{115} Glossary

Characters are ordered by their total number of strokes, then by lesson of first occurrence; compound expressions may be found under the first character.

1

一 yi (pronounced yī alone, changes to yí in front of a syllable with a fourth tone, changes to yì in front of any other tone) n., one L8

2

人 rén n., others, other people L3; n., people, persons L7

力 lì n., strength, power L4

入 rù s.v., to enter L12

3

子 zǐ n., the Master L1; n., -master (honorific following a family name); n., son; s.v., to be a son, to act as a son (should) L2; n., daughter L6; n. you (honorific second-person pronoun) L10

子貢 Zǐgòng n., Zigong (style [字] of a disciple of Kǒngzǐ; 姓端木。名賜。) L8

也 yě g.p. (comes at end of sentences to mark nominal sentences; often indicates a generalization) L1; 也 yě g.p. (vocative particle—follows name of person addressed) L8

山 shān n., mountains L3

之 zhī n., him, her, them, it (third-person pronoun, must be the object of a verb or preposition) L4; g.p., (subordinates one nominal phrase to another, showing possession or specification) L6

之謂 zhī wèi exp., is what is called L13

{116} 士 shì n., aristocrat, scholar, warrior L7

己 jǐ n., self, oneself (can be used to attributively of nouns) L7

已 yǐ s.v., to stop L7

巳 sì n., sixth of the twelve Earthly Branches (part of a traditional calendrical system); contrast 己 jǐ, oneself, and 已 yǐ, to stop) L7 (supplement)

上 L10

大 dà s.v., to be big L11

4

曰 yuē v., to say (used to introduce a direct quotation; contrast 日 rì) L1

公 gōng n., duke (highest hereditary title below the king) L2

公冶 Gōngyě n., Gongye (a two-syllable family name, literally “Duke’s Smelter” or “Dukesmith”) L6

孔 Kǒng n., Kong (the family name [姓] of 孔子 Kǒngzǐ, Master Kong, better known in the West as “Confucius”; 名丘。字仲尼。) L2

父 fù n., father; s.v., to be a father, to act as a father (should) L2

不 bù (tone changes to bú before a word in fourth tone) adv., not (negates verbs or verbal phrases) L2

不亦 . . . . . . 乎 bú yì . . . hū exp., is it not . . .? L7

仁 rén s.v., to be fully human; s.v., to be benevolent; n., humaneness; n., benevolence L3

水 shuǐ n., water; n., rivers L3

中 zhōng n., middle, midst L6

以 yǐ v., using, taking, by means of L6

{117} 以為 yǐwéi exp., to take it as, to regard it as L7

予 yú n., I L8

勿 wù adv., do not . . . it (imperative mood) L8

夫子 Fūzǐ n., the Master L8

文章 wénzhāng n., external manifestations of a cultivated character L9

文辭 wéncí n., eloquent words L9

天 tiān n., Heaven (an impersonal higher power); s.v., to be of Heaven, Heavenly L9

日 rì adv., daily L9

云 yún v., to say (used to introduce an embedded quotation) L10

云者 yún zhě exp., was said (used to mark the end of a quotation or paraphrase) L10

月 yuè n., moon L11

今 jīn g.p. (indicates counterfactual mood) L12

井 jǐng n., well L12

心 xīn n., heart; n., feeling L12

分 fēn n., distinction L13

化 huà n., transformation L13

5

由 Yóu n., You (personal name [名] of a disciple of Kǒngzǐ; 姓仲。字子路。) L4

乎 hū g.p. (comes at the end of a sentence, transforming it into a question; roughly like 嗎 ma in Modern Chinese) L4; g.p. (vocative particle; follows name of person addressed) L8; prep., on, from, of L9

{118} 可 ke v., can be . . .-ed L6

可以 kěyǐ v., can, may L7

母 mǔ n., mother L6

弘 hóng s.v., to be broad (metaphorically or literally) L7

去 qù t.v., to forsake, to abandon L7

出 chū s.v., to go out, to leave L8

外 wài n., the outside L9

本 běn n., root, basis; s.v., to be fundamental L9

世 shì n., world; n., era L11

生 shēng n., life L11

乍 zhà adv., suddenly L12

四海 sì hǎi n., the Four Seas; n., the inhabited world L12

必 bì adv., must, necessarily L13

6

臣 chén n., minister; s.v., to be a minister, to act as a minister (should) L2

安 ān n., peace, safety; t.v., to regard as peaceful L3; adv., how . . .? from where . . .? L10

汝 rǔ n., you (second-person singular pronoun, used to address subordinates) L4

自 zì n., self, oneself (reflexive pronoun) L4

自然 zìrán s.v., to be natural (literally, “self-so”); n., naturalness L9

有 yǒu t.v., to have L4; t.v., there is, there are, there exists L5

如 rú conj., if; t.v., to be like L5

好 hào t.v., to be fond of L5; s.v., to be good, to be pleasing L5 (note)

{119} 名 míng n., name; t.v., to give a name to L6

在 zài t.v., to be in L6

任 rèn n., responsibility L7

亦 yì g.p., (emphatic particle, indicating that something is so also, particularly, or only of the thing in question) L7

而 ér conj., and (joins verbal phrases) L7

而後 érhòu conj., and only then L7

而已矣 éryǐyǐ exp., and that is all L8

死 sǐ s.v., to die L7

多 duō adv., to do V of many things L8

行 xíng t.v., to put into effect L8

共 gòng adv., jointly, as a group L9

至於 (至于) zhìyú exp., When it comes to . . . L9

全 L10

光 guāng s.v., to shine L11

地 dì n., earth; ground L11

充 chōng t.v., to fill up; t.v., to make complete L12

此 cǐ n., this L13

7

近 jìn s.v., to be close L1

君 jūn n., ruler, lord; s.v., to be a ruler, to be a lord, to act as a ruler (should) L2

利 lì n., profit, benefit; t.v., to treat as profitable, to treat as beneficial L3

吾 wú n., I; n., my, mine L5

{120} 言 yán n., words, maxim L8; t.v., to put into words, to create maxims; t.v., to mean L9

何 hé n., what (interrogative pronoun) L8

矣 yǐ g.p., (modal particle, indicating action or state described by the verbal phrase is complete in time or degree) L8

見 (见) xiàn s.v., to be visible L9; jìan, t.v., to see L12

罕 hǎn adv., seldom L9

我 L10

床 chuáng n., bed; n., wellhead L11

低 dī t.v., to lower L11

忍 rěn t.v., to be unfeeling toward L12

忍者 rěnzhě n., ninja L12 (note)

足 zú s.v., to be sufficient L12

志 zhì n., intentions, goals L13

8

性 xìng n., nature (as in “human nature” or “the natures of humans”) L1

於 (于) yú prep., from, of L2

知 zhī t.v., to know, to understand, to appreciate; zhì n., wisdom; s.v., to be wise (N.B.: When it is a noun or a stative verb 知 is pronounced zhì, but when it is a transitive verb 知 is pronounced zhī.) L3

者 zhě g.p. (follows a verbal phrase, transforming it into a nominal phrase describing the subject of the verbal phrase: “those who . . .” or “that which . . .”) L3; g.p. (transforms verbal phrase, V, into a gerund, V-ing) L5; g.p. (marks expression being defined or characterized) L9

{121} 明 míng s.v.. to be enlightened L4; s.v., to be bright L11

非 fēi v., is-not (used to negate nominal sentences) L6; s.v., to be wrong, to be mistaken L8

物 wù n., thing; n., kind of thing L6

始 shǐ n., beginning L6

長 Cháng n., Chang (a personal name) L6

妻 qì t.v., to give a wife to L6

其 qí n., his, her, its, their L6; n., the (as in “the Way,” “the man”) L7

其 . . . . . . 乎 qí . . . hū exp., Is it not  . . .? (expects answer “It is . . .!”) L8

所 suǒ g.p. (transforms following transitive verb into a nominal phrase describing the object of the verb) L7

所以 suǒyǐ conj., because of this, therefore L11; exp., that by means of which, the reason why L12

門人 (门人) ménrén n., disciples (literally, “gate people”) L8

忠 zhōng n., loyalty, dutifulness L8

受 shòu t.v., to receive L9

固 gù adv., definitely L9

若 ruò s.v., to be like L11

臥 wò s.v., to sleep L11

孟 Mèng n., Meng (family name [姓] of a great Confucian philosopher, 孟子 Mèngzǐ, Master Meng, sometimes known in English as “Mencius”; 名軻。) L12

怵惕 chùtì n., alarm, fear L12

苟 gǒu conj., if only L12

事 shì n., to serve (especially a superior) L12

{122} 昔者 xī zhě adv., in the past, once upon a time L13

周 Zhōu n., Zhou (personal name [名] of a great Daoist philosopher, 莊子 Zhuāngzǐ, Master Zhuang; 姓莊。字子休。) L13

9

相 xiāng adv., to each other L1

政 zhèng n., government, governing L2

為 (为) wéi v., to act as L4

是 shì n., this L4

哉 zāi g.p. (exclamatory particle; usually found at the end of sentences) L5

信 xìn adv., truly, genuinely L5; t.v., to have faith in, to have confidence in, to believe in L12

食 shí t.v., to eat L5

恆 (恒) héng s.v., to be constant L6

重 zhòng s.v., to be heavy L7

怒 shù n., reciprocity, sympathy L8

施 shī t.v., to bestow something on someone (usually done by a superior to a subordinate) L8

威儀 (威仪) wēiyí n., august bearing L9

皆 jiē adv., all L9

則 (则) zé g.p., (contrastive topic marker) L9; conj., then L13

既 L10

前 qián n., the front L11

思 sī t.v., to think longingly of L11

故鄉 (故乡) gùxiāng, n., hometown (literally, old town) L11

{123} 胡為 hú wèi exp., for what (reason) L11

胡蝶 húdíe n., butterfly L13

保 bǎo t.v., to protect L12

俄 é s.v., to be sudden L13

10

莊 (庄) Zhuāng n., Zhuang (family name [姓] of a great Daoist philosopher, 莊子 Zhuāngzǐ, Master Zhuang; 名周。字子休。) L10

能 néng v., to be able to L12

書 (书) shū n., the Documents; n., book, writings L12

栩栩 xǔxǔ s.v., to be lively L13

11

習 (习) xí n., practices L1

問 (问) wèn t.v., to ask someone (indirect object) about something (direct object) L2; adv., questioningly, as a question L8

得 dé t.v., to get, to obtain; v., to succeed in V-ing L7

得而 dé ér exp., to succeed in V-ing L5

欲 yù t.v., to desire L7

處 (处) chǔ t.v., to dwell in, to remain in L7

貧 pín n., poverty L7

貫 (贯) guàn t.v., to bind together L8

終身 zhōngshēn exp., to the end of one’s life (literally, “end self”) L8

終日 zhōngrì adv., all day (literally, “end day”) L11

{124} 參 (参) Shēn n., Shen (personal name [名] of a disciple of Kǒngzǐ; 姓曾。字子輿。) L8

唯 wéi v., is-so, yes (suggests prompt and unhesitating agreement) L8

理 lǐ n., Pattern, Principle L9

梁 L10

魚 L10

從容 cōngróng s.v., to be easygoing L10

望 wàng t.v., to look at L11

將 (将) jiāng v., will, shall, going to L12

12

景 jǐng s.v., to be bright, shining; n., Jing (honorific posthumous name) L2

勝 (胜) shèng t.v., to defeat, to conquer L4

强 (強) qiáng s.v., to be strong, to be powerful L4

善 shàn s.v., to be good L5

粟 sù n., grain L5

道 dào n., a path; n., a way (of living); n., the right way to follow, the Way; n., a linguistic account of a way; n., the metaphysical foundation of the universe; t.v., to give a linguistic account of something L6

無 (无) wú t.v., to lack, to not have L6

萬 (万) wàn n., ten thousand, myriad L6

曾 Zēng n., Zeng (family name [姓] of a disciple of Kǒngzǐ; 名參。字子輿。) L7

富 fù n., wealth L7

{125} 貴 (贵) guì n., esteem L7

惡 (恶) wù t.v., to dislike, to hate L7

然 rán s.v., to be so, to be this L8; v., -ingly (follows a stative verb, converting it into an adverb) L11

惠 Huì, n., Hui (family name [姓] of a philosopher known for his clever arguments, 惠子 Huìzǐ, Master Hui; 名施。) L10

遊 L10

循 L10

勞 (劳) láo t.v., to belabor, to make work for L11

惻隱 (恻隐) cèyǐn n., sympathy, compassion L12

猶 yóu v., to be like, to be similar to L12 (notes)

喻 yù t.v., to understand L13

13

遠 or 遠 (远) yuán s.v., to be far L1

愛 (爱) ài t.v., to love L3

罪 zuì n., crime, fault L6

與 (与) yǔ conj., and (joins nouns) L7; yú g.p. (sentence-final interrogative) L8; yú g.p. (sentence-final exclamatory) L13

夢 (梦) mèng n., dream L11; t.v., to dream (that) L13

楹 yíng, n., pillar L11

14

齊 (齐) Qí n., Qi (name of a state in what is now 山東 Shāndōng Province) L2

對 (对) duì adv., respondingly, in response L2

誨 huì t.v., to teach someone about something L4

{126} 聞 (闻) wén t.v., to hear L9

實 (实) shí n., reality (as opposed to appearance or manifestation) L9

疑 yí t.v., to suspect that, to wonder whether L11

端 duān n. tip; n. sprout L12

盡 (尽) jìn adv., wholly, completely, fully L12

緒 xù n., tip, end point L12 (notes)

適 (适) shì t.v., to satisfy L13

15

樊 Fán n., Fan (family name [姓] of a disciple of Kongzi; 名須。字子遲。) L3

遲 (迟) Chí n., Chi (part of the style [字] of a disciple of Kongzi; 姓樊。名須。字子遲。) L3

樂 (乐) lè t.v., to delight in L3; yuè n., music L3 (grammar notes)

諸 zhū g.p. (equivalent to 之乎 zhī hū, “. . . it?”) L5

毅 yì s.v., to be resolute L7

賤 (贱) jiàn n., low prestige, low social status L7

賜 (赐) Cì n., Ci (personal name [名] of a disciple of Kongzi; 姓端木。字子貢。) L8

德 dé n., Virtue, political charisma generated by a good character L9

請 L10

醉 zuì s.v., to be intoxicated (may indicate a variety of states in between being mildly tipsy and being thoroughly drunk) L11

{127} 16

謂 (谓) wèi t.v., to say something of someone or something L6

學 (学) xué s.v., to study, to learn L8

舉 (举) jǔ t.v., to lift L11

頭 (头) tóu n., head L11

頹 (颓) tuí s.v., to slump, to sprawl L11

17

雖 (虽) suī conj., although, even though L5

縲絏 (缧绁) léi xiè n., fetters, ropes for binding prisoners L6

濠 háo n., Hao (name of a river) L10

鯈 L10

霜 shuāng n., frost L11

孺子 rúzǐ n., baby; n., toddler L12

19

識 (识) zhì t.v., to remember L8

蘧蘧 qúqú s.v., to be sudden L13

20

覺 (觉) jué s.v., to be conscious L13

22

體 (体) tǐ n., Substance (technical term in Confucian metaphysics; roughly, the 體 is what something is in itself, while its 用 yòng, Function, is how it manifests itself in action; the eye is 體, seeing is its 用; water is 體, waves are its 用) L9