Index

Abbey, Aaron, vii

aberration of starlight, 144, 182

abjuration, 23, 165, 167, 168, 169–70, 174, 217, 218

acceleration: and force, 225;

and tides, 145–8

accommodation, principle of, 97, 179, 212

accuracy, 68, 152;

empirical, 7, 82, 84, 85, 97;

factual, 117, 156, 181, 190

ad hoc, 49, 52, 87, 141

Adriatic Sea, 7, 145

aesthetic aspect of Dialogue, 151–4, 164

aether, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 57, 64, 130, 236

air, 35, 36, 61, 136;

as an element, 14, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 34, 57, 64, 130;

weight of, 187;

and wind, 134

Ajalon, valley of, 65

Albergotti, Ulisse, 94

Alvarez, Carlos, vi

Amorites, 65, 98, 102

analogies, 62, 89, 131, 146, 236, 252

annual motion, 14, 40, 47, 49, 68, 85, 102, 128, 137–44, 234, 243

anthropomorphism, 196

anti-clerical myth, 12, 23, 216–17, 251

anti-Copernican decree of 1616, 10, 89, 99, 117–19, 119, 120, 125, 126, 127, 173, 204, 206, 206–7, 208, 216–17, 253

anti-Galilean myth, 12–13, 222–3

antipodes, 178

Apelles, 56

apocryphal letter, and bad-theologian myth, 189

Apologia pro Galileo (Campanella), 208–14, 260, 264

approach, Galileo’s, 2–5, 209–10, 225–6, 246–8, 256–8

apriorism, 135, 222, 247, 249, 250

Aquarius, 43

Aquinas, Saint Thomas, 106, 211, 212, 213

Arcetri, 11, 168, 197

Archimedes, 8, 228

argument: defined explicitly, 245. See also critical reasoning; critical thinking; rational-mindedness; reasoning

arguments against Earth’s motion: biblical or scriptural, 65, 96–108, 208–14;

Church Fathers, 66, 67, 94, 101, 104, 105, 112;

contrariety argument, 33, 130–1;

deception of the senses, 55–7, 133–4, 235–6, 237–8;

divine omnipotence, 66, 125, 126, 128, 149, 156–7, 160, 161, 163;

Earth-heaven dichotomy, 31–4, 57, 81, 84–5, 128–31, 152, 235–6, 246;

extruding power of whirling, 63, 135, 238–42, 246, 273n7;

gunshots, 61–2, 152–3, 234;

lunar-orbit argument, 81;

Mars’s appearance, 58–9, 141, 235, 246;

natural motion, 64–5, 130–1, 232–3;

neutral motion, 74, 88;

parallax of fixed stars, 59–60, 87, 142–4, 182–3, 236, 242–3;

Riccioli’s Galilean argument against Galileo, 185–6;

ship’s mast experiment, 62–3, 74, 135–7, 234;

Venus’s phases, 57–8, 141–2, 235, 246;

vertical fall, 60–2, 228–35, 246

arguments for Earth’s motion: annual path of sunspots, 85, 138–41, 234;

Bessel’s stellar parallax, 60, 144, 182;

Bradley’s stellar aberration, 144, 182;

Copernicus’s, 47–54;

explanatory coherence, 49–54, 87–8, 235;

Foucault’s pendulum, 182–3, 192;

Galileo’s, 126–49;

Guglielmini’s eastward deflection, 183–4;

Hagen’s isotomeograph, 183;

heliocentrism of planetary motions, 137–8;

law of revolution, 132–3;

Newton’s celestial mechanics, 182;

simplicity, 48–9, 131–3;

tidal, 11, 73, 88–90, 144–9, 186

arguments pro and con Galileo’s condemnation: anti-Galilean myth, 12–13;

bad-theologian thesis, 190, 218, 222, 261;

Caccini’s charges, 95, 109, 166–7;

Campanella’s theological defense, 208–14;

complaints about the Dialogue, 155–60;

conflict vs. myth in the subsequent affair, 214–19;

Duhem’s criticism, 13, 176, 192–4, 218, 251, 255, 261;

Feyerabend’s criticism, 13, 171, 195–7, 218;

“Galilean” defense of Galileo, 252–8;

Galileo as a model of critical thinking, 125–50, 191, 225–48;

Galileo as a sophist, 16, 110–12, 223, 238–43;

Galileo’s legal culpability, 190–2;

Galileo’s rhetorical faults, 150–4;

harmony vs. conflict in original affair, 203–8;

illegitimacy of Seghizzi’s injunction, 115–17, 117–22, 155, 161–2, 167, 181, 190, 200, 255;

John Paul II’s rehabilitation, 2, 175–6, 188, 189, 222, 223;

Leo XIII’s hermeneutical vindication, 1–2, 17, 106–7, 178–9, 188, 205, 222, 264;

Lorini’s charges, 94, 109, 166;

pastoral criticism of Galileo, 176, 189;

re-trials of Galileo, 185–94

Aries, 43

Aristarchus, 48, 142, 247

Aristotle, 14, 45, 69, 70, 73, 91, 133, 151, 152–3, 207, 247;

authority, 4;

Earth-heaven dichotomy, 128–31;

Earth’s roundness, 26;

extrusion argument, 242;

human rationality, 243;

physics, 8, 64–5, 135, 228, 232–3, 235, 253;

vs. Ptolemy, 25;

sense experience, 129–30

artificial instruments, 3, 4, 14–15, 17

ascension, 38

Assayer (Galileo), 6, 123

assessor, in Inquisition bureaucracy, 22, 113, 161, 164

Aston Magna Academy, v

astronomy, in the geostatic world view, 37–45

atomic bomb, 194

Attavanti, Giannozzo, 109, 112

Attorri, Mark, vii

Augustine, Saint, 105, 106, 107, 179, 188, 207, 211, 212, 213, 269, 271

authority of Scripture, 1–2, 3, 10, 15, 17, 19, 66, 166, 170, 187, 221, 222, 237, 251;

anti-Copernican argument, 65;

Campanella’s account, 208–14;

Foscarini’s account, 96–9, 212–14;

Galileo’s account, 95, 99–108, 188–90, 205–7, 212–14, 253, 254;

Leo XIII’s account, 178–9. See also epistemology; hermeneutics; methodology; Scripture, anti-Copernican argument; theological issues

axis: defined, 43;

of Earth, 1, 3, 13, 47, 48, 49, 55, 61, 63, 64, 65, 74, 87, 102, 131, 139, 147, 172, 181, 182, 225, 229–30;

of ecliptic, 43;

of Sun, 77, 85, 102, 129, 140, 141, 213

bad-theologian thesis, 190, 218, 222, 255, 261

balanced approach, 5, 23

Baliani, Giovanni Battista, 86, 90, 187

Barberini, Antonio, Jr., 158

Barberini, Antonio, Sr., 158

Barberini, Francesco, 158, 168, 191

Barberini, Maffeo, 10, 123, 124. See also Urban VIII

begging the question, 95, 191, 232, 234

Bellarmine, Robert, 20, 114, 123, 127, 156, 193, 216, 251, 259;

certificate to Galileo, 119–22, 161–3, 167, 169;

and Commissary Seghizzi’s injunction, 115–17, 155;

as an epistemologist, 192–3, 195–6;

and Index’s Decree, 117–19;

letter to Foscarini, 99, 110, 193, 195, 247;

and Pope Paul V’s orders, 113–15;

report to Inquisition, 119;

warning to Galileo, 10, 119–22, 161–3, 167, 169, 190, 191, 200, 248, 253, 255

Beltrán Marí, Antonio, 259, 270, 273

Benedict XIV, 171, 174

Benedict XV, 21, 174

Benedict XVI, 195, 196–7, 200, 259. See also Ratzinger, Joseph

Benítez, Hermes, 259, 273

Beretta, Francesco, 259, 267

Berti, Domenico, 181

Bessel, Friedrich, 60, 144, 182

Biagioli, Mario, 259, 267

Bible, anti-Copernican argument, 65, 96–108, 208–14

biographical highlights of Galileo’s life, 5–11

Blackwell, Richard, 259, 260, 262, 268

book of nature, 211

Borgia, Gaspare, 168

Boscaglia, Cosimo, 94

Bradley, James, 144, 182

Brecht, Bertolt, 13, 171, 172, 194, 260

Brewster, David, 218, 251, 260, 272

Brooke, John, 260, 264, 272, 273

Bruno, Giordano, 68–9, 261

Bucciantini, Massimo, 260, 268, 271

Caccini, Tommaso, 95, 109, 166

Caetani, Bonifacio, 208

Calabria, 96

Calandrelli, Giuseppe, 182

Camerota, Michele, 260, 269n2, 271n26, 271n28

Campanella, Tommaso, 207, 260, 264;

comparison with Galileo and Foscarini, 212–13;

theological defense of Galilean science, 208–12

Cancer, 43

Canis Major, 39

canon law, 21, 172, 263

capable of being proved, 103–5. See also demonstrable; provable

Capricorn, 43

cardinal-inquisitors, 21, 122, 164;

Robert Bellarmine, 10, 113, 121, 200

Castelli Benedetto, Galileo’s letter to, 10, 94, 95, 96, 99, 110, 121, 170, 178, 204, 206, 209, 215, 260, 265, 271n28;

and Caccini’s deposition, 109;

Inquisition consultant on, 112, 269n2;

and Lorini’s complaint, 109;

summary, 95, 102;

two versions, 269n2

Catholic Counter-Reformation, 19, 112

Catholic University of Milan, 176

celestial sphere, 26, 29, 37, 38, 43, 44, 47, 52, 59, 102. See also stellar sphere

centrifugal force, anti-Copernican argument, 63, 182, 239, 240. See also extruding power of whirling; extrusion argument

Cesi, Federico, 82, 83, 157

Chiaramonti, Scipione, 133

Christina of Lorraine, Galileo’s letter to, 10, 96, 109–10, 121, 178, 206, 207, 209, 215, 246;

attitude toward Copernicanism, 90–2;

comparison with Foscarini and Campanella, 212–14;

criticism of biblical argument, 99–108;

criticisms of Galileo’s argument, 188;

and Leo XIII’s encyclical, 178–9

Church Fathers, anti-Copernican argument, 66, 67, 94, 101, 104, 105, 112

circular motion, 30, 33, 34, 40, 64, 70, 94, 129, 130, 131, 239, 240

Clavelin, Maurice, 260

Colombe, Ludovico delle, 93

Colombe, Raffaello delle, 95

Columbus, Christopher, 26

column commemorating Galileo in Rome, 12, 219–23

comets, 18, 123–4

commissary, in Inquisition bureaucracy, 113–15, 163;

definition, 22;

Maurizio Olivieri, 186–7;

Michelangelo Seghizzi, 115–22, 155, 161, 167, 181, 190, 200, 255, 270n5;

Vincenzo Maculano, 161

complaints about Dialogue, 155–60

complexity, 141, 149, 188, 192;

vs. simplicity, 249–52

composition of motion, 2, 187, 233, 253.

See also superposition of motions

Comte, Auguste, 172

conceptual distinctions, in studying the Galileo affair, 12–17

confession, by Galileo at trial, 151, 163–4, 167, 169–70, 218

conflict thesis, regarding religion and science, 203–8, 214–19

Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, 21, 175, 196

conservation and innovation, dialectic of, 189, 206–8, 216, 218–19, 249, 250–1, 252, 255

conservation of motion, 62, 63, 65, 135, 136, 187, 233–4, 239, 253

“Considerations on the Copernican Opinion” (Galileo), 110

constellation, 39, 43, 182

consultants, in Inquisition bureaucracy, 10;

Copernicanism report, 112, 113;

defined explicitly, 22;

Foscarini report, 99;

report on Dialogue, 163, 193;

report on “Letter to Castelli,” 112, 269n2

Conti, Carlo, 93–4

contrariety, and change, 33, 130–1

Copernicanism: condemnation of doctrine, 109–22;

condemnation of Galileo’s defense, 155–70;

Copernican controversy, 54–76;

“Copernican Revolution” as a useful label, 226;

Copernicus’s innovation, 47–54;

and critical thinking, 225–48;

Galileo’s defense, 123–54;

Galileo’s indirect pursuit, 69–76;

On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, 70, 225, 260, 273n7;

pre-Copernican world view, 25–46;

re-assessment, 77–108;

and religion, 203–24;

responses to Copernicanism, 67–9

Copernican Revolution. See Copernicanism

Copernicus, Nicolaus. See Copernicanism

Cosimo II de’ Medici, 94

cosmology, in the geostatic world view, 25–34

Council of Trent, 19, 208

Counter-Reformation, 19, 112

cowardice, Galileo accused of, 218

Coyne, George, 261

critical empiricism, 134

critical reasoning, 127, 151, 246;

defined explicitly, 245;

by Galileo, 246–8;

in Galileo affair, 252–8;

and human rationality, 243–6. See also argument; critical thinking; rational-mindedness; reasoning

critical thinking, v, 11, 187, 252;

defined explicitly, 245–6;

and human rationality, 225–48. See also argument; critical reasoning; rational-mindedness; reasoning

criticism, and human rationality, 226–8, 244–5

current cultural developments, 194–201

D’Alembert, Jean, 172

Dante Alighieri, 151

death of Galileo, 11

deception of the senses, anti-Copernican argument, 55–7, 133–4, 235–6, 237–8

declination, 38–41

deferent, 50–2

demonstrable, vs. demonstrated, 106, 212–13. See also capable of being proved; provable

demonstrative ideal, 193–4

demonstration, 70, 82, 121, 183, 213, 240;

vs. confirmation, 91–2, 93, 106, 247;

and demonstrative ideal, 193–4

denying the consequent, 229

depositions, in Inquisition trials, 23;

Caccini’s, 109;

Galileo’s, 11, 161–5, 247–8

Descartes, René, 2, 171, 172

D’Este, Alessandro, 110

DiCanzio, Albert, 260, 271n16

Diderot, Denis, 172

“Discourse on the Tides” (Galileo), 89, 110, 125, 193. See also tidal argument

Discourses and Mathematical Demonstrations on Two New Sciences (Galileo). See Two New Sciences

disobedience thesis, 190–2

diurnal motion, 13, 141;

in Copernican system, 47–67;

in Galileo’s Dialogue, 128, 131–7;

in geostatic system, 25–45;

and gunshot arguments, 152–3;

and Joshua miracle, 102;

and tidal argument, 147–9;

in Tycho’s system, 68

Divine Comedy (Dante), 151

divine omnipotence, anti-Copernican argument, 66, 125, 126, 128, 149, 156–7, 160, 161, 163

Dog Star, 39

Dominicans, 20, 186

Drake, Stillman, 260, 270n13, 271n16

Draper, John, 203, 215, 261

Dubrovnik, 145

Duhem, Pierre, 13, 176, 192–4, 218, 251, 255, 261

Dulwich Picture Gallery, vi

dumbing down, avoidance of, vi

earth, as an element, 14, 28–34, 57, 64, 130

Earth, motion of. See arguments against Earth’s motion; arguments for Earth’s motion

Earth, shape of, 25–6, 183

Earth-heaven dichotomy, anti-Copernican argument, 31–4, 57, 81, 84–5, 128–31, 152, 235–6, 246

eccentric, 52, 83

Ecclesiastes, 65, 98, 210

eclipse, 44, 85

ecliptic, 38, 42–3, 59–60, 138–40, 142, 243

Einstein, Albert, 2, 12, 175, 203, 217, 222, 226, 251, 261

element, in geostatic world view, 14, 28–33, 57, 59, 64

ellipse, 69

empiricism, 134, 221

Encyclopedia (Diderot and D’Alembert), 172

Enlightenment, 215

epicycle, 50–2, 58–9, 83

epistemology, 23, 67, 68, 73, 92, 110, 112, 127, 150, 204, 218, 253, 257;

arguments against Copernicanism, 55–6, 66, 133–4;

bad-epistemologist thesis, 192–4, 195–7, 223, 255;

defined explicitly, 3–4;

demonstrable vs. demonstrated, 105–6;

in Inquisition’s sentence, 166–7;

issues in Galileo affair, 13–17, 67–8;

lessons from Galileo, 225–48;

science vs. religion in Galileo’s trial, 203–8;

science vs. religion in subsequent affair, 214–19;

theology as queen of sciences, 103–4, 105, 112. See also authority of Scripture; hermeneutics; methodology; theological issues

equator, 27, 39, 43;

celestial, 37–8, 41–2;

solar, 140;

terrestrial, 37, 63, 182, 229, 240

equinox, 41–2

equivocation, 195, 197, 221

Erickson, Raymond, v

ex cathedra, papal pronouncements, 101, 176

exegesis, 100, 222

experiments, 2, 5, 154, 193, 241, 247;

dropping rock from tower, 230–4;

Galileo’s father, 6–7;

Galileo’s legacy, 3;

proving Earth’s motion, 172, 182–4;

ship’s mast, 62–3, 74, 135–7

explanatory coherence, 49–54, 87–8, 235

explanatory structure of arguments, 147–50. See also explanatory coherence

exsecant, 240

external factors, 23, 75. See also non-intellectual factors

external force, 35, 62, 133

extrinsic denomination, principle of, 98–9

extruding power of whirling, anti-Copernican argument, 63, 135, 238–42, 246, 273n7. See also centrifugal force

extrusion argument. See centrifugal force; extruding power of whirling

fair-mindedness, 127, 228, 238–43, 245–8, 253, 256, 257, 262;

defined explicitly, 245. See also judiciousness; open-mindedness

faith and morals, vs. science and natural philosophy, 2, 17, 101, 104, 108, 205, 212–13

fallacies, 112, 195, 241

fallibility, 226–8, 244, 245, 246, 253

Fantoli, Annibale, 261

Father of Modern Science, 2, 205

Feldhay, Rivka, 261, 272n6

Feyerabend, Paul, 13, 171, 195–7, 218

financial situation of Galileo, 18–19, 150

fire, as an element, 29–34, 57, 64, 130

firmament, 27

fixed stars, 8, 14, 26, 28, 37, 47, 50, 80, 152, 246;

apparent positions, 59–60, 142–4, 236, 242–3;

vs. planets, 39–40;

planets’ motion, 43–4, 52–4;

sun’s apparent motion, 41–3

Florence, 5, 9, 11, 18, 78, 95, 125, 127, 150, 155, 157, 160, 168, 179, 180, 198, 209

forced motion, 34–7, 65. See also violent motion

forgery issues: Gaetani’s apocryphal letter, 189;

Seghizzi’s injunction memorandum, 117, 181

formal heresy, 1, 22, 23, 160, 166, 251. See also vehement suspicion of heresy

Foscarini, Paolo, 118, 119, 121, 173, 174, 204, 207, 209;

Bellarmine’s letter, 110, 193, 195, 247;

comparison with Galileo and Campanella, 212–14;

theological re-assessment of Copernicanism, 96–9

Foucault, Léon, 182–3, 192

Francis, Pope, 200

Franklin Institute, vi

fundamentalism, 187–8

Gaetani, Onorato, 189

Galilei, Vincenzo, 5

Galileo’s Mistake (Rowland), 194

Galluzzi, Paolo, 263, 266

Gassendi, Pierre, 185, 263

Gatti, Hilary, 261

Gebler, Karl von, 181, 186

Gemini, 43

Genoa, 86

genus, and species, 153

geocentric, definition of, 14

geokinetic, definition of, 14

geokinetic arguments. See arguments for Earth’s motion

geostatic, definition of, 14

Ghisilieri, Federigo, 111

Gibeon, 65, 237

Gingerich, Owen, 3, 13, 263, 267n3

Grassi, Orazio, 18

gravitation, 65, 145, 149, 183, 186, 225

gravity, in geostatic world view, 31–2, 35

great circle, 37, 38, 42, 44, 140

greatest scandal in Christendom, 1, 263

Greece, 48

Gregory XV, 123

Gregory XVI, 174

Guerrini, Luigi, 263, 268n22

Guglielmini, Giambattista, 183–4

gunshots, anti-Copernican arguments, 61–2, 152–3, 234

Gustavus Adolphus, 19–20

Hagen, J. G., 183

harmony thesis, regarding religion and science, 203–8, 214–19

Hawking, Stephen, 2, 226, 262, 263, 267n2, 273n2

heat theory of tides, 153–4

heaven, definition of, 27

heavenly bodies, definition of, 27–8

heavenly spheres, definition of, 27–8

heavy bodies, definition of, 32

Heilbron, John, vi, 263

heliocentric, definition of, 14

Henry, John, 265

heresy. See formal heresy; vehement suspicion of heresy

hermeneutics: 17, 246, 257;

history of, 213–14;

issues in Galileo’s trial, 15, 166, 189, 218;

vindication of Galileo, 2, 106–7, 112, 254. See also authority of Scripture; epistemology; methodology; Scripture, anti-Copernican argument; theological issues

Hill, David, 263, 273n7

History and Demonstrations Concerning Sunspots (Galileo), 9, 74, 83, 109

Holland, 77

Holy Office, Congregation of the, 21, 164, 174–5, 177, 180. See also Inquisition

Holy Roman Empire, 19–20

horizontal motion, 63, 136, 183, 234

Horky, Martin, 93

house arrest of Galileo, 11, 12, 168, 219, 221

Huygens, Christiaan, 2

hypothesis, concept of, 156

hypothetical argument, 54, 89

hypothetical discussion, 118, 125, 126, 156, 161, 163, 174

ignoratio elenchi, 241–2

imprimatur, 157, 174

imprisonment of Galileo, 12, 115, 117, 161, 165, 167, 168, 216, 217, 220, 221. See also house arrest

Index, Congregation of, 10, 21, 118, 120, 121, 168, 174, 200, 208, 216

Index of Prohibited Books, 21, 22, 173, 174

Index’s decrees: of 1616 against Copernicanism, 10, 89, 99, 117–19, 119, 120, 125, 126, 127, 173, 204, 206, 206–7, 208, 216–17, 253;

of 1620 revising Copernicus’s book, 118–19, 120, 123;

of 1634 banning Galileo’s Dialogue, 168, 173

inductive argument, 89, 90

inertia, 2, 65, 87, 141, 187, 225, 233, 239

inferior planets, retrogression of, 53–4

Ingoli, Francesco, 125, 135

injunction to Galileo. See special injunction; Seghizzi’s injunction; Seghizzi’s precept

innovation and conservation, dialectic of, 189, 206–8, 216, 218–19, 249, 250–1, 252, 255

Inquisition: history and procedures, 21–3;

and the Index, 73–5;

proceedings of 1615–16, 109–22;

proceedings of 1632–33, 157–70

Inquisition proceedings in Galileo’s trial: abjuration, 167–8, 169–70;

Bellarmine’s certificate, 119–22, 161–3, 167, 169;

Bellarmine’s report, 119;

Caccini’s deposition, 95, 109, 166;

consultant’s report on “Letter to Castelli,” 112, 269n2;

consultants’ report on Copernicanism, 10, 112, 113;

consultants’ report on Dialogue, 163;

Galileo’s depositions, 11, 161–5, 247–8;

Index’s decree against Copernicanism, 10, 117–19, 204–7, 216–17, 253;

Lorini’s complaint, 94, 109, 166;

Paul V’s orders, 113–15, 155, 167;

pro-Copernican decrees of 1820–22, 174;

rigorous examination, 164–5, 170;

Seghizzi’s injunction, 115–17, 155–6, 167, 181;

sentence, 11, 165–9, 173, 206, 253;

special commission’s report on Dialogue, 158

instantaneous motion, 35

instrumentalism, epistemological, 15, 67, 68, 69, 192–3, 255. See also hypothesis; hypothetical discussion; saving the appearances

internal force, definition of, 135

International Year of Astronomy, vi

Israel, 65, 98, 102, 237

Italy, 7, 199, 220

Jerome, Saint, 106

Jesuits, 20, 177–8, 198

John Paul II: and harmony thesis, 203–6, 214–15;

rehabilitation of Galileo, 2, 175–6, 188, 189, 222, 223

Joshua miracle, 65, 93, 95, 98–9, 101–2, 188, 212, 213, 237

judgment. See judiciousness

judicious-mindedness. See judiciousness

judiciousness, 189, 219, 238, 246–8, 253, 256;

defined explicitly, 245. See also fair-mindedness; open-mindedness

Jupiter, satellites of, 3, 8, 77, 80, 81, 83, 85, 87, 90, 93, 132, 236

Kant, Immanuel, 226

Kelly, Henry, 263, 269n10

Kepler, Johannes: and Galileo, 69, 72–3, 74–5, 82, 145;

put on the Index, 173, 174;

and Tycho, 69

kinesthetic sense, 56, 133

kinetic energy, 252

Koestler, Arthur, 1, 13, 171, 194, 263

Kuhn, Thomas, 264

Lagalla, Giulio, 93

Lamalle, Edmond, 177

last will and testament of Galileo, 161

Lateran Council, Fifth, 112, 211

latitude, 63, 182;

defined, 38

law of revolution, argument for Earth’s motion, 132–3

learning from Galileo. See legacy of Galileo

legacy of Galileo, vi, 1–5, 198, 203–8, 225–48

legal issues, 17, 21–3, 113, 177, 179, 185, 190, 256, 257;

Galileo’s legal culpability, 190–2, 255;

Seghizzi’s injunction, 116–18, 122, 156, 181;

vehement suspicion of heresy, 1, 11, 22–3, 166, 169, 205

Leibniz, Gottfried, 172

Leo X, 211

Leo XIII, 1–2, 17, 106–7, 178–9, 188, 205, 222, 264

Leo, constellation of, 43

Lepanto, 7

L’Epinois, Henri de, 181

Lerner, Michel, 264, 272n9

levity, in geostatic world view, 32, 57

liberalism, 215

Libra, 43

Libri, Guglielmo, 217, 251, 264

light bodies, in geostatic world view, 32, 131

limited scriptural authority, principle of, 1, 2, 97–8, 210

Lincean Academy, 82–3, 123–4, 157, 199

Lindberg, David, 264

literal interpretation of Scripture, 4, 66, 97, 100–5, 172, 178–9, 187–8, 206, 212–13, 218

literary aspect of Dialogue, 151–4, 164

Locher, Johannes, 133

longitude, definition of, 38–9

Lorini, Niccolò, 94, 109, 166

Louis XIV, 172

luminaries, 39, 97

lunar-orbit argument, 81

Luther, Martin, 19, 93

Maculano da Firenzuola, Vincenzo, 161

magnitude of heavenly bodies, apparent, 39, 83, 142–3

Mallet du Pan, Jacques, 189, 218, 222, 251, 264

manner of reasoning, Galileo’s, 209–10

Mars: anti-Copernican argument, 58–9, 141, 235, 246;

heliocentric orbit, 83, 137

Masini, Eliseo, 264, 267nn9–13, 270n7

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, vi

master of the sacred palace, 174

Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (Newton), 182, 225

mathematics, 7, 8, 18, 71;

approach to nature, 3, 4, 182, 225;

epistemological instrumentalism, 15, 67–8, 119, 192;

extruding power of whirling, 239–41

mausoleum for Galileo, 179

mechanics, 54, 67, 92, 112, 127, 152, 182, 235, 253;

anti-Copernican arguments, 60–5, 72, 134–5, 187;

extruding power of whirling, 238–42;

ship’s mast argument, 135–7;

tidal argument, 144–9;

vertical-fall argument, 229–34

Medicean planets or stars, 80, 86

Medici, 17, 150;

Giuliano de’, 82;

Villa, 12, 168, 219–23

Mediterranean Sea, 7, 146

medium, motion through, 35

Menon, Latha, vi

Mercury, 27, 39, 44, 48, 82, 83, 137

meridian, 38

Meriwether, John, vi

Mersenne, Marin, 185

metaphysical, 68, 69, 72, 75

methodology: attraction as occult property, 145;

Campanella’s emphasis, 209–10, 213;

complexity vs. simplicity, 249;

critical vs. naïve empiricism, 134;

definition, 4, 244;

divine-omnipotence argument, 66, 156–7;

Galileo’s contributions, 3, 4, 11, 12, 73, 75, 104, 106, 127, 142, 150, 187, 213, 226, 235, 238;

gradualism vs. holism, 85;

Inquisition sentence, 166–7;

issues, 3, 13–17, 23, 172, 206, 221, 223;

logic of explanation, 149, 156–7;

provable vs. proved vs. unprovable, 105–6;

and rhetoric, 150–1;

status of Copernicanism, 127, 142. See also authority of Scripture; epistemology; hermeneutics; theological issues

Michelangelo, 5, 179

Milky Way, 9, 77

Milton, John, 172, 216, 251

miracle, Joshua, 65, 95, 98, 101, 102, 204, 212, 237

missing signatures, from Inquisition’s sentence, 168–9

mixed motion, 30

Modena, 110

momentum, 62, 65, 233

Moon: in geostatic world view, 14, 27, 28, 31, 33, 39, 40, 44, 94;

lunar-orbit argument, 81;

mountains on, 3, 8, 77–8, 81, 128–9, 235–6;

and tides, 145, 153–4, 186

Morpurgo-Tagliabue, Guido, 265, 270n1, 271n18

musicology, v, 5–6

myths: anti-clerical, 12, 23, 251;

anti-Galilean, 12–13, 222–3;

bad theologian, 190, 218, 222, 261;

concept, 221, 222, 260, 273n39;

empiricist, 221;

prison, 168;

pro-clerical, 219, 251;

pro-Galilean, 219;

rehabilitation, 223, 259, 273n41;

in subsequent affair, 214–19;

Villa Medici, 12, 168, 219–23

naïve empiricism, 134

name-calling, 153

Naples, 96, 208

Napoleon Bonaparte, 181

National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), vi

natural circular motion, 33, 64, 130

natural motion, anti-Copernican arguments, 64–5, 130–1, 232–3

natural philosophy, 10, 93, 107, 108, 166, 182, 210, 212, 213, 216, 225

natural place, 29, 31, 32, 34, 35, 74

natural state, 30, 34, 232

nebulas, 9, 77

nested spheres, 34, 44

neutral motion, 74, 88

nepotism, 158

Newman, John Henry, 172

Newton, Isaac, 2, 145, 149, 182, 186, 225, 226

non-intellectual factors, in Galileo’s trial, 18–23

non-sequitur, 213

North Star, 39

notary, in Inquisition bureaucracy, 115, 155, 161, 167;

defined, 22

Nov-antiqua (Galileo), 106. See also Christina of Lorraine, Galileo’s letter to

novas, 18, 129

Numbers, Ronald, 264, 265

observability of truth, methodological problem, 14, 15, 56, 237–8

Olivieri, Maurizio, 186–7

omnipotence. See divine omnipotence

On Motion (Galileo), 69, 70, 71, 72, 74, 262

On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres (Copernicus), 8, 47, 70, 225, 260, 273n7

open-mindedness, 127, 238, 246, 247, 248, 253, 254, 256;

defined explicitly, 245. See also fair-mindedness; judiciousness

opposites, in geostatic world view, 29–33

orb, 90, 141

original vs. subsequent affairs, 170, 171–3, 214–19, 249–58

Ortega y Gasset, José, 226, 265, 273n2

Osiander, Andreas, 67, 68, 193

Ottoman Empire, 7

out-of-court settlement, 163–4

overarching thesis, 256, 258

Padua, 7, 19, 21, 30, 70

Pagano, Sergio, 200, 265

Palazzo Firenze, 161, 219

Palmieri, Paolo, 74, 265, 268n1, 273n4, 273n7

parabola, 231

parallax of fixed stars, anti-Copernican argument, 59–60, 87, 142–4, 182–3, 236, 242–3

parallel (on a spherical surface), 42–3, 140;

defined, 38

Paris, 181, 182

Pascal, Blaise, 172, 187

Paschini, Pio, 177–8, 191

pastoral aspect of Galileo affair, 176, 189

patronage, 18, 19, 150

Paul III, 21

Paul V, 113–15, 122, 123, 155, 167, 251

Peiresc, Nicholas Claude Fabri de, 191

pendulum: Foucault’s, 182–3, 192;

Galileo’s discoveries, 2, 3, 136

penitential psalms, 167–8

Pesce, Mauro, 265, 269

Philosopher and Chief Mathematician, 9, 19, 160, 219

philosophical play, 191

physics: anti-Copernican arguments, 60–5, 67;

Aristotelian or traditional, 34–7;

Galilean or new, 2, 8, 11, 37, 75, 86, 134–6, 185, 186, 225, 228–35, 238–42, 253

piety, 177, 204, 211, 222

Pisa, 5, 7, 69, 70, 94

Pisces, 43

Pitts, Derrick, vi

plague, 157, 160, 161

Plato, 70, 127, 215, 268n3

plea bargaining, 11, 163–4, 165

poetic license, in the Dialogue, 150–4

Polaris, 39

Pontifical Academy of Sciences, 175, 176, 177, 199

Pontifical Lateran University, 176, 198

Popper, Karl, 12, 203, 222, 265

Poupard, Paul, 175, 176, 223

Prague, 82

precession, 87, 141

primary vs. secondary causes, 148–9

primum mobile, 102, 132

priority of demonstration, principle of, 103, 105, 107, 179, 213

priority of Scripture, 107–8

probability issues, 11, 15, 84, 88–92, 97, 102, 108, 127, 132, 156, 166–7, 187, 192, 193, 253, 257

projectile motion, 2, 36–7, 61, 134–5, 136

Protestants and Protestantism, 19–20, 66, 75, 158, 216

provable assertions, 108, 163, 187, 253. See also capable of being proved; demonstrable

Providentissimus Deus (Leo XIII), 1–2, 106–7, 178–9, 188, 205, 222, 264

Psalms, 65, 168

Ptolemaic system: anti-Copernican arguments, 54–67;

astronomy, 37–45;

cosmology, 25–34;

and retrograde motion, 50–2;

physics, 34–7

Ptolemy, Claudius, 14, 25, 45, 73, 86, 91, 133, 157, 207, 242, 247, 273n7

Pythagoras, 14, 25, 48, 82, 94, 96, 97, 98, 173, 207

quantitative invalidity, 241

Querenghi, Antonio, 110–11

quintessence, 30

rationality, v, 11, 172, 225–48, 250, 252

rational-mindedness, 243–8;

defined explicitly, 245. See also argument; critical reasoning; critical thinking; reasoning

Ratzinger, Joseph, 196–7. See also Benedict XVI

realism, epistemological, 15, 68, 192–3, 255

reasoning: defined explicitly, 244. See also argument; critical reasoning; critical thinking; rational-mindedness

rectilinear motion, 32, 33, 65, 73, 139. See also straight motion

Reeves, Eileen, 266

rehabilitations of Galileo, 2, 171, 173, 175–81, 188, 189, 192, 194–5, 198, 199, 204, 223

relativity of motion, 2, 132, 134, 135, 187, 253

religion vs. science: in Galileo’s trial, 203–8;

in subsequent affair, 214–19

“Reply to Ingoli” (Galileo), 125, 135

resistance to motion, 35–6

responses to Copernicanism, 67–9

retrograde motion, 50–4, 137, 234

Rheticus, Georg, 93

rhetoric: conflicting meanings, 150, 223;

in Dialogue, 150–4;

in Galileo’s trial, 157;

and myth-making, 251–2

Riccioli, Giovanni Battista, 185–6, 187–8

“rigorous examination” of Galileo, 164–5, 170. See also torture of issue

Roman College, 182

Ross, Alexander, 217

Rowland, Wade, 266

Russell, Bertrand, 12, 203, 266

Rutgers State University, v

Sagittarius, 43

Sagredo, 126, 151, 152

Salviati, 126, 127, 142, 151, 152, 247

Santa Croce, Church of, 177, 180

Saturn, 27, 39, 40, 44, 48, 84, 137

saving the appearances (or phenomena), 119, 120, 121

Scheiner, Christoph, 18, 85–6, 138

science vs. religion: in Galileo’s trial, 203–8;

in subsequent affair, 214–19

scientific method, v, 2, 3, 11, 12, 172, 222, 225, 226, 250, 252. See also critical thinking; epistemology; hermeneutics; rationality; theological issues

Scientific Revolution, 225–6

Scorpio, 43

Scripture, anti-Copernican argument, 65, 96–108, 208–14. See also authority of Scripture; hermeneutics

secant, 240

secondary vs. primary causes, 148–9

Seghizzi, Michelangelo, 116, 270n5. See also Seghizzi’s injunction; Seghizzi’s precept

Seghizzi’s injunction, 115–17, 117–22, 155, 161–2, 167, 181, 190, 200, 255. See also special injunction; Seghizzi’s precept

Seghizzi’s precept, 113, 116, 117, 122, 155, 156, 167, 169, 255. See also Seghizzi’s injunction; special injunction

Segre, Michael, 266

self-contradictory argument, 131

sense experience, methodological problem, 55–6, 67, 92, 103, 106, 134, 142, 235, 247

sentence against Galileo, Inquisition’s, 11, 12, 23, 169, 173, 174, 176, 205, 206, 217, 253;

detailed summary, 165–9

Settele, Giuseppe, 174

Shakespeare, William, 5

Shea, William, 266, 273n36

ship’s mast experiment, anti-Copernican argument, 62–3, 74, 135–7, 234

Sidereal Messenger (Galileo), 8, 80–1, 86, 93, 209

Siena, 168

simpleton, 151, 157

Simplicio, 126, 151, 152, 247;

alleged caricature of Pope Urban, 156–7

simplicity: in Copernican controversy, 48, 54, 83, 87–8, 130, 131–2, 138, 234;

in study of Galileo affair, 249–52

Simplicius, 151, 157

Sirius, 39

Sizzi, Francesco, 93

Sleepwalkers (Koestler), 172, 195, 263

Slezak, Peter, vi

Socrates, 4, 150, 217

solstice, 41–2, 198

sophistry, 16, 110–12, 223, 238–43

Spain, 19, 20

special commission on Galileo’s Dialogue, 158

special injunction, 155, 161, 163, 169, 190, 200, 255. See also Seghizzi’s injunction;

Seghizzi’s precept

species, and genus, 153

Speller, Jules, 266, 269n5, 270n4, 272n6

stellar sphere, 26, 27, 29, 31, 34, 42–4, 49, 54, 68, 70–1, 133. See also celestial sphere

straight motion, 30, 31, 32, 64, 70, 94, 130–1, 229, 232. See also rectilinear motion

Strasbourg, 215

straw-man fallacy, 242

strict demonstration, 91, 193

sublunary, 14, 31–2, 129

subsequent vs. original affairs, 170, 171–3, 214–19, 249–58

summons issued to Galileo, 10, 11, 160

sunspots: annual paths, 85, 138–41, 234;

and heavenly changes, 3, 9, 18, 79, 83–7, 90, 94, 95, 129. See also History and Demonstrations Concerning Sunspots

Sunspots Letters (Galileo). See History and Demonstrations Concerning Sunspots

superior planet, retrogression of, 52–3

superlunary, 14, 31–2

superposition of motions, 62, 63, 135, 136, 233. See also composition of motion

Sweden, 19

symmetry, between original and subsequent affair, 252–8

Syracuse, 8

tangent, 239–40

Targioni Tozzetti, Giovanni, 180

Taurus, 43

teleology, 196

telescope: and anti-Copernican arguments, 56–60, 128–31, 242–3;

discoveries and implications, 77–92, 137–44;

and Galileo’s judiciousness, 235–8

testament, Galileo’s last will and, 161

theological issues: anti-Copernican arguments, 65–7;

apologias of Galileo’s condemnation, 187–94;

criticism of anti-Copernican arguments, 96–108, 208–14;

rehabilitations of Galileo, 175–81;

science vs. religion in Galileo’s trial, 203–8;

science vs. religion in subsequent affair, 214–19;

theology as queen of sciences, 103–4, 105, 112.

See also authority of Scripture; epistemology; hermeneutics; methodology

third motion, of Earth, 87

Thirty Years’ War, 19, 158, 169

tidal argument, 11, 73, 88–90, 144–9, 186. See also “Discourse on the Tides”

tides. See tidal argument

Tiraboschi, Girolamo, 189, 190

Tolosani, Giovanni, 93

Torricelli, Evangelista, 187

torture issue, 23, 164–5, 217, 263, 269n10

trade winds, 89, 110

Treatise on the Sphere, or Cosmography (Galileo), 25, 73

Trent, Council of, 19, 208

Tuscany, 5, 8, 9, 18, 19, 20, 80, 160, 216, 219

Two New Sciences (Galileo), 11, 187

two-cultures thesis, 194

Tycho Brahe, 68, 69, 72, 74, 86, 88, 133, 137, 143, 185, 218

unbanning Copernican books, 173–5

University of New South Wales, vi

Urban VIII, 10, 19–20, 123–5, 150, 158–60, 165, 205, 216;

allegedly caricatured as Simplicio, 157;

and divine-omnipotence argument, 66, 128, 156, 160, 161, 163;

Duhem’s instrumentalist interpretation, 193;

and hypotheses, 156, 161, 163

vacuum, 35

Van Helden, Albert, 266

Vatican Astronomical Observatory, 175, 177, 183

Vatican Commission on Galileo, 175–6

Vatican Council, Second, 177, 204

Vatican Radio, 176

Vatican Secret Archives, 181, 199

vehement suspicion of heresy, 1, 11, 22–3, 166, 169, 205. See also formal heresy

Venice, 7, 93, 145, 146

Venus: anti-Copernican argument, 57–8, 141–2, 235, 246;

heliocentric orbit, 82, 83, 84, 85, 137–8;

phases, 3, 8, 9, 77, 79, 82, 84, 86, 87, 90, 236

vertical fall: anti-Copernican argument, 60–2, 228–35, 246;

and deception of the senses, 133–4;

and Guglielmini’s eastward deflection, 183–4;

and ship’s mast experiment, 62, 135–7

Villa Medici, 12, 168, 219–23

violent motion, 30, 34, 35, 64, 74, 135. See also forced motion

Virgo, 43

Voltaire, François, 1, 12, 172, 203, 216–17, 251

wandering star, 41, 80;

defined, 39

water, as element in geostatic world view, 14, 28–34, 57, 64, 130

Westman, Robert, 266

White, Andrew, 203, 215, 266

wind: anti-Copernican argument, 133–4;

pro-Copernican argument, 89, 110

Wolfe, Kenneth, vi

Ximenes, Ferdinando, 109, 112

Zacchia, Laudivio, 168–9

zodiac, 43–4