1. Ed Cray, General of the Army: George C. Marshall, Soldier and Statesman (New York: Cooper Square Press, 2000), p. 17.
2. Ibid., p. 441.
3. Ron Chernow, Washington: A Life (New York: Penguin Press, 2010), pp. 122, 123.
4. Marshall Interviews, February 21, 1957, Tape 1, p. 34.
5. Andrew Roberts, Masters and Commanders: How Four Titans Won the War in the West, 1941–1945 (New York: HarperCollins, 2009), pp. 390–91.
6. Forrest Pogue, Organizer of Victory, 1941–1945 (New York: Viking Press, 1973), pp. 131–32.
7. Marshall Interviews, February 21, 1957, Tape 1, p. 45.
8. Ibid., February 27, 1957, Tape 1, p. 40.
9. Ibid., March 6, 1957, Tape 3, p. 99.
10. Forrest Pogue, Education of a General, 1880–1939 (New York: Viking Press, 1963), p. 43.
11. Marshall Interviews, March 6, 1957, Tape 3, p. 98.
12. “Virginia Military Institute,” http://em.wikipedia.org/wik/virginia_military_institute, p. 7.
13. Peter Finn, Washington Post, August 20, 1997.
14. Marshall Interviews, March 13, 1957, Tape 4, p. 116.
15. Pogue, Education of a General, p. 50.
16. Marshall Interviews, March 6, 1957, Tape 3, p. 98.
17. Larry Bland and Sharon Ritenour, eds., The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, vol. 1 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981), pp. 18–19.
1. Pogue, Education of a General, p. 70.
2. Ibid., p. 74.
3. Marshall to General Scott Shipp, Fort Reno, March 3, 1906, in Bland and Ritenour, The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, vol. 1, p. 34.
4. Marshall Interviews, Tape 5, April 4, 1957, p. 156.
5. Ibid., p. 152.
6. Marshall to Colonel Bernard Lentz, October 2, 1935, in Bland and Ritenour, The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, vol. 1, pp. 45–46.
7. Cray, General of the Army, p. 37.
8. Marshall to Lesley McNair, Washington, February 23, 1939, in Bland and Ritenour, The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, vol. 1, p. 703.
9. Pogue, Education of a General, p. 106.
10. Marshall Interviews, Tape 5, April 4, 1957, p. 178.
11. Ibid., p. 172.
12. Marshall to Bruce Magruder, August 7, 1939, in Larry Bland, Sharon Ritenour Stevens, and Clarence Wunderlin, eds., The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, vol. 2 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986), pp. 31–32.
13. Marshall to Edward W. Nichols, October 4, 1915, in Bland and Ritenour, The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, vol. 1, p. 94.
14. Marshall Interviews, Tape 5, April 4, 1957, p. 178.
15. Ibid., p. 190.
16. Larry Bland and Sharon Ritenour Stevens, The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, vol. 5 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003), p. 221.
17. George C. Marshall, Memoirs of My Services in the World War, 1917–1918 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1976), p. 7.
18. Marshall Interviews, Tape 6, April 5, 1957, pp. 197–98.
19. Ibid., p. 198.
20. Pogue, Education of a General, p. 189.
1. Rose Page Wilson, General Marshall Remembered (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1968), p. 12.
2. Ibid., p. 119.
3. Bland and Ritenour, The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, vol. 1, pp. 203–4.
4. William Frye, Marshall: Citizen Soldier (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1947 ), p. 181.
5. Marshall Interviews, December 7, 1956, Tape 8, p. 269.
6. Ibid., April 11, 1957, Tape 7, p. 248.
7. Pogue, Education of a General, p. 211.
8. Bland and Ritenour, The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, vol. 1, pp. 234–35.
9. Ibid., p. 263.
10. Cray, General of the Army, p. 97.
11. Bland and Ritenour, The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, vol. 1, p. 281.
12. Ibid., p. 294.
13. Marshall to William H. Cocke, December 26, 1926, in ibid., p. 298.
14. Pogue, Education of a General, p. 246.
15. Wilson, General Marshall Remembered, pp. 158–59.
16. Bland and Ritenour, The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, vol. 1, p. 383.
17. Ibid., p. 320.
18. Pogue, Education of a General, p. 256.
19. Bland and Ritenour, The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, vol. 1, p. 320.
20. Carlo D’Este, Eisenhower: A Soldier’s Life (New York: Henry Holt, 2002), p. 201.
21. William Odom, After the Trenches: The Transformation of U.S. Army Doctrine, 1918–1939 (College Station: Texas A & M Press, 1999), p. 87.
22. Katherine Tupper Marshall, Together: Annals of an Army Wife (New York: Tupper and Love, 1946), p. 2.
23. Ibid., p. 6.
24. Ibid., p. 9.
25. Pogue, Education of a General, p. 272.
26. Bland and Ritenour, The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, vol. 1, p. 393.
27. Ibid., p. 398.
28. Pogue, Education of a General, p. 280.
29. Ibid., p. 282.
30. Wilson, General Marshall Remembered, p. 199.
31. Katherine Marshall, Together, p. 18.
32. Bland and Ritenour, The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, vol. 1, pp. 446–47.
33. Cray, General of the Army, p. 119.
34. Bland and Ritenour, The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, vol. 1, p. 482.
35. Katherine Marshall, Together, p. 24.
36. Ibid.
37. Frye, Marshall: Citizen Soldier, p. 243.
38. Bland and Ritenour, The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, vol. 1, pp. 533–34.
39. Robert Dallek, Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, 1932–1945 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), p. 152.
40. Bland and Ritenour Stevens, The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, vol. 3, p. 598.
41. Katherine Marshall, Together, p. 35.
42. Quoted in William Manchester, The Glory and the Dream: A Narrative History of America, 1932–1972 (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1974), p. 189.
43. Marshall Interviews, March 6, 1957, Tape 3, pp. 108–9.
44. Ibid.
45. Frye, Marshall: Citizen Soldier, p. 246.
46. Cray, General of the Army, p. 139.
47. Katherine Marshall, Together, p. 43.
1. Bland, Ritenour, and Wunderlin, The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, vol. 2, p. 48.
2. Dallek, Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, p. 199.
3. Marshall Interviews, January 22, 1957, Tape 10, p. 297.
4. Bland, Ritenour, and Wunderlin, The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, vol. 2, p. 163.
5. Cray, General of the Army, p. 162.
6. Bland, Ritenour, and Wunderlin, The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, vol. 2, p. 263.
7. Marshall Interviews, January 22, 1957, Tape 10, p. 302.
8. Ibid., January 15, 1957, Tape 9, p. 281.
9. Ibid., Interview Notes, October 29, 1956, p. 611.
10. Winston Churchill, Their Finest Hour, vol. 2 of The Second World War (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1949), p. 198.
11. Mark A. Stoler, Allies and Adversaries: The Joint Chiefs of Staffs, the Grand Alliance, and U.S. Strategy in World War II (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000), p. 13.
12. Ibid., p. 43.
13. Maurice Matloff and Edwin Snell, Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare, 1941–1942 (Washington, DC: Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army, 1953), p. 25.
14. Louis Morton, “Germany First: The Basic Concept of Allied Strategy in World War II,” in Kent Roberts Greenfield, ed., Command Decisions (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1959), p. 27.
15. Matloff and Snell, p. 33.
16. Ibid., p. 26.
17. Ibid., p. 33.
18. Winston Churchill, The Grand Alliance, vol. 3 of The Second World War (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1950), p. 331.
19. Marshall Interviews, January 22, 1957, Tape 10, p. 319.
20. Forrest Pogue, Ordeal and Hope, 1939–1943 (New York: Viking Press, 1966), p. 89.
21. George Marshall to Lesley McNair, Washington, September 29, 1941, George C. Marshall Papers, box 76, folder 31, George C. Marshall Research Library, Lexington, VA.
22. Bland and Ritenour Stevens, The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, vol. 3, p. 572.
23. Cray, General of the Army, p. 206.
24. Pogue, Ordeal and Hope, p. 152.
25. Life, August 18, 1941, p. 32.
26. Bland, Ritenour, and Wunderlin, The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, vol. 2, p. 591.
27. Marshall Interviews, January 22, 1957, Tape 10, p. 303.
28. Henry L. Stimson and McGeorge Bundy, On Active Service in Peace and War (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1948), p. 366.
29. Albert C. Wedemeyer, Wedemeyer Reports! (New York: Henry Holt, 1958), p. 17.
30. Charles E. Kirkpatrick, “Computing the Requirements for War: The Logic of the Victory Program of 1941,” http://www.history.navy.mil/colloquia/cch5c.htm, p. 4.
31. Matloff and Snell, Strategic Planning, p. 55.
32. Russell F. Weigley, Eisenhower’s Lieutenants: The Campaign of France and Germany, 1944–1945 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1981), p. 5.
33. Quoted in Cray, General of the Army, p. 216.
34. Dallek, Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, p. 300.
35. Pogue, Ordeal and Hope, p. 196.
36. Ibid., p. 204.
37. Dallek, Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, p. 308.
38. Quoted in Cray, General of the Army, p. 244.
39. John Dower, Cultures of War (New York: W. W. Norton, 2010), p. 139.
40. Pogue, Ordeal and Hope, p. 205.
41. Bland and Ritenour, The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, vol. 1, p. 413.
42. Pogue, Ordeal and Hope, p. 225.
43. Bland and Ritenour Stevens, The Papers of George C. Marshall, vol. 3, p. 7.
1. Pogue, Ordeal and Hope, p. 234.
2. Bland, Ritenour, and Wunderlin, The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, vol. 2, p. 676.
3. Marshall to MacArthur, December 11, 1941, George C. Marshall Papers, box 74, folder 48, George C. Marshall Research Library, Lexington, VA.
4. Marshall to MacArthur, December 26, 1941, George C. Marshall Papers, box 74, folder 48.
5. William Manchester, American Caesar: Douglas MacArthur, 1880–1964 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1978), p. 271.
6. Roberts, Masters and Commanders, p. 80.
7. Ibid., p. 70.
8. Proceedings of the American-British Joint Chiefs of Staff Conferences Held in Washington, D.C. (ARCADIA), Meeting of December 25, 1941, p. 3; World War II Inter-Allied Conference Papers. BACM Research, www.paperlessarchives.com.
9. Churchill, The Grand Alliance, p. 674.
10. Katherine Marshall, Together, p. 104.
11. Marshall Interviews, November 21, 1956, Tape 12, p. 358.
12. Churchill, The Grand Alliance, p. 608.
13. Pogue, Ordeal and Hope, p. 283.
14. Matloff and Snell, Strategic Planning, p. 104.
15. Richard W. Steele, The First Offensive, 1942: Roosevelt, Marshall and the Making of American Strategy (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1973), p. 66.
16. D’Este, Eisenhower: A Soldier’s Life, p. 292.
17. Stephen E. Ambrose, The Supreme Commander: The War Years of Dwight D. Eisenhower (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1970), p. 30.
18. Stoler, Allies and Adversaries, p. 72.
19. Ambrose, The Supreme Commander, p. 33.
20. Steele, The First Offensive, p. 102.
21. Quoted in Mark A. Stoler, The Politics of the Second Front: American Military Planning and Diplomacy in Coalition Warfare, 1941–1943 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1977), p. 32.
22. William Manchester and Paul Reid, The Last Lion: Winston Spencer Churchill, Defender of the Realm, 1940–1965 (New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2012), p. 409.
23. Alex Danchev and Daniel Todman, eds., War Diaries, 1939–1945: Field Marshal Lord Alanbrooke (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001), p. 246.
24. Martin Gilbert, Road to Victory: Winston S. Churchill, 1941–1945 (Toronto: Stoddart Publishing Company, 1986), p. 86.
25. Ibid., p. 87.
26. Winston S. Churchill, The Hinge of Fate, vol. 4 of The Second World War (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1950), p. 309.
27. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, pp. 248–49.
28. Ibid.
29. Roberts, Masters and Commanders, pp. 145–46.
30. Cray, General of the Army, p. 311.
31. Roberts, Masters and Commanders, p. 158.
32. Gilbert, Road to Victory, p. 88.
33. Steele, The First Offensive, pp. 180–81.
34. Pogue, Ordeal and Hope, p. 315.
35. Bland and Ritenour Stevens, The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, vol. 3, p. 164.
36. Bland, Ritenour, and Wunderlin, The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, vol. 2, p. 337.
37. Ibid.
38. Katherine Marshall, Together, p. 115.
39. Ibid., p. 118.
40. Pogue, Ordeal and Hope, p. 289.
41. Ibid., p. 293.
42. Quoted in Eric Larrabee, Commander in Chief: Franklin Delano Roosevelt, His Lieutenants, and Their War (New York: Harper & Row, 1987), p. 101.
43. Marshall Interviews, Tape 11, November 15, 1956, p. 347.
44. Foreword by Omar Bradley in Pogue, Organizer of Victory, p. ix.
45. Thomas Ricks, The Generals: American Military Command from World War II to Today (New York: Penguin Press, 2012), pp. 18, 39.
46. Stephen E. Ambrose, The Supreme Commander: The War Years of Dwight D. Eisenhower (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1999), p. 6.
47. Marshall Interviews, February 14, 1957, Tape 15, pp. 9–10.
48. Bland, Ritenour, and Wunderlin, The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, vol. 2, p. 537.
49. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WhyWe Fight.
50. http://www.historyarmy.mil/books/integration/JAF-02.htm.
51. John T. Whitaker, “These Are the Generals: McNair,” Saturday Evening Post, January 30, 1943, pp. 12–14.
52. Marshall Interview Notes, September 28, 1956, p. 583.
53. Churchill, The Hinge of Fate, p. 298.
54. Roberts, Masters and Commanders, p. 176.
55. Marshall Interview Notes, October 5, 1956, p. 590.
56. Stoler, Allies and Adversaries, p. 78.
57. Churchill, The Hinge of Fate, p. 343.
58. Ibid.
59. Stoler, Allies and Adversaries, p. 79.
60. Bland and Ritenour Stevens, The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, vol. 3, p. 271.
61. Marshall to Eisenhower, July 30, 1942, George C. Marshall Papers, box 66, folder 42, George C. Marshall Research Library, Lexington, VA.
62. Stoler, Allies and Adversaries, p. 88.
63. Ibid., p. 85.
64. Bland, The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, vol. 3, p. 276.
65. Roberts, Masters and Commanders, p. 242.
66. Gilbert, Road to Victory, pp. 148–49.
67. Jean Edward Smith, Eisenhower in War and Peace (New York: Random House, 2012), p. 220.
68. Memorandum to the War Department classified message center, July 16, 1942, George C. Marshall Papers, box 66, folder 42, George C. Marshall Research Library, Lexington, VA.
69. Roberts, Masters and Commanders, p. 245.
70. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, p. 282.
71. Matloff and Snell, Strategic Planning, p. 283.
72. Thomas Parish, Roosevelt and Marshall: Partners in Politics and War (New York: William Morrow and Company, 1989), p. 296.
73. Marshall Interview Notes, November 15, 1956, p. 622.
74. Churchill, The Hinge of Fate, pp. 425, 428.
75. Gilbert, Road to Victory, p. 175.
76. Churchill, The Hinge of Fate, p. 431.
77. Manchester and Reid, The Last Lion, p. 565.
78. Gilbert, Road to Victory, p. 178.
79. Churchill, The Hinge of Fate, p. 441.
80. Ibid., p. 451.
1. Eisenhower to Marshall, September 23, 1942, George C. Marshall Papers, box 66, folder 43, George C. Marshall Research Library, Lexington, VA.
2. Smith, Eisenhower in War and Peace, p. 239.
3. Ibid.
4. Ibid., p. 240.
5. Bland and Ritenour Stevens, The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, vol. 3, p. 445.
6. Ibid., p. 497.
7. D’Este, Eisenhower: A Soldier’s Life, p. 309.
8. Joseph Patrick Hobbs, ed., Dear General: Eisenhower’s Wartime Letters to Marshall (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999), p. 23.
9. Pogue, Ordeal and Hope, p. 406.
10. Steven Ossad, “Command Failures: Lessons Learned from Lloyd R. Fredendall,” Army Magazine 53, no. 3 (March 2003), p. 50.
11. Pogue, Ordeal and Hope, p. 407.
12. Bland and Ritenour Stevens, The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, vol. 3, p. 433.
13. Rick Atkinson, An Army at Dawn: The War in North Africa, 1942–1943 (New York: Henry Holt, 2002), p. 125.
14. Ibid., p. 144.
15. Ibid., p. 139.
16. Ibid., p. 164.
17. Matthew Cooper, The German Army, 1933–1945: Its Political and Military Failure (New York: Stein & Day, 1978), p. 364.
18. Bland and Ritenour Stevens, The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, vol. 3, p. 488.
19. John S. Eisenhower, Allies: Pearl Harbor to D-Day (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp. 230–31.
20. Atkinson, An Army at Dawn, p. 316.
21. Marshall Interviews, February 15, 1957, Tape 16, p. 479.
22. Ibid., p. 323.
23. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/lloyd_fredendall, p. 3.
24. [Eisenhower] to Fredendall, February 4, 1943, George C. Marshall Papers, box 66, folder 48, George C. Marshall Research Library, Lexington, VA.
25. Atkinson, An Army at Dawn, p. 322.
26. Ibid., p. 316.
27. Ibid., p. 371.
28. Harry Butcher, My Three Years with Eisenhower: The Personal Diary of Captain Harry C. Butcher, USNR, Naval Aide to General Eisenhower, 1942 to 1945 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1945), p. 268.
29. Atkinson, An Army at Dawn, p. 377.
30. Bland and Ritenour Stevens, The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, vol. 3, p. 525.
31. Roberts, Masters and Commanders, p. 543.
32. Kent Roberts Greenfield, Robert R. Palmer, and Bell I. Wiley, The Organization of Ground Combat Troops (Honolulu: University Press of the Pacific, 2005), p. 195.
33. Ibid., pp. 562–63.
34. Ibid., p. 65.
35. Robert Palmer, Bell I. Wiley, and William Keast, The Procurement and Training of Ground Combat Troops (Washington, DC: Center of Military History, United States Army, 1991), p. 3.
36. Max Hastings, Armageddon: The Battle for Germany, 1944–1945 (New York: Vintage Books, 2005), p. 186.
37. Palmer, Wiley, and Keast, The Procurement and Training of Ground Combat Troops, p. 183.
38. Ibid., p. 229.
39. Larry Bland and Sharon Ritenour Stevens, The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, vol. 4 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), p. 114.
40. Palmer, Wiley, and Keast, The Procurement and Training of Ground Combat Troops, p. 58.
41. Bland and Ritenour Stevens, The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, vol. 4, p. 267.
42. Pogue, Organizer of Victory, p. 428.
43. Ibid., p. 191.
44. Richard Overy, Why the Allies Won (New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 1995), pp. 272–73.
45. New York Times, May 11, 1943.
46. Hastings, Armageddon, pp. 232–33.
47. Marshall to Alexander, March 23, 1943, George C. Marshall Papers, box 66, folder 49, George C. Marshall Research Library, Lexington, VA.
48. Bland and Ritenour Stevens, The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, vol. 3, pp. 643–44.
49. Antony Beevor, The Second World War (New York: Little, Brown, 2012), p. 449.
50. Douglas Porch, The Path to Victory: The Mediterranean Theater in World War II (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2004), p. 412.
51. Atkinson, An Army at Dawn, p. 539.
52. Stalin to Churchill, February 16, 1943, in Churchill, The Hinge of Fate, pp. 667–68.
53. Dallek, Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, p. 370.
54. Roberts, Masters and Commanders, p. 316.
55. Cray, General of the Army, pp. 358–59.
56. Casablanca Conference, Minutes of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, January 15, 1943, p. 17. World War II Inter-Allied Conference Papers. BACM Research, www.paperlessarchives.com.
57. Ibid., January 16, 1943, p. 211.
58. Ibid., January 18, 1943, p. 392.
59. Roberts, Masters and Commanders, p. 330.
60. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, p. 361.
61. Roberts, Masters and Commanders, p. 334.
62. Casablanca Conference, Minutes of the Combined Chiefs of Staff, January 18, 1943, p. 146. World War II Inter-Allied Conference Papers. BACM Research, www.paperlessarchives.com.
63. Ibid., January 16, 1943, p. 211.
64. Bland and Ritenour Stevens, The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, vol. 3, p. 557.
65. Wedemeyer, Wedemeyer Reports!, pp. 191–92.
66. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, p. 364.
67. Maurice Matloff, Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare, 1943–1944 (Washington, DC: Center of Military History, United States Army, 2003), pp. 38–39.
68. Dallek, Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, p. 374.
69. Marshall Interviews, February 11, 1957, Tape 14, p. 420.
70. Rick Atkinson, The Day of Battle: The War in Sicily and Italy, 1943–1944 (New York: Henry Holt, 2007), p. 7.
71. Churchill, Hinge of Fate, p. 699.
72. Dallek, Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, p. 393.
73. Ibid.
74. Cray, General of the Army, p. 386.
75. Matloff, Strategic Planning, p. 128.
76. Roberts, Masters and Commanders, p. 359.
77. Matloff, Strategic Planning, p. 128.
78. Ibid., p. 127.
79. Trident Conference, Minutes of the Combined Chiefs of Staff, May 13, 1943, pp. 328–29. World War II Inter-Allied Conference Papers. BACM Research, www.paperlessarchives.com.
80. Ibid., May 15, 1943, p. 368.
81. Ibid., May 13, 1943, p. 327.
82. Ibid., pp. 327–28.
83. Ibid., Annex A, Global Strategy of the War, Minutes of May 13, 1943, p. 334.
84. Ibid., Minutes of the Combined Chiefs of Staff, May 13, 1943, pp. 327–30.
85. Ibid., May 18, 1943, p. 392.
86. Ibid., Minutes of the Combined Chiefs of Staff, May 14, 1943, p. 345.
87. Quoted in Roberts, Masters and Commanders, pp. 368–69.
88. Ibid., pp. 362–63.
89. Gilbert, Road to Victory, p. 410.
90. Bland and Ritenour Stevens, The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, vol. 3, p. 708.
91. Cray, General of the Army, p. 398.
92. Trident Conference, Minutes of the Combined Chiefs of Staff, May 19, 1943, p. 407.
93. Ibid., Minutes of Meeting at Eisenhower’s Villa, Algiers, May 29, 1943, p. 470.
94. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, June 3, 1943, p. 417.
95. Cray, General of the Army, p. 401.
1. Chester Wilmot, The Struggle for Europe (Old Saybrook, CT: Konecky & Konecky, 1952), p. 108.
2. Stephen Taaffe, Marshall and His Generals: U.S. Army Commanders in World War II (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 2011), pp. 17–18.
3. Samuel Eliot Morison, Strategy and Compromise (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1958), p. 78.
4. Marshall Interviews, November 21, 1956, Tape 12, p. 352.
5. Geoffrey Perret, Old Soldiers Never Die: The Life of Douglas MacArthur (Holbrook, MA: Adams Media Corporation, 1996), p. 298.
6. Ibid., p. 298.
7. Manchester, American Caesar, p. 285.
8. Marshall to MacArthur, August 10, 1942, George C. Marshall Papers, box 74, folder 49, George C. Marshall Research Library, Lexington, VA.
9. Taaffe, Marshall and His Generals, p. 23.
10. Bland and Ritenour Stevens, The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, vol. 3, pp. 252–53.
11. Ibid., p. 254.
12. Mark A. Stoler, George C. Marshall, Soldier-Statesman of the American Century (New York: Twayne Publishers, 1989), p. 117.
13. Perret, Old Soldiers Never Die, p. 348.
14. Marshall Interviews, November 21, 1956, Tape 15, p. 365.
15. Ibid., p. 377.
16. Manchester, American Caesar, p. 352.
17. Pogue, Organizer of Victory, p. 172.
18. Matloff, Strategic Planning, p. 99.
19. Pogue, Organizer of Victory, pp. 170–71.
20. Max Hastings, Retribution: The Battle for Japan, 1944–45 (New York: Vintage Books, 2009), p. 97.
21. Larrabee, Commander in Chief, p. 333.
22. Bland and Ritenour Stevens, The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, vol. 4, p. 200.
23. Ibid., pp. 329–30.
24. MacArthur to War Department, June 18, 1944, George C. Marshall Papers, box 74, folder 55, George C. Marshall Research Library, Lexington, VA.
25. Marshall to MacArthur, June 24, 1944, ibid.
26. Herbert Feis, The China Tangle: The American Effort in China from Pearl Harbor to the Marshall Mission (New York: Atheneum, 1966), p. 140.
27. Ibid., p. 46.
28. Theodore White, ed., The Papers of Joseph Stilwell (New York: Sloane, 1948), p. 251.
29. Hastings, Armageddon: The Battle for Germany, 1944–1945, p. 283.
30. Stimson and Bundy, On Active Service, p. 535.
31. Marshall Interviews, “Interview Notes,” October 29, 1956, p. 603.
32. Feis, The China Tangle, p. 60.
33. Bland and Ritenour Stevens, The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, vol. 4, pp. 321–22.
34. Ibid., p. 158.
35. Ibid., p. 554.
36. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, pp. 441–42.
37. Bland and Ritenour Stevens, The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, vol. 4, p. 129.
38. Churchill, The Hinge of Fate, p. 702.
39. Marshall Interviews, “Interview Notes,” October 29, 1956, p. 607.
40. Matloff, Strategic Planning, p. 350.
41. Barbara Tuchman, Stilwell and the American Experience in China, 1911–1945 (New York: Grove Press, 1971), p. 405.
1. D’Este, Eisenhower: A Soldier’s Life, p. 438.
2. Porch, The Path to Victory, p. 444.
3. Bland and Ritenour Stevens, The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, vol. 4, p. 92.
4. Atkinson, The Day of Battle, p. 183.
5. Porch, The Path to Victory, p. 560.
6. Atkinson, The Day of Battle, p. 574.
7. Ibid., p. 575.
8. Bland and Ritenour Stevens, The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, vol. 3, p. 516.
9. Ibid., pp. 664–65.
10. Ibid., p. 575.
11. Cray, General of the Army, p. 445.
12. Bland and Ritenour Stevens, The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, vol. 4, p. 311.
13. Andrew Rawson, ed., Eyes Only: The Top Secret Correspondence Between Marshall and Eisenhower, 1943–45 (Stroud, UK: Spellmount, 2012), p. 67.
14. Max Hastings, Inferno: The World at War, 1939–1945 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2011), p. 248.
15. Marshall to [Archibald] MacLeish, December 25, 1944, George C. Marshall Papers, box 74, folder 45, George C. Marshall Research Library, Lexington, VA.
16. Pogue, Organizer of Victory, pp. 536–537.
17. Roberts, Masters and Commanders, p. 432.
18. Ibid., p. 433.
19. Eureka Conference, Minutes of Plenary Session, November 28, 1943, 4 p.m., p. 514. World War II Inter-Allied Conference Papers. BACM Research, www.paperlessarchives.com.
20. Ibid., pp. 514–15.
21. Ibid., pp. 516–20.
22. Pogue, Organizer of Victory, p. 300.
23. Eureka Conference, Minutes of November 29, 1943, 10:30 a.m., pp. 527–32.
24. Ibid., pp. 536–38.
25. Marshall Interviews, November 15, 1956, Tape 11, p. 342.
26. Eureka Conference, Minutes of Plenary Session, November 29, 1943, 4 p.m., p. 545.
27. Robert Sherwood, The White House Papers of Harry L. Hopkins (London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1948), vol. 1, p. xii.
28. Robert Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins: An Intimate History (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1948), p. 803.
29. Marshall Interviews, November 1956, Tape 11, p. 330.
30. Stoler, George C. Marshall, Soldier-Statesman, p. 108.
31. Bland and Ritenour Stevens, The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, vol. 4, p. 198.
32. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, p. 770.
33. Katherine Marshall, Together, p. 182.
34. Pogue, Organizer of Victory, pp. 505ff.
35. Cray, General of the Army. p. 442.
36. Ibid., pp. 442–43.
37. Katherine Marshall, Together, p. 178.
38. Cray, General of the Army, p. 443.
39. Bland and Ritenour Stevens, The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, vol. 4, p. 316.
40. Katherine Marshall, Together, pp. 182, 185.
41. Time, January 3, 1944.
42. Greenfield, Palmer, and Wiley, The Organization of Ground Combat Troops, p. 193.
43. McNair to Marshall, January 4, 1944, in William R. Keast, Provision of Enlisted Replacements: Study No. 7 (Washington, DC: Historical Section—Army Ground Forces, 1946), p. 23.
44. Marshall to MacArthur, January 25, 1944, George C. Marshall Papers, box 74, folder 53, George C. Marshall Research Library, Lexington, VA.
45. Marshall to Eisenhower, May 18, 1944, George C. Marshall Papers, box 67, folder 7, ibid.
46. Eisenhower to Marshall, April 17, 1944, George C. Marshall Papers, box 67, folder 5, ibid.
47. D. M. Giangreco, “Was Dwindling US Manpower a Factor in the Atom Bombing of Hiroshima?,” History News Network, July 20, 2008.
48. Churchill to Marshall to Eisenhower, April 13, 1944, in Rawson, Eyes Only, p. 66.
49. Matloff, Strategic Planning, p. 417.
50. Marshall to Eisenhower, March 20, 1944, George C. Marshall Papers, box 67, folder 4, George C. Marshall Research Library, Lexington, VA.
51. Dwight D. Eisenhower, Crusade in Europe (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1948), p. 317.
52. Mark A. Stoler, George C. Marshall: Soldier-Statesman of the American Century (Farmington Hills, MI: Twayne Publishers, 1989), p. 113.
53. Stanley P. Hirshson, General Patton: A Soldier’s Life (New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 2002), p. 393.
54. Ibid., p. 460.
55. Eisenhower to Marshall, April 29, 1944, George C. Marshall Papers, box 67, folder 5, George C. Marshall Research Library, Lexington, VA.
56. Bland and Ritenour Stevens, The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, vol. 4, pp. 442–43.
57. Pogue, Organizer of Victory, pp. 380–81.
58. Eisenhower to Marshall, February 19, 1944, George C. Marshall Papers, box 67, folder 3, George C. Marshall Research Library, Lexington, VA.
59. Cray, General of the Army, p. 456.
60. Ibid., p. 452.
61. Rawson, Eyes Only, p. 115.
62. Bland and Ritenour Stevens, The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, vol. 4, pp. 479–80.
63. Ibid., pp. 487–88.
64. Winston Churchill, Triumph and Tragedy, vol. 6 of The Second World War (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1953), p. 132.
65. D’Este, Eisenhower: A Soldier’s Life, p. 586.
66. Ambrose, The Supreme Commander, p. 510.
67. Cray, General of the Army, p. 478.
68. Gordon W. Prange, At Dawn We Slept: The Untold Story of Pearl Harbor (New York: Penguin Group, 1991), p. 651.
69. Ibid., p. 656.
70. Pogue, Ordeal and Hope, Appendix, p. 430.
71. Cray, General of the Army, p. 481.
72. Roberts, Masters and Commanders, p. 522.
73. D’Este, Eisenhower: A Soldier’s Life, p. 596.
74. Rawson, Eyes Only, p. 115.
75. Ibid., pp. 138–39.
76. Montgomery to Eisenhower, September 4, 1944, in ibid., p. 138.
77. Ibid., p. 606.
78. Ibid.
79. Bland and Ritenour Stevens, The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, vol. 4, p. 624.
80. Marshall Interviews, February 4, 1957, Tape 13, p. 387.
81. Bernard Montgomery, The Memoirs of Field Marshal the Viscount Montgomery of Alamein, K.G. (London: Collins, 1958), p. 298.
82. Hastings, Armageddon: The Battle for Germany, p. 67.
83. Ibid., p. 81.
84. Paul Fussell, Doing Battle: The Making of a Skeptic (Boston: Little, Brown Company, 1996), p. 27.
85. Stephen Ambrose, Citizen Soldiers: The U.S. Army from the Normandy Beaches to the Bulge, to the Surrender of Germany (New York: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks, 1997), p. 285.
86. Hastings, Armageddon: The Battle for Germany, p. 77.
87. Ibid., p. 68.
88. Ambrose, Citizen Soldiers, p. 285.
89. Marshall Interviews, November 15, 1956, Tape 11, p. 323.
90. Bland and Ritenour Stevens, The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, vol. 4, p. 721.
91. Pogue, Organizer of Victory, p. 493.
92. Marshall Interview Notes, October 5, 1956, p. 591.
93. Marshall to Eisenhower, January 8, 1945, in Rawson, Eyes Only, p. 184.
94. Bland and Ritenour Stevens, The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, vol. 4, pp. 720–21.
95. Eisenhower, Crusade in Europe, p. 370.
96. Combined Chiefs of Staff Meeting at Malta, Tuesday, January 30, 1945, at 1200, pp. 194–96.
97. Robert Sherwood, The White House Papers of Harry L. Hopkins (London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1949), vol. 2, pp. 840–41.
98. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, p. 653.
99. D’Este, Eisenhower: A Soldier’s Life, p. 676.
100. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, January 31, 1945, p. 652.
101. Eisenhower, Crusade in Europe, p. 372.
102. Rick Atkinson, The Guns at Last Light: The War in Western Europe, 1944–1945 (New York: Henry Holt, 2013), p. 566.
103. Katherine Marshall, Together, pp. 233, 238.
104. Larry Bland, Mark Stoler, and Sharon Ritenour Stevens, eds., The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, vol. 6 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2013), p. 401.
105. Churchill to Eisenhower, March 31, 1945, in Rawson, Eyes Only, p. 232.
106. Eisenhower to Montgomery, March 11, 1945, in ibid., p. 229.
107. Bland and Ritenour Stevens, The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, vol. 5 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003), p. 159.
108. Ibid., p. 168.
109. Pogue, Organizer of Victory, p. 584.
110. Bland and Ritenour Stevens, The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, vol. 5, p. 171.
111. Cray, General of the Army, p. 532.
112. Film of Marshall’s talk at: http//www oscars.org/filmarchive/collections/warfilm/two-down-and-one-to-go.html.
113. Bland and Ritenour Stevens, The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, vol. 5, p. 172.
114. Cray, General of the Army, p. 655.
1. Bland and Ritenour Stevens, The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, vol. 4, p. 494.
2. Pogue, Organizer of Victory, p. 440.
3. Larrabee, Commander in Chief, p. 342.
4. Manchester, American Caesar, p. 369.
5. Perret, Old Soldiers Never Die, p. 407.
6. James P. Drew, “Tarnished Victory: Divided Command in the Pacific and Its Consequences in the Naval Battle for Leyte Gulf” (master’s thesis, U.S. Command and General Staff College, Fort Leavenworth, KS, 2009), pp. 64–65.
7. Kent Roberts Greenfield, ed., Okinawa: The Last Battle (Washington, DC: Center of Military History, 2000), p. 468.
8. Hastings, Retribution, p. 318.
9. United States Strategic Bombing Survey, The Effects of Strategic Bombing on Japanese Morale (Washington, D.C.: Morale Division, June 1947), pp. 1–2.
10. “Minutes of Meeting held at the White House on Monday, 18 June 1945 at 1530,” p. 1. See Bland and Ritenour Stevens, The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, vol. 5, p. 233.
11. D. M. Giangreco, Hell to Pay: Operation Downfall and the Invasion of Japan, 1945–1947 (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2009), p. 63.
12. Marshall to MacArthur, December 26, 1944, George C. Marshall Papers, box 74, folder 56, George C. Marshall Research Library, Lexington, VA.
13. Giangreco, Hell to Pay, p. 50.
14. Manchester, American Caesar, p. 436.
15. Allis Radosh and Ronald Radosh, A Safe Haven: Harry S. Truman and the Founding of Israel (New York: HarperCollins, 2009), p. 201.
16. Robert H. Ferrell, ed., Dear Bess: The Letters from Harry to Bess Truman, 1910–1959 (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1998), p. 30.
17. Henry L. Stimson, Memo of Conversation with General Marshall, May 29, 1945, Henry Stimson Papers, Internet version.
18. Forrest Pogue, George C. Marshall: Statesman (New York: Viking Penguin, 1987), p. 550 n30.
19. Bland and Ritenour Stevens, The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, vol. 5, p. 249.
20. From Stimson’s manuscript diary for July 23, 1945. See Pogue, Statesman, p. 17.
21. Marshall Interviews, February 11, 1957, Tape 14, p. 27.
22. Michael D. Pearlman, “Unconditional Surrender, Demobilization, and the Atom Bomb (Combat Studies Institute, 1996), pp. 8, 15–16, http://egsc.edu/car/resources/csipearlman.asp.
23. Cray, General of the Army, p. 554.
24. Ibid., p. 555.
25. Katherine Marshall, Together, p. 273.
26. Ibid., p. 282.
27. Pogue, Statesman, p. 29.
28. Harry S. Truman, Years of Trial and Hope, vol. 2 of Memoirs (Garden City, NY: Doubleday and Company, 1956), p. 66.
29. Pogue, Ordeal and Hope, p. 431.
30. Prange, At Dawn We Slept, p. 687.
31. Ibid., p. 689.
32. Ibid., p. 736.
33. Ibid., p. 129.
34. Minority Report of the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack, Senate Doc. no. 244, 79th Congress, 2d Session, pp. 305ff.
35. Truman, Years of Trial and Hope, p. 91.
36. Lyman Van Slyke, ed., The China White Paper: August 1949, vol. 2 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1967), pp. 605–9.
37. Ibid., p. 609.
38. Dean Acheson, Present at the Creation: My Years in the State Department (New York: W. W. Norton, 1987), p. 139.
39. Cray, General of the Army, p. 563.
40. Wedemeyer, Wedemeyer Reports!, p. 363.
41. Pogue, Statesman, p. 76.
42. Cray, General of the Army, p. 566.
43. Pogue, Statesman, p. 106.
44. Ibid., p. 107.
45. Ibid., p. 106.
46. Van Slyke, The China White Paper: August 1949, vol. 1 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1967), pp. 149–50.
47. Cray, General of the Army, p. 578.
48. Acheson, Present at the Creation, p. 208.
49. Truman, Years of Trial and Hope, p. 86.
50. Van Slyke, The China White Paper, vol. 1, p. 191.
51. Bland and Ritenour Stevens, The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, vol. 5, pp. 705–6.
52. Cray, General of the Army, p. 574.
53. Van Slyke, The China White Paper, vol. 2, pp. 686–89.
54. Pogue, Statesman, p. 110.
55. Truman, Years of Trial and Hope, p. 92.
56. Wedemeyer, Wedemeyer Reports!, pp. 370, 376.
57. Alan Brinkley, The Publisher: Henry Luce and His American Century (New York: Vintage Books, 2011), p. 337.
1. Bland, Stoler, and Ritenour Stevens, The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, vol. 6, p. 509.
2. Ibid., p. 23.
3. David McCullough, Truman (New York: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks, 1992), p. 535.
4. Truman, Years of Trial and Hope, p. 115.
5. Quoted in Pogue, Statesman, p. 147. See also Acheson, Present at the Creation, p. 213.
6. Bland, Stoler, and Ritenour Stevens, The Papers of George Marshall, vol. 6, p. 166.
7. John Lewis Gaddis, George F. Kennan: An American Life (New York: Penguin Press, 2011), p. 221.
8. Acheson, Present at the Creation, p. 219.
9. Harry S. Truman, Address Before a Joint Session of Congress, March 12, 1947, Avalon Project, Documents in Law, History, and Diplomacy, http.//avalon. law. yale. edu/20th_century/trudoc.asp.
10. Bland, Stoler, and Ritenour Stevens, The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, vol. 6, p. 97.
11. Pogue, Statesman, p. 189.
12. Cray, General of the Army, pp. 605–6.
13. James Reston, “Marshall Held Too Aloof at Conference in Moscow,” New York Times, April 30, 1947.
14. Oral History Interview of Charles P. Kindleberger by Richard D. McKinzie, July 16, 1973, at the Truman Presidential Library, Independence, MO.
15. Bland, Stoler, and Ritenour Stevens, The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, vol. 6, p. 121.
16. Marshall Interviews, November 15, 1956, Tape 11, p. 324.
17. Robert D. Murphy, Diplomat Among Warriors (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1964), p. 342.
18. Acheson, Present at the Creation, p. 227.
19. Charles S. Kindleberger, Memorandum for the Files: “Origins of the Marshall Plan,” July 29, 1948, U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1947, The British Commonwealth; Europe, p. 241.
20. “The Record of the Week,”Department of State Bulletin, May 18, 1947, p. 993.
21. Acheson, Present at the Creation, p. 230.
22. Kindleberger, “Origins of the Marshall Plan,” p. 242.
23. W. L. Clayton, Memorandum of the Under Secretary of State for Economic Affairs, May 27, 1947, Foreign Relations of the United States, vol. 3, p. 231.
24. Gaddis, George F. Kennan, pp. 266–67.
25. “Remarks by the Honorable George C. Marshall, Secretary of State, at Harvard University, June 5, 1947,” Foreign Relations of the United States, 1947, The British Commonwealth; Europe, pp. 237–39.
26. Pogue, Statesman, p. 217.
27. Ibid., p. 236.
28. Avalon Project, Documents in Law, History, and Diplomacy, Yale Law School, Lillian Goldman Law Library, http:/avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/decade24.usp.
29. Marshall Interviews, November 19, 1956, Tape 18, p. 527.
30. New York Times, January 9, 1948.
31. Pogue, Statesman, p. 240.
32. Ibid.
33. Marshall Interviews, November 20, 1956, Tape 19, pp. 556–60.
34. Ibid., p. 556.
35. Radosh and Radosh, A Safe Haven, p. 24.
36. Ibid., p. 27.
37. Cray, General of the Army, p. 656.
38. Gaddis, George F. Kennan, p. 296.
39. McCullough, Truman, p. 595.
40. Radosh and Radosh, A Safe Haven, pp. 177–78.
41. Truman manuscript diary, July 24, 1947, in ibid., p. 236.
42. Truman, Years of Trial and Hope, pp. 164–65.
43. Radosh and Radosh, A Safe Haven, p. 92.
44. Ibid., p. 102.
45. Ibid., p. 118.
46. Ibid., pp. 244–45.
47. Bland, Stoler, and Ritenour Stevens, The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, vol. 6, pp. 209–11.
48. Ibid., p. 213.
49. Clark Clifford, Counsel to the President (New York: Anchor Books, 1991), pp. 4–5.
50. Foreign Relations of the United States, 1948, vol. 5, The Near East, South Asia, and Africa Part 2, pp. 972–73.
51. Radosh and Radosh, A Safe Haven, p. 330.
52. Ibid.
53. McCullough, Truman, p. 615.
54. Radosh and Radosh, A Safe Haven. pp. 11–12.
55. Ibid., p. 12.
56. Ibid., p. 14.
57. Ibid., p. 13.
58. Ibid.
59. Ibid., p. 15.
60. Ibid., pp. 333–35.
61. Cray, General of the Army, p. 661.
62. Ibid., p. 633.
63. Van Slyke, The China White Paper. vol. 1, pp. 251–52.
64. Wedemeyer, Wedemeyer Reports!, p. 476.
65. Pogue, Statesman, p. 299.
66. Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Harry S. Truman, 1945–1953, no. 52, “Special Message to the Congress on the Threat to the Freedom of Europe,” http://Truman library.org/public papers/index.php?pid=1417&st=&st1=.
67. Pogue, Statesman, p. 301.
68. Cray, General of the Army, p. 647.
69. Bland, Stoler, and Ritenour Stevens, The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, vol. 6, pp. 489–90.
70. Cray, General of the Army, p. 649, quoting the Forrestal Diaries, p. 459.
71. Bland, Stoler, and Ritenour Stevens, The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, vol. 6, p. 503.
72. Pogue, Statesman, p. 308.
73. Ibid., p. 405.
74. Gaddis, George F. Kennan, pp. 333–34.
75. United States Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1948, Western Europe, p. 265.
76. Bland, Stoler, and Ritenour Stevens, The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, vol. 6, p. 509.
77. Ibid., p. 609.
78. Cray, General of the Army, p. 668.
79. Ibid.
80. Ibid., pp. 668–69.
1. William S. White, “Mr. George C. Marshall of Leesburg, Va.,” New York Times, August 7, 1949.
2. Bland, Stoler, and Ritenour Stevens, The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, vol. 6, p. 701.
3. Cray, General of the Army, p. 673.
4. Clay Blair, The Forgotten War: America in Korea, 1950–1953 (New York: Times Books, 1987), p. 67.
5. Congressional Record, 81st Congress, 2d Session, September 15, 1950, p. 96.
6. Pogue, Statesman, p. 428.
7. Ibid., p. 333.
8. Cray, General of the Army, p. 689.
9. Ibid., p. 695.
10. Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950, vol. 7, p. 826.
11. D. Clayton James, “Command Crisis: MacArthur and the Korean War,” in Harry R. Borowski, ed., The Harmon Lectures in Military History, 1959–1987: A Collection of the First Thirty Harmon Lectures Given at the United States Air Force Academy, p. 220.
12. Geoffrey Perret, Old Soldiers Never Die: The Life of Douglas MacArthur (New York: Adams Media, 1997), p. 561.
13. McCullough, Truman, p. 805.
14. Manchester, American Caesar, p. 629.
15. Cray, General of the Army, p. 696.
16. Russell Weigley, History of the United States Army (New York: Macmillan, 1967), p. 513.
17. Manchester, American Caesar, pp. 602–3.
18. Cray, General of the Army, p. 700.
19. McCullough, Truman, p. 817.
20. Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950, vol. 7, Korea, pp. 1243–44.
21. McCullough, Truman, p. 823.
22. Blair, The Forgotten War, p. 524.
23. Ibid., p. 768.
24. Manchester, American Caesar, p. 639.
25. Truman, Years of Trial and Hope, p. 447.
26. Cray, General of the Army, p. 712.
27. Manchester, American Caesar, p. 661.
28. Ibid., p. 669.
29. Ibid., p. 671.
30. Cray, General of the Army, p. 717.
31. James, “Command Crisis,” p. 220.
32. Pogue, Statesman, p. 488.
33. Congressional Record, 82d Congress, 1st session, part 5, pp. 6556–603.
34. Cray, General of the Army, p. 723.
35. Wedemeyer, Wedemeyer Reports!, p. 154.
36. Newsweek, September 1, 1952.
37. Smith, Eisenhower in War and Peace, p. 524.
38. Ibid., pp. 526–27.
39. Wilson, General Marshall Remembered, p. 371.
40. Pogue, Statesman, p. 497.
41. Ibid., p. 502.
42. Cray, General of the Army, p. 730.
43. New York Times, December 12, 1953.
44. Ibid.
45. Cray, General of the Army, p. 732; William S. White, “Marshall at 75: The General Revisited,” New York Times Magazine, December 25, 1955.
46. White, “Marshall at 75: The General Revisited.”
47. Wilson, General Marshall Remembered, p. 387.
48. New York Times, October 18, 1959.
49. Bland, Stoler, and Ritenour Stevens, The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, vol. 6, p. 449.