Page numbers beginning with 439 refer to end notes.
Abbasi-Davani, Fereydoun, 62
Abdallah, King of Saudi Arabia, 78, 249, 318
Abu Dhabi, 88–89
Addis Ababa, 91
Mashad area of, 17
mountainous terrain of, 5
Northern Alliance in, 241
2001 Taliban eviction in, 241
Afghanistan War (2001–), xiv, 26, 114, 153, 268–69, 372
drawdown of U.S. troops in, 304
as Operation Enduring Freedom, 244, 406
U.S. invasion in, 116
U.S. troops killed in, 32–33, 65, 270
winding down of, 356
Aghazadeh-Khoi, Gholamreza, 37
Ahmadinejad, Mahmud, 33, 135–37, 387
cabinet of, 21
destruction of Israel supported by, 15
erratic leadership style of, 19, 31, 366
Khameini condemnation of, 13
nuclear program and, 42–43, 50, 58, 193
presidency of, 13, 42–43, 50, 366
2009 reelection of, 19
U.S. relations with, 22
Air Force, Israel, 144
Air Force, U.S., 42, 78, 144, 220–21, 268, 314, 345
fighters and strike planes of, 231–32, 345
foreign bases of, 247–48, 355–56
Albright, David, 196–99
Alevras-Chen, Maria, 245
al-Kibar reactor destruction, 184, 195, 247, 398, 399
al-Qa’ida, 45, 247, 287, 292, 369
counterterrorism against, 318, 330
Saudi support of, 69
Sunnis in, 70
al-Qa’ida in Iraq, 30
Amangah, Abol-Ghassam, 16
Amano, Yukiya, 203
American Enterprise Institute Foreign and Defense Policy Studies, 158
Amrollahi, Reza, 37
Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, 135
Annan, Kofi, 244
Ansari, Ali, 13
anti-Zionism, 30
Arab-Israel conflict, 211, 259, 295, 300–301, 389
Iranian involvement in, 11, 26, 286
Palestinian issue in, 15, 26, 95, 163, 204, 213
Saudi involvement in, 86–87
wars of, 74, 81, 87, 90, 183, 210, 212, 298, 317, 322–23, 352, 457
Arab League, 250
Arab oil embargo of 1973, 363
Arab Spring, 20, 26, 27, 32, 317–19, 398, 410, 444
economic and social dilemmas of, 95–96
emergence of Arab public opinion in, 96
Iranian nuclear threat and, 79–80, 95
regional impact of, 95–97, 171, 462
Arad, Uzi, 148–49
Arak plutonium plant, 36–37, 39, 48–50, 192, 198
Arbabsiar, Mansour J., 24, 30–35, 174, 217, 259, 273, 304, 305, 335
Argentina, 42, 78, 98, 99, 376, 417
Armed Forces, U.S., 313
ABLE ARCHER 83 military exercise of, 307–8
low-intensity conflict (LIC) skills of, 319–20
see also specific armed forces
Arms and Influence (Schelling), 77
82nd Airborne Division of, 267
101st Air Assault Division of, 267
173rd Airborne Brigade of, 267
Asad, Bashar al-, 26, 92–93, 398, 417
Asaib ahl al-Haq, 319
Ashkenazi, Gabi, 306
Athens, 282
Atomic Energy Organization of Iran, 37, 62
Attiyah, Khalid bin Mohamed al-, 250
B-1 bomber, 231
B-52 bomber, 231–32
Baghdad, 10, 50, 69, 199, 266, 268, 308
Baghdad Pact of 1955, 351
Bahrain, 28, 29, 70, 84, 95, 231, 247, 314, 317, 342, 348
civil unrest in, 346
Iranian aid to Shi’a opposition in, 12, 15, 32, 65, 78, 79, 316
Saudi proposal of union with, 15, 441
Saudi support for Sunni royal family of, 15
Bakhtiar, Shapour, 170
Barnea, Nahum, 215
Barzani, Mas’ud, 93
Bashir, Tahseen, 92
Beirut, l, 68
Iranian attacks on, 72
U.S. Embassy in, 285
Belarus, 365
Bellinger, John, 245–46
Ben-Gurion, David, 89–90
Bergman, Ronen, 209
Berlin, 68
Mykonos restaurant in, 25
Berra, Yogi, 44
bin Zayed, Muhammad, 249–50
Biological Warfare (BW), 68
Boroujerdi, Alaeddin, 144
Bracken, Paul, 302, 307, 329–30, 332, 462–63
Brannan, Paul, 196–99
British Petroleum (BP), 135
Brodie, Bernard, 297–98, 325–26
Brookings Institution, 136, 158–59, 181, 273
Saban Center at, 197, 205, 218, 236, 260
Bundy, McGeorge, 322
Bush, George Herbert Walker, 62–63, 139, 153, 251–53, 285–86, 288, 353
coalition for Persian Gulf War built by, 252, 257
Iraq War invasion opposed by, 308
Bush, George W., 45, 71, 98, 128, 152, 202, 251–53, 269, 302
decision to invade Iraq by, xv, 252, 270, 308, 372, 406, 449
Iran policy of, 114, 121–22, 127, 130, 140, 144, 145, 172, 206, 221, 246, 286–88, 372
2002 State of the Union address of, 122
Cairo, 89–91
Cambodia:
U.S. bombing of, 247
Vietnamese invasion of, 78
Carter, Jimmy, 71, 113–14, 160, 169–70, 283, 284
CBS News/New York Times poll, 256
Ceause_cu, Nicolai, 368
Central Asia, 10, 27, 60, 247–48, 268
Central Command, U.S., 218
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 23, 31, 51, 63, 68, 147–49, 169, 170, 234, 239, 245
Central Treaty Organization (CENTO), 351
Chamberlain, Neville, 387
Chávez, Hugo, 301
Cheney, Dick, 308
Chen Xiaodong, 249
Chicago Council of Global Affairs 2012 survey, 256
China, 34, 56, 78, 87, 90, 99, 359, 365
“Cultural Revolution” in, 75
economy of, 362
Foreign Ministry of, 249
Iranian nuclear program aided by, 39
Iranian trade with, 134
Korean War and, 77
nuclear arsenal of, 35, 75–76, 80, 98, 293, 329, 375, 418
oil needs of, 127
sanctions opposed by, 61, 138, 227
Soviet clashes with, 75–76, 298
Tiananmen Square incident in, 286
U.S. relations with, 77, 124–25, 154, 286, 372
U.S. strike on Iran opposed by, 244, 246, 254
Chirac, Jacques, 129
Maronite, 26
Chubin, Shahram, 5, 62, 352, 378
Chun Doo-Hwan, 368
Clapper, James, 62
Clausewitz, Carl von, 243
Clawson, Patrick, 252
Clinton, Bill, 139, 153, 407, 491–92
Dual Containment policy of, 286–87, 288, 290, 372, 494
failed rapprochement with Iran by, 8, 287
Iraq attacked by, 305
sanctioning of Iran by, 115, 130
CNN, 197
CNN/ORC International poll, 257
Cold War, xix, 66, 71, 77, 128, 146, 208, 281–83, 289, 293, 297, 302, 312–13
deterrence theory of, 320
lessons of, 307–8, 326, 331–32, 344–46, 419
“lines in the sand” concept in, 333
“mutual assured destruction” (MAD) strategy of, 298, 347
U.S. victory in, 347
Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE), 146
communism, 315
fall of, 286
Congress, U.S., 117, 247, 286, 354; see also Senate, U.S.
Congressional Research Service, 235
containment, see Iran, proposed containment of
Cordesman, Anthony, 195–96, 233–34
Cuba, 145, 166, 283, 301, 322, 367, 371
Cuban Missile Crisis, 145, 166, 283, 298, 308, 322, 328–29, 339, 340, 367, 408, 501
by Iran, 29, 85, 148–50, 180, 217, 259–60, 271–72, 460, 470
against Iranian nuclear program, 33, 38, 71, 148–50, 217, 273, 321, 470
Stuxnet virus, 148
Cyrus the Great, 10
Damascus, 211
Darkhovin power plant, 41
de Gramont, Diane, 280–81
Dehaf Institute, 213–14
democracy, 80, 96, 114, 152, 159, 169–71, 368
Democratic Party, 122
Dempsey, Martin, 197
Denmark, 127
Dhahran, 68, 85316
Diego Garcia island, 231, 268, 345
Dolphin submarines, 388
Donnelly, Thomas, 281, 322, 407
Drezner, Daniel W., 152
drones (unmanned aerial vehicles), 231–33, 247
Drug Enforcement Administration, U.S., 24
Druse, 27
communist dictatorships overthrown in, 20, 315, 368, 385
Ebtekar, Massoumeh, 163
Edelman, Eric, 315
Iran and, 90–92
nuclear program of, 89–92, 98, 110
political upheaval in, 317
Egyptian army, 90
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 71, 77, 345
Eisenstadt, Michael, 58
Eitan, Rafi, 196
Eizenstat, Stuart, 152
ElBaradei, Mohamed, 250
elections, Iran:
of 1948, 169
of 1952, 169
elections, Israel, of 2013, 213, 215
elections, U.S.:
Entebbe airport hostage crisis, 193–94
Erdogan, Recep Tayyip, 92–93, 126
“neo-Ottoman” policy of, 92
Esfahan nuclear plant, 40, 189, 192, 198–99, 232, 314
European Union (EU), 93, 117, 130, 132, 156, 178, 219, 244, 386
Evron, Yair, 306–7
F-14 aircraft, 191
F-15 aircraft, 183, 189, 191, 192–93, 199, 231
F-16 aircraft, 87, 189, 191, 199, 231
F-18 aircraft, 231
F-22 aircraft, 231, 232, 321, 388
F-35 aircraft, 388
F-117 aircraft, 231
Fabius, Laurent, 54–55
Faisal, Prince Turki al-, 250
Fakhrizadeh-Mahabadi, Mohsen, 52–53
Falklands, 78
Farouk, King of Egypt, 90
Fatah, 26
Federation of American Scientists Iran Project, 196
Finland, 77
Fordow nuclear plant, 42–43, 45–46, 49–50, 143–44, 189, 192–93, 195, 197–99, 231–34
Foreign Policy Institute 2012 National Survey, 256
Fox News survey, 256
France, 34, 45, 54–55, 77, 90, 125–26, 292, 349, 419
independent foreign policy of, 128–29
intelligence agencies of, 51
Iranian relations with, 41–42, 150
nuclear arsenal of, 35, 64, 83, 94
U.S. relations with, 129
Franco, Francisco, 368
Gaddis, John Lewis, 370–71
Gallup poll of 2012, 162
Gantz, Benny, 306
Gates, Robert, 197
Gatilov, Gennady, 138
rockets fired on Israel from, 211–12
intelligence agencies in, 51
Iranian relations with, 41–42
Glaspie, April, 339
Gordievsky, Oleg, 308
Greco-Persian Wars, 282
Green Revolution of 2009, 19–22, 159, 177, 240–41, 386, 396
crushing of, 20–22, 123–24, 171, 172, 174, 236–37, 240
street demonstrations in, 19–20
Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, 89, 147, 248, 285, 291–93, 295, 352
“balancing” behavior of, 341–44
Iranian threat to, 338, 341–50, 378
military capabilities of, 347–50, 353–58
selling U.S. arms to, 321, 358
oil exports of, 25
Haaretz (Israel), 306
Halevy, Efraim, 196
clash of Israel and, 317
Iranian support of, 26, 30, 173, 207–11, 258–59
Sunni fundamentalists of, 319
Hayden, Michael, 202, 234–35, 239
Healey, Dennis, 353
Helms, Jesse, 158
Helsinki, 77
Helsinki Accords of 1975, 166
Henry II, King of England, 166
Hizballah, 26, 28–30, 32, 68, 85, 110, 214, 337
Iranian support for, 173, 185, 207–11, 213, 258–59, 285, 314, 350, 389
Israeli war with, 210, 212, 266, 317, 362, 377
Shi’i in, 319
Hollande, François, 129
Holocaust, 216
Hong Kong, 293
Hormuz, Strait of, 88, 249, 250, 272, 274, 365
flow of oil through, 261–62, 363
threatened closing of, 219–21, 233, 260–63, 268, 273, 314
containment of Iran and, 385–87
Human Rights Watch, 178
Husayn, Saddam, 9, 69, 96, 99, 109, 128, 155–56, 227, 237, 244, 266, 271, 285, 303
domestic opposition to, 371–72
failed efforts at containment of, xv, 78
fall and execution of, 47, 70, 84, 114, 121, 199, 252, 267, 410, 472
Kuwait invaded by, 199, 241, 252, 257, 339
military aggression of, 67, 84, 156, 212
nuclear weapons program of, 35, 45–47, 52, 76, 84, 104, 199–200, 201, 240
reckless belligerence of, 15–16, 67, 240, 248, 339, 410, 454
WMDs and, 9, 46–47, 143, 151, 155, 292, 308, 420
Huyser, Robert E. “Dutch,” 71, 169–70
IDF Radio, 148–49
India, 29, 56, 90, 130, 208, 295, 374–75
Kargil region of, 75
Kashmir crisis and, 75, 293–94, 378
nuclear arsenal of, 64, 74–75, 84, 98, 315, 331, 375, 377–78, 410
Pakistani conflict with, 74–75, 293–94, 315, 377–78
sanctions opposed by, 227
Indian Ocean, 146, 231, 345, 356
Indo-Pakistani wars:
of 1965, 74
of 1971, 74
of 1999, 75
Institute for National Security Studies, 202, 213
Institute for Science and International Security, 54, 196–99
Institute for the Analysis of Global Security, 364
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), 35, 37–40, 43–47, 52, 193, 203, 249, 381
Additional Protocol of, 58
Board of Governors of, 40
General Conference resolutions of, 245
Iran condemned by, 40
Iran’s communication with, 49, 50, 119
Member States of, 44
monitoring of nuclear sites by, 39, 40, 43, 46, 143, 144, 234, 239, 377–78, 401
International Court of Justice, 245
International Crisis Group, 156
international law, 243–47
Internet:
Iranian control of, 21, 148, 178
see also cyberwarfare
Iran:
air defenses of, 220, 232, 233
Americans attacked by, 24–25, 65, 67, 72, 78, 81–82, 85, 114, 148–50, 157, 180, 273
anti-Americanism of, 23–26, 59, 60, 67, 72, 163, 173, 236–39, 323
Arab and Mongol conquests of, 10
Byzantine, fragmented political system of, 5–7, 68
Central Bank of, 130
clerical rule of Supreme Leader in, 3–4, 5–8, 9–10, 115, 242, 272
Council of Guardians of, 6, 18, 23, 59, 120, 366
crime and corruption in, 133
culture of, 4–5
cyberwarfare by, 29, 85, 148–50, 180, 217, 259–60, 271–72, 460, 470
damaged economy of, 38, 56–57, 115–16, 119, 132–39
defection of diplomats and scientists from, 177
defense and protection of, 9, 10, 13, 15, 70–73
disputed election of 2009 in, 19–21, 123, 174, 442
distance between Israel and, 189–91
as dominant power in southwest Asia, 10–11
Expediency Discernment Council of, 6, 18, 59
factionalism endemic in, 5, 18
fear of American invasion in, 40, 113, 116, 120, 167
foreign intelligence operations in, 171
Foreign Ministry of, 141–42
foreign policy since 2009 in, 22–28, 32–33
goals and priorities of, xviii, 9–16
gross domestic product of, 153
hardliner policymakers in, 12, 19–22, 61, 119, 120–21, 137–38, 141, 149, 159, 167, 239, 285, 301, 366, 443
hatred of Israel by, 30–32, 59, 60, 72, 110
highly personalized, xenophobic leadership of, 6, 7, 17, 21, 70
human rights abuses in, 178
impact of Israeli or U.S. air strikes on, 195–223, 233–36
impact of sanctions on, xiii, 112, 115–16, 119, 132–38, 154–57, 179, 226–28
indigenous opposition groups in, xvii–xviii, xix, 25, 32, 37, 149, 169, 171–72, 174–79
inertia of political change in, 5, 8, 61–62
intelligence and security agencies in, 6, 12, 21, 69, 144, 172, 209, 241, 260
Islamic Revolution of 1979 in, xiv, 3–5, 7, 9, 11–12, 15, 19, 35, 65, 68, 71, 113, 134, 160, 175, 201, 363, 372
isolation of, xiii, 65, 119, 121, 171, 201, 283
“kaleidoscopic” politics of, 5
Khobar Towers attack by, 67, 72, 85, 173, 208, 273, 302–3, 492
Kurdish, Baluch, and Arab minorities in, 25, 32, 149, 171–72, 175, 179, 389
Law Enforcement Forces of, 132
legislature of, 366
limited U.S. understanding of, xvi, xviii, 4–9, 25–26, 33, 45, 48, 63, 105, 109–10, 215
major ports of, 268
moderate and pragmatic voices in, 8–9, 15–16, 18, 20–24, 68, 115–17, 120–21, 133–34, 137, 149
mountainous terrain of, 5, 266–67
nationalism in, 5, 10–11, 236–37, 270
natural gas reserves of, 41–42
naval defenses of, 25, 85, 257, 285
1979–81 U.S. hostage crisis in, 65, 72, 114, 134, 194
90 percent Shi’i population of, 4, 27, 70, 84, 96, 210
nuclear program of, see Iranian nuclear program
oil industry of, 71, 84–85, 86, 115, 125, 130, 132–35, 138, 148, 154, 155, 219, 226–27, 250, 269, 272, 274
oppositionists killed and imprisoned by, 124, 160, 171–72, 178
Parliament (Majles) of, 6, 12, 21, 59, 116, 144, 203, 285
as part of the “Axis of Evil,” 122
pharmaceutical industry in, 68
population of, 153
possible collapse of, 367–69, 391, 405
possible Israeli strike on, xix, 42, 55, 60, 65, 72–73, 104, 106, 183–223, 231, 235–36, 254, 258, 259, 289, 327, 336–38, 477
pragmatism vs. ideological convictions in, 15–16, 24
principle of maslahat (interest of the regime) in, 58
purge of moderate elements in, 21–22, 367
pursuit of regime change in, xviii, xix, 104, 106–7, 119–22, 145, 158–82, 240–43, 287, 311, 321, 370, 372–73, 395–96
reform elements in, xviii, 36–37, 115–17, 159, 161, 174, 366
regional hegemony seen as “natural” order by, 10–11, 12, 82, 91, 92, 120, 323
road and rail network of, 71
secrecy and insecurity of, 4–5, 7, 8, 70, 234, 239
smuggling in, 226–27
Soviet troops withdrawn from, 77
spread of Islamic Revolution as priority of, 9, 11–12, 16, 24, 120
Sunni-Shi’a conflict in, 70
support for opposition groups in, 149, 167, 321
terrorism supported and practiced by, 14, 25, 26, 28–30, 31, 64, 65, 67–70, 72, 78, 79–80, 82, 85, 92, 110, 114, 147, 163, 173–74, 180–81, 207–11, 217, 258–60, 271–74, 285, 299–300, 304, 305, 310, 314–15
two distinct military units of, 6–7
unemployment in, 133
U.S. attempts to influence internal politics of, 8–9, 23, 33, 36–37, 71, 169–70, 176, 321
U.S. seen as waging “soft war” against, 14, 26, 33, 149, 168
Western attacks and occupation of, 70–71, 116
Western covert action against, 33, 38, 71, 147–50, 173, 273, 284, 321
willingness to use torture, mass arrests and killings to hold power by, 10, 124, 160, 172, 178
WMD program of, 227, 272, 305–6
Iran, proposed containment of, xiv–xix, 105–9, 117, 277–391, 396–405, 416–21
advantages and disadvantages of, 401–5
air strikes vs., 397–401, 405–8, 413–15
“balancing” behavior and, 340–44, 352
“bandwagoning” (“Finlandization”) and, 340–44, 352, 374, 403, 459
breakout capability and, 373–76
choosing the path of, 421
costs and risks of, 311, 354–65, 414–15, 509
crisis management in, 310–11, 322–26, 376–78, 409, 412
current U.S. disavowal of, 279–80, 290
danger of nascent nuclear arsenals and, 326–32
dealing with Iranian subversion and unconventional warfare in, 314–20, 334–35, 340, 366–67, 372
defense treaties helpful in, 350–52
defensive vs. offensive, 317–21, 370, 371, 389–90
deterrence and extended deterrence as, 281, 297–309, 312–14, 352, 381–82, 387–88, 403, 409–10, 419, 495–98
“existential threats” and, 292–96
human rights and, 385–87
increased conventional forces and, 344–50, 354–60
Israel and, 387–89
long-term considerations and, 311, 365–69, 382–85
need for a deal in, 378–82, 395, 396, 421
oil market and, 360–65, 404, 408–9, 411–12, 491
possible collapse of Iran and, 367–69, 391, 405
prevention vs., 279–80, 338, 393–94
proliferation and, 338–41, 375, 391, 403, 412
“red lines” concept and, 333–38, 378–79, 394
regime change and, 287, 311, 321, 370, 372–73, 395–96
reputational considerations and, 338–41
sanctions and, 382–85
successful functioning of, 370–91
tactical nuclear weapons and, 346–47
understanding of, 280–84
U.S. history of containment and, 280–83, 284–91, 408, 419–20
U.S. regional allies and, 291–96, 316–17, 320–21, 340, 342–44, 350–54
Iranian Armed Forces (Artesh), 6, 17, 169–70, 171, 242, 266, 360
Iranian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 58
Iranian nuclear program, xiii–xx, 9, 17, 34–83, 86, 88, 97, 445–53
Arab Spring and, 79–80
assassination of Iranian scientists in, 25, 26, 38, 148, 173, 208
“breakout” capability and, 55–57, 60, 62–63, 80, 86, 103–9, 142–43, 373–76
capacity for weaponizing of, xiii–xvi, xix–xx, 3, 5, 13, 31, 34–44, 47–83, 95, 97, 99–421
carrot-and-stick (negotiation for concessions) approach to, xvii, xix, 36–37, 107–8, 112, 117–57, 159–60, 164, 181, 206, 253, 255, 287–88, 289, 465
concealment of, 38–44, 45–46, 48–53, 60, 193
cyberattacks on, 33, 38, 71, 148–50, 217, 321, 470
debate on, xx, 7, 12–13, 17, 39, 51–53, 110–11, 157, 184, 279
defensive vs. offensive rationale for, 22–23, 31, 59, 70–73, 76, 81
economic incentives for change in, 144–45
engagement-only approach to, 111–17
as “existential threat,” 292–96
international sanctions imposed to force an end to, xiii, 13, 38, 48, 56–57, 60–61, 65, 89, 108, 113–19, 121–22, 124–27, 129–39, 145, 149–53, 156–57, 163–64, 167, 179, 219, 220, 226–28, 245, 284, 289, 382–85
Iranian military involvement in, 44
Iranian public opinion on, 162
Iraq nuclear program compared to, 44–48
monitoring and inspections of, 39, 40, 46, 55–56, 105–6, 108–9, 111, 140, 142–43, 144, 239, 377, 401
nuclear and technological incentives for change in, 140–44
options for dealing with, xiii–xx, 72, 101–421
peaceful, domestic uses of, 34, 35, 38–39, 40–41, 48, 109, 125–26, 161
as possible benefit to U.S., 65–66
prevention of weaponizing of, 101–275, 279–80, 338, 393–94
progress in, xiii, 31, 36–38, 57, 61–62, 108, 122, 141, 235–36, 239, 246, 287
rebuilding of, 235, 238–40, 248, 251, 264, 399, 400
security guarantees as incentives for change in, 145–46, 147
threats and costs to U.S. of, xvi–xix, 64–82
U.S. National Intelligence Estimate (NIE) of, 51, 52
Western campaign against, xiii, xvii, xix, 13, 29, 31, 33, 38, 71, 77, 148–50
see also Iran, containment of; United States, military option of
Iran-Iraq War, 16, 25, 35, 84–85, 133, 134, 201, 208, 237, 303
Iranian counter-invasion in, 285
1980 Iraq invasion of Iran in, 7, 67, 171
U.S. naval intervention in, 67, 273
Iran Law Enforcement Forces (LEF), 20, 242
Iraq, xv–xvii
civil war of 2005–2007 in, 28
failed U.S. efforts at containment of, xv, 9
intelligence services of, 305
Iranian involvement in, 26, 27, 29
Israeli strike on nuclear plant in, 184, 191, 194, 199–202, 240
Kurds in, 241
Kuwait invaded by, 67, 78, 156, 199, 241, 252, 257, 339
monitoring and inspection of, 46, 111, 143, 240
naval blockade of, 227
1990s U.S. air strikes on, 96, 233, 248, 251, 406
nuclear program of, 45–47, 48, 50, 60, 76, 184, 191, 194, 199–200, 202, 222
political parties in, 93
proto-democracy created in, 70, 96, 114
Republican Guard of, 24
sanctions against, 47, 143, 151, 154–56, 227, 283, 371
Scud missile attacks on Israel by, 74, 212
sectarian conflict in, 26
Shi’a dominance in, 70, 93, 114, 241, 303
U.S. containment of, 371–72
U.S.-led occupation and rebuilding of, xv, 16, 206, 225, 269, 271, 272, 304, 346, 356, 406, 492
Western belief in WMDs in, 44–48, 52
withdrawal of U.S. troops from, 26, 173
WMDs of, 9, 46–47, 69, 71, 143, 151, 155, 233, 292, 308, 420, 449, 451
see also Husayn, Saddam; Iran-Iraq War; Persian Gulf War
Iraq Army, 171
Iraq Security Forces, 269
costs of, 272
lack of planning in, xv–xvi, 287
legality of, 244–45
as Operation Iraqi Freedom, 267
problems in the aftermath of, xv, 268–69
2003 U.S. invasion in, xv, 9, 45, 47, 60, 67, 99, 104, 109, 114, 116, 143, 199, 225, 248, 257, 263, 266, 267, 303–4, 308, 362
U.S. military surge in, 152, 269, 271, 492
U.S. troops killed in, 33, 270
Irbil, 248
Islam:
belief in return of the Mahdi in, 67–68
Israel seen as foe of, 14–15
militant power of, 215
spreading of revolution as God’s will in, 12
see also Muslims
Islamic law:
fatwas issued in, 58–60
nuclear weapons and, 57–58
Islamic Revolution, The: A Surge in Political Changes in History (Mesbah-Yazdi), 61
Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps (IRGC), 6–7, 12, 42, 62, 114, 120, 203, 209, 219, 274
British forces captured by, 16, 304
independent actions taken by, 16–17, 24, 229, 305
Kurdish revolt crushed by, 171–72
purge of moderate government elements by, 21
terrorist groups supported by, 24–25
Israel, 16, 45, 69, 76, 77, 89–90, 96–97, 114, 163, 292–93
Begin-Sadat Center in, 341
containment of Iran and, 387–89
covert actions against Iran by, 148–49, 173
distance between Iran and, 189–91
Egypt and, 90
gross domestic product (GDP) of, 212
intelligence agencies of, 31, 37, 51, 53, 57, 87, 141, 148, 202, 215
Iranian hatred of, 30–32, 59, 60, 72, 110
Iranian nuclear scientists believed killed by, 148, 173, 208
Iranian support for elimination of, 14–15, 31
Iraq nuclear plant struck by, 184, 191, 194, 199–202, 240
Iraq Scud missile attacks on, 74, 212
Lebanon invaded by, 114
map of, 187
1973 October War of, 74, 298, 322–23, 352, 457
nuclear arsenal of, 31, 61, 72, 73–74, 84, 90, 306–7, 336–38, 456
possible strike on Iran by, xix, 42, 55, 60, 65, 72–73, 104, 106, 183–223, 231, 235–36, 254, 258, 259, 289, 327, 336–38, 394, 477
prisoner exchanges by, 194
public opinion in, 204, 213–14, 215, 216, 295
restraint on Iran nuclear issue by, 184–85, 222
Saudi relations with, 86–87
security in, 214–15
settlers in, 215
Syrian attacks by, 184, 194, 246–47, 398, 399
terrorist attacks against, 211–12, 217, 337
threat of Iranian nuclear program to, 3, 66, 68, 127–28, 336–38
2006 Hizballah war with, 210, 212, 266, 317, 362, 457
U.S. relations with, 14–15, 29, 74, 84, 87, 190, 204–7, 216–21, 291–92, 300–301, 320–21, 352
see also Arab-Israel conflict
Israel Air Force (IAF), 183–84, 186–95
aircraft of, 388
suppression of enemy air defenses (SEAD) by, 195
Israel Atomic Energy Commission, 196
Israel Defense Forces (IDF), 57, 186, 190, 207, 210, 215, 216, 323
Iron Dome antirocket system of, 210, 212–13, 350
Operation Pillar of Defense of, 211
special forces (SF) of, 193–95
Israel Defense Intelligence, 141
Israel Knesset, 306
Italy, 98
Jafari, Mohammad Ali, 203
Jalili, Saeed, 126
Jannati, Ayatollah Ahmad, 23, 120
Japan, 98, 99, 130, 237, 245, 293, 353, 374
Jaysh al-Mahdi, 30
Jerusalem, 10, 24, 86–87, 128, 285
ultra-orthodox, 215
Johnson, Lyndon B., 147
Joint Chiefs of Staff, U.S., 197
Jordan, 26, 27, 188–89, 227, 318
Jubeir, Adel al-, failed assassination of, 24–25, 85, 217
Kahn, Herman, xix
Kargil War of 1999, 298, 322, 367, 378, 408
Karrubi, Mehdi, 174
Kashani, Ayatollah Abol-Ghasem, 169
Kataib Hizballah, 319
Kayhan (Iran), 15, 61, 133–34, 137
Kazakhstan, 365
Kennedy, John F., 145, 322, 339, 340, 345
KGB, 308
Khajehpour, Bijan, 131, 135, 154
Khalaji, Mehdi, 58
Khamene’i, Ayatollah Ali, 22, 33, 56, 115–16, 133, 167–68, 305, 338
accession to power of, 8
Ahmadinejad disowned by, 13
challenge to authority of, 8
consolidation of power by, 7, 13
fear and loathing of U.S. by, 13–15, 126, 131–32, 239
hatred of Israel by, 30–31
leadership style of, 63
liberal policies opposed by, 13, 21
nuclear program and, 12–13, 37, 57–58, 119, 120, 136–40, 240
nuclear weaponization disclaimed by, 57–58, 59, 161, 379
personalized functioning of, 7, 17, 22
policies of, 12–15, 22, 37, 119, 258
pragmatism of, 15–16, 24, 31, 62, 303
relationship of hardline factions and, 13, 19, 21, 119
secretive, suspicious nature of, 8, 9, 12, 18
shrouded decision-making of, 7, 8, 12
succession to, 17–19, 311, 365–69, 404–5, 409, 411
as Supreme Leader, 7–9, 12–16, 63, 365–69
terrorist plots approved by, 15, 25
Khan, Abdul Qadeer, 35–37, 39, 417
Kharrazi, Kamal, 41
Kharrazi, Sadegh, 116
Khartoum, 247
Khatami, Mohammad, 117
liberal tendencies of, 13, 20, 36–37, 115–16, 120, 175, 366
presidency of, 13, 33, 36–37, 115–16, 162–63, 175, 176, 287
Khatami, Mohammad Reza, 162–63
Khomeini, Ayatollah Ruhollah, 58–59, 114, 133, 169, 177, 303, 323, 409
anti-Semitism and anti-Zionism of, 30
determination to “liberate” Baghdad, Mecca, and Jerusalem by, 10
elimination of foreign influences as obsession of, 13
elimination of Israel supported by, 14–15
fatwas issued by, 59–60
Iran-Iraq War ended by, 67
nuclear weaponization disclaimed by, 59
Salafiyya (Wahhabi) Islam rejected by, 15
stated goals of, 9, 10, 11–12, 16
U.S. labeled “Great Satan” by, 21, 22
Khrushchev, Nikita, 329, 339, 340, 367, 410
Kissinger, Henry A., 356
Koran, 300
Chinese involvement in, 77
U.S. involvement in, 333
Kosovo War, 242, 251, 254, 265, 406
NATO intervention in, 241, 244, 407
Krepinevich, Andrew, 315
Kroenig, Matthew, 239, 258, 307, 406–7, 491
Kugler, Richard L., 299–300
Kurdistan, 171–72
Kurdistan Democratic Party, 93
Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK), 92
in Iran, 25, 31, 149, 171–72, 175, 179, 389
in Iraq, 241
Kuwait, 26, 27, 29, 173, 231, 247, 268, 305, 342, 348–49
Iraq invasion of, 67, 78, 156, 199, 241, 252, 257, 339
liberation of, 352
see also Persian Gulf War
Larijani brothers, 366
Laser Isotope Separation, 40
Lashkar-e Taiba, 369
Lavrov, Sergei, 249
Lebanon, 27, 28, 70, 157, 266, 273, 389
Iranian interests in, 11, 26, 84, 114, 285, 314
mountainous terrain of, 5
1980s hostage crisis in, 72, 335
U.S. intervention in, 335, 339
Lebanon War of 2006, 210, 212, 266, 362
Lend-Lease program, 71
Levite, Eli, 207
Levy, Daniel, 214
Libya, 27, 35, 47, 79, 301, 372, 487
government overthrown in, 60, 241, 317
sanctions against, 153
terrorism sponsored by, 69, 153, 257
light-water reactors, 140–41
Lockerbie, 153
Los Zetas cartel, 24–25
Louis XIV, King of France, 419
Luft, Gal, 364–65
Lula da Silva, Luiz Inácio, 126
Lynch, Marc, 342
Machel, Samora, 368
Mahdi (Redeemer), 67–68
Majd, Hooman, 4
Maliki, Nuri al-, 27
Manes (Persian prophet), 23
Manichean philosophy, 23
Marine Corps, U.S., 267, 270, 271, 285, 345
Marine Reserves, U.S., 270
Marxism, 37
Massive Ordinance Penetrators (MOPs), 231–32, 234
Mazar-e Sharif, 16
Hajj pilgrimage to, 84
Medes, 10
Medina, 84
Mehmanparast, Ramin, 141
Mesbah-Yazdi, Ayatollah Mohammad Taqi, 18, 61
Mexican drug cartels, 24–25
Middle East, 14, 26, 29, 78, 223, 374
dangers of destabilization in, xiv, 26–28, 110, 128, 139, 163, 316–18, 362, 409
demands for a Nuclear-Weapons Free Zone in, 91, 391
economic, political, and social stagnation in, 95
Iranian policy of expanded Islamic influence in, 9, 11–12, 16, 65
map of, ix
U.S. interests and military forces in, 64, 146, 281
Milani, Abbas, 170
military option, U.S., see United States, military option of
Milosevich, Slobodan, 237, 254, 265, 368, 407
Arrow II and III, 388
ballistic, 87, 186, 188, 209, 229, 232–33, 235, 258, 271, 312, 327–28, 330, 358–59, 388
cruise, 186, 195, 205, 231, 233, 248, 273, 305, 312, 359–60, 388
intercontinental ballistic (ICBMs), 328, 347, 359
intermediate-range ballistic, 87
medium-range ballistic (MRBMs), 359
surface-to-air (SAM), 186, 191, 232–33
transport of, 327
Mohajer, Fariba Davoodi, 172
Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, Shah of Iran, 31
demonstrations against, 20
Israel’s relations with, 114
nuclear ambition of, 34
Mongols, 10
Montgomery, Evan Braden, 315
Morris, Benny, 215–16
Morsi, Muhammad, 91
Mousavi, Mir-Hossein, 174
Mousavian, Seyed Hossein, 56, 138
Moussa, Amr, 250
Mozambique, 368
Mubarak, Husni, 91
Muhammad (Prophet), 20
Mujahedin-e Khalq (MEK), 37
mujahideen, Afghan, 315
Mumbai, Pakistani attack on, 75, 378
Muslims, 61, 204, 208–9, 218, 246
nondenominational, 30
public opinion of, 259
Salafiyya (Wahhabi), 15
Shi’i, 4–5, 12, 15, 26–30, 58, 67, 70, 78, 84, 85, 92–93, 96, 114, 177, 210, 211, 260, 303, 319
Sufi, 30
Sunni, 15, 26, 27–28, 30, 70, 84, 85, 92–93, 210, 319, 350, 508–9
see also Islam; Sunni-Shi’a conflict
Napoleon I, Emperor of France, 228, 419
“Military Maxims” of, 266
Nasrallah, Hassan, 210–11
Nasser, Gamal ‘Abd al-, 89–90
Natanz uranium enrichment plant, 36, 37, 39, 48–50, 189, 192, 198, 232–33, 448
National Guard, U.S., 270
National Intelligence Council, U.S., 51
National Security Agency, U.S., 148
National Security Council, U.S., 51, 62, 155–56, 322, 330, 356, 407
Legislative Affairs office of, 158
Navy, U.S., 16, 67, 219, 220, 227, 260, 268, 272
blockade of Iraq by, 227
clash of Iran’s naval forces with, 25, 85, 285
Fifth Fleet of, 346
Nimitz-class aircraft carriers in, 231
Operation Praying Mantis of, 257, 303
in Persian Gulf, 146, 219, 232, 285, 314, 324, 345, 347, 355–56, 362, 503
possible blockade of Iran by, 226–29
NBC News/Wall Street Journal poll, 256–57
Nellis Air Force Base, 183
Netanyahu, Benjamin, 54, 128, 193, 213, 215, 279, 379
Netanyahu, Yonatan, 193
New York Times, 134, 147–48, 197, 249, 446–47
Nicaragua, 283
Sandinistas in, 371
9/11 attacks, see September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks
Nitze, Paul, 370
Nixon, Richard M., 75, 147, 247, 283, 313, 323
North Arabian Sea, 248
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 18, 93–94, 128, 188, 312–13, 341
Kosovo War intervention by, 241, 244, 254, 271
Libyan rebels aided by, 241
membership of Turkey in, 349–52
North Carolina, 158
North Korea, 35, 138, 301, 324, 359, 367, 371, 391
attacks on South Korea by, 74, 80, 294–95, 333
inspectors sent to, 111
isolation and unpredictability of, 13, 69, 294, 369
nuclear arsenal of, 54, 60–61, 74, 80–81, 86, 98, 99, 208, 294–96, 363–64, 369, 417
nuclear program of, 35, 36, 47, 48, 54, 97, 255, 462
see also Korean War
North Korean Army Supreme Command, 294
nuclear energy, 34–63
natural gas energy vs., 41–42
peaceful uses of, 34–35, 38–41, 48, 88, 109
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), 34–40, 51, 54–55, 58, 86, 88, 100, 401
Additional Protocol of, 116, 143, 379
Comprehensive Safeguards Agreement of, 35, 37–40, 42, 58
conditions stipulated by, 55
Iran as signatory to, 34–35, 37, 202–3, 447
sanctions issued under, 48, 57
threatened withdrawal of Iran from, 62–63, 80, 205, 216, 218, 222, 238, 248, 258, 274, 377, 378, 381, 384
violations of, 245
nuclear war, 407
containment vs., 395
“escalation dominance” in, 328–30
“mutual assured destruction” (MAD) and, 298, 327, 329, 347, 387
“red line” concept and, 333–38, 378–79
second strike capabilities in, 327–28, 388
as unthinkable, xix
nuclear weapons:
blackmail threats and, 76–79, 311, 341, 458–59
caution and restraint with, 73–76, 100, 110–11
countries discontinuing quest for, 98, 365, 368, 376
countries in possession of, 34, 35, 54, 60, 73–81, 83–84, 97–99, 417
defensive vs. offensive rationale for, 22–23, 31, 59, 70–76
as deterrents, 59, 60, 61, 72–77, 112
Islamic law and, 57–58
physics and engineering problems in production of, 35–36
proliferation of, 83–100, 311, 338–41, 375, 391, 403, 412
radioactive fallout from, 56
radioactive fissile materials in, 35–40, 42–43, 45–46, 48–49, 54, 68, 145
tactical, 346–47
unlikelihood of Iranian transfer of, 68–70, 334, 337
Nye, Joseph, 14
Obama, Barack, 26, 54, 118–20, 139, 144, 148, 252, 304–5, 386, 414, å465
containment policy disavowed by, 279–80, 290
criticism of, 131
drawdown of troops in Afghanistan by, 304
Dual-Track Iran policy of, xix, 8, 33, 71, 103–4, 115, 119–20, 122–28, 131–32, 140, 206, 287–89, 378–80
Israeli strike on Iran opposed by, 206, 221
“red line” rhetoric of, 334, 378–79
regime change rationale and, 164, 167–68
2013 State of the Union address of, 280, 379
withdrawal of troops from Iraq by, 304
O’Connell, Mary Ellen, 245
O’Hanlon, Michael, 239
Olmert, Ehud, 206
Osirak reactor, 184, 191, 194, 199–200, 201, 202, 240
O’Sullivan, Meghan, 112–13, 152–53, 156, 179–80, 383
Pahlavi, Mohammad Reza Shah, see Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, Shah of Iran
Baluch population of, 73
drug smuggling and terrorist operations of, 73
Indian conflict with, 74–75, 293–94, 315, 377–78
Iranian nuclear program aided by, 35–37, 39–40
Kahuta nuclear plant in, 85
Kashmir crisis and, 75, 293–94, 378
nuclear arsenal of, 35, 36, 37, 50, 60–61, 66, 72–73, 74–75, 81, 85–86, 98, 208, 294, 295, 306, 315, 331, 369, 375, 378, 410, 411, 497
terrorists and extremists in, 294
Palestine Liberation Organization, 315
Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ), 26, 30, 173
Iranian support for, 185, 207–9, 258–59, 337, 350
Palestinians, 15, 84, 95, 163, 204, 213–14, 259, 318
Jewish hostages taken by, 193
see also Arab-Israel conflict
Pan Am Flight 103 bombing, 153, 257
Panetta, Leon, 236
Parchin military complex, 43, 192, 232
Parsi, Trita, 123
Parthians, 10
Passchendaele, Battle of, 300
Patrikarakos, David, 60
Pearl Harbor, Japanese attack on, 71
Perry, Mark, 149
Persian Empire:
1501 Safavid conquest of, 70
as world’s first superpower, 10, 12
as World War I battleground, 70–71
Persian Gulf, xiv, 16, 34, 60, 85, 89, 112, 314, 339
U.S. interests in, 161, 169, 220, 412–13
U.S. naval forces in, 146, 219, 232, 247–48, 267, 284, 285, 303, 314, 324, 345, 347, 355–56, 362, 503
Persian Gulf War, xv, 50, 69, 151, 183, 212, 243, 244, 251, 286, 346
Kuwait liberated in, 352
as Operation Desert Storm, 199, 200, 201, 240, 241, 303, 340
U.S.-led coalition in, 67, 252, 257, 353
Persian Puzzle, The (Pollack), 158
Pickering, Tom, 336
Pillar, Paul, 69
Pinochet, Augusto, 368
Pletka, Danielle, 158–60, 181, 281, 322, 396, 407
plutonium, 35–36
separation of, 36, 37–38, 45, 51
polonium-210, 40
Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine-General Command (PFLP-GC), 207–9
Powell, Colin, 52
Princeton Survey Research Associates International, 256
Proliferation Security Initiative, 227
Putin, Vladimir, 99
Qadhafi, Muammar, 69, 153, 241, 301, 487
Qajars, 10
Qatar, 26, 78, 231, 247, 250, 342, 348–49
Rafsanjani, Ali Akbar Hashemi, 18, 21, 285, 325, 501
liberal tendencies of, 13, 20, 115, 120, 133, 286
on WMD, 59
Ramazani, R. K., 5
Ranchian, Saeed, 134
RAND Corporation, 299
2010 poll of, 162
Rapidan Group, 364
Reagan, Ronald, 139, 153, 170, 283, 284–85, 288, 370, 372
Red Army, 71, 75, 77, 312, 313, 345
Reissner, Johannes, 113
Repubblica (Rome), 162–63
Republican Party, 122
Reuters-IPSOS survey, 256
Royal Navy, 16
Rubin, Barry, 341
Rushdie, Salman, 59
nuclear arsenal of, 64, 293, 418
U.S. strike on Iran opposed by, 244, 246, 249, 254
see also Soviet Union
Ryabkov, Sergei, 249
Sadat, Anwar as-, 90
Sadjadpour, Karim, 13, 21, 41, 124, 140, 167, 218, 280–81, 306, 440–41
Safavi, Yahya Rahim, 211
Salehi, Ali Akbar, 58, 134, 141–42
Salehi, Ataollah, 219
Salehi-Isfahani, Djavad, 135
Sarkosy, Nicolas, 129
Sassanids, 10
Saudi Arabia, 26, 70, 84–87, 91, 95, 157, 248, 250, 295, 316, 362
al-Qa’ida supported by, 69
Eastern Province of, 85
impact of Iranian nuclear program on, 3, 78, 84–87, 95, 97, 110, 410–11
Israeli relations with
Khobar Towers attack in, 67, 72, 85, 173, 208, 273, 302–3, 492
oil industry of, 78, 84–85, 86, 88, 173, 262, 361, 363, 506, 509
police in, 84
reforms in, 318
Salafiyya (Wahhabi) Islam practiced in, 15
union with Bahrain proposed by, 15
U.S. alliance with, 15, 27, 33, 66, 127, 231, 285, 346
Saudi Aramco, 85
Saudi royal family, 84, 87, 91
Schake, Kori, 330
Schelling, Thomas, 77
Schwarzkopf, Norman, 353
Scowcroft, Brent, 308
“Second Nuclear Age,” 302
Seleucids, 10
Senate, U.S., 279
Seoul, 74
September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, 271, 289
destruction of World Trade Center in, 69
U.S. response to, 122, 244, 259, 274, 318, 330
Shabani, Mohammad Ali, 134
Shakuri, Gholam, 24–25
Shamir, Yitzhak, 389
Sharoudi, Mahmoud Hashemi, 18
Shatt al-Arab waterway, 16, 304
Shiffer, Shimon, 215
Shire, Jacqueline, 196–99
Shrewd Sanctions (O’Sullivan), 152–53
Smith, Jeff, 245–46
Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication (SWIFT), 131
Solidarity movement, 385
Soltanieh, Ali Asghar, 203
Somme, Battle of, 300
South Africa, 365
GDP of, 180
sanctions against, 179–80
Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO), 351
South Korea, 98, 99, 130, 293, 295, 368, 371, 374, 376
North Korean attacks on, 74, 80, 294–95, 333
see also Korean War
Soviet Frontal Aviation, 312
Soviet Union, 71
Chinese clashes with, 75–76, 298
collapse of, 153, 166, 282, 286, 315, 349, 405
economy of, 282
“hotline” between U.S. and, 324
issue of nuclear war between U.S. and, xix, 66, 323, 324, 326, 328–29, 332–33
military power of, 282
nuclear arsenal of, 34, 35, 75–76, 98, 293, 295, 328–29, 418
U.S. relations with, xix, 66, 75, 77, 281, 282–83, 302, 307–8, 312–13, 323, 324, 326, 328–29, 332–33, 344–45, 370–71, 390, 391
withdrawal of troops from Iran by, 77
see also Cold War; Cuban Missile Crisis; Russia
Sparta, 282
Stalin, Joseph, 21, 77, 300, 410
Stanford University, 170
State Department, U.S., 170, 245, 466
Strait of Hormuz, see Hormuz, Strait of
Strategies of Containment (Gaddis), 370–71
Suez Canal 1956 crisis, 328
“Sunni Bomb,” 73
Sunni-Shi’a conflict, 27–28, 70, 84, 85, 92–93, 95
Supreme National Security Council of Iran, 138
Suskind, Ron, 308
Sweden, 98
Syria, 70, 76, 211, 316, 323, 372
Asad regime in, 26, 92–93, 398, 417
civil war in, 26, 27–28, 65, 92–93, 188, 318
80 percent Sunni population in, 27–28
Iranian support of government in, 65, 93
Israeli attacks on, 184, 194, 246–47, 398, 399
nuclear program of, 48, 184, 202, 222, 247, 417
opposition militias in, 27–28
Shi’i Alawite community in, 27–28, 92–93, 211
Turkey and, 92–93
Iranian diplomats killed by, 17
Iranian support for, 26, 30, 173, 273
1998 control of Afghanistan by, 17, 114
2001 Afghan eviction of, 241
Tanker War of 1987–88, 25, 65, 72, 264, 285, 303, 444
Taraghi, Hamid Reza, 116
Tehran, 11, 14–15, 16, 24, 25, 71, 189
Iranian seizure of U.S. Embassy in, 114
student protests in, 171
Swiss Embassy in, 116
2009 demonstrations in, 19–20
Tehran Research Reactor (TRR), 42, 57, 125–26, 132, 133, 141
Tel Aviv, 207
Telhami, Shibley, 213–14
terrorism, 130
definition of, 28n
against Israel, 193, 211–12, 217, 337
Libyan, 153
Pakistani, 73
state sponsorship of, 69
see also Iran, terrorism supported and practiced by
Thinking About the Unthinkable (Kahn), xix
Thucydides, 282
Toukan, Abdullah, 195–96, 233–34
Tunis, 194
Turkey, 10, 92–94, 110, 219, 227, 248
air defenses of, 188–89
economy and trade of, 93
Kurdish population of, 92
NATO membership of, 349–52
official secularism of, 92
threat of Iranian nuclear program to, 3, 66, 92–93, 94, 331
Western alliances of, 93–94
Turkish army, 71
Uganda, 193–94
Ukraine, 365
United Arab Emirates (UAE), 26, 78, 87–89, 91, 95, 127, 154, 231, 247, 249–50, 316, 348–49
Iran and, 87–88
nuclear program of, 88–89, 461
United Kingdom, 33, 45, 77, 169, 292, 349, 419
intelligence agencies of, 35, 51–52, 148
Iranian relations with, 16, 41–42, 71, 135
Nazi Blitz of, 300
nuclear arsenal of, 64, 83, 94
United Nations, 323
Charter of, 38, 40, 122, 244, 245
Conference on Disarmament in, 294
General Assembly of, 279–80
inspection of Iran nuclear facilities by, 55–56, 108–9
Iran nuclear program banned by, 38
Iran sanctioned by, 48, 114–15, 121, 122, 124–25, 129–30, 143, 219, 245, 248
Iraq sanctioned by, 47, 143, 151, 227
P-5+1 permanent Security Council members of, 125–26, 150, 228–29, 253
Resolution 1929 of, 382
Security Council of, 38, 40, 48, 99, 117, 121, 122, 124–25, 129–30, 143, 155, 203–4, 243–44, 254, 274, 382
United States:
allies of, 15, 27–29, 33, 51–52, 64, 66, 68, 71, 81, 173, 244–45
Appalachia in, 5
attempted influence of Iranian policy by, xiii, 8–9, 29, 33
belief in Iraq WMD program by, 44–48, 69
costs and risks of Iranian nuclear program to, xvi–xix, 3, 64–82
foreign relations of, see specific countries
indirect Iranian attacks on, 24–25, 65, 67, 72, 78, 81–82, 85, 114, 148–50, 157, 180, 273
intelligence community of, 23, 32, 43–45, 50–52, 62–63, 176, 197, 259, 331, 359–60, 399, 449, 451
Iranian hatred of, 13–14, 23–26, 59, 60, 67, 72, 78, 81–82, 85, 114, 148–50, 157, 180, 273
Iran policy options of, xiii–xx, 72, 101–421; see also United States, military option of
issue of nuclear war between Soviets and, xix, 66, 323–24, 326, 328–29, 332–33
military strength of, 224–26
nuclear arsenal of, 34, 35, 36, 66, 73, 77, 83–84, 94, 98, 325, 328–36
oil imports of, 220
possible naval blockade of Iran by, 226–29
post 9/11, 33
protracted Iran crisis of, xiii, xvii, 33, 72, 82
public opinion in, 225, 244, 255–57
surveillance and reconnaissance capabilities of, 231–33, 247, 331, 359–60
United States military option of, xiv–xvi, xx, 3, 42, 55, 60, 65, 72–73, 104, 206–7, 224–75
air strikes in, 229–66, 273–74, 289, 313, 344, 380, 394–95, 397–402, 405–8, 413–16
battle areas in, 230
building international support for, 251–53
domestic opinion on, 225, 244, 255–57
first strike by Iran in, 272–75, 308, 415
impact on Iran of, 233–38
importance of foreign U.S. bases in, 247–48, 258, 267, 268, 284
international reaction to, 243–53
Iranian political fallout from, 236–38
military aspects of, 231–33, 247, 266–68
naval blockade in, 226–29
post-invasion occupation and, 268–70
rebuilding of nuclear program following, 235, 238–40, 248, 251, 264, 399, 400
regime change through, 240–43
retaliation for, 247, 250, 257–62, 263, 264–65, 267–68, 271–72, 399–400, 407
ultimatum prior to, 253–55
unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs or drones), 231–33, 247
enrichment of, 36, 37–38, 39–40, 42–43, 45, 48–50, 51, 87, 140–42, 162–63, 264
high-enriched (HEU), 49, 50, 54
low-enriched (LEU), 49, 54, 57, 108, 125–26, 132, 142, 254–55, 379
medium-enriched (MEU), 49, 50, 54, 57
purity levels of, 49–50, 54, 62, 125
V-22 Osprey aircraft, 194
Viet Cong, 315
Vincennes, USS, 257
Wahhab, Muhammad Ibn ‘Abd al-, 15
Wahhabis (Salafiyya Muslims), 15
Walesa, Lech, 385
Wall Street Journal, 299
Waltz, Kenneth N., 73–74, 76, 81, 110–11
War of 1812, 228
Washington, D.C., 29, 74, 85, 158, 183, 279
Washington Post, 58
Waxman, Matt, 246
weapons of mass destruction (WMDs), 44–48, 52, 68–70, 153
chemical and biological agents in, 68–69, 71
Husayn’s elimination of, 9, 46–47, 151
Iraqi, 9, 46–47, 69, 71, 143, 151, 233, 420, 449, 451
proliferation of, 97–99
radiological weapons (“dirty bombs”) as, 68
Wen Jiabao, 99
West Bank, 215
women’s rights, 172
World Trade Organization (WTO), 205–6
World War I, 70–71
battles of, 300
World War II, 23, 71, 79, 83, 300, 383, 418
Yale University, 297
Yedioth Ahronoth (Israel), 215
Iranian interests in, 11, 32, 65, 79, 84, 317
Zagros Mountains, 191
Zakaria, Fareed, 197