Approximate Muslim populations and percentages of total populations in countries where Islam is dominant or is a significant minority. (Sources: [30; 53] and Europa World Year Book 1992, London; estimates for 2000 assume same percentages as in 1990.)
| Region and country | 1990 | 2000 (est.) | |
| millions | % | millions | |
| A: South-West Asia | |||
| Iran | 56.5 | 98 | 72.4 |
| Turkey | 55.4 | 99 | 65.2 |
| Afghanistan | 18.4 | 99 | 24.2 |
| Iraq | 17.1 | 95 | 25.2 |
| Saudi Arabia | 14.1 | 95 | 20.6 |
| Syria | 10.5 | 87 | 15.0 |
| Yemen Arab Republic | 6.4 | 99 | 9.9 |
| Jordan | 3.7 | 93 | 5.3 |
| Democratic Yemen | 2.0 | 90 | 3.2 |
| Lebanon | 1.9 | 70 | 2.8 |
| Kuwait | 1.9 | 93 | 2.5 |
| United Arab Republics | 1.6 | 92 | 1.7 |
| Oman | 1.5 | 99 | 2.0 |
| West Bank and Gaza | 1.4 | 92 | 1.7 |
| Israel | 0.7 | 14 | 0.8 |
| Bahrain | 0.5 | 91 | 0.7 |
| Qatar | 0.3 | 99 | 0.5 |
| B: South Asia | |||
| Pakistan | 108.6 | 97 | 140.9 |
| India | 101.5 | 12 | 121.5 |
| Bangladesh | 91.6 | 86 | 125.4 |
| Sri Lanka | 1.2 | 7 | 1.4 |
| C: Rest of Asia | |||
| Indonesia | 155.3 | 87 | 185.9 |
| Central Asian Republics* | 54.0 | 19 | 59.1 |
| China | 19.0 | 2 | 20.3 |
| Malaysia | 10.3 | 58 | 12.0 |
| Philippines | 3.0 | 5 | 4.3 |
| Thailand | 2.2 | 4 | 2.6 |
| Burma | 1.5 | 4 | 2.0 |
| Singapore | 0.4 | 15 | 0.5 |
| Mongolia | 0.2 | 10 | 0.3 |
| Brunei | 0.2 | 60 | 0.2 |
| D: Northern and Saharan Africa | |||
| Egypt | 47.8 | 90 | 64.1 |
| Morocco (and Western Sahara) | 25.1 | 99 | 31.0 |
| Algeria | 24.3 | 97 | 32.7 |
| Sudan | 17.2 | 73 | 24.4 |
| Tunisia | 7.9 | 99 | 9.8 |
| Mali | 7.6 | 90 | 11.0 |
| Niger | 5.9 | 85 | 9.0 |
| Libya | 3.7 | 98 | 5.5 |
| Chad | 2.3 | 50 | 3.1 |
| Mauritania | 1.8 | 96 | 2.9 |
| E: Rest of Africa | |||
| Nigeria | 39.8 | 45 | 50.4 |
| Ethiopia | 16.9 | 35 | 21.8 |
| Tanzania | 7.7 | 30 | 9.7 |
| Somalia | 7.5 | 99 | 9.7 |
| Senegal | 6.6 | 90 | 8.6 |
| Guinea | 5.1 | 70 | 8.0 |
| Ivory Coast | 2.8 | 23 | 4.4 |
| Cameroon | 2.6 | 22 | 3.4 |
| Ghana | 2.1 | 14 | 2.7 |
| Mozambique | 2.0 | 13 | 2.6 |
| Kenya | 1.8 | 6 | 2.3 |
| Sierra Leone | 1.5 | 35 | 1.9 |
| Malawi | 1.3 | 14 | 1.7 |
| Uganda | 1.0 | 6 | 1.3 |
| Zimbabwe | 0.9 | 1 | 1.1 |
| Madagascar | 0.8 | 7 | 1.0 |
| Benin | 0.7 | 15 | 1.0 |
| Gambia | 0.7 | 85 | 1.0 |
| Rwanda | 0.6 | 8 | 0.8 |
| Togo | 0.5 | 15 | 0.8 |
| Liberia | 0.5 | 20 | 0.7 |
| Djibouti | 0.5 | 99 | 0.7 |
| Comoro Islands | 0.5 | 99 | 0.6 |
| South Africa | 0.3 | 1 | 0.4 |
| Guinea-Bissau | 0.3 | 30 | 0.4 |
| Maldive Islands | 0.2 | 99 | 0.3 |
| F: Europe and North America | |||
| Republics of former Yugoslavia | 3.7 | 16 | 3.9 |
| United States of America | 3.5 | 2 | 4.3 |
| France | 2.5 | 4 | 2.6 |
| Albania | 2.3 | 70 | 2.8 |
| Germany | 2.3 | 3 | 2.7 |
| Britain | 1.5 | 3 | 1.6 |
| Bulgaria | 1.2 | 13 | 1.2 |
| Canada | 0.3 | 1 | 0.4 |
| Spain | 0.3 | 1 | 0.3 |
| Cyprus | 0.2 | 25 | 0.2 |
| Totals for these six geographical areas in millions for 1990: | |||
| South-West Asia | 194 | ||
| South Asia | 303 | ||
| Rest of Asia | 246 | ||
| Northern and Saharan Africa | 144 | ||
| Rest of Africa | 105 | ||
| Europe and North America | 18 | ||
| These figures show that the world Muslim population in 1990 was over one billion. | |||
| *Former parts of USSR. | |||
Months of Islamic, lunar calendar
| 1 | Muharram (formerly, Safar I) |
| 2 | Safar (formerly, Safar II) |
| 3 | Rabi‘ I |
| 4 | Rabi‘ II |
| 5 | Jumada I |
| 6 | Jumada II |
| 7 | Rajab |
| 8 | Sha‘ban |
| 9 | Ramadan |
| 10 | Shawwal |
| 11 | Dhu-l-Qa‘da |
| 12 | Dhu-l-Hijja |
Principal events of the Islamic year
Prevailing Christian calendar dates for the first day of Islamic (AH) centuries, assuming Gregorian dates from 1582 to present: *
| 1 | 16 July 622 |
| 101 | 23 July 719 |
| 201 | 30 July 816 |
| 301 | 6 August 913 |
| 401 | 14 August 1010 |
| 501 | 22 August 1107 |
| 601 | 28 August 1204 |
| 701 | 5 September 1301 |
| 801 | 12 September 1398 |
| 901 | 20 September 1495 |
| 1001 | 7 October 1592 |
| 1101 | 15 October 1689 |
| 1201 | 24 October 1786 |
| 1301 | 1 November 1883 |
| 1401 | 9 November 1980 |
| 1501 | 17 November 2077 |
The Gregorian calendar dates equivalent to the first day of the Islamic year and the first day of Ramadan, the month of fasting, are approximately as follows:
1 ABDUH, MUHAMMAD, The Theology of Unity (tr. I. Musa‘ad and K. Cragg), London, Allen & Unwin, 1966
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20 GOITEIN, S. D., ‘The Origin and Nature of the Muslim Friday Worship’, Muslim World, 49, 1959, pp. 183–95
21 GOODWIN, G., A History of Ottoman Architecture, London, Thames & Hudson, 1971
22 GUILLAUME, A. (tr.), The Life of Muhammad: A Translation of Ibn Ishāq’s Sīrat Rasīl Allāh, Karachi/London, Oxford University Press, 1955
23 HODGSON, M. G. S., The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization, 3 vols, Chicago/London, University of Chicago Press, 1974
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28 KEDDIE, N. R., Roots of Revolution: An Interpretative History of Modern Iran, New Haven/London, Yale University Press, 1981; Persian trans. publ. Tehran, Qalam, 1990 or 1991 (1369 AH)
29 KEDDIE, N. R., and BARON, B. (eds), Women in Middle Eastern History: Shifting Boundaries in Sex and Gender, New Haven, Yale University Press, 1991
30 KURIAN, G. T., Encyclopedia of the First World, 2 vols, Encyclopedia of the Second World, 2 vols, Encyclopedia of the Third World, 4th edn, 3 vols, New York/Oxford, Facts on File, 1990, 1991, 1992
31 LINGS, M., Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources, London, Allen & Unwin/New York, Inner Traditions International, 1983
32 MALIK IBN ANAS, Al-Muwatta of Imam Malik ibn Anas: The First Formulation of Islamic Law (tr. A. A. Bewley), London/New York, Kegan Paul International, 1989 (the translator, Aisha Abdurrahman Bewley, is also the author ‘Abdul Rahman I. Doi, whose useful booklet, Women in Shari‘ah (Islamic Law), 2nd edn, was publ. London, Ta-Ha Publishers, 1989)
33 MAUDOODI (al-Mawdudi), A. A., Towards Understanding Islam, 3rd edn, London, Islamic Foundation/New York, The Message Publications, 1988; 5th impr., updated version, 1993
34 MERNISSI, F., Beyond the Veil: Male–Female Dynamics in Modern Muslim Society, rev. edn, Bloomington, University of Indiana Press, 1987; first publ. Cambridge, MA, Schenkman, 1975; later edns incl. Paris, Editions Tierce, 1983, and London, Al Saqi Books, 1985
35 MERNISSI, F., Women and Islam: An Historical and Theological Inquiry (tr. M. J. Lakeland), Oxford, Blackwell, 1991
36 MITCHELL, R. P., The Society of the Muslim Brothers, with Foreword by. J. O. Voll, New York/London, Oxford University Press, 1993; first publ. 1969
37 MUSLIM IBN HAJJAJ, A. H., Sahīh Muslim (tr. A. H. Siddiqi), 4 vols, Lahore, Muhammad Ashraf, 1973–5
38 NASIR, J. J., The Status of Women under Islamic Law and under Modern Islamic Legislation, 2nd edn, London/Boston, Graham & Trotman, 1994; 1st edn publ. with slightly different title (‘in’ twice instead of ‘under’ twice) in 1990
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47 TRIMINGHAM, J. S., A History of Islam in West Africa, London/New York, Oxford University Press, 1962
48 TRIMINGHAM, J. S., Islam in East Africa, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1964
49 WALTHER, W., Women in Islam: From Medieval to Modern Times, with intr. (pp. 3–11) by G. Nashat (tr. C. S. V. Salt), rev. edn, Princeton, Markus Wiener, 1993; first publ. in Eng. (without subtitle), London, George Prior, 1981; tr. of Die Frau im Islam, Stuttgart, Kohlhammer, 1980
50 WATT, W. M., The Formative Period of Islamic Thought, Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press, 1973
51 WATT, W. M., Islamic Philosophy and Theology, rev. edn, Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press, 1985; first publ. 1962
52 WATT, W. M., Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman, London, Oxford University Press, 1961, 1974
53 WEEKES, R. V. (ed.), Muslim Peoples: A World Ethnographic Survey, 2nd edn, Westport, CT, Greenwood, 1984; 1st edn 1978
54 WELCH, A. T., ‘al-Kur’ān’, The Encyclopaedia of Islam, new edn, vol. 5, fasc. 85–6, Leiden, Brill, 1981, pp. 400–29; French edn, Paris, vol. 5, pp. 401–31, 1981
55 WENSINCK, A. J., The Muslim Creed: Its Genesis and Historical Development, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1932; repr. London, Cass, 1965, New Delhi, Oriental Books Reprint Corp., 1979
56 WILLIAMS, J. A. (tr. and ed.), The Word of Islam, Austin, TX, University of Texas Press, 1994
57 ZEBIRI, K., Mahmūd Shaltūt and Islamic Modernism, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1993
58 ZIAD ABU-AMR, Islamic Fundamentalism in the West Bank and Gaza, Bloomington, Indiana University Press, 1994
An excellent source for concise articles on virtually all aspects of the modern Islamic world (movements, countries, rituals, biographies, etc.) is J. L. Esposito (ed.), The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World, 4 vols, New York/Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1995. For longer and more technical articles, see C. E. Bosworth et al. (eds), The Encyclopaedia of Islam, new edn, 8 vols. to 1995 (up to ‘Sam-’), Leiden, Brill, 1960–; for the remainder of the alphabet and other articles on Islamic religion and law reprinted from 1st edn, see H. A. R. Gibb and J. H. Kramers (eds), Shorter Encyclopaedia of Islam, Ithaca, NY, Cornell University Press, 1953. For articles in journals and anthologies see J. D. Pearson et al. (eds), Index Islamicus 1906–1955, thereafter five-year Supplements, Cambridge, W. Heffer & Sons, 1958, 1962, 1967, 1972, then London, Mansell, 1977, 1983; The Quarterly Index Islamicus, 17 vols to 1993, 1977–.