued poverty of,
183; mentioned,
56,
80,
129,
138working-class press: debates agrarian issues in early Porfiriato,
35,
53,
56,
63–69; promulgates Ley del Pueblo,
69–70;
El Socialista, 75–76; El Tipógrafo Mexicano, 109–111,
123;
La Voz del Oprimidio, 109;
El Sindicalista, 122–124; Emancipación Obrera, 125–126; Ideas, 127;
Tinta Roja, 129;
Ariete, 138–139
Xico (Mex.): dispute of, with hacienda,
37
Yaqui Indians: war with,
78; torture of,
91–92Yautepec (Mor.): communal revolt of 1832 in,
61younger Creoles: new landed elite,
15; as empresarios,
86Yucatán, state of: deportation of rebellious villagers to,
34–35; exile of Real del Monte strikers to,
49; mentioned,
62,
72Yudico, Samuel: Casa moderate,
129Yuma (Ariz.): Ricardo Flores Magón imprisoned at,
101Yute, El (factory): workers at, suspended,
98Yuxtepec (Mex.): conflict of, with landowners,
78
Zacatecas (Zac): Gran Círculo of,
56–59,
75–76,
81; Casa created in,
136; new anarchist group in,
157Zacatecas, state of: García de la Cadena killed in,
82Zalacosta, Francisco: and Grupo de Estudiantes Socialistas,
21; supports revolution,
24; background of,
29; participation of, in La Social,
30,
47; and textile workers,
30–31; with Rhodakanaty in Chalco,
32–33,
41–42,
44; and Chávez López,
33–35; joins Círculo Proletario,
46; joins Círculo de Obreros,
47; edits
La Internacional, 59; agrarianism of,
68; execution of,
69; mentioned,
70,
72,
73,
77–78,
178Zamora (Mich.): Casa formed in,
135Zapata, Emiliano: death of,
15; religiosity of army of,
61; program of,
72,
75; Casa
agraristas, join,
130; occupies Mexico City,
131; rejected by Casa majority,
131–133; and food shortages,
137; and Díaz Soto y Gama,
171; mentioned,
78,
126,
129,
181,
182–183Zubarán Capmany, Rafael: crisis of, with Casa,
136–137