1. Albert Boime, Hollow Icons: The Politics of Sculpture in 19th-Century France (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1987).
2. Quoted in ibid., 113.
1. On and by Laboulaye, see Walter D. Gray, Interpreting American Democracy in France: The Career of Édouard Laboulaye, 1811–1883 (Newark, DE: University of Delaware Press, 1994); Edouard Laboulaye, Histoire politique des États-Unis: depuis les premiers essais de colonisation jusqu’à l’adoption de la constitution fédérale, 1620–1789 (Paris: Durand, 1855–66); Laboulaye, The United States and France (Boston: The Boston Daily Advertiser, 1862); Laboulaye, L’état et ses limites: suivi d’essais politiques (Paris: Charpentier, 1863); Laboulaye, Why the North Cannot Consent to Disunion (Edinburgh: Murray and Gibb, 1863).
2. On the intense reaction to Lincoln’s assassination in France, see Hertha Pauli and E. B. Ashton, I Lift My Lamp: The Way of a Symbol (New York: Friedman, 1948, 1969), 7–9.
3. Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi, “The Statue of Liberty Enlightening the World,” North American Review, 1885. On Bartholdi’s pamphlet, see Pierre Provoyeur, June Hargrove, and Catherine Hodeir, “Liberty: The French-American Statue in Art and History: An Introduction,” in Liberty: The French-American Statue in Art and History, ed. Pierre Provoyeur and June Hargrove (hereafter Provoyeur) (New York: Harper & Row, 1986), 29.
4. Quoted in Pauli and Ashton, I Lift My Lamp, 38.
5. Marvin Trachtenberg, The Statue of Liberty (New York: Penguin, 1986), 28.
6. Pauli and Ashton, I Lift My Lamp, 33 (italics added).
7. Maurice Agulhon, Marianne into Battle (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982).
8. Ibid.
9. Marvin Trachtenberg, The Statue of Liberty (New York: Penguin, 1976; revised edition, 1986), 76–77. Much of the discussion of the artistic influences on Bartholdi follows Trachtenberg’s analysis in chapter 4.
10. Quoted in ibid., 26.
11. On Bartholdi’s early life, see J. M. Schmitt, Bartholdi, une certaine idée de la liberté (Strasbourg: Editions de la nuée bleue, 1985), chapter 1; Robert Belot and Daniel Bermond, Bartholdi (Paris: Perrin, 2004), chapter 1.
12. Two large caches of these letters have been preserved, one in the Bartholdi museum in Colmar, the other in the manuscripts department of the New York Public Library.
13. Quoted in Belot and Bermond, Bartholdi, 320–21.
14. Quoted in Pierre Provoyeur, “Bartholdi and His Context,” in Provoyeur, 42.
15. Trachtenberg, Statue of Liberty, 60: Charlotte’s “hard dour features may, indeed, be recognized beneath [Liberty’s] classicizing mask.” See also Albert Boime, Hollow Icons: The Politics of Sculpture in 19th-Century France (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1987), 119: “Bartholdi’s liberty . . . , incorporating the features of his mother, . . . pays homage to his despoiled mother-fatherland [Alsace].”
16. Quoted in André Gschaedler, True Light on the Statue of Liberty and Its Creator (Narberth, PA: Livingston, 1966), 78–79.
17. On the colossal and its influence on Bartholdi, see Provoyeur, “Bartholdi and the Colossal Tradition,” in Provoyeur, and Trachtenberg, Statue of Liberty, 42ff.
18. Quoted in Trachtenberg, Statue of Liberty, 46.
19. Quoted in Provoyeur, “Bartholdi and the Colossal Tradition,” in Provoyeur, 71.
20. Quoted in Trachtenberg, Statue of Liberty, 46.
21. Belot and Bermond, Bartholdi, 140.
22. This part of the story is told, slightly differently in each case, in Trachtenberg, Statue of Liberty, chapter 2; Belot and Bermond, Bartholdi, chapter 6; and Provoyeur, “Artistic Problems,” in Provoyeur, 88–92.
23. Denis Lacorne, La Crise de l’identité américaine (Paris: Gallimard, 2003), 160.
24. Jules and Edmond de Goncourt, Journal des Goncourt: Mémoires de la vie littéraire, (1866–70) (Paris: Charpentier, 1888), 3: 102 (January 16, 1867).
25. Alexandre Zannini, De l’Atlantique au Mississippi, souvenirs d’un diplomate (Paris: J. Renoult, 1884); Louis-Laurent Simonin, A travers les Etats-Unis, de l’Atlantique au Pacifique (Paris: Charpentier, 1875).
26. Belot and Bermond, Bartholdi, 232.
27. Boime, Hollow Icons, 118.
28. Pauli and Ashton, I Lift My Lamp, 59.
29. Quoted in Belot and Bermond, Bartholdi, 239.
30. Ibid., 242.
31. Quoted in ibid., 238.
32. Ibid., 239.
33. Boime, Hollow Icons, 119.
34. Provoyeur, “Artistic Problems,” 92.
1. See for example, Robert Belot and Daniel Bermond, Bartholdi (Paris: Perrin, 2004), 340ff; Marvin Trachtenberg, The Statue of Liberty (New York: Penguin, 1976; revised edition, 1986), 181ff.
2. Quoted in Janet Headley, “Voyage of Discovery: Bartholdi’s First American Visit (1871),” in Liberty: The French-American Statue in Art and History, ed. Pierre Provoyeur and June Hargrove (hereafter Provoyeur) (New York: Harper & Row, 1986), 100.
3. Quoted in Belot and Bermond, Bartholdi, 246.
4. Headley, “Voyage of Discovery,” 100.
5. Edward Berenson, “American Perspectives on the French Republic,” in The French Republic: History, Values, Debates, ed. Edward Berenson, Vincent Duclert, and Christophe Prochasson (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2011), 360.
6. Belot and Bermond, Bartholdi, 245.
7. Headley, “Voyage of Discovery,” 102.
8. Ibid.
9. Belot and Bermond, Bartholdi, 253.
10. Headley, “Voyage of Discovery,” 102.
11. Ibid., 103.
12. Ibid., 104.
13. Philip M. Katz, From Appomattox to Montmartre: Americans and the Paris Commune (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998).
14. May 6, 1871, cited in ibid., 95.
15. Cited in ibid., 161.
16. On the French campaign for the Statue of Liberty, see Catherine Hodeir, “The French Campaign,” in Provoyeur, 120–39; Trachtenberg, Statue of Liberty, 33–38; Hertha Pauli and E. B. Ashton, I Lift My Lamp: The Way of a Symbol (New York: Friedman, 1948, 1969), 132–49; Belot and Bermond, Bartholdi, chapter 13.
17. Bartholdi papers, Conservatoire national des arts et métiers (CNAM), Paris.
18. Claude Bellanger, Histoire générale de la presse française (Paris: PUF, 1969), 3: 221.
19. Le Petit Journal, September 28, 1875.
20. Le Bien Public, November 9, 1875; Le Journal Illustré, October 10, 1875. See also Le Monde Illustré, October 9, 1875; L’Illustration, October 9, 1875.
21. Quoted in Belot and Bermond, Bartholdi, 284.
22. Quoted in Hodeir, “French Campaign,” 125.
23. New York Times, September 29, 1876.
24. Janet Headley, “Bartholdi’s Second American Visit: The Philadelphia Exhibition (1876),” in Provoyeur, 146.
25. Hodeir, “French Campaign,” 129.
26. See Vanessa Schwartz, Spectacular Realities: Early Mass Culture in Fin-de-Siècle Paris (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998). See also T. J. Clark, The Painting of Modern Life (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1985); Edward Berenson, Heroes of Empire: Five Charismatic Men and the Conquest of Africa (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2010); Gregory Shaya, “The Flaneur, the Badeau, and the Making of a Mass Public in France, Circa 1860–1910,” American Historical Review 109 (2004). The classic nineteenth-century text on the flaneur is Charles Baudelaire, “The Painter of Modern Life,” in The Painter of Modern Life and Other Essays (New York: Phaidon, 1995).
27. Quoted in Hodeir, “French Campaign,” 129.
28. Barry Moreno, The Statue of Liberty Encyclopedia (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000), 98.
29. Le Charivari, November 18, 1878.
1. Albert Boime, “La Statue de la liberté: une icône vide,” Le Débat 44 (March–May 1987): 128.
2. Marvin Trachtenberg, The Statue of Liberty (New York: Penguin, 1976; revised edition, 1986), 127–34, provides a thorough analysis of Eiffel’s skeleton.
3. Ibid., 143–44.
4. Ibid., 140.
5. Pierre Provoyeur, “Technical and Industrial Challenges,” in Liberty: The French-American Statue in Art and History, ed. Pierre Provoyeur and June Hargrove (hereafter Provoyeur) (New York: Harper & Row, 1986), 117.
6. Ibid., 108–9.
7. Quoted in Robert Belot and Daniel Bermond, Bartholdi (Paris: Perrin, 2004), 361.
8. Quoted in Barry Moreno, The Statue of Liberty Encyclopedia (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000), 114.
9. Le Mouvement scientifique, late 1884, pièce 1749, Conservatoire national des arts et métiers (CNAM), Paris.
10. André Michel, quoted in Belot and Bermond, Bartholdi, 344–45; Le Quotidien, September 11, 1884, quoted in Belot and Bermond, Bartholdi, 359.
11. Ibid., 360.
12. On the pedestal, see Susan R. Stein, “Richard Morris Hunt and the Pedestal,” in Provoyeur, 176–85; Trachtenberg, Statue of Liberty, chapter 7.
13. Ibid., 143.
14. Ibid., 164.
1. Jacques Betz, Bartholdi (Paris: Editions de minuit, 1954); André Gschaedler, True Light on the Statue of Liberty and Its Creator (Narberth, PA: Livingston, 1966).
2. Hertha Pauli and E. B. Ashton, I Lift My Lamp: The Way of a Symbol (New York: Meredith Press, 1948; revised edition, 1969).
3. June Hargrove, “Power of the Press,” in Liberty: The French-American Statue in Art and History, ed. Pierre Provoyeur and June Hargrove (hereafter Provoyeur) (New York: Harper & Row, 1986), 166.
4. Marcel Mauss, The Gift: The Form and Reason for Exchange in Archaic Societies (Essai sur le don) (New York: Norton, 1990). On Mauss, see Marcel Fournier’s definitive intellectual biography, Marcel Mauss, A Biography (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005); Claude Levi-Strauss, Introduction to the Work of Marcel Mauss (London: Routledge, 1987).
5. New York Times, December 26, 1883.
6. Quoted in Barry Moreno, The Statue of Liberty Encyclopedia (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000), 188.
7. “Le discours de M. Laboulaye,” L’Evénement, May 1, 1876 (italics added).
8. June Hargrove, “The American Fundraising Campaign,” in Provoyeur, 160, 163.
9. Press, October 5, 1876.
10. San Francisco Daily Report, July 1, 1884, quoted in Robert Belot and Daniel Bermond, Bartholdi (Paris: Perrin, 2004), 353.
11. Commercial Advertiser, October 7, 1876.
12. New York Times, October 3, 1882.
13. Quoted in Belot and Bermond, Bartholdi, 352.
14. Quoted in Pauli and Ashton, I Lift My Lamp, 221.
15. Hargrove, “American Fundraising,” 157–58.
16. Ibid., 159.
17. Ibid.
18. “Mark Twain Aggrieved,” New York Times, December 4, 1883.
19. New York Times, August 5, 1884.
20. Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, August 30, 1884.
21. Life Magazine, January 17, 1884.
22. Evening Telegraph, December 13, 1884.
23. Hargrove, “American Fundraising,” 161.
24. Paul Starr, The Creation of the Media: Political Origins of Modern Communications (New York: Basic Books, 2004), 254–57. See also Thomas Ferenczi, L’Invention du journalisme en France (Paris: Payot, 1996).
25. Moreno, Encyclopedia, 190.
26. World, March 16, 1885.
27. World, August 5, 1884.
28. Quotes from Pauli and Ashton, I Lift My Lamp, 274–75.
29. Quoted in John Bodnar, Laura Burt, Jennifer Stinson, and Barbara Truesdell, “The Changing Face of the Statue of Liberty,” unpublished paper for the National Park Service, Indiana University, Center for the Study of History and Memory, 2005, 110.
30. Ibid., 276.
31. Ibid.
32. Quoted in Pauli and Ashton, I Lift My Lamp, 278.
1. Leslie’s Illustrated Weekly, May 10, 1884.
2. Lenore Skomal, Lady Liberty: The Untold Story of the Statue of Liberty (Kennebunkport, ME: Cider Mill Press, 2009), 127; New York Times, August 6, 1884.
3. FoundationsofAmerica.com; www.ascemetsection.org.
4. June Hargrove, “Reassembly on Bedloe’s Island,” in Liberty: The French-American Statue in Art and History, ed. Pierre Provoyeur and June Hargrove (hereafter Provoyeur) (New York: Harper & Row, 1986), 192.
5. Leslie’s Illustrated Weekly, October 9, 1886, quoted in Provoyeur, 195.
6. World, October 26, 1886.
7. Morning Journal, October 29, 1886, quoted in Provoyeur, 200.
8. Le Soleil, November 9, 1886, quoted in Robert Belot and Daniel Bermond, Bartholdi (Paris: Perrin, 2004), 387.
9. Quoted in Hertha Pauli and E. B. Ashton, I Lift My Lamp: The Way of a Symbol (New York: Friedman, 1948, 1969), 302.
10. Quoted in Albert Boime, Hollow Icons: The Politics of Sculpture in 19th-Century France (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1987), 134. On the Haymarket Affair, see Alan Trachtenberg, The Incorporation of America: Culture and Society in the Gilded Age (New York: Hill and Wang, 2007), 88–91.
11. Quoted in Boime, Hollow Icons, 134.
12. Trachtenberg, Incorporation of America, 90–91.
13. Quoted in Boime, Hollow Icons, 136.
14. Cleveland Gazette, November 27, 1886, quoted in Glassberg, “Rethinking the Statue of Liberty: Old Meanings, New Contexts,” paper prepared for the National Park Service, December 2003, 4. See also Rebecca M. Joseph, with Brooke Rosenblatt and Carolyn Kinnebrew, “The Black Statue of Liberty Rumor: An Inquiry into the History and Meaning of Bartholdi’s Liberté éclairant le Monde,” unpublished report prepared for Northeast Ethnography Program, Boston Support Office, National Park Service, September 2000.
15. John Bodnar, Laura Burt, Jennifer Stinson, and Barbara Truesdell, “The Changing Face of the Statue of Liberty,” unpublished paper for the National Park Service, Indiana University, Center for the Study of History and Memory, 2005, 176.
16. Quoted by Richard Wormser, www.pbs.org/wnet/jimcrow/stories_events_14th.html.
17. The Tuskegee Institute (later Tuskegee University) kept what most historians consider reliable, if conservative, annual statistics on lynching from 1892 to 1959. The Chicago Tribune also compiled statistics on lynching beginning in 1882. Accurate statistics do not exist for earlier years, although the numbers are thought to be high. During Reconstruction (1865–77), opponents of black enfranchisement used lynching to terrorize African Americans who dared to take advantage of their newly won rights.
18. Nell Irvin Painter, “Who Was Lynched?” Nation 253, no. 16 (November 11, 1991): 577; Michael J. Pfeifer, Rough Justice: Lynching and American Society, 1874–1947 (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2004).
19. The classic work on Jim Crow is C. Van Woodward, The Strange Career of Jim Crow (New York: Oxford University Press, 1955). See also Leon F. Litwack, Trouble in Mind: Black Southerners in the Age of Jim Crow (New York: Knopf, 1998); Richard Wormser, The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow (New York: Macmillan, 2003).
20. Quoted in Bodnar, Burt, Stinson, and Truesdell, “Changing Face,” 183.
21. Ibid., 185.
1. Pierre Provoyeur and June Hargrove, eds., Liberty: The French-American Statue in Art and History (New York: Harper & Row, 1986) (hereafter Provoyeur).
2. Data from the Economic History Association, http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/cohn.immigration.us.
3. James Webb, Born Fighting: How the Scots-Irish Shaped America (New York: Broadway Books, 2004).
4. Ibid.
5. Marvin Trachtenberg, The Statue of Liberty (New York: Penguin, 1976; revised edition, 1986), 88.
6. Quoted in ibid., 88.
7. Quoted in ibid., 71.
8. On Windom, political cartoons, and the new immigration facility, see Roger A. Fisher, “William Windom, Cartoon Centerfold, 1881–1891,” Minnesota History Magazine (Fall 1988): 107–8.
9. Ibid. See also Anne Cannon Palumbo and Ann Uhry Abrams, “Proliferation of the Image,” in Provoyeur, 236.
10. Judge, March 22 and April 12, 1890.
11. “Boss Platt’s Latest Outrage,” Puck, March 19, 1890.
12. Evening Telegram, September 10, 1892.
13. Christian Blanchet and Bertrand Dard, Statue of Liberty: The First Hundred Years, trans. Bernard A. Weisberger (New York: American Heritage, 1985), 111.
14. http://xroads.virginia.edu/~cap/liberty/aldrich.html.
15. Thomas Bailey Aldrich, Unguarded Gates and Other Poems (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1895). On Aldrich, see Rudolph J. Vecoli, “The Lady and the Huddled Masses: The Statue of Liberty as a Symbol of Immigration,” in The Statue of Liberty Revisited, ed. Wilton S. Dillon and Neil G. Kotler (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1994), 49.
16. For a description of the workings of Ellis Island, see Barry Moreno, Ellis Island (Chicago: Arcadia, 2003); James B. Bell and Richard I. Abrams, In Search of Liberty: The Story of the Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1984), 80–89.
17. All quotations in this paragraph from John Bodnar, Laura Burt, Jennifer Stinson, and Barbara Truesdell, “The Changing Face of the Statue of Liberty,” unpublished paper for the National Park Service, Indiana University, Center for the Study of History and Memory, 2005.
18. Gay Talese, “Miss Liberty—Uptown,” New York Times, October 2, 1960.
19. Quoted in Israel Zangwill, “Afterword,” The Melting Pot, Drama in Four Acts (New York: McMillan, 1917), 199. First quotation from the play, 31; second, 184.
20. Barbara Blumberg, Celebrating the Immigrant: An Administrative History of the Statue of Liberty National Monument, 1952–1982 (Washington, DC: National Parks Service, 1985), 10.
21. On Lazarus’s Jewishness and her life and work in general, see Esther Schor, Emma Lazarus (New York: Schocken, 2006), esp. chapter 2.
22. Albert Boime, Hollow Icons: The Politics of Sculpture in 19th-Century France (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1987), 137.
23. Quoted in Max Cavitch, “Emma Lazarus and the Golem of Liberty,” in The Traffic in Poems: Nineteenth-Century Poetry and Transatlantic Exchange, ed. Meredith L. McGill (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2008), 113.
24. Quoted in Hertha Pauli and E. B. Ashton, I Lift My Lamp: The Way of a Symbol (New York: Friedman, 1948, 1969), 227. See also the excellent analysis in Cavitch, “Emma Lazarus,” 97–122.
25. Ibid., 115.
26. O. Henry, “The Lady Higher Up,” in Sixes and Sevens (New York: Street and Smith, 1903), 214–19.
27. Literary Digest, July 5, 1919 (originally published in Memphis Commercial Appeal).
28. Brooklyn Eagle, reprinted in Literary Digest, July 12, 1919.
29. See “History Matters,” www.historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5078/.
30. Bodnar, Burt, Stinson, and Truesdell, “Changing Face,” 111.
31. Quoted in ibid., 112.
32. Ibid.
33. John Higham, “Transformation of the Statue of Liberty,” in Send These to Me: Jews and Other Immigrants in Urban America (New York: Atheneum, 1975), 78–87.
34. Quoted in Vecoli, “Lady and the Huddled Masses,” 57.
35. Quoted in ibid., 56.
36. Matthew Baigell, Jewish Art in America: An Introduction (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2007), 60.
37. Gary B. Nash, The Liberty Bell (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2010).
1. Barbara Blumberg, “A National Monument Emerges: The Statue as Park and Museum,” in Liberty: The French-American Statue in Art and History, ed. Pierre Provoyeur and June Hargrove (hereafter Provoyeur) (New York: Harper & Row, 1986), 210.
2. Ibid., 212.
3. New York Times Magazine, June 22, 1941, quoted in John Higham, “Transformation of the Statue of Liberty,” in Send These to Me: Jews and Other Immigrants in Urban America (New York: Atheneum, 1975), 79. See also the New Yorker, November 30, 1940.
4. Barbara Blumberg, Celebrating the Immigrant: An Administrative History of the Statue of Liberty National Monument, 1952–1982 (Washington, DC: National Parks Service, 1985).
5. Barbara Blumberg, “A National Monument Emerges: The Statue as Park and Museum,” in Provoyeur, 214.
6. Ibid.
7. Blumberg, Celebrating the Immigrant, 11.
9. Ibid., 58.
10. www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0029/tab09.html.
11. Peter Novick, That Noble Dream: The Objectivity Question and the American Historical Profession (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988), 366ff.
12. Blumberg, Celebrating the Immigrant, 63. On the “salad bowl,” see George E. Pozzetta, ed., Assimilation, Acculturation and Social Mobility (New York: Garland, 1991).
13. Blumberg, Celebrating the Immigrant, 64.
14. Ibid., 65.
15. Ibid., 69.
16. Ibid., 84.
17. Ibid.
18. For a history of Ellis Island, see Ann Novotny, Strangers at the Door: Ellis Island, Castle Garden, and the Great Migration to America (Riverside, CT: Chatham Press, 1971).
19. Blumberg, Celebrating the Immigrant, 97.
20. Ibid., 98.
1. Anne Cannon Palumbo and Ann Uhry Abrams, “Proliferation of the Image,” in Liberty: The French-American Statue in Art and History, ed. Pierre Provoyeur and June Hargrove (New York: Harper & Row, 1986), 231.
2. Lyrics and stage directions from the typed copy of Green’s play in National Archives and Records Administration (College Park, Md.), Record Group 69: Federal Theater Project Collection, Box 294. There is another copy in Library of Congress, Music Division, Federal Theater Project Collection, Box 684. My thanks to the distinguished musicologist Tim Carter (University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill) for this reference.
3. Palumbo and Abrams, “Proliferation,” 259.
4. Ibid.
5. A Universal Studios production.
6. An MGM production.
7. This final scene, with Heston’s melodramatic cry of despair, has invited a steady stream of parody, among them Mel Brooks’s film Spaceballs, Kevin Smith’s Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back, and in two episodes of The Simpsons.
8. Quoted in Barbara Blumberg, Celebrating the Immigrant: An Administrative History of the Statue of Liberty National Monument, 1952–1982 (Washington, DC: National Parks Service, 1985), 14.
9. Most of the information presented here about the Statue of Liberty and film comes from the Internet. See, especially, the Wikipedia entry “The Statue of Liberty in Popular Culture,” en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty_in_popular_culture; “Liberty Destroyed,” www.youtube.com/watch?v=cOoMC1xH5DU&NR=1; “Top Ten Movies that Feature the Statue of Liberty,” www.toptenz.net/top-10-movies-that-feature-the-statue-of-liberty.php; “Miss Liberty: The Statue of Liberty in Film,” www.squidoo.com/statueoflibertyinmovies.
10. Barbara A. Babcock and John J. Macaloon, “Everybody’s Gal: Women, Boundaries, and Monuments,” in The Statue of Liberty revisited, ed. Wilton S. Dillon and Neil G. Kotler (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1994), 92.
11. Village Voice, October 26, 2004; proteinwisdom.com/?p=17390.
1. World, April 19, 1885.
2. Quoted in The Nation, November 9, 1985.
3. Lynne Bundesen, ed., Dear Miss Liberty (Salt Lake City, UT: Gibbs M. Smith, 1986), 2, 41, 57.
4. Ibid., 17, 35, 42. 54.
5. The bulk of this chapter is based on Richard Seth Hayden and Thierry W. Despont’s Restoring the Statue of Liberty (New York: McGraw Hill, 1986), the definitive work on the project. Hayden and Despont helped lead the effort, and they wrote their account of it with the aid of Nadine M. Post and the photographer Dan Cornish. For this chapter I have also drawn heavily on the many press accounts of the restoration project.
6. Richard Seth Hayden and Thierry W. Despont, with Nadine M. Post, Restoring the Statue of Liberty: Sculpture, Structure, Symbol (New York: McGraw Hill, 1986), 87–88.
1. Congressional legislation of 1937 made natural U.S. citizenship retroactive to those born in the Canal Zone after February 1904, provided they had at least one parent with U.S. citizenship.
2. www.census.gov/population/cen2000/stp-159/STP-159-africa.pdf. Recently, significant numbers of people of African ancestry from the Caribbean have been naturalized as U.S. citizens. See www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/statistics/publications/NaturalizationFlowReport2004.pdf.
3. Chicago Tribune, July 6, 1986; Newsday, July 17, 1986.
4. Quoted in the Chicago Tribune, July 6, 1986.
5. Much of this chapter is based on a wide reading of newspaper and magazine accounts of Liberty Weekend and its aftermath. I have drawn in particular from News-day, New York Times, Los Angeles Times, Chicago Tribune, New York Daily News, and Time.
6. Newsday, July 7, 1986.
7. Ottawa Citizen, July 7, 1986.
8. New York Times, July 7, 1986.
9. Newsday, November 10, 1986.
10. Ottawa Citizen, July 7, 1986.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid.
13. New York Times, July 17, 1986.
14. My thanks to Carol Gluck of Columbia University for identifying the Japanese replicas, one of which is in the town of Oirase, which stands at the same latitude as New York City. See “Les Statues de la Liberté dans le monde,” Fontes 12 (January 1994); en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replicas_of_the_Statue_of_Liberty.
15. New York Times, June 9, 2011.
16. New York Times, April 14, 2011.
17. New Yorker, October 23, 1989.
18. Daniel Libeskind interviewed by the Discovery Channel, September 16, 2010, blogs.discovery.com/rebuilding-ground-zero/2010/09/statue-of-liberty-inspired-ground-zero-design.html.