206. TRC, NRA, Provincial Archives of Alberta, PAA 71.220 B31 1277, Thomas H. M. Tuck to Reverend Father, 16 October 1933. [OGP-060101]
207. TRC, NRA, Provincial Archives of Alberta, PAA 71.220 B29 1130, U. Langlois to Very Reverend Mother Gallant, 13 November 1935. [OGP-100206]
208. TRC, NRA, Provincial Archives of Alberta, Acc. 71.220 B31 1279, Chief Moses, 29 April 1939. [OGP-060159]
209. TRC, NRA, Provincial Archives of Alberta, Acc. 71.220 B31 1279, H. Routhier to Chief Moses, 3 May 1939. [OGP-060160]
210. TRC, NRA, Provincial Archives – Alberta, PAA 71.220 B31 1279, L. Balter to H. Routhier, 31 January 1941. [OGP-060171]
211. TRC, NRA, Provincial Archives of Alberta, PAA 71.220 B32 1301, P. A. Charron to H. Routhier, 14 July 1942. [OGP-070289]
212. Audette, “Report on the Commission,” 2–3.
213. Audette, “Report on the Commission,” 4.
214. Audette, “Report on the Commission,” 4.
215. Audette, “Report on the Commission,” 4–5.
216. Audette, “Report on the Commission,” 6.
217. Audette, “Report on the Commission,” 7.
218. Audette, “Report on the Commission,” 8.
219. Audette, “Report on the Commission,” 14.
220. Audette, “Report on the Commission,” 9–10.
221. Audette, “Report on the Commission,” 10–14.
222. Audette, “Report on the Commission,” 6.
223. Audette, “Report on the Commission,” 15.
224. Audette, “Report on the Commission,” 15.
225. Audette, “Report on the Commission,” 16.
226. Audette, “Report on the Commission,” 17.
227. Audette, “Report on the Commission,” 16.
228. Audette, “Report on the Commission,” 16.
229. Audette, “Report on the Commission,” 17.
230. Audette, “Report on the Commission,” 17.
231. Knockwood, Out of the Depths, 155–156.
232. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6187, file 461-1, part 3, Constable E. Stanley, 13 January 1936. [CJC-000720-0001]
233. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6187, file 461-1, part 3, E. W. Byers to J. D. Sutherland, 13 January 1936. [CJC-000722]
234. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6187, file 461-1, part 3, A. G. Hamilton to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 24 February 1936. [CJC-000714-0000]
235. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6187, file 461-1, part 3, A. F. MacKenzie to Frank Edwards, 30 January 1936. [CJC-000717]
236. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6200, file 466-1, part 3, H. H. Craig to H. A. Snell, 29 July 1937. [MSC-000080-0001]
237. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6200, file 466-1, part 3, Horace W. Snell to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 11 August 1937. [TAY-003114]
238. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6200, file 466-1, part 3, H. H. Craig to H. A. Snell, 14 August 1937. [TAY-003116-0001]
239. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6200, file 466-1, part 3, R. A. Hoey to H. W. Snell, 28 August 1937. [MSC-000089-0001]
240. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6200, file 466-1, part 3, statement of Cyril H. Lager, 31 August 1937. [TAY-003120-0001]
241. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6200, file 466-1, part 3, H. Snell to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 1 September 1937. [TAY-003120-0000]
242. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6200, file 466-1, part 3, R. A. Hoey to H. W. Snell, 3 September 1937. [TAY-003122]
243. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6200, file 466-1, part 3, R. A. Hoey to H. H. Craig, 3 September 1937. [MSC-000093-0001]
244. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 9151, file 312-4C, Ed Poor Man and Jim Worm to T. Robertson, 26 September 1938. [GDC-005052]
245. TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file E 4974-0216, volume 4, Frayling to J. W. Waddy, 6 October 1938. [IRC-047124]
246. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 9151, file 312-4C, Thomas Robertson to R. Mulcaster, 25 October 1938. [GDC-005027]
247. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6309, file 654-1, part 2, T. R. L. MacInnes to R. W. Frayling, 19 November 1938. [GDC-009302]
248. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6193, file 462-10, part 3, A. J. Vale to Secretary, Welfare and Training Service, Indian Affairs Branch, 3 September 1939. [CRS-001325-0001]
249. Library and Archives Canada, Duncan Campbell Scott to W. J. Roche, 28 October 1913.
1. Jackson, Child Sexual Abuse, 2–3.
2. Criminal Code, 1892, Statues of Canada 1892, chapter 29, reproduced in “A History of Canadian Sexual Assault Legislation, 1900–2000, http://www.constancebackhouse.ca/fileadmin/website/1892.htm#22 (accessed 3 May 2013). Female homosexuality was not formally criminalized in Canada until 1953; see: Warner, Never Going Back, 19.
3. Carlier, Sauvageons des villes, 199; Baratay, “Affaire de moeurs.”
4. Pierre, “Les colonies pénitentiaires,” 50.
5. Huel, Proclaiming the Gospel, 128–129.
6. Dempsey, “Jean L’Heureux,” http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio.php?BioId=41654 (accessed 28 February 2014).
7. Huel, “Jean L’Heureux,” http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Alberta+History/2012/September/22-p52200 (accessed 26 April 2013).
8. Dempsey, “Jean L’Heureux,” http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio.php?BioId=41654 (accessed 28 February 2014).
9. Huel, “Jean L’Heureux,” http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Alberta+History/2012/September/22-p52200, (accessed 26 April 2013).
10. Dempsey, “Jean L’Heureux,” http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio.php?BioId=41654 (accessed 28 February 2014).
11. Library and Archives Canada, Hayter Reed Papers MG 29, E 106, volume 18, Personnel H-L, J. W. Tims to Indian Commissioner, October 27, 1891.
12. Library and Archives Canada, Hayter Reed Papers MG 29, E 106, volume 18, Personnel H-L, L. Vankoughnet to H. Reed, 7 December 1891.
13. Huel, “Jean L’Heureux,” http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Alberta+History/2012/September/22-p52200 (accessed 26 April 2013).
14. Library and Archives Canada, Sifton Papers, volume 19, 12124–28; 12129–39; 12123. E. Applegarth to A. Forget, 28 June 1897.
15. Library and Archives Canada, Sifton Papers, volume 19, 12129–39; 12123. J. H. Fairlie to A. Forget, 23 August 1897. A. Forget to Sifton, 30 Oct. 1897.
16. Library and Archives Canada, Sifton Papers, volume 19, 12123. A. Forget to C. Sifton, 30 October 1897.
17. Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3558, file 64, part 39, D. Laird to superintendent general, Indian Affairs, 11 March 1899.
18. Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3558, file 64, part 39, D. Laird to superintendent general, Indian Affairs, 13 March 1899.
19. Titley, Indian Commissioners, 162–163.
20. United Church Archives Mission to the Aboriginal Peoples in Manitoba and the Northwest, box 8, file 151, H. McKay to R. P. McKay, 1 October 1912; box 7, file 131, P. W. Gibson Ponton to R. P. McKay, 1 February 1911, quoted in Bush, Western Challenge, 111.
21. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6211, file 469-1, part 3, Mary Sandoval to Editor, Ottawa Valley Journal, 26 September 1916. [IRC-048206-0005]
22. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6211, file 469-1, part 3, [name redacted] to Mr. Scott, 14 November 1916. [SWK-001405]
23. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6211, file 469-1, part 3, Duncan C. Scott to [name redacted], 16 November 1916. [SWK-001406]
24. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6027, file 117-1-1, part 1, W. McWhinney to Dr. Grant, 15 August 1914; [CRW-000053] W. McWhinney to Dr. Grant, 20 August 1914; [CRW-000356] W. G. Blewett to the Secretary, Department of Indian Affairs, 25 August 1914. [CRW-000054]
25. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6027, file 117-1-1, W. Graham to Duncan Campbell Scott, 5 September 1914. [IRC-048006]
26. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada – Ottawa, RG10, volume 6027, file 117-1-1, part 1, 19 September 1914. [CRW-000358]
27. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada – Ottawa, RG10, volume 6281, file 604-1, part 1, Andrew S. Grant to D. C. Scott, 27 November 1915. [CRW-000227]
28. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6318, file 657-1, part 1, Crime Report, Sergeant J. W. Kempston, 25 July 1924. [MDD-000904-0001]
29. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6318, file 657-1, part 1, W. M. Graham, 13 August 1924. [MDD-000906]
30. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6318, file 657-1, part 1, A. F. MacKenzie to J. W. Waddy, 10 June 1932. [MDD-000997]
31. TRC, NRA, Presbyterian Church in Canada Archives, Toronto, Ontario, Women’s Missionary Society (WD) fonds, Acc. 1991-7020, box 3, file 4, “Minutes of the Council Executive, Presbyterian Church, 18 November 1930.” [BIR-001546]
32. TRC, NRA, Presbyterian Church in Canada Archives, Toronto, Ontario, Women’s Missionary Society (WD) fonds, Acc. 1988-7004, box 8, file 8, H. R. Horne, 15 January 1931. [BIR-000526-0001]
33. J. F. Lockhart, 6 May 1940, cited in undated document from Presbyterian Church in Canada Archives titled “The following are extracted from a review of material in the Presbyterian Church in Canada Archives concerning residential schools.”
34. TRC, NRA, No document location, no file source, W. Byrne Grant to “Joe,” 19 March 1930. [OBG-000396]
35. TRC, NRA, No document location, no file source, W. Byrne Grant to “Joe,” 21 March 1930. [OBG-000397]
36. TRC, NRA, No document location, no file source, W. Byrne Grant to “Joe,” 22 March 1930; [OBG-000398] 19 August 1930. [OBG-000403]
37. TRC, NRA, Deschatelets Archives Ottawa, PB 576.E26F 51, “The Oblates of Mary Immaculate, St. Charles’ House, New Westminster, B.C.”, 30 June 1931. [OMI-031061]
38. TRC, NRA, No document location, no file source, G. Forbes to Very Reverend Father Provincial, 8 April 1932. [OBG-003260]
39. TRC, NRA, No document location, no file source, G. Forbes to Very Reverend Father Provincial, 4 September 1938. [CIS-000110]
40. TRC, NRA, No document location, no file source, F. O’Grady to Very Reverend Father Provincial, 11 November 1938. [OMS-000567]
41. TRC, NRA, No document location, no file source, G. Forbes to Very Reverend Father Provincial, 4 August 1940. [CIS-000170]
42. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 13356, “Investigation – Kuper Island School 1939, Police report regarding runaways from Kuper Island School,” 10 January 1939. [IRC-040001]
43. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 13356, “Investigation – Kuper Island School 1939,” D. M. MacKay to Secretary, Indian Affairs Branch, Ottawa, 12 January 1939. [IRC-040007-0001]
44. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 13356, “Investigation – Kuper Island School 1939, Cpl S. Service, 13 January 1939. [IRC-040003]
45. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 13356, “Investigation – Kuper Island School 1939, Police report regarding Kuper Island School Investigation,” Constable George Armstrong, 30 January 1939. [IRC-040022] For information on his living at the school, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 13356, “Investigation – Kuper Island School 1939, Police report regarding runaways from Kuper Island School,” 10 January 1939. [IRC-040001]
46. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 13356, Investigation – Kuper Island School 1939, Police report, Corporal S. Service to NCO R. Dunn, 13 January 1939. [IRC-040003]
47. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 13356, Investigation – Kuper Island School 1939, Police report, Sergeant R. Dunn, 13 January 1939. [IRC-040002]
48. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 13356, Investigation – Kuper Island School 1939, Police report regarding Kuper Island School Investigation, Constable George Armstrong, 30 January 1939. [IRC-040022]
49. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 13356, “Investigation – Kuper Island School 1939, Confidential Notes,” Gerald H. Barry, 13 January 1939. [IRC-040010]
50. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 13356, “Investigation – Kuper Island School 1939,” G. H. Barry to Major D. M. MacKay, 15 January 1939. [IRC-040012]
51. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 13356, “Investigation – Kuper Island School 1939,” G. H. Barry to Major D. M. MacKay, 17 January 1939. [IRC-040014]
52. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 13356, “Investigation – Kuper Island School 1939,” Harold McGill to Major D. M. MacKay, 27 January 1939. [IRC-040021]
53. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 13356, “Investigation – Kuper Island School 1939,” Deputy Attorney General, BC, to Superintendent General, Canada, 18 February 1939. [IRC-040024-0001]
54. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6455, file 885-1, part 2, Microfilm reel C-8777, J. C. Cody to Indian Affairs Branch, Ministry of Natural Resources, 28 March 1939. [KUP-003876]
55. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG22, volume 1209, file 974/2, D. M. MacKay to Dr. H. W. McGill, 17 April 1939. [KUP-005550-0001]
56. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, volume 12333, box 19, part 1, 1936–1939, J. D. Caldwell to J. Camirand, 16 March 1939. [KUP-004494]
1. Graham, Mush Hole, 438.
2. Graham, Mush Hole, 366.
3. Callahan, “On Our Way to Healing,” 80.
4. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6255, file 576-1, part 1, Charles J. Eagle to Indian Commissioner, Regina, 21 December 1895. [BRS-000186-0001.]
5. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6255, file 576-1, part 1, John Semmens to Indian Commissioner, Regina, 4 January 1895. [BRS-000184]
6. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 1346, Microfilm reel C-13916, G. Donckele to W. H. Lomas, 8 March 1897. [KUP-004266]
7. Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3933, file 117657-1, Agent on the Blood Reserve, 28 July 1917.
8. Graham, Mush Hole, 366.
9. Graham, Mush Hole, 357.
10. Graham, Mush Hole, 359.
11. Graham, Mush Hole, 369.
12. Callahan, “On Our Way to Healing,” 71.
13. Callahan, “On Our Way to Healing,” 53.
14. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6193, file 462-10, part 3, A. J. Vale to T. J. Godfrey, 9 November 1939. [CRS-001330-0001]
15. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6307, file 653-1, part 2, O. E. Rothwell to A. B. Simes, 16 November 1939. [FHR-000511-0001]
16. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6307, file 653-1, part 2, A. B. Simes to Thomas Robertson, 9 November 1939. [FHR-000510]
17. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6307, file 653-1, part 2, Thomas Robertson to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 8 December 1939. [FHR-000515-0000]
18. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6205, file 468-1, part 3, J. D. Burger to W. Munday, 26 May 1939. [MER-000492, MER-00491]
19. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6447, file 882-5, part 1, P. Durieu to A. W. Vowell, 6 March 1893. [KAM-002393]
20. TRC, NRA, United Church of Canada Archives, Acc. 1979.199C, box 4, file 44, W. S. Moore to the Convenor of the Presbytery F.M. Committee, 1903. [RIS-000184]
21. Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3922, file 116820-1, Frank Pedley to David Laird, 25 February 1905; David Laird to Frank Pedley, 15 September 1905.
22. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6462, file 888-1, part 2, A. R. Lett to D. C. Scott, RG10, 15 October 1924. [GRG-001513]
1. D. G. Oury, ed., Marie de la Incarnation, Ursuline (1599–1672). Correspondance (Solesmes, 1951), 97, quoted in Jaenen, “Education for Francization,” 58.
2. Sylvester Hurlburt, Wesleyan Methodist Church in Canada, Missionary Society Reports, 1842–1860, quoted in MacLean, “Ojibwa Participation,” 120.
3. Wilson, Missionary Work, 167–170.
4. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6032, file 150-40A, part 1, “Regulations Relating to the Education of Indian Children,” Ottawa: Government Printing Bureau, 1894. [AGA-001516-0000]
5. An Act respecting Indians, Statutes of Canada 1919–1920, chapter 50, section 1, reproduced in Venne, Indian Acts, 178.
6. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6032, file 650-40A, part 1, “Appointment of Truant Officers,” D. C. Scott, 7 February 1927. [MRS-000045].
7. An Act respecting Indians, Statutes of Canada 1932–1933, chapter 42, section 1, reproduced in Venne, Indian Acts, 248.
8. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1893, 104.
9. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1902, 423.
10. Johnston, Indian School Days, 53.
11. Johnston, Indian School Days, 107–115.
12. Graham, Mush Hole, 429.
13. Graham, Mush Hole, 370.
14. Batten, Man Who Ran Faster, 12–13.
15. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6258, file 576-10, part 8, “Royal Canadian Mounted Police Report Re: Russell Mallett, missing from The Indian Residential School, Brandon, Manitoba,” 26 April 1939. [BRS-000254]
16. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6258, file 576-10, part 8, “Royal Canadian Mounted Police Report Re: Russell Mallett, missing from The Indian Residential School, Brandon, Manitoba,” 9 May 1939. [BRS-000255]
17. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6258, file 576-10, part 10, “Royal Canadian Mounted Police Report Re: Russell Mallett, missing from The Indian Residential School, Brandon, Manitoba,” 16 August 1939. [BRS-000258]
18. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6258, file 576-10, part 9, “Royal Canadian Mounted Police Report, Re: Thomas “Tommy” Linklater et al,” 23 September 1936. [BRS-000240-0006]
19. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6258, file 576-10, part 9, “Royal Canadian Mounted Police Report Re: Thomas ‘Tommy’ Linklater et al,” 20 October 1936. [BRS-000240-0005]
20. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6209, file 468-10, part 2, “Royal Canadian Mounted Police Report, Re: Abner Elliott and Leonard Beeswax, truants,” 13 October 1938. [MER-001043-0001]
21. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6209, file 468-10, part 2, “Royal Canadian Mounted Police Report, Re: Abner Elliott and Leonard Beeswax, truants,” 11 January 1939. [MER-001048-0001]
22. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6053, file 280-10, part 1, “Royal Canadian Mounted Police Re: Wallace LeBillois,” 9 April 1939; [SRS-007982-0003] “Royal Canadian Mounted Police Re: Leo Toney,” 9 April 1939. [SRS-006098-0001]
23. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6330, file 660-10, part 1, “Royal Canadian Mounted Police Re: Paul Bone,” 12 October 1929. [PLD-003245-0001]
24. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6320, file 657-10, part 1, Royal Canadian Mounted Police Report, Re: Edward LeRat, 17 October 1938. [MDD-007964-0001]
25. Graham, Mush Hole, 445.
26. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6422, file 869-1, part 1, Microfilm reel C-8754, J. Hall to F. Devlin, 19 January 1900. [COQ-000345]
27. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6468, file 890-1, part 1, F. Devlin to A. W. Vowell, 19 October 1899. [MIS-001421]
28. For example of horse, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6323, file 658-10, part 2, “RCMP Report Re: George Peechowe and Artemas Wood,” 4 October 1923; [PAR-020443-0001] for automobile, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6308, file 653-10, part 1, “Royal Canadian Mounted Police Report Re: Douglas Shingoose, George Gambler, Truant Indian Boys,” 20 November 1936; [FHR-001134-0001] for train, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6308, file 653-10, part 1, “Royal Canadian Mounted Police Report Re: Michael Bryant, Cote Indian Reserve,” 12 April 1934; [FHR-001047-0001] for boat, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6272, file 582-10, part 2, “RCMP Report regarding Alice and Mary Ann Bull,” 15 October 1935; [PCR-101214-0002] for use of dog, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6053, file 280-10, part 1, “Royal Canadian Mounted Police Re: Wallace LeBillois,” 9 April 1939. [SRS-007982-0003]
29. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6308, file 653-10, part 1, “Royal Canadian Mounted Police Report Re: Douglas Shingoose and Donald Stevenson,” 23 February 1935. [FHR-001050-0001]
30. North-West Mounted Police, Annual Report, 1894, 52–53.
31. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3920, file 116818, C. E. Somerset to Indian Commissioner, 6 October 1896. [EDM-009788]
32. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 2771, file 154845, part 1, Mohawk Institute to Hayter Reed, 18 March 1896. [TAY-003510]
33. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6278, file 584-10, part 1, “RCMP Report regarding [name redacted],” 16 October 1933. [SBR-110565-0001]
34. Sutherland, Children in English-Canadian Society, 122.
35. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6278, file 584-10, part 1, A. H. L. Mellor to Deputy Superintendent General, Indian Affairs, 19 September 1935. [SBR-110607-0000]
36. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6209, file 468-10, part 1, “Royal Canadian Mounted Police report, Re: [names redacted],” 21 November 1937. [MER-000580-0001]
37. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6209, file 468-10, part 2, “Royal Canadian Mounted Police report, Re: [name redacted],” 12 March 1939. [MER-001057-0001]
38. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6209, file 468-10, part 2, “Royal Canadian Mounted Police Report on Preliminary Hearing, Defendant [name redacted],” 14 March 1939. [MER-001056-0001]
39. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6209, file 468-10, part 2, “Royal Canadian Mounted Police, Report on Conclusion of Case, Re: [name redacted],” 20 March 1939. [MER-001058-0001]
40. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6193, file 462-10, part 3, A. D. Moore to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 16 September 1940. [CRS-000507-0000]
41. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6468, file 890-1, part 1, Father J. A. Bedard to F. Devlin, 14 October 1899. [MIS-001422]
42. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 2771, file 154845, part 1, J. D. McLean to Gordon J. Smith, 21 November 1914. [TAY-003551]
43. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6200, file 466-1, part 1, Gordon Smith to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 27 October 1922. [TAY-002497]
44. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6200, file 466-1, part 1, J. D. McLean to Gordon Smith, 31 October 1922. [TAY-002498]
45. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6267, file 580-1, part 2, E. V. Bird to T. B. R. Westgate, 9 November 1925. [DRS-000551]
46. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6330, file 660-10, part 1, R. W. Greatwood to Indian Affairs, 11 April 1930. [PLD-003278-0001]
47. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6205, file 468-5, part 1, J. D. McLean to A. R. McDonald, 14 December 1906. [MER-000196]
48. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6206, file 468-5, part 2, Gordon J. Smith to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 5 July 1912. [MER-000433]
49. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6032, file 150-40A, part 1, “Regulations Relating to the Education of Indian Children,” Ottawa: Government Printing Bureau, 1894. [AGA-001516-0000]
50. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6330, file 660-10, part 1, R. W. Greatwood to Indian Affairs, 11 April 1930. [PLD-003278-0001]
51. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6330, file 660-10, part 2, H. E. P. Mann to Commissioner, RCMP, 6 February 1934. [PLD-003316-0001]
52. TRC, NRA, Untitled document, purportedly Chronologie Dépuis Leur Fondations, École Blue Quills (Daily Journal from their Founding, Grey Nuns at Blue Quills) 1931–1936, entry for 1 May 1932. [GNA-000404]
53. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6193, file 462-10, part 1, pg. 1/1, “Royal Canadian Mounted Police Report,” 11 February 1935, C. Graham. [CRS-001237-0001]
54. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6275, file 583-10, part 1, “Royal Canadian Mounted Police Report, Re: Frank Puckina or Edwards,” 15 September 1939. [PLP-000374]
55. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6304, file 651-10, part 1, Constable G. J. Mitchell, 9 September 1931. [MRS-045402-0001]
56. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6278, file 584-10, part 1, “RCMP’s Report on Truant,” Constable R. D. Toews, 23 June 1936. [SBR-110621-0001]
57. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6278, file 584-10, part 1, “RCMP’s Report on Truant,” Constable R. D. Toews, 25 September 1936. [SBR-110628-0004]
58. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6278, file 584-10, part 1, “RCMP’s Report on Truant,” Constable R. D. Toews, 23 October 1936. [SBR-110630-0001]
59. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6278, file 584-10, part 1, Constable R. D. Toews, 8 May 1937. [SBR-110645-0001]
60. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6267, file 580-1, part 2, J. Waddy, 24 November 1928. [DRS-000564]
61. TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file E4874-02016, volume 5, Gordon’s Student Residence, 28-31, Indian Agent to W. M. Graham, 27 September 1928. [IRC-047119]
62. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6253, file 575-5, part 5, A. G. Hamilton to Indian Affairs, November 4 1935. [BIR-000208]
63. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6251, file 575-1, part 3, A. G. Hamilton to Mr. Phelan, 30 December 1936. [BIR-000221]
64. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6251, file 575-1, part 3, A. G. Smith to A. G. Hamilton, 8 March 1937. [BIR-000222]
65. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6371, file 764-1, part 1, M. Christianson to W. M. Graham, 28 October 1927. [PUL-001008]
66. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, file 1/18-24, volume 1 (locator #X-46-4), Duncan C. Scott to J. E. Pugh, 2 December 1927. [NCA-014241]
67. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 1543, W. M. Graham to J. E. Pugh, 12 December 1928. [MRY-010970]
68. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 1543, Indian Agent to W. M. Graham, 14 December 1928. [MRY-010971]
69. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6258, file 576-10, part 9, “Royal Canadian Mounted Police Report Re: [name redacted], Fisher River, Manitoba,” 12 March 1936. [BRS-000247-0003]
70. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6258, file 576-10, part 9, J. A. Doyle to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 13 April 1936. [BRS-000243]
71. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6258, file 576-10, part 9, Moses McKay to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 25 March 1936. [BRS-000244](Letter redacted in database, name revealed in document unredacted [BRS-000244].)
72. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6258, file 576-10, part 9, “Royal Canadian Mounted Police Report Re: Harry Royal, Runaway Indian boy,” 23 March 1936; [BRS-000246-0003] “Royal Canadian Mounted Police Report Re: Archie Hall et al. Runaway from Indian Residential school Brandon, Manitoba,” 18 October 1936. [BRS-000241-0001]
73. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6258, file 576-10, part 9, “Royal Canadian Mounted Police Report Re: Wallace Hahawahi, Delinquent,” 28 October 1936; [BRS-000240-0004] “Royal Canadian Mounted Police Report Re: Peter Ryder et al, Truants from Indian School Brandon, Manitoba,” 29 October 1936. [BRS-000240-0003]
74. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6258, file 576-10, part 9, “Royal Canadian Mounted Police Report Re: Wallace Hahawahi, Delinquent,” 28 October 1936. [BRS-000240-0004]
75. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6258, file 576-10, part 9, “Royal Canadian Mounted Police Report Re: Kenneth Thompson, Runaway Boy,” 28 October 1936. [BRS-000240-0001]
76. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6258, file 576-10, part 9, “Royal Canadian Mounted Police Report Re: Peter Ryder Runaway Boy,” 28 October 1936. [BRS-000240-0002]
77. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6057, file 265-10, part 1, J. P. Mackey to Secretary, Indian Affairs, undated, received 25 May 1937. [SRS-006072]
78. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6057, file 265-10, part 1, “Royal Canadian Mounted Police Report Re: Stephen Paul,” 27 May 1937. [SRS-006074-0001]
79. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6057, file 265-10, part 1, “Royal Canadian Mounted Police Report Re: Stephen Paul – alias Leo Francis,” 4 June 1937. [SRS-006076-0001]
80. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6057, file 265-10, part 1, J. P. Mackey to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 7 June 1937. [SRS-008112]
81. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6057, file 265-10, part 1, J. P. Mackey to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 16 July 1937; [SRS-006077] J. P. Mackey to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 27 July 1937. [SRS-006079]
82. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6057, file 265-10, part 2, “Royal Canadian Mounted Police Report Re: Noel Julian, Indian School, Shubenacadie, Nova Scotia,” 6 January 1938. [SRS-006083-0001]
83. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6057, file 265-10, part 2, “Royal Canadian Mounted Police Report Re: Leo Torry (Indian) Shubenacadie, N.S.,” 23 May 1938. [SRS-007900-0002]
84. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6057, file 265-10, part 2, Shubenacadie School to Neil A. MacDougall, 16 September 1938; [SRS-005109] “Royal Canadian Mounted Police Report Re: Gregory Denny, Truancy,” 24 September 1938. [SRS-007914-0001]
85. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6057, file 265-10, part 2, “Royal Canadian Mounted Police Report Re: Steven LaBobe,” 15 October 1938. [SRS-006090-0001]
86. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6057, file 265-10, part 2, “Royal Canadian Mounted Police Report Re: Gregory Denny, Truancy,” 24 September 1938. [SRS-007914-0001] For crowding at Shubenacadie, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6057, file 265-10, part 4, P. Phelan to N. A. McDougall, 20 September 1937. [SRS-007149]
87. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6057, file 265-10, part 2, “Royal Canadian Mounted Police Report Re: Gregory Denny,” 7 October 1938. [SRS-007915-0001]
88. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6057, file 265-10, part 2, “Royal Canadian Mounted Police Report Re: Gregory Denny, Truancy Indian school,” 15 October 1938. [SRS-006090-0002]
89. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6057, file 265-10, part 2, “Royal Canadian Mounted Police Report Re: Gregory Denny, Truancy Indian School,” 31 October 1938. [SRS-006091-0001]
90. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6057, file 265-10, part 2, “Royal Canadian Mounted Police Report, Re: Noel Julian, Truancy, Indian School,” 14 November 1938. [SRS-007925-0001]
91. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6057, file 265-10, part 2, “Royal Canadian Mounted Police Report Re: Richard Poulette, Indian,” 14 November 1938. [SRS-006092-0002]
92. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6057, file 265-10, part 2, “Royal Canadian Mounted Police Report Re: Noel Julian, Truancy, Indian School,” 17 November 1938. [SRS-006094-0001]
93. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6057, file 265-10, part 2, “Royal Canadian Mounted Police Report Re: Noel Julian, Truancy, Indian, School,” 21 December 1938. [SRS-006095-0001]
94. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6053, file 260-10, part 1, “Royal Canadian Mounted Police Report Re: Sam Augustine, Truancy, Indian Residential School,” 14 March 1939; [SRS-006086-0001] “Royal Canadian Mounted Police Report Re: Joe Julian, Truancy Indian Residential School, 14 March 1939”; [SRS-006086-0002] J. P. Mackey to Neil A. MacDougall, 21 March 1939. [SRS-000289]
95. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6053, file 260-10, part 1, J. P. Mackey to W. J. Cameron, 21 March 1939. [SRS-007977]
96. Sutherland, Children in English-Canadian Society, 139.
97. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6053, file 260-10, part 1, “Royal Canadian Mounted Police Report Re: Peter Labobe – Truancy,” 25 March 1939. [SRS-007978-0001]
98. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6053, file 260-10, part 1, J. P. Mackey to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 14 April 1939. [SRS-007980]
99. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6053, file 260-10, part 1, “Royal Canadian Mounted Police Re: Wallace LeBillois,” 9 April 1939; [SRS-007982-0003] “Royal Canadian Mounted Police Re: Leo Toney, 9 April 1939; [SRS-006098-0001] “Police Dog Made Good,” Peace River Northern Gazette, not dated.
100. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6193, file 462-10, part 2, A. J. Vale to T. J. Godfrey, 8 March 1937. [CRS-001293-0001]
101. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6193, file 462-10, part 3, pg. 1/1, A. J. Vale to the Secretary, Welfare and Training Division, Indian Affairs, 10 May 1939. [CRS-001312]
102. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6193, file 462-10, part 3, R. A. Hoey to A. J. Vale, 3 June 1939. [CRS-001314]
103. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6193, file 462-10, part 3, A. J. Vale to T. J. Godfrey, 9 November 1939. [CRS-001330-0001]
104. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6193, file 462-10, part 3, A. J. Vale to Secretary, Welfare and Training Division, Indian Affairs, 14 June 1939. [CRS-001316]
105. TRC, NRA, British Columbia Archives–Victoria Call No. Add MS-1267, volume 41 Kuper Island Industrial School, 1890-1891, 1905-1909 British Columbia Archives–Victoria, Cowichan Agency, Report for the Kuper Island Industrial School for the Quarter Ended October 1, [1907 from context], 38–39; [KUP-800002] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 1347, P Claessen to W.R. Robertson, W.R., Indian Agent, Duncan, 24 April 1908. [KUP-091185] For his last name, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume. 1347, Reel C-13916, Kuper Island Industrial School, Kuper Island, British Columbia, Ex. Pupils, March 31st, 1919. [KUP-004250]
106. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3921, file 116818-1B, J. F. Woodsworth to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 25 November 1918. [EDM-000956]
107. St. Boniface Historical Society, Archives Deschâtelets, L 235 M27L 115, Geelen to Rév. Père, 9 August 1928.
108. St. Boniface Historical Society, Archives Deschâtelets, L 541 M27L 266, Brachet to père provincial, 20 October 1928.
109. Winnipeg Free Press, “Find Body of Indian Girl, Long Missing,” 17 April 1930.
110. Winnipeg Free Press, “Missing Birtle Girl Is Not Yet Found,” 28 March 1930.
111. Winnipeg Free Press, “Find Body of Indian Girl, Long Missing,” 17 April 1930.
112. TRC, NRA, The Presbyterian Church in Canada Archives, Toronto, Acc. 1991-7020, box 3, file 4, “Minutes of the Council Executive, Presbyterian Church in Canada,” 21 October 1930. [BIR-001548]
113. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6267, file 580-1, part 2, W. G. Tweddell to W. M. Graham, 6 May 1931. [DRS-000588]
114. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6332, file 661-1, part 2, Royal Canadian Mounted Police Report, “Re: Percy Ochapowace – Death of, Ochapowace Indian Reserve, Saskatchewan.” H. S. Casswell, 19 January 1935; [RLS-000365-0003] J. P. B. Ostrander to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 19 January 1935. [RLS-000365-0001]
115. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6332, file 661-1, part 2, J. P. B. Ostrander to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 19 January 1935. [RLS-000365-0001]
116. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6332, file 661-1, part 2, A. F. MacKenzie to J. P. B. Ostrander, 28 January 1935. [RLS-000365-0004]
117. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6332, file 661-1, part 2, Garnet Neff to T. G. Murphy, 26 January 1935; [RLS-000366-0001] RG29, volume 2917, file 851-1-A673, part 1, Memorandum to Mr. McLean, 13 January 1914. [NPC-603178]
118. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6332, file 661-1, part 2, T. G. Murphy to Garnet Neff, 6 February 1935. [RLS-000367-0001]
119. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6332, file 661-1, part 2, Garnet Neff to T. G. Murphy, 20 February 1935. [RLS-000369-0001]
120. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6332, file 661-1, part 2, G. C. Neff to Minister of Justice, Ottawa, 8 March 1935. [RLS-000374-0001]
121. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6332, file 661-1, part 2, Minster of Justice to Garnett C. Neff, 25 March 1935; [RLS-000376-0001] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6332, file 661-1, part 2, G. C. Neff to Honourable Minister of Justice, Ottawa, 15 March 1935 [RLS-000374-0001]
122. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6446, file 881-23, part 1, R. H. Moore to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 6 January 1937. [LEJ-004083-0000]
123. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6446, file 881-23, part 1, C. Pitts to R. H. Moore, 6 January 1937. [LEJ-004083-0002]
124. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6446, file 881-23, part 1, “The Government of British Columbia, Inquisition,” 4 January 1937. [LEJ-004083-0001]
125. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6446, file 881-23, part 1, R. H. Moore to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 6 January 1937. [LEJ-004083-0000]
126. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG22, volume 1209, file 985/2, part 1, March 1937–September 1971, “LeJac Indian Residential School Inquiry, March 2 and 3, 1937.” [LEJ-005220-0002]
127. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6443, file 881-1, part 2, D. M. McKay to J. W. McGill, 25 March 1937. [LEJ-000765]
128. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6309, file 654-1, part 2, “Memorandum of an inquiry into the cause and circumstances of the death of Andrew Gordon,” R. W. Frayling, 11 March 1939; [GDC-028479] RG10, volume 11553, file 312-11, “Indian Boy Frozen on Bush Trail,” Regina Leader-Post, 16 March 1939. [GDC-009281]
129. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6309, file 654-1, part 2, Lenton Tooley to R. W. Frayling, 14 March 1939. [GDC-028481]
130. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, file 312-11 ACE, volume 9151, R. W. Frayling to J. W. Waddy, 14 March 1939. [GDC-009318-0002]
131. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, file 312-11 ACE, volume 9151, R. W. Frayling to J. W. Waddy, 13 March 1939. [GDC-009318-0002]
132. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 9151, file 312-11 ACE, “Royal Mounted Police Report, Re Andrew Gordon (Juvenile), Deceased,” 16 March 1939. [GDC-009280-0001]
133. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG1O, volume 9151, file 312-11 ACE, R. W. Frayling to R. A. Hoey, 17 March 1939. [GDC-009318-0001]
134. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6309, file 654-1, part 2, “Memorandum of an inquiry into the cause and circumstances of the death of Andrew Gordon,” 11 March 1939. [GDC-028479]
135. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 11553, file 312-11, Thomas Robertson to the Secretary, Indian Affairs, 20 March 1939. [GDC-009282-0000]
136. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6309, file 654-1, part 2, Thomas Robertson to R. A. Hoey, 1 April 1939. [GDC-028489]
137. TRC, NRA, Document location unknown, document file source unknown, R. A. Hoey to R. W. Frayling, 8 April 1939. [GDC-009307]
138. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6309, file 654-1, part 3, M. Christianson to R. A. Hoey, December 8 1944. [GDC-017334]
139. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 11553, file 312-11, “Memorandum of an inquiry into the cause and circumstances of the death of Andrew Gordon, Instructions.” [GDC-009282-0001]
140. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 11553, file 312-11, Indian Agent to R. W. Frayling, 15 March 1939. [GDC-000572]
141. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6309, file 654-1, part 2, “Memorandum of an inquiry into the cause and circumstances of the death of Andrew Gordon.” 11 March 1939. [GDC-028479]
1. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6452, file 884-1, part 1, Microfilm reel C 8773, “Rules and Regulations, Kootenay Industrial School.” [AEMR-011621A]
2. Kennedy, Recollections of an Assiniboine chief, 54.
3. Mountain Horse, My People the Bloods, 15–16.
4. Callahan, “On Our Way to Healing,” 39–40.
5. Ford, Smoke from Their Fires, 93–94.
6. Kennedy, Recollections of an Assiniboine chief, 54.
7. Calf Robe, Siksika, 7.
8. Rutherdale, Women and White Man’s God, 39.
9. Butcher, Letters of Margaret Butcher, 31.
10. Butcher, Letters of Margaret Butcher, 33.
11. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1883, 104.
12. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6194, file 463-1, part 1, G. A. Poitras to Superintendent General, Indian Affairs, 20 March 1908. [FFR-000118]
13. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6205, file 468-1, part 1, Public Archives Canada, Rev. S. R. McVitty, “Helping the Indian: How it Is Done at Mount Elgin Industrial Institute, The Christian Guardian, 21 May 1913. [MER-000376]
14. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 1347, Microfilm reel C-13916, W. Lemmens to W. R. Robertson, 10 February 1915. [KUP-004240]
15. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6027, file 117-1-1, part 1, Hayter Reed to Deputy Superintendent General, Indian Affairs, 31 March 1891. [CRW-000012]
16. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1885, 77.
17. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1903, 396.
18. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1888, 98.
19. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3804, file 50774-10, Alex McGibbon to Indian Commissioner, Regina, 28 February 1889. [PLD-009066]
20. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3675, file 11422-4, Hayter Reed to Deputy Superintendent General, Indian Affairs, 20 May 1891. [PLD-009429]
21. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3675, file 11422-4, E. Dewdney to J. Hugonnard, 13 April 1891. [PLD-009425]
22. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3675, file 11422-4, J. Hugonnard to E. Dewdney, 5 May 1891. [PLD-009435]
23. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3675, file 11422-4, Hayter Reed to Deputy Superintendent General, Indian Affairs, 20 May 1891. [PLD-009429]
24. Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3676, file 11422-5, T. Clarke to the Indian Commissioner, 30 June 1891; P. J. Williams, 7 July 1891.
25. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6205, file 468-1, part 1, F. W. Jacobs to A. Macrae, 9 April 1906. [MER-000345-0001]
26. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6205, file 468-1, part 1, T. T. George to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 21 May 1906. [MER-000349]
27. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6187, file 461-1, part 1, Inspector Semmens to Indian Affairs, 22 January 1917. [CJC-000837]
28. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6455, file 885-1, part 2, Microfilm reel C-8777, E. Elliott to D. C. Scott, 20 October 1919; [KUP-003829] J. D. McLean to E. Elliott, 17 November 1919; [KUP-003832] E. Elliott, 1 December 1919. [KUP-003833]
29. Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6187, file 461-1, part 2, Mr. Paget to Mr. Ferrier, 21 August 1928. [CJC-001354]
30. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6251, file 575-1, part 3, A. F. MacKenzie to W. C. Richardson, 14 March 1935. [AEMR-010735]
31. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6251, file 575-1, part 3, A. F. MacKenzie to E. H. Lockhart, 1 April 1935. [AEMR-010737]
32. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6380, file 769-10, part 1, “Statement of Ruben Kesepapamotao.” [WFL-071166]
33. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6452, file 884-1, part 1, Microfilm reel C 8773, “Rules and Regulations, Kootenay Industrial School.” [200.4.00007A]
34. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6205, file 468-1, part 1, J. A. Macrae to W. W. Shepherd, 10 April 1901. [MER-000311]
35. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6205, file 468-1, part 1, Name missing to Indian Affairs, 13 April 1901. [MER-000312]
36. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6040, file 160-4, part 1, L. Vankoughnet to E. Dewdney, 6 June 1889. [100.00097]
37. TRC, RBS, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3764, file 32725-2, Bishop of Rupert’s Land to E. Dewdney, 23 January 1891.
38. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6040, file 160-4, part 1, L. Vankoughnet to E. Dewdney, 6 June 1889. [100.00097]
39. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6211, file 469-1, part 1, “Extract for Indian Agents from Regulations of the Shingwauk Home March 1886.” [SWK-001288]
40. TRC, RBS, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3764, file 32725-2, Bishop of Rupert’s Land to E. Dewdney, 23 January 1891.
41. TRC, RBS, RG10, volume 3764, file 32725-2, H. Reed to Deputy Superintendent General of Indian Affairs, 24 February 1891.
42. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3818, file 57799, Hayter Reed to Superintendent General, 14 May 1889. [TAY-003820-0001]
43. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 1594, Commissioner to Indian Agent, Duck Lake, 12 February 1897. [SMD-001113]
44. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 2771, file 154845, part 1, Martin Benson to Deputy Superintendent General, 13 May 1904. [TAY-003533]
45. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1908, 425.
46. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 2762, file 151711, Th. Couture to C. L. D. Sims, 26 August 1908. [AGA-001388-0001]
47. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 2762, file 151711, C. L. D. Sims to Secretary, Indian Affairs. [AGA-001388-0000]
48. TRC, NRA, Anglican Church of Canada, General Synod Archives, ACC-MSCC-GS 75-103, series 3:1, box 48, file 3, Assistant-Deputy to S. P. Matheson, 25 November 1910. [AAC-090237]
49. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6332, file 661-1, part 1, S. Steward to H. McKay, 21 October 1915. [RLS-000078]
50. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6206, file 468-5, part 4, S. R. McVitty to Duncan Campbell Scott, 16 October 1922. [MER-000682]
51. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6205, file 468-1, part 2, Duncan Campbell Scott to S. R. McVitty, 10 October 1922. [MER-001368]
52. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, No document file source, no document location, Russell T. Ferrier to Church Authorities, Principals, and Department Representatives, 20 May 1925. [GMA-001254-0000]
53. Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6001, file 1-1-1 (4), R. Ferrier to D. C. Scott, 31 March 1925.
54. TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 501/25-1-076, volume 1, J. A. J. McKenna to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 5 October 1909. [SBR-000324]
55. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6278, file 584-10, part 1, Royal Canadian Mounted Police re. William Thomas Beaulieu, 5 September 1932. [SBR-110541]
56. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6303, file 651-1, part 1, J. P. B. Ostrander to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 21 August 1933. [MRS-001403] In the correspondence, Chatelain’s name is spelled Chatelaine. For correct spelling, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6304, file 651-10, part 1, P. Chatelain to Harold McGill, 23 June 1934. [MRS-045444]
57. Graham, Mush Hole, 430.
58. Graham, Mush Hole, 361.
59. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 1014, N. C. D. Dubois to Mr. Macdonald, 3 September 1930. [THR-000189]
60. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6032, file 150-37, part 1, Russell T. Ferrier to G. H. Gooderham, 26 October 1931. [SRS-000649]
61. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6323, file 658-10, part 5, Henry Ellis to J. T. Hill, 29 May 1933. [PAR-003611-0001]
62. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6323, file 658-10, part 5, J. T. Hill to Indian Affairs, 27 July 1935. [PAR-003600-0000]
63. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives, RG10, volume 6054, file 265-1, part 1, A. A. Johnston to L. Thomas Cantley, 18 July 1933. [SRS-000071-0002]
64. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6039, file 160-1, part 1, Duncan C. Scott to Glen Campbell, 26 November 1913. [AEMR-120221]
65. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 1629, 1897–1908, “Application for Admission,” 6 June 1900. [SAR-070003-0000]
66. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6444, file 881-5, part 4, 1926–1933, Microfilm reel C-8768, “Inspection Report Stuart Lake Agency,” G. S. Pragnell, 15 June 1932. [LEJ-004506]
67. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6347, file 751-10, part 1, Joseph Angin to J. D. Sutherland, 25 April 1934. [NCA-013939]
68. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6347, file 751-10, part 1, J. D. Sutherland to Joseph Angin, 9 May 1934. [NCA-013940]
69. TRC, NRA, Anglican Church of Canada, General Synod Archives, ACC-MSCC-GS 75-103, series 3:2, box 56, file 1, R. A. Hoey to Church Authorities, Principals, Department Representatives, 30 March 1937. [AAC-090379]
70. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6304, file 651-10, part 2, R. A. Hoey to P. Chatelain, 29 September 1937. [MRS-045559]
71. TRC, NRA, Anglican Church of Canada, General Synod Archives, ACC-MSCC-GS 75-103, series 3:2, box 56, file 1, R. A. Hoey to Church Authorities, Principals, Department Representatives, 30 March 1937. [AAC-090379]
72. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6057, file 265-10, part 1, Charles Hudson to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 23 June 1936. [NCA-013788]
73. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6057, file 265-10, part 1, George Paul to Thomas A. Crerar, 9 June 1937. [NCA-013809-0002]
74. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6057, file 265-10, part 1, Charles Hudson to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 23 June 1936. [NCA-013788]
75. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6057, file 265-10, part 1, J. D. Sutherland to Charles Hudson, 29 June 1936. [NCA-013789]
76. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6057, file 265-10, part 1, Philip Phelan to Chas. Hudson, 24 June 1937; [SRS-004003] RG10, volume 6057, file 265-10, part 2, J. P. Mackey to C. A. Spinney, 29 August 1938. [NCA-014107]
77. Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6057, file 265-10, part 1, Mary Hammond to Dear sister, 27 June 1936. (A letter that was sent to Indian Affairs, accompanying Mary Hammond’s letter, can be found at TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6057, file 265-10, part 1, Mrs. Charles Toney to Indian Affairs, 11 July 1936. [SRS-007599]).
78. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6057, file 265-10, part 1, Mr. and Mrs. Charles Toney to Indian Agent, 26 June 1936. [SRS-007594-0001]
79. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6057, file 265-10, part 1, B. W. Skinner to Indian Affairs, 1 July 1936. [SRS-007594-0000]
80. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6057, file 265-10, part 1, J. D. Sutherland to B. W. Skinner, 6 July 1936. [SRS-007596]
81. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6057, file 265-10, part 2, Shubenacadie School to John H. Langley, 4 July 1937. [SRS-007673]
82. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6057, file 265-10, part 2, J. P. Mackey to Frank Thomas, 31 August 1937. [SRS-008135-0003]
83. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6057, file 265-10, part 2, H. S. Everett to Mr. McCutcheon, 4 September 1937. [SRS-008135-0001]
84. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6057, file 265-10, part 2, J. P. Mackey to Mr. McCutcheon, 8 September 1937. [SRS-006080-0002]
85. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6057, file 265-10, part 2, P. Phelan to R. L. McCutcheon, 20 September 1937. [SRS-007828]
86. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6057, file 265-10, part 2, J. P. Mackey to Indian Affairs, 13 October 1937. [SRS-004240-0000]
87. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6057, file 265-10, part 2, Philip Phelan to S. E. Darres, 27 May 1938. [SRS-005532]
88. Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6056, P. Phelan to C. Spinney, 21 December 1938.
89. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6053, file 260-10, part 1, C. A. Spinney to Philip Phelan, 1 January 1939. [SRS-004230]
90. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, volume 12333, box 19, part 2, 1936–1939, H. Graham to Reverend J. Geurts, 24 June 1937. [KUP-004462]
91. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, volume 12333, box 19, part 2, 1936–1939, H. Graham to Reverend J. Geurts, 28 June 1937. [KUP-004460]
92. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, 773/25-1-004, 1936–1956, volume 1, J. E. Pugh, 31 May 1938. [PUL-001305]
93. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6374, file 764-10, part 1, PARC, Philip Phelan to J. E. Pugh, 7 September 1939; [PUL-009410] J. E. Pugh to Philip Phelan, 9 September 1939. [PUL-071135]
1. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3674, file 11422, E. Dewdney to Thomas Clarke, 31 July 1883. [120.06668]
2. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6452, file 884-1, part 1, 8773, “Rules and Regulations, Kootenay Industrial School.” [AEMR-011621A]
3. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3818, file 57799, Hayter Reed to Superintendent General, Indian Affairs, 14 May 1889. [MER-000066]
4. Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3647, file 8128, A. J. Macrae, 18 December 1886, 54.
5. Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3836, file 68557, H. Reed, Suggestions for the Government of Indian schools, 27 January 1890.
6. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1894, 248–249.
7. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1895, xxii–xxiii.
8. TRC, NRA, Anglican Church of Canada, General Synod Archives, ACC-MSCC-GS 75-103, series 3:1, box 48, file 3, Assistant-Deputy to S. P. Matheson, 25 November 1910. [AAC-090237]
9. TRC, NRA, DIAND, Residential Schools Records Office, Shubenacadie Residential School Student Files, Registers, “Programme of Studies for Indian Schools” in Indian Affairs Daily Register, Copy dated “April 1930 to June 1935.” [AEMR-010740]
10. Wilson, Missionary Work, 165–166.
11. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1884, 24.
12. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1887, 128.
13. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1887, 102.
14. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1888, 147.
15. Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3676, file 11422-5, Hayter Reed to Deputy Superintendent General of Indian Affairs, 4 August 1890.
16. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1890, 118.
17. Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3674, file 11422-1, J. Hugonnard to Lieutenant Governor, 18 October 1884.
18. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3675, file 11422-4, J. Hugonnard to E. Dewdney, 22 January 1886. [PLD-009186-0001]
19. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3675, file 11422-4, Hayter Reed to Superintendent General, Indian Affairs, 25 January 1886. [PLD-009186-0000]
20. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3675, file 11422-4, E. Dewdney to Superintendent General of Indian Affairs, 27 February 1886. [PLD-009190]
21. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3675, file 11422-4, E. Dewdney to Superintendent General of Indian Affairs, 24 July 1886. [PLD-009194]
22. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1886, 140.
23. Kennedy, “Qu’Appelle Industrial School,” 21–22.
24. Kennedy, “Qu’Appelle Industrial School,” 79.
25. Kennedy, “Qu’Appelle Industrial School,” 105.
26. Long, “John Horden,” http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?id_nbr=6166 (accessed 3 February 2013); Anglican Church of Canada, “Bishop Horden Memorial School,” http://www.anglican.ca/relationships/histories/bishop-horden (accessed 18 March 2014).
27. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1911, 527.
28. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1910, 428.
29. TRC, NRA, No document location, Soeurs Grises de Montreal, Prov. S. Albert Archives, L22 N01 Doc 1, Moccasin Telegram, volume II, number 1, September 1938, 19-20. [GNA-000506]
30. Butcher, Letters of Margaret Butcher, 13.
31. TRC, NRA, St. Paul’s Archives Acts of Canonical Visitation, 1883–1966, Stacks 2L, Acte Général de Visite des Missions Indiennes du Nord-Ouest Canadien par le T.R.P. Théodore Labouré, O.M.I., Supérieur Géneral, Rome Maison Générale, 45. [OMI-034614]
32. TRC, NRA, Dechatelets Archives, Ottawa, HR 8004.C73R 4, “Réunion du comité des missions indiennes des peres Oblats, Ottawa, le 12 october 1939.” [OMI-033064]
33. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1889, 120.
34. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1892, 264.
35. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1894, 166.
36. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1896, 393.
37. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1891, 135.
38. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1894, 91–92; Fox, “Failure of Red Deer Industrial School,” 17.
39. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6307, file 653-1, part 1, “Re: File Hills Indian Residential School,” n.d. [FHR-000170]
40. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1898, 282.
41. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1896, 381.
42. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1894, 170.
43. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1894, 171.
44. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1897, 258–259.
45. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1893, 98.
46. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1894, 149.
47. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1897, 263.
48. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1897, 265.
49. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1898, 345.
50. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1898, 355.
51. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1898, 302.
52. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1903, 339.
53. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1905, 362.
54. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1903, 457.
55. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6187, file 461-1, part 1, Inspector Semmens to Indian Affairs, 22 January 1917. [CJC-000837]
56. TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 501/23-5-076, volume 1, “Inspector’s Report on the Sandy Bay Indian School,” A. A. Herriot, 13 June 1923. [NCA-000994-0001]
57. TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 501/23-5-075, volume 1, “Inspector’s Report on the Pine Creek Indian Schools,” J. S. Peach, 20 March 1924. [PCR-003001]
58. TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 501/23-5-076, volume 1, Russell T. Ferrier to O. Chagnon, 23 May 1929. [SBR-000344]
59. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6452, file 884-1, part 2, 1910–1934, Kootenay Agency – Kootenay Industrial School – General Administration, FA 10-17, Microfilm reel C-8774, NAC Ottawa, “Extract from Inspector’s Report on the Kootenay Residential School, October 10 and 11, 1924,” R. H. Cairns. [EGN-008030]
60. Wasylow, “History of Battleford Industrial School,” 449.
61. Wasylow, “History of Battleford Industrial School,” 454.
62. Graham, Mush Hole, 430.
63. Callahan, “On Our Way to Healing,” 68.
64. Graham, Mush Hole, 368.
65. Provincial Archives of British Columbia, Transcript Disc # 182, Mary Englund interviewed by Margaret Whitehead, 31 July 1980, PABC No. 3868.
66. Graham, Mush Hole, 449.
67. Graham, Mush Hole, 360.
68. Sapp, I Heard the Drums, 8–9.
69. Choquette, Oblate Assault, 220.
70. For an example, see: Erickson, “Repositioning the Missionary,” 132.
71. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6039, file 160-1, part 1, Historic Docs – IRS OICs 1894 and 1908, 1911 contract, Catholic Bishops to R. Rogers, 24 November 1911. [UCA-080785]
72. TRC, NRA, Accession No. 705, Tape 1, Track 1, no date, 000431. [OMS-000283]
73. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1894, 144.
74. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6362, file 759-1, part 1, 1895–1934, Microfilm reel 8715, Emile J. Legal to Indian Commissioner, Winnipeg, 9 March 1899. [SAC-000023]
75. Moine, My Life in a Residential School, n.p.
76. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6300, file 650-1, part 1, Martin Benson to Mr. Pedley, 5 November 1912. [BVL-000776]
77. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6300, file 650-1, part 1, Montagnan of Île-à-la-Crosse to Great Master in Charge of Schools, 22 July 1913. [BVL-000781-0000]
78. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6300, file 650-1, part 1, Assistant Deputy and Secretary to O. Charlebois, 18 November 1915. [BVL-000790]
79. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6327, file 660-1, part 1, Microfilm reel C-9807, Deputy Superintendent General to C. Cahill, 1 March 1917. [AEMR-013531]
80. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6327, file 660-1, part 2, “Memorandum for File,” Russell T. Ferrier, 17 March 1922. [PLD-007242]
81. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6348, file 752-1, part 1, 1894–1936, Microfilm reel 8705. Russell T. Ferrier to W. M. Graham, 14 November 1921. [CFT-000150]
82. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6348, file 752-1, part 1, 1894–1936, Microfilm reel 8705, W. M. Graham to R. T. Ferrier, 26 November 1921. [CFT-000160]
83. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6348, file 752-1, part 1, 1894–1936, Microfilm reel 8705, G. H. Gooderham to Assistant Deputy and Secretary, Department of Indian Affairs, December 1921. [CFT-000154]
84. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6362, file 759-1, part 1, 1895–1934, Microfilm reel 8715, J. L. Levern to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 18 April 1923. [SAC-000085]
85. TRC, NRA, Sisters of Charity [Grey Nuns] Edmonton Archives – Alberta, file L55-B03, Brocket Historique, 1907–1935, Russell T. Ferrier to J. L. Levern, 5 November 1923. [SAC-800068]
86. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 8452, file 773/23-5-003, part 1, Russell T. Ferrier to E. Ruaux, 5 November 1923. [RCA-011021]
87. TRC, NRA, Grey Nuns Archives, St. Boniface, Manitoba, M6/04/02, M. de Bretagne to Reverend Mother Grey Nuns, 8 March 1938. [GNB-000095]
1. Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3675, file 11422-2, E. Dewdney to Superintendent General, Indian Affairs, 14 February 1884.
2. Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3675, file 11422-2, E. Dewdney to Superintendent General, Indian Affairs, 14 February 1884.
3. Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3675, file 11422-2, Hayter Reed to Deputy Superintendent General, Indian Affairs, 23 December 1884.
4. Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3675, file 11422-2, E. Dewdney to Superintendent General, Indian Affairs, 14 February 1884.
5. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3858, file 81812, to Hayter Reed, 29 August 1891. [120.06695]
6. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6032, file 150-40A, part 1, Regulations Relating to the Education of Indian Children, Ottawa: Government Printing Bureau, 1894. [AGA-001516-0000]
7. Statutes of Canada, 1919–1920, chapter 50, section 1, subsection 1, reproduced in Venne, Indian Acts, 178.
8. TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 6-21-1, volume 1, Control 27-9, Harold W. McGill to Superintendent-General, 25 March 1935. [NCA-008249-0001]
9. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6337, file 663-1, part 1, Bishop Albert to Hayter Reed, 21 January 1896. [THR-000100]
10. TRC, NRA, United Church of Canada/Victoria University Archives, Acc. No. 86.158C, box 2, file 2, Red Deer Industrial School Joblin Scrapbooks/UCC Docs Toronto, Arthur Barner to A. Sutherland and T. Ferrier, 4 May 1909. [UCA-080255-0008]
11. TRC, NRA, United Church of Canada Archives, Toronto, ON, Acc. No. 1979.199C, box 5, file 72, R. B. Heron to R. P. McKay 1 April 1905. [RIS-000203]
12. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6039, file 160-1, part 1, Glen Campbell to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 23 October 1912. [AEMR-120216]
13. Buck, Doctor Rode Side-Saddle, 62.
14. TRC, NRA, Deschatelets Archives, Oblates of Mary Immaculate, Ottawa, file 1026.M27G 211, Principal of the Cowessess School to Duncan Campbell Scott, 30 September 1922. [MRS-006049]
15. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6379, file 768-10, part 1, Bishop Guy to Harold McGill, 12 November 1935. [MAR-071121]
16. TRC, NRA, Anglican Church of Canada, General Synod Archives, MSCC-GS-75-103, series 2-15, box 28, file 4, Middleton, S. H. to Secretary Indian Residential School Commission, 11 February 1931. [AAC-084068-00001]
17. TRC, NRA, Anglican Church of Canada, General Synod Archives, ACC-MSCC-GS 75-103, series 2.15, box 21, file 1, Report of the Indian and Eskimo Commission to the Executive Committee MSCC for the year ended June 30, 1938. [AAC-083306]
18. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6304, file 651-10, part 1, J. P. B. Ostrander to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 5 May 1931. [MRS-045396]
19. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6304, file 651-10, part 2, David Poniki and Maggie Smoker, 24 January 1939. [MRS-045587-0001]
20. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6304, file 651-10, part 2, V. de Varennes to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 25 January 1939. [MRS-045587-0000]
21. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6304, file 651-10, part 2, Philip Phelan to V. de Varennes, 28 January 1939. [MRS-046037]
22. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6334, file 661-10, part 1, J. P. B. Ostrander to Secretary, 24 September 1934. [RLS-000670-0000]
23. TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 6-21-1, volume 1, Control 27-9, Harold McGill to Superintendent-General, 25 March 1935. [NCA-008249-0001]
24. Edwards, Paper Talk, 89–96; Winegard, King and Kanata, 64.
25. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1899, xxxi.
26. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1908, xxxiv.
27. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1898, 161.
28. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1898, 154–155.
29. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1898, 177.
30. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1898, 204.
31. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1898, 206.
32. Pettipas, Severing the Ties, 87–106; McMillan and Yellowhorn, First Peoples, 208–210.
33. Bolt, Thomas Crosby, 35, 63; Usher, William Duncan, 85.
34. LaViolette, Struggle for Survival, 41–42; Cole and Chaikin, Iron Hand, 16–17, 95.
35. Cole and Chaikin, Iron Hand, 35–36.
36. Austin G. McKitrick, “Chief Piapot and the Sundance,” 1921, Glenbow-Alberta Institute, Archives, M4252, Austin G. McKitrick Papers, 5, quoted in Pettipas, Severing the Ties, 103; Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1891, 238.
37. Albert Lacombe, quoted in Anthony Looy, “The Indian Agent and His Role in the Administration of the North-West Superintendency, 1876–1893,” PhD diss., Queen’s University, 1977, 295, quoted in Pettipas, Severing the Ties, 104.
38. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1884, 158.
39. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1882, 50.
40. Statutes of Canada 1895, chapter 35, sections 6 and 7, amending An Act respecting Indians, Revised Statutes of Canada 1886, chapter 43, reproduced in Venne, Indian Acts, 158–159.
41. Pettipas, Severing the Ties, 53–54, 95–96.
42. Cole and Chaikin, Iron Hand, 44.
43. Cole and Chaikin, Iron Hand, 54.
44. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 1346, Microfilm reel C-13916, A. W. Vowell to W. H. Lomas, 3 February 1897. [KUP-004265]
45. Cole and Chaikin, Iron Hand, 54.
46. Cole and Chaikin, Iron Hand, 49.
47. Pettipas, Severing the Ties, 108–109.
48. Pettipas, Severing the Ties, 111–112.
49. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1896, 347.
50. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6307, file 653-1, part 1, J. H. McIllrae to The Comptroller, North-West Mounted Police, 4 February 1902; [FHR-000741] Tobias, “Payipwat,” http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?id_nbr=6989 (accessed 13 February 2013).
51. Cole and Chaikin, Iron Hand, 26–39, 46–49; Pettipas, Severing the Ties, 127–143.
52. Titley, Indian Commissioners, 137.
53. Pettipas, Severing the Ties, 115–122.
54. Titley, Indian Commissioners, 170–171.
55. Titley, Indian Commissioners, 170.
56. Pettipas, Severing the Ties, 120.
57. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3825, file 60511-1, J. Hugonard to Indian Commissioner, 23 November 1903. [RCA-011007-0001]
58. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3825, file 60511-1, A. Sutherland, James Woodsworth, T. Ferrier to Indian Commissioner, 25 November 1903. [RCA-011007-0002]
59. Cole and Chaikin, Iron Hand, 94–95.
60. Cole and Chaikin, Iron Hand, 91.
61. Cole and Chaikin, Iron Hand, 1990, 97; TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 10020, Index item 64, Matheson Blue Books, Instructions to Indian Agents, 1913. [AEMR-251111A]
62. Cole and Chaikin, Iron Hand, 97–98. For Corker’s position at the school, see: Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1913, 434, and Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1914, 148, 150.
63. Cole and Chaikin, Iron Hand, 99.
64. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6430, file 876-1, part 1, West Coast Agency – Ahousaht Residential School – General Administration, 1901–1931, FA 10-17, Microfilm reel C-8759, Billy August to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 25 November 1914. [AST-200020]
65. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6430, file 876-1, part 1, West Coast Agency – Ahousaht Residential School – General Administration, 1901–1931, FA 10-17, Microfilm reel C-8759, John Ross to Dr. Grant, 24 December 1914. [AST-200036-0001]
66. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6430, file 876-1, part 1, West Coast Agency – Ahousaht Residential School – General Administration, 1901–1931, FA 10-17, Microfilm reel C-8759, Charles Cox to Secretary, Department of Indian Affairs, 11 January 1915. [AST-200032]
67. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6430, file 876-1, part 1, West Coast Agency – Ahousaht Residential School – General Administration, 1901–1931, FA 10-17, Microfilm reel C-8759, W. E. Ditchburn to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 12 February 1915. [AST-200031]
68. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6342, file 750-1, part 1, Microfilm reel C-8699, “Extract, report of Inspector Markle on the Blood RC Bdg School,” 6 February 1917. [MRY-001526]
69. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6342, file 750-1, part 1, Microfilm reel C-8699, J. A. Markle to Secretary, Department of Indian Affairs, 2 March 1917. [MRY-001528]
70. Cole and Chaikin, Iron Hand, 101–102.
71. Cole and Chaikin, Iron Hand, 111–112.
72. Cole and Chaikin, Iron Hand, 116.
73. Cole and Chaikin, Iron Hand, 117–118.
74. Cole and Chaikin, Iron Hand, 122–123.
75. Brass, I Walk in Two Worlds, 25.
76. Callahan, “On Our Way to Healing,” 75.
77. Callahan, “On Our Way to Healing,” 74.
78. Callahan, “On Our Way to Healing,” 75.
79. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1898, 338.
80. Pettipas, Severing the Ties, 122.
81. Moran, Stoney Creek Woman, 69.
82. Moran, Stoney Creek Woman, 73.
83. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6041, file 160-5, part 1, “Memorandum of the Convention of the Catholic Principals of Indian Residential Schools held at Lebret, Saskatchewan,” August 28 and 29, 1924. [200.4.00016]
84. Raibmon, “New Understanding.”
85. TRC, NRA, United Church of Canada/Victoria University Archives, Acc. No. 83.050C, box 20, file 252, 1935 UCC Commission on Indian Education – United Church Archives – Toronto, “Report of Commission on Indian Education, Appointed by the Board of Home Missions and The Women’s Missionary Society of the United Church of Canada, 1935.” [UCA-081639]
86. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6730, file 160-2, part 2, T. B. R. Westgate to T. A. Crerar, 21 November 1938. [AEMR-010788]
1. Carter, Importance of Being Monogamous, 149.
2. Carter, Importance of Being Monogamous, 10, 104, 115.
3. Carter, Importance of Being Monogamous, 30–31, 104.
4. Carter, Importance of Being Monogamous, 143.
5. Carter, Importance of Being Monogamous, 129.
6. Carter, Importance of Being Monogamous, 115.
7. Carter, Importance of Being Monogamous, 149.
8. Carter, Importance of Being Monogamous, 161–163.
9. Graham, Mush Hole, 7.
10. MacLean, “Ojibwa Participation,” 114–115.
11. Shanahan, Jesuit Residential School, 24–27.
12. Wilson, Missionary Work, 118, 215.
13. Gresko, “Paul Durieu,” http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/durieu_paul_12E.html (accessed 31 August 2014). McNally gives the opening as 1862, McNally, Lord’s Distant Vineyard, 67.
14. Canada, House of Commons Debates (22 May 1883), 1377.
15. Canada, House of Commons Debates (22 May 1883), 1377.
16. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3675, file 11422-3, L. Vankoughnet to John A. Macdonald, 10 January 1884, 10. [PLD-007553]
17. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3674, file 11422-1, E. Dewdney to L. Vankoughnet, 18 November 1884. [PLD-009651]
18. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1885, 138.
19. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1887, 130.
20. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1887, 102
21. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1887, 130.
22. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1894, 195.
23. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1884, 23.
24. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1899, 299.
25. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1894, 148–149.
26. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1894, 44.
27. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1898, 338.
28. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 2006, file 7825-1A, “Report on the Mohawk Institute and Six Nations Schools,” 30 August 1895. [TAY-003821-0000]
29. Bacchi, Liberation Deferred?, 87.
30. Hall, Girl and the Game, 29.
31. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1896, 391.
32. Moine, My Life in a Residential School, n.p.
33. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1900, 438.
34. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1893, 257.
35. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1899, 395.
36. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1896, 379.
37. Butcher, Letters of Margaret Butcher, 68.
38. For examples of controlling sexuality, see, for example: TRC, NRA, The United Church of Canada Archives, Toronto, ON, Acc. No. 1979.199C, box 6, file 99, W. McWhinney to D. Farquharson, 8 July 1907. [CRW-000172] For policy on arranging marriage, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6318, file 657-1, part 1, A. E. Forget to Indian Agent, Touchwood Hills, 31 January 1896. [MDD-000851]
39. TRC, NRA, The United Church of Canada Archives, Toronto, ON, Acc. No. 1979.199C, box 6, file 99, W. McWhinney to D. Farquharson, 8 July 1907. [CRW-000172]
40. Bruno-Jofre, Missionary Oblate Sisters, 66.
41. Graham, Mush Hole, 371.
42. Moine, My Life in a Residential School, n.p.
43. United Church Archives – Winnipeg, Andrew Baird Papers, E 1467-1469, J. Ansdell Macrae to Baird December 26, 1891, quoted in Hildebrand, “Staff Perspectives,” 133.
44. TRC, NRA, Provincial Archives – Alberta, PAA 71.220 B92 3882, Pratt to L. Lewis, 27 June 1938. [OGP-030214]
45. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6027, file 117-1-1, part 1, “Extract from Agent Blewett’s report on the Pelly Agency, dated June 3, 1907.” [CRW-000021]
46. TRC, NRA, The United Church of Canada Archives, Toronto, ON, Acc. No. 1979.199C, box 6, file 99, W. McWhinney to J. Farquharson, 8 July 1907. [CRW-000172] For date of McWhinney’s appointment, see: The United Church of Canada Archives, Toronto, ON, Acc. No. 1979.199C, box 4, file 45, D. Laird to R. P. McKay, 3 January 1903. [CRW-000188]
47. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6027, file 117-1-1, part 1, Pelly – Crowstand Boarding School, W. G. Blewett to Secretary, Department of Indian Affairs, 10 October 1911; [IRC-048000] RG10, volume 6027, file 117-1-1, part 1, Pelly – Crowstand Boarding School, W. G. Blewett to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 21 July 1914. [IRC-048001]
48. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6027, file 117-1-1, part 1, Pelly – Crowstand Boarding School, W. McWhinney to Grant, 15 August 1914. [IRC-048003]
49. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, FA 10-13, volume 3918, Microfilm Reel C-10161, file 116.659-1, 1892–1920, Spec. Claims Kamloops Agency: General Correspondence Pertaining to Kamloops Industrial School, J. W. Mackay to A. W. Vowell, 6 April 1892. [KAM-009633]
50. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6334, file 662-1, part 1, W. G. Blewett to the Secretary, Indian Affairs, 4 December 1909. [SPR-001936]
51. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6251, file 575-1, part 1, Glen Campbell to Duncan Campbell Scott, 1 February 1915. [BIR-000033]
52. Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6251, file 575-1, part 1, David Iverach to Rev. A. S. Grant, 7 July 1915. [BIR-000041]
53. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6251, file 575-1, part 1, J. D. McLean to Andrew Grant, 19 June 1915. [BIR-000039]
54. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6431, file 877-1, part 2, A. Paull to W. E. Ditchburn, 21 August 1922. [ABR-000750]
55. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6431, file 877-1, part 2, H. B. Currie to C. A. Cox, 9 September 1922. [ABR-000069]
56. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6422, file 869-1, part 1, Frank Devlin to A. W. Vowell, 21 March 1895. [COQ-000299]
57. Criminal Code, 1892, Statutes of Canada 1892, chapter 29, “A History of Canadian Sexual Assault Legislation, 1900–2000,” http://www.constancebackhouse.ca/fileadmin/website/1892.htm#22 (accessed 3 May 2013); TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6455, file 885-1, part 1, “Report to W. R. Robertson,” 28 October 1912; [KUP-091283] RG10, volume 6455, file 885-1, part 1, Microfilm reel C-8777, 1888–1917, W. E. Ditchburn to Secretary, Department of Indian Affairs, 31 October 1912. [KUP-005601]
58. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6455, file 885-1, part 1, Report to W. R. Robertson, 28 October 1912; [KUP-091283] RG10, volume 6455, file 885-1, part 1, Microfilm reel C-8777, 1888–1917, W. E. Ditchburn to Secretary, Department of Indian Affairs, 31 October 1912. [KUP-005601]
59. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6332, file 661-1, part 1, “Report re: Indians breaking into School on Cowessess Reserve, Complaint of Mr. E. Taylor, Indian Agent,” Sergeant C. Richardson, 31 July 1919; [RLS-000123-0003] H. McKay to E. Taylor, 27 August 1919. [RLS-000123-0005]
60. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6332, file 661-1, part 1, H. McKay to E. Taylor, 27 August 1919. [RLS-000123-0005]
61. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6332, file 661-1, part 1, W. M. Graham to Duncan Campbell Scott, 2 October 1919. [RLS-000123-0001]
62. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6369, file 763-1, part 1, PARC, C. A. Arthur to W. M. Graham, 20 May 1924. [CYP-005109-0001]
63. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives, RG10, volume 6369, file 763-1, part 1, PARC, T. B. R. Westgate to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 8 July 1924. [CYP-005115]
64. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6255, file 576-1, part 2, “Crime Report Re: Wabbie Scott (Indian Boy), Brandon Man. Breaking and Entering,” 9 November 1926. [BRS-000217]
65. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6255, file 576-1, part 2, R. H. Nicholson to the Officer Commanding, RCMP, Wininipeg, 4 November 1926. [BRS-000216]
66. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6255, file 576-1, part 2, T. Ferrier to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 2 November 1926. [BRS-000215]
67. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6255, file 576-1, part 2, T. Ferrier to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 25 November 1926. [BRS-000219]
68. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6353, file 754-1, part 1, Microfilm reel C-8709, P. Moulin to Dear Sir, 8 January 1933. [ERM-000244]
69. Butcher, Letters of Margaret Butcher, 151.
70. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, Shannon, part C, Shannon 9, 1913, FA 10-79, Perm. volume 11141, NAC Ottawa, W. E. Ditchburn to W. M. Halliday, 31 January 1913. [MIK-014393]
71. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6209, file 468-10, part 2, T. Roy McLeod to E. L. Stone, 13 December 1939. [MER-003271]
72. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6187, file 461-1, part 3, A. G. Hamilton, 10 July 1939. [IRC-048018]
73. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6187, file 461-1, part 3, C. W. Jackson to H. W. McGIll, 22 February 1940. [CJC-000665]
74. Canada, House of Commons Debates (22 May 1888), 1681.
75. Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6816, file 486-2-5, part 1, H. Reed to J. Hugonnard, 13 June 1890.
76. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1894, 151.
77. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1894, 193–194.
78. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1897, 284.
79. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1902, 411.
80. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1905, 360.
81. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 1347, Microfilm reel C-13916, P. Claessen to W. R. Robertson, 17 August 1909. [KUP-004235]
82. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1909, 420.
83. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1910, 500.
84. Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6816, file 486-2-5, part 1, Extract from letter from J. W. Tims, 2 August 1894.
85. Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6816, file 486-2-5, Magnus Begg to A. Forget, 4 August 1894.
86. Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3881, file 934189, M. Begg to A. Forget, 23 February 1895,
87. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6318, file 657-1, part 1, A. E. Forget to Indian Agent, Touchwood Hills, 31 January 1896. [MDD-000851]
88. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1896, xxxviii.
89. Miss Paul, “Indian Work,” http://eco.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.8_04348_49/6?r=0&s=1; Mrs. Redner, “Indian Work,” http://eco.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.8_04348_51/7?r=0&s=1; Miss Clarke, “Indian Work,” http://eco.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.8_04348_59/3?r=0&s=1; Hare and Barman, Good Intentions, 194.
90. Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3559, file 74, part 6, J. Hugonnard to the Indian Commissioner, 4 August 1898.
91. Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3559, file 74, part 6, J. P. Wright to the Indian Commissioner, 10 August 1898. Betsy.4.jpg.
92. Library and Archives Canada, volume 3559, file 74, part 7, Muscowpetung Reserve Indian agent to Indian Commissioner 9 July 1900.
93. Library and Archives Canada, volume 3559, file 74, part 7, Indian Commissioner to Indian Agent, Muscowpetung Agency, 12 July 1900.
94. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 1629, A. J. McNeill to Tims, 10 December 1901. [SAR-000422]
95. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 10416, Shannon Box 56-C, 1909–1910, Frank Pedley to Sir, 2 July 1909. [AEMR-200904]
96. Butcher, Letters of Margaret Butcher, 170.
97. Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6816, file 486-2-5, part 1, Extract Presbytery of Winnipeg, Committee on Indian Work, R. J. MacPherson, 9 September 1922.
98. Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6816, file 486-2-6, part 1, A. S. Williams to D. C. Scott, 14 December 1922. Memo to Scott, 14 December 1922.jpg.
99. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6345, file 751-1, part 1, Microfilm reel C-8701, W. E. Gullion to W. M. Graham, 1 January 1927. [BQL-001708]
100. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6345, file 751-1, part 1, Microfilm reel C-8701, W. M. Graham to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 11 January 1927. [BQL-001707]
101. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6363, file 759-10, part 1, 1927–1941, Microfilm reel C-8717, J. L. Levern to Russell Ferrier, 20 July 1929. [SAC-071007]
102. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6326, file 659-10, part 1, J. E. Pratt to Philip Phelan, 15 June 1936. [ORC-006021]
103. TRC, NRA, United Church Archives, Acc. 83.050C, box 144-21, “Statement of Policy re Indian Residential Schools,” June 1936. [UCC-050004]
104. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 10416, Shannon Box 56-C, 1909–1910, Frank Pedley to Sir, 2 July 1909. [AEMR-200904]
105. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, FA 10-1, volume 1347, Microfilm reel C-13916, Cowichan Agency – Incoming Correspondence re Kuper Island Industrial School, 1907–1920, J. T. James, signed form, 16 November 1909. [KUP-022234-0000]
106. Carter, “Demonstrating Success,” 157–166.
107. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1907, 157.
108. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1907, 187.
109. Brass, I Walk in Two Worlds, 13.
110. Abbott, Administration of Indian Affairs, 51–56.
111. Carter, “Demonstrating Success,” 171–172.
112. Brass, I Walk in Two Worlds, 35.
113. Brass, I Walk in Two Worlds, 36.
114. Brass, I Walk in Two Worlds, 45.
115. Ahenakew, Voices of the Plains Cree, 130–131.
116. Carter, “Demonstrating Success,” 165, 176.
117. Library and Archives Canada, No document location, no document file number, “Remarks and Observations suggested by the recent visit of the Indians of the Lebret District by Mr. Robertson,” Guy de Bretagne, 10 December 1936. [OBG-003334]
118. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1914, xxiii.
119. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1921, 28.
120. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1925, 14.
121. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1936, 21–22.
122. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 10411, Shannon Box 37, 1930–31, G. C. Laight to Russell T. Ferrier, 10 March 1931. [SAL-002007]
123. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 11552, file 312-11, part 2, Russell T. Ferrier to Indian Agents and Principals of Residential Schools, 14 May 1932. [AEMR-177217]
124. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 10411, Shannon Box 38, part A, 1937–1938, R. A. Hoey to principals of Indian Residential Schools, 15 May 1937. [AEMR-200910]
1. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6465, file 888-9, part 1, Public Archives, G. Ditcham to A. W. Vowell, 21 March 1903. [GRG-002833] For evidence of Ditcham’s being an Anglican minister, see reference to: “Rev. George Ditcham,” in TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6462, file 888-1, part 1, H, C. A. Webb to F. D. McLean, 28 January 1911. [GRG-022006] For documentation on the Anglican Church connection of the Lytton school, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 7185, file 1/25-1-7-1 v.1, H, D. C. Scott to Buskard, 12 February 1932. [GRG-006462]
2. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1903, 437.
3. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1906, 460.
4. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1908, 432–433.
5. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1904, 420.
6. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1910, 500.
7. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, FA 10-1, volume 1312, Microfilm reel C-13908, British Columbia Superintendency, Inspector of Indian Agencies – Letterbooks [Indexed], 1910/07–1911/11, National Archives of Canada, Ottawa, W. E. Ditchburn to Secretary, Indian Affairs, [day illegible] December 1910. [GRG-062005]
8. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6462, file 888-1, part 1, H, J. D. McLean to Secretary, New England Company, 30 January 1911. [GRG-022007]
9. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1911, 576.
10. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6462, file 888-1, part 1, H, Martin Benson to D. C. Scott, 28 May 1916. [GRG-022034]
11. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6462, file 888-1, part 1, H, L. Laronde to D. C. Scott, 5 January 1921. [GRG-022091]
12. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6463, file 888-1, part 6, C. F. Hives to R. A. Hoey, 21 June 1942. [GRG-022621]
13. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6462, file 888-1, part 1, H, F. Ball, 24 April 1921. [GRG-022130-0000]
14. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3221, file 540514, part 1, D. C. Scott to Ernest Mathews, 6 October 1921. [TAY-002438]
15. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6462, file 888-1, part 2, P. M. Wilson to H. Graham, 23 February 1927. [GRG-001605]
16. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 7185, file 1/25-1-7-1 v.1, H, D. C. Scott to Buskard, 12 February 1932. [GRG-006462]
17. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6462, file 888-1, part 2, Public Archives, Memorandum to Dr. McGill, 21 February 1934. [GRG-001623]
18. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6462, file 888-1, part 3, D. C. Scott to W. E. Ditchburn, 16 April 1928. [GRG-001728]
19. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6462, file 888-1, part 2, A. R. Lett to H. W. McGill, 12 February 1934. [GRG-001621]
20. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6462, file 888-1, part 1, H, A. R. Lett to Roper, 29 February 1934; [GRG-022248] RG10, volume 6462, file 888-1, part 3, S. E. Higgs to D. C. Scott, 17 February 1931. [GRG-001811]
21. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6462, file 888-1, part 1, H, A. R. Lett to H. W. McGill, 21 March 1934. [GRG-022249]
22. TRC, NRA, File location to be determined, no file identification information available, A. Strang to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 4 December 1934. [GRG-028051]
23. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, volume 6462, file 888-1, part 4, Lytton Agency – St. George’s Residential School – General Administration, 1933–1938, FA 10-17, “Extract From Report of Inspector Barry With Reference to His Visit to St. George’s Indian Residential School on September 26, and 27 and October 25, 1934, Re: Alfred Cecil Batcheler, Boys’ Supervisor.” [GRG-200848]
24. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, volume 6462, file 888-1, part 4, Lytton Agency – St. George’s Residential School – General Administration, 1933–1938, FA 10-17, “Extract From Report of Inspector Barry With Reference to His Visit to St. George’s Indian Residential School on September 26, and 27 and October 25, 1934, Re: Miss H. Dalgleish.” [GRG-200847]
25. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, volume 6462, file 888-1, part 4, Lytton Agency – St. George’s Residential School – General Administration, 1933–1938, FA 10-17, “Extract From Report of Inspector Barry With Reference to His Visit to St. George’s Indian Residential School on September 26, and 27 and October 25, 1934, Re: Alfred Cecil Batcheler, Boys’ Supervisor.” [GRG-200848]
26. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, file 888-1, part 4, Lytton Agency – St. George’s Residential School – General Administration, 1933–1938, FA 10-17, Perm. volume 6462, Gerald H. Barry to C. C. Perry, 17 October 1934. [GRG-200851-0000]
27. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, volume 6462, file 888-1, part 4, Lytton Agency – St. George’s Residential School – General Administration, 1933–1938, FA 10-17, Marjorie Bird to Indian Affairs, 30 October 1934; [GRG-200852] Helen Dalgleish to unknown, 1 November 1934; [GRG-200854] A. C. Batcheler to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 1 November 1934. [GRG-200855]
28. TRC, NRA, Document location to be determined, no file identification information available, H. McGill to Superintendent General, 21 November 1934. [GRG-028052]
29. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6462, file 888-1, part 1, H, A. R. Lett to Parents and Friends, June 1937. [GRG-022262]
30. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6462, file 888-1, part 2, C. C. Perry to Indian Affairs, 6 May 1937. [GRG-001611]
31. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6462, file 888-1, part 1, H, A. R. Lett to Parents and Friends, June 1937. [GRG-022262]
32. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG22, volume 1209, file 979/1-1, volume 1, G. H. Barry to D. M. MacKay, 8 January 1941. [IRC-049021]
33. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6462, file 888-1, volume 5, H. W. McGill to Major D. M. MacKay, 13 December 1938. [TAY-001678]
34. TRC, NRA, File location to be determined, no file identification information available, D. M. MacKay to H. T. McGill, 14 January 1939. [GRG-028059]
35. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG22, volume 1209, file 979/1-1, volume 1, G. H. Barry to D. M. MacKay, 8 January 1941. [IRC-049021]
36. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6463, file 888-1, part 6, C. F. Hives to R. A. Hoey, 21 June 1942. [GRG-022621]
1. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1889, 131.
2. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6262, file 578-1, part 4, A. Ogletree to Deputy Secretary, Department of Indian Affairs, 23 July 1926. [ELK-000331]
3. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6262, file 578-1, part 4, J. D. McLean to A. Ogletree, 27 July 1926. [ELK-000332]
4. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6467, file 889-1, part 1, 12/1894–11/1933, Vancouver Agency – Squamish Residential School – General Administration, FA 10-17, Microfilm reel C-8785, NAC Ottawa, A. W. Vowell to the Secretary, Department of Indian Affairs, 5 April 1905. [SQU-000423]
5. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1907, 189.
6. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6345, file 751-5, part 1, 1896–1902, Microfilm reel C-8701, H. Grandin to Indian Commissioner, Regina, 14 April 1897. [BQL-007306]
7. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 1346, Microfilm reel C-13916, G. Donckele to W. R. Robertson, 23 July 1906. [KUP-004276]
8. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6187, file 461-1, part 1, “Report of Inspector Semmens on the Cecilia Jaffrey [sic] Boarding School,” 22 January 1917. [IRC-048048]
9. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6187, file 461-1, part 1, Chief Kesik, Chief Redsky, and three others to McKenzie, 28 March 1917. [CJC-000006-0002]
10. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6187, file 461-1, part 1, J. D. McLean to J. H. Edmison, 29 March 1917. [CJC-000839]
11. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6187, file 461-1, part 1, J. H. Edmison to J. D. McLean, 2 April 1917. [CJC-000841]
12. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6187, file 461-1, part 1, The Assistant Deputy and Secretary to Reverend Sir, 1 February 1917. [CJC-000838]
13. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6187, file 461-1, part 1, “Report of the Commission of Presbytery appointed to investigate conditions at ‘Cecilia Jeffries [sic] Boarding School,’” 26 February 1918. [CJC-000847-0001]
14. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6187, file 461-1, part 1, “Report of the Commission of Presbytery appointed to investigate conditions at ‘Cecilia Jeffries [sic] Boarding School,’” 26 February 1918. [CJC-000847-0001]
15. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6187, file 461-1, part 1, “Report of the Commission of Presbytery appointed to investigate conditions at ‘Cecilia Jeffries [sic] Boarding School,’” 26 February 1918. [CJC-000847-0001]
16. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6270, file 582-1, part 1, “Extract from report on meeting Chief of Pine Creek Band,” A. Ogletree, Indian Agent, 16 June 1917. [PCR-010082]
17. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6264, file 579-1, part 1, Chief William Mann and two others, to the Minister, Indian Affairs, 28 February 1923. [FAR-000016]
18. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6264, file 579-1, part 1, J. D. McLean to William Mann, 6 March 1923. [FAR-000017]
19. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6191, file 462-1, part 1, Andrew Saunders, Statutory Declaration, 6 January 1922. [CRS-001004-0006]
20. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6200, file 466-1, part 1, “Hungry, Run Indian Home” [only partial headline in copy], Evelyn Johnson, Toronto Sunday World, 18 November 1923. [TAY-000099-0001]
21. Strong-Boag and Gerson, Paddling Her Own Canoe, 47.
22. Strong-Boag and Gerson, Paddling Her Own Canoe, 52–58.
23. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6200, file 466-1, part 1, “Extract from Inspector’s Report on the Mohawk Institute, 7 November 1923,” T. W. Standing. [TAY-002641]
24. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6187, file 461-1, part 2, Mr. Paget to Mr. Ferrier, 21 August 1928. [CJC-001354]
25. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6254, file 575-10, part 1, A. G. Smith to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 29 December 1936. [BIR-002631]
26. TRC, CAR, Library and Archives Canada RG10, volume 6254, file 575-10, part 1, Philip Phelan to A. G. Smith, 5 January 1937. [46a-RG10-Vol-6254-575-10 pt1]
27. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6054, file 265-1, part 1, Chief Dan L. Francis to Schools Branch, 27 August 1930. [SRS-000185]
28. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6054, file 265-1, part 1, W. Prince to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 5 September 1930. [IRC-041257]
29. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6054, file 265-1, part 1, A. F. MacKenzie to W. S. Prince, 10 September 1930. [SRS-000067]
30. Smith, “Loft, Fred,” 344–345.
31. Cuthand, “Native Peoples,” 382–383; Kulchyski, “Considerable Unrest,” 100.
32. Goodwill and Sluman, John Tootoosis, 155.
33. Goodwill and Sluman, John Tootoosis, 156.
1. Davin, Report on industrial schools, 12, 15.
2. TRC, NRA, Anglican Church of Canada, General Synod Archives, ACC-MSCC-GS 75-103, series 9:08, box 131, file 5-3, The Indian Residential School Commission of the Missionary Society of the Church of England in Canada, An Outline of the Duties of Those Who Occupy Positions on the Staff at the Society’s Indian Residential Schools. No. III, The Teacher. [AAC-090142]
3. United Church of Canada Archives, Toronto, Archive accession information: Fonds, 3282: John Chantler McDougall Fonds, 1986.291C, box 1, file 8, Mrs. J. McDougall, “Founding of the McDougall Orphanage and Training School,” Historical Sketch, no date.
4. Anglican Church of Canada, General Synod Archives, Accessions M82-12 Louise Topping fonds. – 1937. Short story titled “Hope,” n.d., 31.
5. Semple, Lord’s Dominion, 348; Clifford, “His Dominion,” 315–326; Woodsworth, Strangers Within Our Gates; Connor, The Foreigner; Rutherdale, Women and White Man’s God, xx; Gagan, Sensitive Independence, 10–11.
6. Semple, Lord’s Dominion, 306.
7. McNally, Lord’s Distant Vineyard, 113–119.
8. Methodist Magazine 1 (1875): 146, quoted in Bolt, Thomas Crosby, 103; Semple, Lord’s Dominion, 272.
9. Porter, “Anglican Church,” 84.
10. Report of the Missionary Society of the Church of England in Canada, 1903, 58, quoted in Porter, “Anglican Church,” 106.
11. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1903, 342–343; TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6205, file 468-1, part 1, Public Archives Canada, S. R. McVitty, “Helping the Indian: How it is Done at Mount Elgin Industrial Institute,” The Christian Guardian, 31 May 1913; [MER-0376] RG10, volume 1347, Microfilm reel C-13916, W. Lemmens to W. R. Robertson, 10 February 1915. [KUP-004240]
12. Algoma Missionary News (April 1877): 14, quoted in Wilson, “Note on Shingwauk Industrial Home,” 69.
13. Butcher, Letters of Margaret Butcher, 26.
14. Butcher, Letters of Margaret Butcher, 118.
15. TRC, CAR, United Church Archives, Presbyterian Church in Canada, Board of Foreign Missions, Records Pertaining to Missions to Aboriginal People in Manitoba and the North West, 79.199C, box 4, file 42, C1003 document 11, Maggie Nicoll to Dr. Mackay, 13 October 1902. [13d-c001003-d0011-001]
16. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6057, file 265-10, part 1, J. P. Mackey to Father MacNeil, 5 October 1936. [SRS-000280-0003]
17. “The Most Northerly Residential School in the British Empire,” Northern Lights (February 1933): 8, quoted in Rutherdale, Women and White Man’s God, xx; TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, file 881-1, part 1, Stuart Lake Agency – Lejac Residential School – General Administration, 1905–1934 F.A. 10-17, Perm. volume 6443, Microfilm reel C-8767, A. K. O. Ockoniy to W. Allan, 14 June 1922. [LEJ-200235-0001]
18. Annual Address of Mrs. Bompas, President Delivered at Dawson, Y.T. August 13, 1906, 7, quoted in Rutherdale, Women and White Man’s God, 133.
19. United Church Archives, Mission to the Aboriginal Peoples in Manitoba and the Northwest, box 1, file 5, Report by H. McKay, 17 March 1885, quoted in Bush, Western Challenge, 87.
20. Bush, Western Challenge, 27.
21. Fisher, Contact and Conflict, 185–188; Usher, William Duncan, 126; Whitehead, “Introduction” to Coccola, They Call Me Father, 44–47.
22. Gresko, “Gender and Mission,” 40.
23. Coccola, They Call Me Father, 89.
24. Whitehead, “Introduction” to Coccola, They Call Me Father, 3.
25. Coccola, They Call Me Father, 90.
26. Stocken, Among the Blackfoot, 1–2.
27. Stocken, Among the Blackfoot, 21.
28. Stocken, Among the Blackfoot, 17, 30–32.
29. Stocken, Among the Blackfoot, 17.
30. Kelm, “Introduction” to Butcher, Letters of Margaret Butcher, xi, xxvi.
31. Butcher, Letters of Margaret Butcher, 5.
32. Buck, Doctor Rode Side-Saddle, 27–30.
33. TRC, CAR, Anglican Church of Canada Archives, Diocese of the Arctic, M96-7, box 188, “File 8, Collected Material – Bessie Quirt, Articles written by Bessie re: Shingle Point and Fort George,” “RE: First Eskimo Residential School (Anglican) – Shingle Point. Story One – Fifty Years Ago – August 1929–1979.” [39b-c000985-d0004-001]
34. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3920, file 116818, Public Archives, David Laird to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 28 December 1899; [EDM-009798] RG18, volume 295, file 271-05, 1900–1905 NAC, J. R. Huddle to Officer Commanding, 19 July 1900. [EDM-002395]
35. Titley, “Red Deer Industrial School,” 59–60; TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG18, volume 295, file 271-05, 1900–1905, NAC, J. R. Huddle to Officer Commanding, 19 July 1900. [EDM-002395]
36. TRC, NRA, Anglican Diocese of Yukon Fonds, Yukon Archives, file No. 11, volume 3, Dawson City Hostel, 1922–1934. Anglican Church – Diocese of Yukon Records, COR 252, [box 4] series 1–1A, C. F. Johnson to I. O. Stringer, 5 January 1929. [DAW-000251-0023]
37. TRC, NRA, Anglican Diocese of Yukon Fonds, Yukon Archives, file No. 11, volume 3, Dawson City Hostel, 1922–1934. Anglican Church – Diocese of Yukon Records, COR 252, [box 4] series 1–1A, C. F. Johnson to I. O. Stringer, 17 April 1929. [DAW-000251-0028]
38. Semple, Lord’s Dominion, 182.
39. Canada, Dominion Bureau of Statistics, Eighth Census of Canada: Religion: Population No. A-5, Table 2, 289, 296.
40. Hayes, Anglicans in Canada, 28–30.
41. Constitution of the Missionary Society of the Church of England in Canada, quoted in Porter, “Anglican Church,” 51.
42. Porter, “Anglican Church,” 52–53.
43. Hayes, Anglicans in Canada, 31–34.
44. TRC, NRA, Anglican Church of Canada, General Synod Archives, ACC-MSCC-GS 75-103, series 3:2, box 55, file 5, “Agreement between Board of Management of the Missionary Society of the Church of England and Authorities of the Diocese,” 1920. [AAC-090249]
45. TRC, NRA, Anglican Church of Canada, General Synod Archives, GS75-103, B16, Minutes of Meeting of the Indian and Eskimo Commission held on Thursday, 21 April 1921. [AAC-085125]
46. Seager, “Sydney Gould,” 87–102.
47. TRC, NRA, Anglican Church of Canada, General Synod Archives ACC-MSCC-GS 75-103, series 3:2, box 56, file 3, T. B. R. Westgate to Principals and Staff Agents, Indian and Eskimo Residential Schools, M.S.C.C., 28 November 1938. [AAC-092080]
48. TRC, NRA, Anglican Church of Canada, General Synod Archives, ACC-MSCC-GS 75-103, Series Minutes, Extract from Missionary Society of the Church of England in Canada Executive Committee minutes, 21 September 1920; [AAC-092898] Library and Archives Canada, RG85, Perm. volume 1506, file 600-1-1, part 2-A, Education – Schools – N.W.T. [General and Policy File], August 1946–May 1948, F.A. 85-4, R. A. Gibson to T. B. R. Westgate, 2 August 1946. [RCN-007273]
49. Cambridge University Library, Royal Commonwealth Society Library, Autobiography drafts of Thomas Westgate, RCMS 179, Index description to Autobiography drafts of Thomas Westgate, http://janus.lib.cam.ac.uk/db/node.xsp?id=EAD%2FGBR%2F0115%2FRCMS%20179 (accessed 19 June 2013); University of Birmingham, Cadbury Research Library Special Collections, XCMSACC – Church Missionary Society Unofficial Papers, Accession 491: Papers of Thomas Westgate, http://calmview.bham.ac.uk/Record.aspx?src=CalmView. Catalog&id=XCMSACC%2f491 (accessed 16 May 2014).
50. Semple, Lord’s Dominion, 277–279.
51. Semple, Lord’s Dominion, 285.
52. For Woodsworth as father of J. S. and J. F. (Joe) Woodsworth, see: Mills, Fool for Christ, 1–9, 36.
53. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6040, file 160-3A, part 1, “Statement of Enrolment and Average Attendance at Schools Conducted Under the Auspices of the Methodist Church during the year 1924–1925”; [NHU-000721-0001] RG10, volume 6041, file 160-7, part 1, “List of Indian Residential Schools Under the Mandate of the United Church showing the average attendance for the year ended March 31st, 1927.” [AEMR-120377A] For semi-residential nature of Morley school, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada – Ottawa, 757-1 part 1, volume 6355, 1886–1927, NAC, T. Ferrier to The Secretary, Department of Indian Affairs, Ottawa, 27 October 1922. [MOR-004744] For 1926 opening of Morley school, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada – Ottawa, 757-1 part 1, volume 6355, 1886–1927, NAC, R. Pringle to the Assistant Deputy and Secretary, Indian Affairs, 28 August 1926. [MOR-004797]
54. Brouwer, New Women for God, 22; Bush, Western Challenge, 16.
55. Brouwer, New Women for God, 24.
56. Bush, Western Challenge, 9–10, 16.
57. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6041, file 160-7, part 1, J. H. Edmison to D. C. Scott, 7 July 1927; List of Indian Residential Schools Under the Mandate of the United Church showing the average attendance for the year ended March 31st, 1927. [RLS-001003, AEMR-120377A]
58. TRC, NRA, The United Church of Canada Archives, Toronto, ON, Acc. No. 1979.199C, box 7, file 129, R. P. M. to T. Ferrier, 27 April 1910; [RIS-000491] RG10, Library and Archives Canada – Ottawa, volume 6281, file 604-3, part 1, “Department of Indian Affairs, Teachers’ Salaries, For Quarter Ended 31 March 1916.” [CRW-000229]
59. TRC, NRA, United Church of Canada/Victoria University Archives. Acc. 83.050C, series 2, section 1, box 12, file 40. John A. Cormie to J. H. Edmison, 19 April 1926. [UCC-050639]
60. Owen, “Hedged in by Contrivances,” 38.
61. United Church of Canada Archives, United Church of Canada Board of Home Missions fonds, “Description,” http://uccdigitalcollections.ca/collections/show/2 (accessed 24 June 2013).
62. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6041, file 160-7, part 1, 1926–1940, Microfilm reel C-8153, “Report of the Following Institutions Under the Management of the Board of Home Missions for the United Church of Canada For the Year Ending March 31st 1927,” 39. [AEMR-200208]
63. Bush, Western Challenge, 95.
64. McConnell, “Canadian Deaconess,” 55.
65. McPherson, “Head, Heart, and Purse,” 148–150.
66. TRC, CAR, United Church Archives, Presbyterian Church in Canada, Board of Foreign Missions, Records Pertaining to Missions to Aboriginal People in Manitoba and the North West, 79.199C, box 3, file 29, (C0990), Austin McKitrick to Dr. R. P. MacKay, 30 September 1901, quoted in Hildebrand, “Staff Perspectives,” 170. [13d-c000990-d0017-001]
67. TRC, CAR, United Church Central Archives, Presbyterian Church in Canada, Board of Foreign Missions, Records Pertaining to Missions to Aboriginal People in Manitoba and the North West, 79.199C, box 8, file 146. C1101. W. W. McLaren to Dr. Farquharson, 2 May 1912. [13d-c001101-d0001-001]
68. Gagan, Sensitive Independence, 201.
69. Gagan, Sensitive Independence, 20.
70. Hare and Barman, Good Intentions, xviii. For examples, see: Bruno-Jofre, Missionary Oblate Sisters; Rutherdale, Women and White Man’s God; Buck, Doctor Rode Side-Saddle; Butcher, Letters of Margaret Butcher; Duchaussois, Grey Nuns.
71. Gagan, Sensitive Independence, 14.
72. Gagan, Sensitive Independence, 15.
73. Gagan, Sensitive Independence, 16.
74. Gagan, Sensitive Independence, 4–5.
75. Gagan, Sensitive Independence, 19.
76. Gagan, Sensitive Independence, 17, 19.
77. Gagan, Sensitive Independence, 21.
78. Gagan, Sensitive Independence, 193–194.
79. Gagan, Sensitive Independence, 23.
80. Annual Report of the Women’s Missionary Society of the Methodist Church of Canada, 1886–87, 125, quoted in Gagan, Sensitive Independence, 27.
81. Gagan, Sensitive Independence, 28.
82. Gagan, Sensitive Independence, 190–192.
83. Mrs. H. L. Platt, The Story of the Years: A History of the Women’s Missionary Society of the Methodist Church of Canada 1881–1906 (Toronto, 1908–1917), 1:34, quoted in Gagan, Sensitive Independence, 192.
84. McPherson, “Head, Heart, and Purse,” 147.
85. Rutherdale, Women and White Man’s God, 19.
86. Missionary Society of the Church in Canada, Board of Management, Minutes 15–16 October 1912, 26–27, quoted in Porter, “Anglican Church,” 77.
87. Rutherdale, Women and White Man’s God, 21.
88. “Another call for nurses,” Letter Leaflet (May 1920): 224–225, quoted in Rutherdale, Women and White Man’s God, 22.
89. Brouwer, New Women for God, 25–27.
90. Grant, “Two-Thirds of the Revenue,” 101–102.
91. Grant, “Two-Thirds of the Revenue,” 106.
92. Grant, “Two-Thirds of the Revenue,” 101–102.
93. Brouwer, New Women for God, 30.
94. Women’s Foreign Mission Society, Eighth Annual Report, 1884, 3–4, quoted in Brouwer, New Women for God, 30.
95. Grant, “Two-Thirds of the Revenue,” 100.
96. TRC, NRA, The United Church of Canada Archives, Toronto, ON, Acc. No. 1979.199C, box 7, file 129, R. P. MacKay to C. C. Nisbet, 9 March 1910. [RIS-000488]
97. McPherson, “Head, Heart, and Purse,” 162–163.
98. McConnell, “Canadian Deaconess,” 22.
99. Rutherdale, Women and White Man’s God, 17–19.
100. McConnell, “Canadian Deaconess,” 32.
101. McConnell, “Canadian Deaconess,” 36–39.
102. McConnell, “Canadian Deaconess,” 59–60.
103. McConnell, “Canadian Deaconess,” 63, 68.
104. McConnell, “Canadian Deaconess,” 90.
105. Knox College, “Knox College mourns the death of Ewart Principal The Rev. Dr. Irene Dickson,” http://www.knox.utoronto.ca/knox-college-mourns-the-death-of-ewart-principal-the-revdr-irene-dickson/ (accessed 15 July 2013).
106. Gresko, “Gender and Mission,” 183.
107. Moser, “Reminiscences of West Coast,” 154.
108. Shanahan, Jesuit Residential School, 14–54.
109. Blanchin, “Oblates of Mary Immaculate,” http://oce.catholic.com/index.php?title=Oblates_of_Mary_Immaculate (accessed 20 June 2013).
110. Choquette, Canada’s Religions, 96.
111. McNally, Lord’s Distant Vineyard, 289.
112. Huel, Proclaiming the Gospel, 178, 184–189.
113. TRC, NRA, No document location, no document file source, Joseph Guy to D. C. Scott, 1 October 1924. [OBG-000364]
114. TRC, NRA, Deschatelets Archives Ottawa, HR 8004.C73R 1-2, “Extraits des proces verbaux des reunions de la Commission Oblate des Ouevres Indiennes,” 17 January 1936; [OMI-033062] McNally, Lord’s Distant Vineyard, 289.
115. Huel, Proclaiming the Gospel, 242.
116. Shanahan, Jesuit Residential School, 182–183.
117. Bruno-Jofre, Missionary Oblate Sisters, 4–12, 132–139; Choquette, Canada’s Religions, 83–84, 201; McCarthy, From the Great River, 156; Gresko, “Gender and Mission,” 9; Huel, Proclaiming the Gospel, 165–166, 171; Shanahan, Jesuit Residential School, 5. TRC, NRA, Provincial Archives – Alberta, Acc. 78.204/5, Vital Grandin to Mother Ste. Marie, 27 September 1890; [ORC-000775] No document location, no document file source, Victor Rassier to Gerald Murphy, 15 September 1930; [BVT-000239] No document location, no document file source, M. Agatha, to Gerald Murray, 26 May 1931. [BVT-000260] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6276, file 584-3, part 1, H. B. Rayner to W. M. Graham, 26 August 1931. [SBR-000879-0001]
118. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1894, 141.
119. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6446, file 882-1, part 2, D. C. Scott to J. McGuire, 24 February 1926. [KAM-000176]
120. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 9126, file 302-11, “Thunderchild Indian Residential School, R/C, Delmas, Saskatchewan, Cost of Operation Fiscal Year ending March 31st, 1934.” [THR-000290-0004]
121. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 8840, file 506/16-2-019, part 1, “Statement #3, Winnipeg, October 23rd, 1935, Re: Fort Alexander, R.C. Indian Residential School, Cost of Operation.” [FAR-004024-0003] For Oblate Sisters at Fort Alexander, see: Bruno-Jofre, Missionary Oblate Sisters, 132, 154.
122. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 8842, file 657/16-2, part 1, “Muscowequan Residential School, Lestock, Saskatchewan,” 17 September 1935. [MDD-006500-0003]
123. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 8845, file 963/16-2, part 1, “Re: Kamloops Residential School, Roman Catholic,” 3 July 1936. [KAM-002000]
124. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6276, file 584-3, part 1, H. B. Rayner to W. M. Graham, 16 October 1929. [SBR-000877-0000]
125. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6276, file 584-3, part 1, H. B. Rayner to W. M. Graham, 26 August 1931. [SBR-000879-0001]
126. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6276, file 584-3, part 1, Russell T. Ferrier to W. M. Graham, 8 September 1931. [SBR-001190]
127. Jesuit Archives, Toronto, Méry to Keane, 4 March 1935, quoted in Shanahan, Jesuit Residential School, 109–110.
128. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1907, 189.
129. Gresko, “Gender and Mission,” 50–64.
130. Gresko, “Gender and Mission,” 101.
131. Bruno-Jofre, Missionary Oblate Sisters, 4–12, 26.
132. Bruno-Jofre, Missionary Oblate Sisters, 34, 39, 94.
133. Bruno-Jofre, Missionary Oblate Sisters, 15.
134. Bruno-Jofre, Missionary Oblate Sisters, 94.
135. Bruno-Jofre, Missionary Oblate Sisters, 62–66.
136. Bruno-Jofre, Missionary Oblate Sisters, 100.
137. Bruno-Jofre, Missionary Oblate Sisters, 132–139.
138. See, for example: Buck, Doctor Rode Side-Saddle; Butcher, Letters of Margaret Butcher; Duchaussois, Grey Nuns; Hare and Barman, Good Intentions.
139. Whitehead, “Introduction” to Coccola, They Call Me Father, 12.
140. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1887, 25.
141. Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3676, file 11422-5, “Industrial School, Battleford, Duties of the Governess.”
142. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1893, 255.
143. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1893, 255–256.
144. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1895, 140.
145. TRC, NRA, Anglican Church of Canada, General Synod Archives, ACC-MSCC-GS 75-103, series 9:08, box 131, file 5-3, “The Indian Residential School Commission of the Missionary Society of the Church of England in Canada, An Outline of the Duties of Those Who Occupy Positions on the Staff at the Society’s Indian Residential Schools, No. III, The Teacher.” [AAC-090142]
146. TRC, NRA, Anglican Church of Canada, General Synod Archives, ACC-MSCC-GS 75-103, series 9:08, box 131, file 5-2, “The Indian Residential School Commission of the Missionary Society of the Church of England in Canada, An Outline of the Duties of Those Who Occupy Positions on the Staff at the Society’s Indian Residential Schools, No. II, The Matron-in-Charge.” [AAC-090141]
147. TRC, NRA, Anglican Church of Canada, General Synod Archives, ACC-MSCC-GS 75-103, series 3:2, box 55, file 5, “The Indian And Eskimo Commission of the Missionary Society of the Church of England in Canada, ‘An Outline of the Duties of Those Who Occupy Positions on the Staff at the Society’s Indian Residential Schools’” [From date of cover letter, 1922]. [AAC-090240]
148. TRC, NRA, Anglican Church of Canada, General Synod Archives, ACC-MSCC-GS 75-103, series 3:2, box 55, file 5, “The Indian And Eskimo Commission of the Missionary Society of the Church of England in Canada, ‘An Introduction to the Outline of the Duties of the Cook” [From date of cover letter, 1922]. [AAC-090241]
149. TRC, NRA, Anglican Church of Canada, General Synod Archives, ACC-MSCC-GS 75-103, series 3:2, box 55, file 5, “The Indian And Eskimo Commission of the Missionary Society of the Church of England in Canada, ‘Introduction to the Outline of the Duties of the Teacher,” [From date of cover letter, 1922]. [AAC-090244]
150. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3938, file 121607, Deputy Superintendent General of Indian Affairs to A. E. Forget, Assistant Commissioner of Indian Affairs, NWT, 18 January 1895. [RIS-000385-0000]
151. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3819, file 58418, J. Hugonnard to Hayter Reed, 11 May 1889. [PLD-009475] Hugonnard continued to oppose pay cuts in coming years. See: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3675, file 11422-4, J. Hugonnard to E. Dewdney, 5 May 1891. [PLD-009435]
152. Library and Archives Canada, Hayter Reed Fonds. MG 29-E106 Personnel, A-G, volume 18. John Ashby to Hayter Reed, 11 June 1889.
153. Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 2100, file 17960, part 2, A. Sutherland to Superintendent General of Indian Affairs, 31 March 1887.
154. United Church Archives, A. Sutherland Papers, Outgoing Correspondence, July 1891–1898, box 24-1, A. Sutherland to Superintendent General, 31 October 1893, quoted in Fox, “Failure of Red Deer,” 44.
155. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1894, 27.
156. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1903, 400.
157. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1904, 422.
158. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa RG10, volume 6462, file 888-1, part 1, H, H. Graham to D. C. Scott, 2 May 1921. [GRG-022142]
159. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3938, file 121/607, “List of Officers at following Industrial Schools showing salaries as proposed to be reduced by the Department.” [PLD-008587]
160. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3938, file 121/607, “List of Officers at following Industrial Schools showing salaries as proposed to be reduced by the Department.” [PLD-008587]
161. Phillips and Phillips, Women and Work, 1–31.
162. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 8845, file 961/16-2, part 1, Kuper Island Residential School, Roman Catholic, Kuper Island, Cost of Operations August 1, 1935 to July 31, 1936; [KUP-003365-0004] RG10, volume 8845, file 963/16-2, part 1, July 3, 1936, Re: Kamloops Residential School, Roman Catholic; [KAM-002000] RG10, volume 8840, file 511/16-2-015, Statement No. 2, Re: Brandon Residential School, Cost of Operations and Salaries, 1936; [BRS-001427-0003 RG10, volume 8843, file 709/16-2-001, part 1, Re: Edmonton Residential School, (United) Alberta (cover page torn) 20 March 1936. [EDM-000358]
163. TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, 772/23-5—010, 1894–1966, volume 1 DRSRO, Morley Residential School (United) Alberta, “List of Staff, Occupations & Salaries as at November 18th, 1932.” [MOR-001042]
164. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, file 886-24, part 1, Skeena River Agency – Crosby Girls Residential School [Port Simpson] – Audit Reports 1935–1948, F.A. 10-17, Perm. volume 6458, Microfilm reel C-8779; Library and Archives Canada – Ottawa. “Crosby Girls’ Home, United Church of Canada, Cost of Operations for Fiscal Year 1934–35.” [PSM-200049-0003]
165. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, FA 10-28, volume 8846, Microfilm reel C-9735, 987/16-2-018, part 1, New Westminster Agency – Financial Report on the Squamish Indian Residential School, 1935–1959, NAC Ottawa, “Squamish Residential School, Roman Catholic, North Vancouver, Cost of Operations – September 1, 1935 to July 31, 1936.” [SQU-000265-0004]
166. Shack, Two-Thirds Minority, 52.
167. Charyk, Little White Schoolhouse, 203, 205, 206, 210.
168. Johns, “History of St Peter’s,” 27.
169. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1903, 426.
170. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1904, 375.
171. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1905, 349.
172. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6462, file 888-1, part 2, A. R. Lett to D. C. Scott, 15 October 1924. [GRG-001513]
173. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6321, file 658-5, part 3, T. B. R. Westgate to Duncan Campbell Scott, 29 November 1926. [PAR-015165]
174. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6343, file 750-5, part 3, E. Ruaux to D. C. Scott, 3 June 1929; [MRY-009738] Duncan C. Scott to E. Ruaux, 8 June 1929. [MRY-009739]
175. TRC, NRA, Provincial Archives of Alberta, PAA 71.220 B32 1300, Provincial Edmonton to Duncan C. Scott, 26 March 1930. [OGP-070171]
176. TRC, NRA, Provincial Archives of Alberta, PAA 71.220 B32 1300, Duncan C. Scott to Reverend U. Langlois, 2 April 1930. [OGP-070172]
177. Butcher, Letters of Margaret Butcher, 134.
178. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6041, file 160-7, part 1, 1926–1940, Microfilm reel C-8153, Kenneth Beaton to Russell Ferrier, 31 January 1931. [MOR-000849]
179. TRC, NRA, The United Church of Canada Archives, Toronto, ON, Acc. No. 1979.199C, box 2, file 20, Thomas Hart to R. P. MacKay, 20 December 1900. [RIS-000437]
180. TRC, NRA, The United Church of Canada Archives, Toronto, Acc. No. 1979.199C, box 3, file 37, H. T. to R. P. MacKay, 30 May 1902. [RIS-000532]
181. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6431, file 877-1, part 1, Assistant Secretary, Indian Affairs to A. W. Vowell, 15 October 1909; [ABR-007009] R. P. MacKay to D. C. Scott, 25 February, 1910; [ABR-007006] RG10, volume 6273, file 583-1, part 1, W. A. Hendry to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 19 August 1931; [PLP-000963] The United Church of Canada Archives, Toronto, ON, Acc. No. 1979.199C, box 7, file 129, R. P. MacKay to W. A. Hendry, 21 June 1910. [RIS-000492]
182. Huel, Proclaiming the Gospel, 228–236.
183. TRC, NRA, St. Paul’s Archives Acts of Canonical Visitation, 1883–1966, Stacks 2L, “Acte Général de Visite des Missions Indiennes du Nord-Ouest Canadien par le T.R.P. Théodore Labouré, O.M.I., Supérieur Géneral, Rome Maison Générale,” 78–80. [OMI-034614]
184. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1896, 366.
185. TRC, NRA, The United Church of Canada Archives, Toronto, ON, Acc. No. 1979.199C, box 7, file 131, Executive of the Foreign Mission Committee of the Synods of Manitoba and Saskatchewan (Presbyterian Church), “Minutes” 20 February 1911. [RIS-000474]
186. TRC, NRA, Anglican Church of Canada, General Synod Archives, ACC-MSCC-GS 75-103, series 9:08, box 131, file 5-3, “The Indian Residential School Commission of the Missionary Society of the Church of England in Canada, An Outline of the Duties of Those Who Occupy Positions on the Staff at the Society’s Indian Residential Schools, No. III, The Teacher.” [AAC-090142]
187. Anglican Church of Canada, General Synod Archives, Accessions M82-12 Louise Topping fonds. – 1937. Short story titled “Hope,” n.d., 31.
188. Cameron, New North, 79.
189. Anglican Church of Canada, General Synod Archives, Adelaide Jane Butler Fonds (1890–1986), M88-4, box 1, Adelaide Butler to Dollie Butler, 23 March 1936.
190. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6028, file 118-7-1, part 1, E. B. Glass to Dr. Sutherland, 4 September 1896. [WFL-000648-0002]
191. Duchaussois, Grey Nuns, 90–116.
192. Duchaussois, Grey Nuns, 116.
193. Duchaussois, Grey Nuns, 116.
194. TRC, NRA, The United Church of Canada Archives, Toronto, Acc. No. 1979.199C, box 2, file 20, Alex Skene to Mr. McKay, 1 December 1900; [RIS-000436] Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6205, file 468-1, part 1, R. G. Howes to Deputy Superintendent General, 25 May 1903; [MER-000331] RG10, volume 3927, file 116836-1A, Frank Pedley to W. M. Graham, 16 January 1905; [RIS-000090] RG10, volume 6468, file 890-1, part 1, Microfilm reel C-8786, A. W. Vowell to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 10 October 1906; [MIS-004766] RG10, volume 6320, file 658-1, part 1, W. Sibbald to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 28 August 1916; [PAR-003569] RG10, volume 6327, file 660-1, part 1, M. Kalmes to Duncan C. Scott, 13 February 1917; [PLD-000005] RG10, volume 6187, file 461-1, part 1, R. S. McKenzie to Assistant Deputy and Secretary, 23 October 1918; [CJC-000870] Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3933, file 117657-1, A. Naessens to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 7 January 1919; INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file E4974-02016, volume 4, T. J. Davies to Mr. Moore, 25 November 1925; [GDC-002528] RG10, volume 6300, file 650-1, part 1, O. Charlebois to Duncan Scott, 28 October 1930; [BVL-000005] RG10, volume 6303, file 651-1, part 1, A. F. MacKenzie to J. P. B. Ostrander, 3 July 1933; [MRS-001401] RG10, volume 6334, file 662-1, part 2, A. F. MacKenzie to W. Murison, 14 February 1935. [SPR-000465] For Atwater’s initials, see: Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1915, 179.
195. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 1346, Microfilm reel C-13916, G. Donckele to W. R. Robertson, 1 January 1907; [KUP-004280] RG10, FA 10-1, volume 1346, Microfilm reel C-13916, Cowichan Agency – Incoming Correspondence re Kuper Island Industrial School, 1891–1907, P. Claessen to W. R. Robertson, 5 June 1907. [KUP-022198] For A. J. McLeod’s initials, see: Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1900, 383.
196. Kelm, “Introduction” to Butcher, Letters of Margaret Butcher, xx.
197. Hare and Barman, “Good Intentions,” 168, 205, 206, 216.
198. Buck, Doctor Rode Side-Saddle, 114, 133.
199. Anglican Church of Canada, General Synod Archives, Adelaide Jane Butler Fonds (1890–1986), M88-4, box 1, Adelaide Butler to Dollie Butler, 18 November 1933.
200. Anglican Church of Canada, General Synod Archives, Accessions M82-12 Louise Topping fonds. – 1937. Short story titled “Hope,” n.d., 5.
201. Anglican Church of Canada, General Synod Archives, Accessions M82-12 Louise Topping fonds. – 1937. Short story titled “Hope,” n.d., 5–12.
202. Buck, Doctor Rode Side-Saddle, 92.
203. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6462, file 888-1, part 1, H, EGN-007951, F. J. C. Ball to D. C. Scott, 5 May 1921. [GRG-022150-0000]
204. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6251, file 575-1, part 1, David Iverach to A. S. Grant, 7 July 1915. [BIR-000041]
205. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6452, file 884-1, part 2, 1910–1934, Kootenay Agency – Kootenay Industrial School – General Administration, FA 10-17, Microfilm reel C-8774, NAC Ottawa, “Memo for file,” R. H. Cairns, 25 March 1924. [EGN-007951]
206. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6267, file 580-1, part 2, J. Waddy, 24 November 1928. [DRS-000564]
207. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6267, file 580-1, part 2, A. G. Hamilton to Harold McGill, 22 March 1933. [DRS-000612]
208. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6211, file 469-1, part 3, Duncan C. Scott to T. B. R. Westgate, 30 June 1931. [SWK-001540]
209. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6211, file 469-1, part 3, Alice Davies to R. Ferrier, 16 April 1932. [SWK-001513]
210. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6211, file 469-1, part 3, A. F. MacKenzie to T. B. R. Westgate, 26 April 1932. [SWK-001514]
211. TRC, NRA, Anglican Church of Canada, General Synod Archives, Minutes of the Meetings of Indian Residential School Commission MSCC, 02/35-05/38, pg. 1902–2256, Accession GS 75-103, series 2:15[a], box 19, “Minutes of Meeting of Indian & Eskimo Residential School Commission, MSCC, Held on Tuesday, April 5th, 1938.” [AGS-000569]
212. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6430, file 876-1, part 1, West Coast Agency – Ahousaht Residential School – General Administration, 1901–1931 F.A. 10-17, Microfilm reel C-8759, W. R. Woods to Dr. Young, 5 November 1929. [AST-200068-0001]
213. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6267, file 580-1, part 2, W. G. Tweddell to W. M. Graham, 6 May 1931. [DRS-000588]
214. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6267, file 580-1, part 2, T. B. R. Westgate to the Secretary, Department of Indian Affairs, 11 December 1931. [DRS-000592]
215. Gagan, Sensitive Independence, 189–190.
216. Rutherdale, Women and White Man’s God, 23–25, 63.
217. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, file 883-1, part 1, Bella Coola Agency – Kitamaat Boarding School – General Administration, 1906–1932, F.A. 10-17, Perm. volume 6451, Microfilm reel C-8773, Library and Archives Canada, L. Spotton to C. G. Young, 28 February 1930. [KMT-095721]
218. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6377, file 767-1, part 1, M. Christianson to H. W. McGill, 2 August 1933. [JON-000073]
219. Fast, “Amelia Le Soeur (Yeomans),” http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?BioId=41653 (accessed 26 May 2013).
220. Yeomans, His Healing Power, 3–11.
221. Opp, “Lord for the Body,” 92, 197.
222. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1900, 109.
223. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1901, 80. (Charlotte Amelia’s name is mistakenly given as Annie in the annual report.)
224. Opp, “Lord for the Body,” 197.
225. Opp, “Lord for the Body,” 197; Brown, “Frances Nickawa,” 267.
226. Fast, “Amelia Le Soeur (Yeomans),” http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?BioId=41653 (accessed 26 May 2013).
227. Opp, “Lord for the Body,” 197.
228. Methodist Church of Canada, British Columbia Conference, Port Simpson District, Ministerial Sessions, 1893, 188, quoted in Bolt, Thomas Crosby, 63.
229. Gagan, Sensitive Independence, 198–200.
230. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1907, 426.
231. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6479, file 940-1, part 1, J. Hawksley, “Report on the Carcross Indian Residential School,” 9 July 1929. [CAR-011233-0001]
232. TRC, NRA, The United Church of Canada Archives, Toronto, ON, Acc. No. 1979.199C, box 3, file 29, Neil Gilmour to Dr. McKay, 12 September 1901. [CRW-000158]
233. TRC, NRA, The United Church of Canada Archives, Toronto, ON, Acc. No. 1979.199C, box 3, file 29, Neil Gilmour to R. P. MacKay, 19 September 1901. [CRW-000160]
234. TRC, NRA, The United Church of Canada Archives, Toronto, ON, Acc. No. 1979.199C, box 2, file 13, Andrew Baird to R. P. MacKay, 12 January 1898; box 3, file 31, Neil Gilmour to R. P. MacKay, 25 November 1901. [RIS-000438, CRW-000317]
235. TRC, NRA, The United Church of Canada Archives, Toronto, ON, Acc. No. 1979.199C, box 3, file 30, Neil Gilmour to R. P. MacKay, 7 October 1901. [CRW-000320]
236. TRC, NRA, The United Church of Canada Archives, Toronto, ON, Acc. No. 1979.199C, box 3, file 33, Neil Gilmour to R. P. MacKay, 1 January 1902. [CRW-000232]
237. TRC, NRA, The United Church of Canada Archives, Toronto, ON, Acc. No. 1979.199C, box 4, file 43, [Illegible] to MacKay, 27 November 1902. [CRW-000107]
238. TRC, NRA, The United Church of Canada Archives, Toronto, ON, Acc. No. 1979.199C, box 8, file 136, James Farquharson to R. P. MacKay, 29 July 1911; [CRW-000274] Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6027, file 117-1-1, part 1, Martin Benson to D. C. Scott, 11 November 1914. [CRW-000057]
239. TRC, NRA, Anglican Diocese of Athabasca Fonds, Provincial Archives of Alberta, file 320/1143, Wabasca – School – [St. John’s Indian School] 1933–1937, Archival Acc. PR1970.0387/2212, Archival Box 60, Field Secretary, M.S.C.C. to K. L. Sandercock, 20 July 1933. [JON-800137]
240. TRC, NRA, Anglican Diocese of Athabasca Fonds, Provincial Archives of Alberta, file 320/1143, Wabasca – School – [St. John’s Indian School] 1933–1937, Archival Acc. PR1970.0387/2212, Archival box 60, K. L. Sandercock to Lord Bishop of Athabaska, 6 September 1933; [JON-800138] file A320/1144, Wabasca [Official Correspondence of Bishop Sovereign], 1936–43. Archival Acc. PR1970.0387/2213, Archival Box 60, Secretary of the Commission to C. N. Middleton, 21 March 1940. [JON-800186]
241. Anglican Church of Canada, General Synod Archives, M79-6, Trevor Jones fonds, Trevor Jones: “The Jones Journals: Living and working with the peoples of Northern Canada,” n.d., 3b–4b.
242. TRC, NRA, Anglican Church of Canada, Diocese of the Arctic, General Synod Archives, file 18-3c, Rev. J. Harold Webster, 1937–1941, [Coppermine] 07/35–07/41, Accession M96-7, series 2:1, J. H. Webster to Trevor Jones, 20 January 1940. [AGS-000220]
243. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6309, file 654-1, part 1, J. K. Irwin to Indian Affairs, 22 October 1926. [GDC-006528]
244. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6309, file 654-1, part 1, J. D. McLean to J. K. Irwin, 29 October 1926. [GDC-006529]
245. TRC, NRA, Anglican Church of Canada, General Synod Archives, ACC-MSCC-GS 75-103, series 9:08, box 131, file 5-1, “The Indian Residential School Commission of the Missionary Society of the Church of England in Canada, An Outline of the Duties of Those Who Occupy Positions on the Staff at the Society’s Indian Residential Schools, No. I, The Principal. [AAC-090140]
246. Bush, Western Challenge, 100.
247. United Church of Canada Archive accession information: Fonds 3292: Joseph Albert George Lousley Fonds. 1986.301C/TR File 1, typescript manuscript, reminiscences of Norway House, 1902–1916, Chapter: “God Does Provide for Physical Needs,” 2–3.
248. United Church of Canada Archives, Fonds 3204, John Semmens Fonds, 1986.213C, box 1, file 3, John Semmens, personal history, typescript, n.d., 60.
249. United Church of Canada Archives, Fonds 3204, John Semmens Fonds, 1986.213C, box 1, file 3, John Semmens, personal history, typescript, n.d., 60.
250. Semmens, Under Northern Lights, 62.
251. Buck, Doctor Rode Side-Saddle, 14–19.
252. Buck, Doctor Rode Side-Saddle, 11.
253. Buck, Doctor Rode Side-Saddle, 31, 33–34, 38.
254. Buck, Doctor Rode Side-Saddle, 69, 107.
255. Anglican Church of Canada, General Synod Archives, M79-6, Trevor Jones fonds, Trevor Jones: “The Jones Journals: Living and working with the peoples of Northern Canada,” n.d., 9a.
256. Johns, “History of St Peter’s Mission,” 27.
257. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6200, file 466-1, part 2, Duncan C. Scott to Ernest Mathews, 24 June 1929. [TAY-000131]
258. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6270, file 582-1, part 1, Deputy Minister to P. Bousquet, 25 June 1903. [PCR-010034]
259. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6197, file 465-1, part 1, J. D. McLean to P. Bousquet, 30 November 1906. [KNR-000623]
260. TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 501/25-1-076, volume 1, Chas. Cahill to Indian Affairs, 28 August 1912. [SBR-000328]
261. TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 501/25-1-076, volume 1, J. D. McLean to Chas. Cahill, 23 September 1913. [SBR-000329]
262. Huel, Proclaiming the Gospel, 154–155.
263. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6264, file 579-1, part 1, J. Magnan to Russell Ferrier, 1 October 1927. [FAR-000019]
264. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1933, 52.
265. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6001, file 1-1-1, part 4, “List of Indian Residential School Principals,” 31 July 1936. [PLD-007300]
266. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, file 501/25-1-075, volume 1, [illegible] to R. A. Hoey, 18 September 1937. [PCR-000143]
267. TRC, NRA, Anglican Church of Canada Archives, Diocese of the Arctic, M96-7, box 188, “File 8, Collected Material – Bessie Quirt, Articles written by Bessie re: Shingle Point and Fort George” “RE: First Eskimo Residential School (Anglican) – Shingle Point. Story One – Fifty Years Ago – August 1929–1979.” Library and Archives Canada, RG919-10, part 1, Fort Norman Agency – Aklavik Church of England Residential School – Admissions and Discharges, 1936–1946 F.A. 10-17, Perm. volume 6477, Microfilm reel C-8792, H. S. Shepherd to Philip Phelan, 30 March 1939; [ASU-001138] RG29, volume 2906, file 851-1-A486, part 3, H. S. Shepherd to P. E. Moore, 14 January 1948; [NPC-603247] RG10, volume 10728, file 484/25-2-467, part 1, H. S. Shepherd to J. L. Whitey, 17 November 1952; Anglican Church of Canada, General Synod Archives, ACC-MSCC-GS 75-103, series 2.15, box 22, file 2, “Minutes of a Meeting of the Sub-Executive Committee MSCC,” 8th September 1954; [MFI-001074 AAC-090761] Anglican Church of Canada, General Synod Archives GS 75-103, series 2-15, box 22, “Report of the Superintendent, Indian School Administration, to the M.S.C.C. Board of Management, Toronto, November 16th, 1954.” [GDC-007201]
268. Semmens, Under Northern Lights, 63.
269. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1906, 2:52–56.
270. Grant, “Two-Thirds of the Revenue,” 108–109.
271. Bush, Western Challenge, 112.
272. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6307, file 653-1, part 1, W. M. Graham to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 10 July 1911. [FHR-000039]
273. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3920, file 116818, A. Sutherland to Superintendent General, Indian Affairs, 3 January 1895. [EDM-003966]
274. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3920, file 116818, Frank Pedley to C. E. Somerset, 3 June 1903. [EDM-003973]
275. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3920, file 116818, Public Archives, C. E. Somerset to A. Sutherland, 8 April 1903. [EDM-009826]
276. Fox, “Failure of Red Deer,” 83–84; Titley, “Red Deer Industrial School,” 63.
277. Fox, “Failure of Red Deer,” 84–88, 97; Titley, “Red Deer Industrial School,” 63.
278. Fox, “Failure of Red Deer,” 102; Titley, “Red Deer Industrial School,” 64.
279. TRC, NRA, United Church Archives, Presbyterian Church in Canada Foreign Mission Fonds, Records Pertaining to the Missions to Aboriginal People in Western Canada, box 4, #52, Wasley Harris to R. P. MacKay, 27 August 1903. [RIS-000147]
280. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3920, file 116818, A. Sutherland to Superintendent General, Indian Affairs, 3 January 1895. [EDM-003966]
281. Semmens, Under Northern Lights, 60.
282. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6251, file 575-1, part 1, G. H. Wheatley to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 21 October 1913. [BIR-000029]
283. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6211, file 469-1, part 1, Thomas Appleby to Minister, Indian Affairs, 29 April 1880. [SWK-001896]
284. E. F. Wilson to the Reverend Daniel Wilson, 8 October 1884, quoted in Nock, “Chapter in the Amateur Period,” 254.
285. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3924, file 116823, Edward F. Wilson to Superintendent General, 28 April 1891. [ELK-000053]
286. Nock, “Chapter in the Amateur Period,” 159.
287. TRC, NRA, No document location, no document file source, J. Scannell to W. M. Duke, 27 March 1939. [ABV-000582]
288. TRC, NRA, No document location, no document file source, A. M. D. Gillen to Oblate Provincial, 27 July 1936. [OMS-000550]
289. TRC, NRA, No document location, no document file source, Thomas Girard to Father Scannell, 29 September 1936. [OMS-000552]
290. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada – Ottawa, RG10, volume 6468, file 890-1, part 2, A. F. MacKenzie to J. Scannell, 1 December 1936. [MIS-001569]
291. TRC, NRA, The United Church of Canada Archives, Toronto, ON, Acc. No. 1979.199C, box 7, file 130, W. McWhinney to Dr. MacKay, 4 January 1911. [CRW-000140]
292. Titley, Indian Commissioners, 190–193.
293. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6327, file 660-1, part 2, W. M. Graham to D. C. Scott, 27 October 1919. [PLD-007202]
294. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6327, file 660-1, part 2, J. B. Beys to Duncan C. Scott, 24 November 1919. [PLD-007206]
295. United Church of Canada Archive accession information: Fonds 3292: Joseph Albert George Lousley Fonds, 1986.301C/TR file 1, typescript manuscript, reminiscences of Norway House, 1902–1916, n.d., Chapter “Life at Norway House – 1902–1916,” 1.
296. United Church of Canada Archives, Accession No. 1993.064C/TR 1996.064C 1997.149C Fonds 3471, Frances M. Walbridge Fonds, 1939–1974, Frances Walbridge to Ann, 15 September 1939.
297. TRC, NRA, Anglican Church of Canada, General Synod Archives, ACC-MSCC-GS 75-103, series 9:08, box 131, file 5-3, The Indian Residential School Commission of the Missionary Society of the Church of England in Canada, An Outline of the Duties of Those Who Occupy Positions on the Staff at the Society’s Indian Residential Schools, No. II, The Matron-in-Charge. [AAC-090142]
298. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6267, file 580-1, part 2, M. Christianson to Indian Affairs, 2 March 1932. [DRS-000594]
299. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 1393, Inspector of Indian Agencies to Reverend Grant, 28 December 1914. [FHR-001519] (The document is misdated in summation.)
300. TRC, NRA, United Church of Canada Archives, Acc. No. 1979.199C, box 5, file 72, R. B. Heron to R. P. MacKay, 17 April 1905. [RIS-000211]
301. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6426, file 875-1, part 3, E. G. Newnham to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 6 June 1933; [AGS-000488] Anglican Church of Canada, General Synod Archives IERSC Minutes, 01/33-10/34, pg. 1654–1877, Accession GS-75-103, series 2:15[a], box 18, “Minutes of meeting of Indian Residential School Commission, M.S.C.C. held on Tuesday, July 18, 1933.” [MIK-000314]
302. TRC, RBS, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3931, file 117377-1C, “Complaint against school board: St Paul Industrial School Teachers’ Petition,” The Telegram, 5 December 1901. [2058145]
303. TRC, RBS, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3931, file 117377-1C, McManus to Smart, 3 April 1902. [2058145]
304. Anglican Church of Canada, General Synod Archives, M79-6, Trevor Jones fonds, Trevor Jones: “The Jones Journals: Living and working with the peoples of Northern Canada,” n.d., 10a–10b.
305. Anglican Church of Canada, General Synod Archives, M79-6, Trevor Jones fonds, Trevor Jones: “The Jones Journals: Living and working with the peoples of Northern Canada,” n.d., 15a.
306. Hare and Barman, Good Intentions, 177–182.
307. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1895, 278.
308. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3925, file 116823-1A, “Elkhorn Mourns Loss,” Elkhorn Mercury, 27 April 1916. [ELK-000242]
309. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1915, 179.
310. TRC, NRA, (Anglican), Alberta, INAC – Main Records Office – Ottawa, 773/16-2-004, 1935–1967, volume 1, CR-HQ, “Audit, Blood Residential School,” T. G. Willis, 10 March 1938. [PUL-002756]
311. Buck, Doctor Rode Side-Saddle, 43.
312. Buck, Doctor Rode Side-Saddle, 109, 116.
313. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6320, file 658-1, part 1, W. Sibbald to Indian Affairs, 9 October 1916. [PAR-000928]
314. Buck, Doctor Rode Side-Saddle, 97.
315. Buck, Doctor Rode Side-Saddle, 159–160.
316. Buck, Doctor Rode Side-Saddle, 167.
317. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6431, file 877-1, part 2, “Extract from Inspector Barry’s Report regarding his visit to the Alberni Indian Residential School on April 26th 1932.” [ABR-200757]
318. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6187, file 461-1, part 1, Frank Edwards, 9 February 1924. [CJC-000881]
319. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6187, file 461-1, part 1, “Memorandum for File,” 19 September 1924. [CJC-000884]
320. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6187, file 461-1, part 2, Frank Edwards to Assistant Deputy and Secretary, 12 February 1927. [CJC-001340]
321. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, School Files, volume 6358, file 758-1, part 1, T. B. R. Westgate to Secretary Indian Affairs, 21 April 1925. [OLD-000336]
322. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3928, file 117004-1, “Report of Dr. P. M. Bryce on Old Suns School,”10 October 1907. [OLD-008148-0001]
323. Buck, Doctor Rode Side-Saddle, 69.
324. Buck, Doctor Rode Side-Saddle, 89–91.
325. Buck, Doctor Rode Side-Saddle, 91.
326. Anglican Church of Canada, General Synod Archives, Adelaide Jane Butler Fonds (1890–1986), M88-4, box 1, Adelaide Butler to Dollie Butler, 15 January 1935.
327. Anglican Church of Canada, General Synod Archives, Adelaide Jane Butler Fonds (1890–1986), M88-4, box 1, Adelaide Butler to Dollie Butler, 27 April 1935.
328. Anglican Church of Canada, General Synod Archives, Adelaide Jane Butler Fonds (1890–1986), M88-4, box 1, Adelaide Butler to Dollie Butler, 8 March 1935.
329. Anglican Church of Canada, General Synod Archives, Diocese of the Arctic, M96-7, box 188, “File 8, Collected Material – Bessie Quirt, Articles written by Bessie re: Shingle Point and Fort George,” “RE: Shingle Point Eskimo School, Story No 3 – Single Women Survive the Arctic.”
330. Anglican Church of Canada, General Synod Archives, Accessions M82-12 Louise Topping fonds. – 1937. Short story titled “Hope,” n.d., 13.
331. Anglican Church of Canada, General Synod Archives, Accessions M82-12 Louise Topping fonds. – 1937. Short story titled “Hope,” n.d., 15.
332. Gresko, “Gender and Mission,” 156.
333. Gresko, “Gender and Mission,” 163–164.
334. Gresko, “Gender and Mission,” 163.
335. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6452, file 884-1, part 2, 1910–1934, Kootenay Agency – Kootenay Industrial School – General Administration, FA 10-17, Microfilm reel C-8774, NAC Ottawa, “Extract from Inspector’s Report on the Kootenay Residential School, October 10 and 11, 1924,” R. H. Cairns. [EGN-008030]
336. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6446, file 882-1, part 2, 1915–1936, J. McGuire to D. C. Scott, 8 April 1926. [KAM-001241]
337. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6446, file 882-1, part 2, M. Gabriel to D. C. Scott, 17 May 1926. [KAM-000180]
338. TRC, NRA, No document location, no document file source, Mary Gabriel to Father Welsh, 26 February 1927. [OMS-000440]
339. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 8845, file 963/16-2, part 1, July 3, 1936, “Re: Kamloops Residential School, Roman Catholic.” [KAM-002000]
340. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6446, file 882-1, part 2, 1915–1936, D. C. Scott to J. Welch, 5 October 1927; [KAM-001246] Mary Gabriel to D. Scott, 26 October 1927. [KAM-000186]
341. TRC, NRA, No document location, no document file source, Mary Gabriel to Father Welsh, 26 February 1927. [OMS-000440]
342. TRC, NRA, No document location, no document file, Mary Gabriel to J. Welch, 19 June 1928. [OMS-000451]
343. TRC, NRA, No document location, no document file, Mary Gabriel to J. Welch, 27 June 1928. [OMS-000453]
344. TRC, NRA, No document location, no document file, Mary Gabriel to J. Welch, 11 July 1929. [OMS-000463]
345. TRC, NRA, No document location, no document file, A. H. Fleury to Mary Mark, 22 November 1940. [OMS-000596]
346. Archives of the Sisters of Providence, J. Smith, to Mother Bernard du Sacré-Coeur, 12 June 1924, quoted in McGovern, “Perspective on the Oblates,” 93.
347. Archives of the Sisters of Providence, Sister Rustica to J. Welch, 21 September 1927, quoted in McGovern, “Perspective on the Oblates,” 93.
348. McGovern, “Perspective on the Oblates,” 94.
349. McGovern, “Perspective on the Oblates,” 95.
350. Sister 1992-68, conversation with Sister Margaret McGovern, July 1992, quoted in McGovern, “Perspective on the Oblates,” 96.
351. McGovern, “Perspective on the Oblates,” 104.
352. McGovern, “Perspective on the Oblates,” 99.
353. McGovern, “Perspective on the Oblates,” 100–101.
354. McGovern, “Perspective on the Oblates,” 105.
355. McGovern, “Perspective on the Oblates,” 106–107.
356. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6337, file 663-1, part 1, A. Naessens to D. C. Scott, 30 July 1929. [THR-000174]
357. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6337, file 663-1, part 1, D. C. Scott to J. B. Beys, 19 October 1929. [THR-000176]
358. TRC, NRA, Provincial Archives of Alberta, Acc. 71.220/1323, J. B. Beys to D. C. Scott, 25 October 1929. [THR-000392]
359. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 9126, file 302-11, “Annual School Report by S. L. Macdonald,” 31 March 1934. [THR-000291]
360. TRC, NRA, Provincial Archives – Alberta, Acc. 78.204/5, Vital Grandin to Mother Ste. Marie, 27 September 1890. [ORC-000775]
361. Library and Archives Canada, C-10118, RG10, volume 3676, file 11422-5, Extract from Inspector Wadsworth’s Report, Battleford Industrial School, 25 October 1884.
362. United Church Archives, Methodist Church (Canada) Missionary Society Fonds, Correspondence of the General Secretaries, 6 Book 22, A. Sutherland to E. S. Rupert, 6 May 1896.
363. Quoted in Symington, Canadian Indian, 228. For Tobias’s history at the Mohawk Institute, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 2771, file 154845, part 1A, C. M. Turnell, 18 September 1915. [TAY-003557]
364. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6267, file 580-1, part 1, Martin Benson to Scott, 19 August 1914. [DRS-000483]
365. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6267, file 580-1, part 1, Martin Benson to Mr. Scott, 27 August 1917. [DRS-000507-0000]
366. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6462, file 888-1, part 1, H, F. Ball, 24 April 1921. [GRG-022130-0000]
367. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1930, 17.
368. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6200, file 466-1, part 2, “Successful Graduates.” [TAY-004294-0002]
369. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 2006, file 7825-1A, “Report on the Mohawk Institute and Six Nations Board Schools,” 30 August 1895, 43. [TAY-003821-0000]
370. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 2771, file 154845, part 1A, C. M. Turnell to unknown, 21 June 1915; [TAY-003555] Gordon J. Smith to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 29 June 1920; [TAY-003598] “Mohawk Institute, Brantford, Ontario, Statement of Salaries,” 18 August 1920. [TAY-003603]
371. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 2771, file 154845, part 1A, Gordon J. Smith to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 2 December 1920. [TAY-003630-0000]
372. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 2771, file 154845, part 1A, T. W. Standing to unknown, 12 March 1921. [TAY-005407-0001]
373. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6200, file 466-1, part 2, A. F. MacKenzie to H. W. Snell, 7 May 1936. [TAY-003085-0002]
374. Graham, Mush Hole, 356.
375. Graham, Mush Hole, 370.
376. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1903, 402.
377. TRC, NRA, United Church of Canada Archives, Acc. No. 1979.199C, box 5, file 60, J. A. Sinclair to R. P. MacKay, 26 April 1904. [RIS-000306]
378. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6255, file 576-1, part 2, J. Doyle to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 14 September 1932. [BRS-000234]
379. TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 501/23-5-065, volume 1. Inspector’s Report Brandon Indian Residential School, 14 December 1932. [BRS-001408-0001]
380. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1894, 151.
381. Moine, My Life in a Residential School, n.p.
382. Anglican Church of Canada, General Synod Archives, M79-6, Trevor Jones fonds, Trevor Jones: “The Jones Journals: Living and working with the peoples of Northern Canada,” n.d., 10b.
383. Bush, Western Challenge, 106–107.
384. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6307, file 653-1, part 1, R. P. MacKay to Frank Pedley, 19 September 1912. [FHR-000059]
385. TRC, CAR, United Church Archives, Mission to the Aboriginal Peoples in Manitoba and the Northwest, 79.199, box 8, file 154 C1109, McLaren to MacKay, 16 April 1913. [13d-c001109-d0015-001]
386. For Elsie McLaren’s enrolment in Brandon school, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6255, file 576-1, part 2, J. A. Doyle to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 14 September 1932. [BRS-000234] For Harry Meadows as teacher, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6033, file 150-60, part 1, H. Meadows to Teachers of Indian Schools Indian Department Officials Traders, 1 February 1937; [120.08396] H. Meadows, to R. A. Hoey, 30 March 1937. [120.08401] For the story of Elsie McLaren and Harry Meadows, see: Lea Meadows, “Residential Schools Generate Anger but Also Pride,” Calgary Herald, 30 July 2012, http://www2.canada.com/calgaryherald/news/story.html?id=c65c20fe-ce76-4710-96d9-ab50ab51c30c.
387. Pettipas, Severing the Ties, 115; Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1896, 347.
388. Watech, Payepot and His People, 44.
389. TRC, NRA, Accession No. 705, tape 1, track 1, no date. [OMS-000283]
390. Buck, Doctor Rode Side-Saddle, 142–143, 170.
391. Brass, I Walk in Two Worlds, 27.
392. Graham, Mush Hole, 367.
393. Graham, Mush Hole, 445. For Strapp’s first name, see: TRC, NRA, United Church of Canada/Victoria University Archives, Acc. No. 92.164C, box 33, file 2, Personnel files for Principals J. F. Woodsworth and O. B. Strapp. [UCA-080521]
394. United Church of Canada Archives, Accession No. 1993.064C/TR 1996.064C 1997.149C Fonds 3471, Frances M. Walbridge Fonds, 1939–1974, Frances Walbridge to Ann, 15 September 1939.
395. United Church of Canada Archives, Accession No. 1993.064C/TR 1996.064C 1997.149C Fonds 3471, Frances M. Walbridge Fonds, 1939–1974, Frances Walbridge to Ann, 15 September 1939.
396. Anglican Church of Canada, General Synod Archives, Adelaide Jane Butler Fonds (1890–1986), M88-4, box 1, Adelaide Butler to Dollie Butler, 27 April 1935.
397. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6203, file 467-1, part 1, Mary A. Johnson to Frank Pedley, 7 March 1912. [MFI-000157]
398. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6203, file 467-1, part 1, S. Stewart to J. G. Anderson, 11 October 1912. [MFI-000163]
399. TRC, NRA, No document location, no document file location, A. C. Ockoniy, 28 June 1922. [PRC-000038]
400. TRC, NRA, No document location, no document file source, Lucy L. Affleck to Dr. Barner, 3 October 1929. [UCB-005108]
401. TRC, NRA, No document location, no document file source, Lucy L. Affleck to Dr. Barner, 11 November 1929. [UCB-005109]
402. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6332, file 661-1, part 2, Lucy Affleck to Mr. Graham, 15 November 1929. [RLS-000293-0001]
403. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6332, file 661-1, part 2, A. G. Hamilton to Mr. Graham, 11 September 1929. [RLS-000282-0001]
404. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6332, file 661-1, part 2, A. G. Hamilton to Mr. Graham, 11 September 1929; [RLS-000282-0001] RG10, volume 6333, file 661-6, part 1, “Inspector’s Report on Round Lake Indian Residential School, 23 October 1929.” [RLS-000286]
405. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, volume 6332, file 661-1, part 1, R. J. Ross to Russell T. Ferrier, 10 December 1928; [RLS-000267] RG10, volume 6332, file 661-1, part 2, G. Dorey to R. A. Hoey, 8 May 1939. [RLS-000401]
406. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1887, 26.
407. Algoma Missionary News and Shingwauk Journal (April 1877), (November 1877): 35, quoted in Wilson, “‘No Blanket to be Worn,’” 74.
408. Nock, “Edward Francis Wilson,” http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/wilson_edward_francis_14E.html (accessed 22 June 2013); Nock, “Aboriginals and Their Influence,” 168–170.
409. “Paper No. Four,” The Canadian Indian 1, 9 (June 1891), quoted in Haig-Brown and Nock, With Good Intentions, 329.
410. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1892, 138; Nock, “Aboriginals and Their Influence,” 159.
411. TRC, NRA, United Church of Canada/Victoria University Archives, Acc. No. 86.158C, box 2, file 2, Red Deer Industrial School Joblin Scrapbooks/UCC Docs Toronto, Arthur Barner to Dr. Sutherland and T. Ferrier, 4 May 1909. [UCA-080255-0008]
412. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6040, file 160-4, part 1, R. B. Heron to Regina Presbytery, May 1923. [AEMR-016371]
413. TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6040, file 160-4, part 1, “Resolutions of Indian Workers Association of the Presbyterian Church for Saskatchewan and Manitoba,” 1911. [CRW-000285-0002]
414. TRC, NRA, St. Paul’s Archives Acts of Canonical Visitation, 1883–1966, Stacks 2L, “Acte Général de Visite des Missions Indiennes du Nord-Ouest Canadien par le Théodore Labouré, O.M.I., Supérieur Géneral, Rome Maison Générale,” 1936, 49. [OMI-034614]
415. Archives of the Diocese of Mackenzie-Fort Smith, Yellowknife, Martin File, VII, G. Breynat to M. Martin, 14 November 1945, quoted in Carney, “Residential Schooling,” 129.
416. Carney, “Residential Schooling,” 129.
417. Bishop Gabriel Breynat, “Canada’s Blackest Blot,” Toronto Star Weekly, May 28, 1938, quoted in Fumoleau, As Long as This Land, 379.
418. Carney, “Residential Schooling,” 129–130.
419. TRC, NRA, Deschatelets Archives Ottawa, HR 8004.C73R 4, Minutes of the Committee of the Indian Missions of the Oblate Fathers, 12 October 1939. [OMI-033064]
420. Anglican Church of Canada, General Synod Archives, M79-6, Trevor Jones fonds, Trevor Jones: “The Jones Journals: Living and working with the peoples of Northern Canada,” n.d., 22a.
421. Anglican Church of Canada, General Synod Archives, M79-6, Trevor Jones fonds, Trevor Jones: “The Jones Journals: Living and working with the peoples of Northern Canada,” n.d., 22a.