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Aaron, Hank, 406
abolitionists, 45, 104, 113–14, 152, 162, 174, 194, 197–201, 203–6, 208, 214–19, 229–30, 242, 248, 334–35
Abrams, Elliot, 526, 527
Abu Ghraib, xxvii, 607
Acheson, Dean, 404
Adams, Abigail, 95, 334
Adams, John, 66, 69, 70–71, 75, 78–79, 82, 95–96, 100, 103, 109, 113, 126, 130, 133, 138, 141–43, 160, 334, 658, 659
Adams, John Quincy, 160–62, 164–66, 176, 177, 571, 654, 659, 660
Adams, Samuel, 66–67, 69–70, 78–79, 81–84, 110, 127
Addams, Jane, 299, 300
affirmative action, 535, 588–89
Afghanistan, 554, 596–97; Soviet war in, 103, 533, 534, 591–92, 596; U.S. war in, xii, 538, 542, 590, 595–603, 627
Agnew, Spiro, 477, 482, 501, 503, 663–64
Aguinaldo, Emiliano, 290, 292
Ahmadinejad, Mahmoud, 590, 608
AIDS/HIV, 528–32
AIG, 620, 622
Alabama, 163, 615
Alden, John, 30
Aldrin, Buzz, 494
Alexander, James, 59
Algonquian Indians, 24, 40, 41, 655
Ali, Muhammad, 489–90
Alien and Sedition Acts, 133, 142
Alien Registration (Smith) Act, 329, 372
Allen, Ethan, 71, 85, 97
Allen, Frederick Lewis, 346
Almagro (conquistador), 18
Al Qaeda, 533, 590–92, 595–98, 604
Altgeld, John, 277
Altman, Dr. Lawrence K., 528–29
Alvarez, Everett, Jr., 467, 471
Ambrose, Stephen, xxiii
America First movement, 325, 342
American Federation of Labor, 278, 301, 355
American Railway Union, 277
American Recovery and Investment Act, 621, 626
American Revolution, xvii, 38, 47, 49, 64–105
Ames, Aldrich, 583
Ames, Oakes, 267
Amherst, Jeffrey, 63
Andagoya, Pascual de, 18
Anderson, “Bloody Bill,” 234
André, John, 76, 98–99
Anthony, Susan B., 335
anti-Communism, 55, 264, 301–2, 328–29, 348, 354–55, 357–58, 362–63, 402–4, 406–12, 414–18, 422, 434, 443, 448–49, 453, 466–69, 515, 524
anti-Federalists, 85, 88, 127–28
Antimasonic Party, 123, 660
anti-Semitism, 340–42, 357, 362–63, 410, 446, 576
Anti-Slavery Society, 104, 194, 197
antiwar movement, 456, 473, 475, 477, 490, 493, 495, 497–98
Apache Indians, 259, 260
Apple, R. W., Jr., 525
Appomattox Court House, surrender at, 15, 239
Arapaho Indians, 259
Arawak Indians, 4, 5, 18, 145
Arizona, 193, 314, 586
Arkansas, 179, 218, 219, 225, 234, 377, 431–32, 548, 550, 551, 572; Territory, 164
Arlington National Cemetery, 218, 248
Armstrong, Neil, 494, 519
Army Reorganization Act, 313
Arnold, Benedict, xxii, 71, 73, 76, 79, 85, 97–99
Arthur, Chester A., 662
Articles of Confederation, 74, 88, 99–100, 109, 112, 133, 222–23
Ashcroft, John, 580–81, 631
Ashe, Arthur, 531
Atahualpa, Inca ruler, 18
Atlantic Charter, 375
Attucks, Crispus, 66
Atzerodt, George, 247
Austin, Stephen, 176–78
Australian route, 13
Austria-Hungary, 306, 310, 319
Aztecs, 13–14, 18
Azzam, Abdullah, 592
Babcock, Orville, 268
Bacon, Nathaniel, 51–52, 109
Badoglio, Pietro, 382
Bahamas, 4–6, 8
Bajoria, Jayshree, 592
Balboa, Vasco Nuñez de, 17–18, 293
Bamford, James, 595
Bamiyan statues, 597
banks, 558–67; crisis of 1980s, 544; crisis of 2007–9, 618–22
Bank of the United States, 137, 175
Barkley, Alben W., 663
Barton, William, 126
Baruch, Bernard, 318
Bataan Death March, 377, 378, 395
Batista, Fulgencio, 450
battles: Alamo, 177–79; Antietam, 228–29, 243; Britain, 360, 373; Bulge, 386, 390; Bull Run, 225–26, 228; Bunker (Breed’s) Hill, 71, 84, 90, 93; Chancellorsville, 231–32; Chickamauga, 234; Coral Sea, 378; Fort Ticonderoga, 71, 72, 73, 85, 87, 93, 97; Gettysburg, 195, 232–33, 243, 269; Kasserine Pass, 380; Khe Sanh, 475–76; Little Bighorn, 258–61; Long Island, 72, 86, 102; Marne, 307, 308, 311, 317; New Orleans, 156, 159–60; San Juan Hill, 290–91; Saratoga, 73, 85, 89, 98; Shiloh, 227; Spotsylvania, 236; Tarawa, 382–83; Tora Bora, 598; Wilderness, 235; Yorktown, 77, 86, 88, 90, 92, 99
Bay of Pigs invasion, 448–53, 502
Bear Stearns, 621–22
Beaumont, Gustave de, 171
Beauregard, Pierre T., 195, 224, 225
Beirut hostages, 522–23
Belin, David W., 462
Bell, John, 661
Bellamy, Edward, 434
Bellamy, Francis, 264
Bellow, Saul, 402
Benton, Thomas Hart, 208–9
Bentsen, Lloyd, 654
Bering “land bridge,” 12, 13
Berkeley, Lord John, 39, 51–52
Berkman, Alexander, 270, 329
Berlin, 383, 386, 388–90, 392, 452; airlift, 406; Wall, 534, 539
Bermudez, Juan, 17
Bernanke, Ben, 558, 621
Berry, Halle, 589
Bible Riots, xiii, 181
Biden, Joseph, 664
Bill of Rights, 56, 60, 111–12, 115, 128–29, 131–33, 211, 629–37, 651
bin Laden, Osama, 554–55, 589, 592–93, 596–98, 600, 603
Birmingham church bombings, 484
Bismarck, Chancellor, 304
Black, Hugo, 358
Black Codes, 247
Black Coyote, 262
Black Elk, 263
Black Hawk, Chief, 169, 213
Blackmun, Harry A., 499–500
Black Panthers, 494–95
blacks: American Revolution and, 66, 104–5, 110; black power movement, 486, 490; Constitution and, 113–14, 116; corporations and, 588–89; farmers’ alliance and, 279; FDR and, 357, 378, 381, 393; first black president, xii, 622–27; free, 114, 116, 124, 202–3; interracial marriage and, 611–13; Korean War and, 416, 424–25; labor movement and, 276; Lee on, 209–10; lynching and, 233, 252–53, 284–85, 325–27, 330; Masons and, 123–24; Panama Canal and, 295; progress of, 588–89. See also civil rights movement; race; racism; segregation; slaves and slavery; voting rights; and specific court cases and individuals
Blackwater, 607
Blaine, James G., 662
Blanco, Kathleen, 616
Bloomer, Amelia, 335
Boggs, Lilburn, 181
Boggs, T. Hale, 461
Boies, David, 614
Bolívar, Simon, 161
Bonus Army, 349–52
Booth, John Wilkes, 239, 244
Booz, E. C., 176
Bork, Robert, 504, 547, 551
Bosnia, 555–56, 568
Boston, 33, 34, 70–72; Massacre, 65–66, 78, 84, 87; Tea Party, 66–68, 79
Bowie, Jim, 178
Bozeman Trail, 259
Bradbury, Ray, 434
Braddock, Edward, 63, 88, 89
Bradford, William, 30, 32, 49
Bradley, Bill, 568
Brady Bill, 547
Bragg, Braxton, 234, 235
Breckinridge, John C., 660, 661
Bremer, L. Paul, 606–7
Brewster, William, 30
Breyer, Stephen, 573
Britain (England), 4, 5, 8, 10–11, 17–30, 33–44, 137, 140, 603, 604; American Revolution and, 49, 64–68, 70–79, 94–95, 99, 102–3; Civil War and, 229–30; French and Indian Wars and, 60–63; War of 1812 and, 153–61; women’s suffrage and, 335–36; WW I and, 306–14, 317–19; WW II and, 360–61, 364–65, 367, 369–77, 380–87, 390–92
British East India Company, 67
Brodie, Fawn, 151
Brooks, Gwendolyn, 425
Brooks, James, 267
Brooks, Van Wyck, 196
Brown, B. Gratz, 661
Brown, Dee, 263
Brown, Henry, 282
Brown, James, 489
Brown, John, 200, 208, 215–17
Brown, Michael, 615–17
Brown, Rev. Oliver, 426
Brown, Pat, 447
Brown v. Board of Education, 424–28, 430, 433, 641; Brown II, 430
Bruno, Greg, 592
Bryan, William Jennings, 281, 303, 309, 312, 337, 662
Buchanan, James, 208–12, 216–17, 660
Buchanan, Patrick, 569–72
Buckley, William, 522–23
Buis, Dale, 469
Bull Moose Party, 303–4
Bunche, Ralph J., 425
Bunyan, John, 299
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms, 576, 578–80
Bureau of Indian Affairs, 260, 268
Burgoyne, John, 73, 98
Burnside, Ambrose, 230, 231, 237
Burr, Aaron, 57, 82, 87, 124–25, 141–42, 148–50, 273, 654, 659
Burr, Aaron, Sr., 57
Bush, George H. W., 66–67, 515, 521, 523–24, 526–27, 533, 534, 539–46, 557, 566, 603, 604, 616, 626, 650, 664
Bush, George W. , xii, xiv, 447, 527, 568–75, 585, 588, 589, 592–93, 597, 599–609, 613–17, 620–21, 623–24, 631, 639, 650, 652, 664
Bush, Jeb, 570
Bush, Neil, 544
Bush v. Gore, 571, 573–75, 614
Butler, Pierce, 115
Butterfield, Alexander, 503
Cabot, John, 10, 40
Cabot, Sebastian, 21
Calhoun, John C., 164–65, 200–202, 205, 224, 659, 660
California, 103, 145, 180–81, 191–94, 201–2, 206, 208, 221, 259, 313, 324, 350–51, 426, 484, 586; Proposition 8, 613–15
Callender, James Thomson, 139, 150, 151
Calley, William L., 480, 491–93
Calvert, Cecil, Lord Baltimore, 33
Cambodia, 469, 477, 479, 482–83, 509
Cameron, Simon, 226
Campbell, Judith, 447, 450, 461
Canada, 21, 61, 63, 68, 85, 97, 99, 155, 156, 159, 191, 199, 203, 547, 597, 602
Canby, Edward R.S., 101, 240
capital punishment, 330, 410, 635–36
Capone, Al, 332
Caporeal, Linda, 55
Carlyle, Thomas, 628
Carmichael, Stokely, 484
Carnegie, Andrew, 258, 267, 269–73
carpetbaggers, 250–53
Carranza, Venustiano, 305
Carroll, Charles, 120
Carson, Rachel, 454
Carter, Jimmy, 424, 444, 483, 507, 510, 513–16, 522, 524, 550, 563, 655–56, 664
Carter, Robert, III, 134–35
Carter, Robert “King,” 134
Carteret, George, 39
Cartier, Jacques, 39–40
Carver, John, 30
Casablanca Conference, 380, 391
Casement, Sir Roger, 313
Casey, William, 522, 524
Cass, Lewis, 201
Castro, Fidel, 161, 447, 449–52, 459–61, 502
Catholics, xiii, xv, 181
Cavis, John W., 663
census: (1624), 28; (1790), 134, 189; (1820), 164; (1860), 189, 221–22; (1980), 263; (2000), 585–88, 648
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), xx, 369, 379, 422–23, 447, 449–52, 461–62, 466, 470, 497, 498, 501–2, 509, 510, 513, 522–26, 576, 583–85, 593, 596–98, 607, 627, 610
Cervera, Admiral, 291
Challenger disaster, 517–20
Chamberlain, Neville, 371, 373
Chambers, Whittaker, 407–9
Champlain, Samuel de, 40–41
Chaney, James, 464, 484
Charbonneau (trapper), 147
Charles I, king of England, 33–35
Charles II, king of England, 38, 39, 44
Charles VIII, king of France, 7
Chase, Salmon P., 230, 250, 253
Chauncey, Isaac, 157
checks and balances, 117–19, 144, 250, 358, 527
Cheney, Dick, 552, 607, 650, 664
Chernow, Ron, xxiii, 269
Cherokee Indians, 169–70, 265, 275
Cheyenne Indians, 259, 260
Chiang Kai-shek, 390, 392, 396, 417
Chibcha Indians, 18
Chicago Seven, 479
Chickasaw Indians, 169–70, 275
China: Communist, 390, 406, 413–19, 480, 534; Nationalist, 366, 390, 392, 406, 415, 417, 418; westward route to, 5–7, 10, 21, 36, 40; WW II and, 361, 364, 366–67, 375, 384, 392, 396
Chinese, in pre-Columbus America, 10
Chisholm Trail, 265
Choctaw Indians, 169–71, 275
Chouart, Medard, 41
Christianity, 23, 41, 54, 119–24, 429, 576
Chrysler rescue, 620
Church, Angelica Schuyler, 139
Church, Dr. Benjamin, 79
Churchill, Winston, 368, 369, 371, 373, 375, 380, 383, 386, 390–92, 396, 402
Citigroup rescue, xii, 620
Civil Rights Act: (1866), 247; (1964), 456, 458, 464, 641, 649
civil rights movement, 302, 304, 424–32, 455–56, 464–66, 483–84, 486, 495, 612, 622
Civil War, 109, 188–90, 195, 197–98, 200, 207, 208, 220–43, 245, 248, 269, 275, 287, 334, 641, 642
Clark, George Rogers, 75, 81, 85
Clark, William, 146–48
Clarke, Richard, 603
Clarridge, Duane, 526
Clay, Henry, 155, 163–65, 175, 190, 201, 205, 206, 659–60
Clayton, Will, 404
Clayton Antitrust Act, 304
Cleveland, Grover, 271, 277, 280–81, 287, 568, 640, 654, 662
Clifford, Clark, 476
Clines, Thomas G., 526
Clinton, Bill, xviii, 223, 509, 545–56, 566, 568, 572–73, 578–79, 589, 592, 593, 613, 626, 652, 664
Clinton, DeWitt, 659
Clinton, George, 127–28, 149, 659
Clinton, Henry, 74, 76–77, 98–99
Clinton, Hillary Rodham, 509, 548, 549, 551, 553, 554, 623, 625
Clinton, James, 75
Coelho, Tony, 543
Coercive Acts, 68, 69
Cohn, Roy, 412
COINTELPRO, xx, 494–96
Cold War, xxi, 390, 398, 402–4, 406–10, 423, 425, 434–37, 443, 510; end of, xii, 534–35, 539, 563, 628
Cole attack, 592
Colfax, Schuyler, 267, 661
Collier, John, 263
Colson, Charles, 498, 507
Columbia space shuttle, 519
Columbus, Christopher, xxii, 3–10, 13–18, 145, 168, 258
Comanche Indians, 259
Committees of Correspondence, 67
communism, 55, 278, 301–2, 328, 348–49, 358, 361–63, 392, 402–4, 406–10; demise of, 533–35, 539, 555
Compromise of 1850, 201–3, 205–7, 211
Concord, 70, 71, 80, 84, 93
Confederacy, 187, 200, 209, 217–40, 242–44, 247–48, 252, 275, 283, 290, 425; Army, 210, 224–40, 242, 244; Constitution of, xxii, 222–24
Confiscation Act, 228
Connally, John, 460
Connecticut, 34, 46, 128, 163, 586, 613, 644
Connecticut (Great) Compromise, 114
Conscription Act, 229, 231; Confederate, 227
Constitutional Convention, 86, 111–17, 133. See also Bill of Rights; U.S. Constitution
containment, xxi, 403–4, 413, 417, 423, 437
Continental Army, 71–78, 81, 83, 88, 91–93, 101–3, 105, 110
Continental Congresses, 113; First, 68–69, 78, 91, 93; Second, 70–75, 78, 80–84, 87, 90–93, 95–103, 105, 109, 124
Coolidge, Calvin, 323, 324, 338, 339, 343, 662, 663
Cooper, John S., 461
Copley, John, 66
Copperheads, 242, 244
Cornwallis, Charles, 76–77, 86, 88–89
Coronado, 19
corporations, xxiii–xxv, 269–72, 278, 282–283, 338, 345, 349, 357, 421, 456, 457, 487, 505, 543, 558–59, 562–63, 567, 588–89, 602; bailouts, xii, xxv, 619–22
Cortés, Hernán, 18
Cosby, Bill, 508
Cosby, William, 59
Cosway, Maria, 151
Cotton, John, 36
Coughlin, Father Charles, 363
Council on Foreign Relations, 592, 596–97
Cox, Archibald, 504
Cox, James M., 338, 662
Craft, William and Ellen, 203
Crane, Stephen, 300
Crawford, William H., 164–65, 659
Crazy Horse, 259–61
Crédit Mobilier scandal, 267, 338
Creek Indians, 158, 168–70, 178, 275
Crippen, Robert L., 519
Crockett, Davy, 178
Crook, General, 260
Cuba, 4, 10, 16, 189; Bay of Pigs, 449–52, 502; missile crisis, 452–53; Spanish-American War, 286–94
Curtis, Charles, 663
Custer, George A., 259–61
Czolgosz, Leon, 293
Dabney, Virginius, 151
Dadullah, Mullah, 600
Dallas, George M., 660
Darrow, Clarence, 337
Daugherty, Harry, 338
Davis, Benjamin O., 377–78
Davis, Jefferson, 192, 217–19, 227, 239, 240, 244
Davis, John W., 663
Dawes, Billy, 70
Dawes, Charles G., 663
Dayton, Jonathan, 113
Dayton Accord, 555
D-Day, xviii, 383, 550
Dean, John, III, 282, 503, 510
Debs, Eugene V., 277–78, 301, 304, 316, 320, 338, 662
Decatur, Stephen, 148, 156
Declaration of Independence, xviii, xx, xxiv, 52, 72, 78–82, 95–97, 111, 115, 117, 119, 120, 124, 126, 156, 162, 176, 189, 220, 637
Decoration Day, 248–49
Deerfield raid, 56–57
Defense of Marriage Act, 613, 614
de Gaulle, Charles, 373, 385
Deism, 120–21
DeLancey, James, 59
De las Casas, Bartolomé, 5
Delaware, 46, 128, 163, 221, 425
Delaware Indians, 21, 63, 273
Delaware River, Washington crosses, xvii, 73
Democratic Party, 119, 138, 167, 175, 190–92, 201, 206–9, 212–13, 215, 280–82; Civil War and, 242, 246–47; Convention of 1912, 303–4; Convention of 1968, 472, 477; elections of 2000 and, 568–75; elections of 2008, and first black president, 622–25; FDR and, 351–53, 355, 357; Iran-Contra and, 523; National Committee break-in, 480–81, 497, 501–4, 507; post-Civil War, 250–52; Southern, 206–7, 209, 212, 215, 251–52, 271, 280, 336, 431, 515; Vietnam War and, 477, 481, 497
Democratic Republican Party, 82, 138, 141–44, 164
De Soto, Hernando, 19
Dessalines, 145
Dewey, Rear Admiral, 289–91
Dewey, Thomas, 386, 426, 663
Dias, Bartholomew, 6
Dickenson, Susanna, 178
Diem, Ngo Dinh, 466, 469–70, 497, 508
Dienbienphu, 468–69, 475
DiIulio, John J., Jr., 573–74
Dinwiddie, Governor, 61–62
Displaced Persons Plan, 404
Dixiecrats, 431
Dodd, Samuel C. T., 271
Dole, Robert, 551, 652, 664
Dominican Republic, 4, 16, 145, 173, 298
Doniphan, Alexander, 193
Donovan, William, 379
Doolittle, James, 378
Dos Passos, John, 323
Douglas, Stephen, 207, 213–15, 661
Douglass, Frederick, xxv, 196–200, 216, 229, 234, 284, 334
Douglass, Helen Pitts, 198
Douglass, Lewis, 233–34
Downing Street memo, 605
Drake, Sir Francis, 19, 22
Dred Scott case, 210–15, 218, 282, 574, 641
DuBois, W. E. B., 124, 302–3, 324
Dukakis, Michael, 66–67, 654, 664
Dulles, Allen, 407, 423, 449–50, 461
Dulles, John Foster, 407, 423, 449
Duong Van Minh, General, 470, 471
Dustin, Hannah, 51
Dutch West India Company, 37. See also Netherlands
Dylan, Bob, 443
Earhart, Amelia, 359–60, 455
Early, Jubal, 236, 238
Eastern Europe, 320, 290, 392, 401–2, 406, 510, 534–35, 555
Easter Uprising, 313
economics and finance: bonds, 559, 560–61; budget deficits and surplus, 515, 517, 533, 539, 544, 547, 559–60, 566, 651; coins, motto on, 126–27; consumer price index, 560; credit, easing or tightening of, 516, 561; crisis of 1980s, 539, 544; crisis of 2007–9, xii, xiv, 617–23, 625–26; discount rate, 559, 560; dollar bill, 123, 127; financial reform and, 626–27; first paper “greenbacks,” 230; fiscal policy, 561; gross domestic product, 561; growth, 557–58; inflation, 348, 396, 512–16, 543, 557–58, 560–63, 565; interest rates, 345, 516, 543, 546, 559–63, 565–66; junk bonds, 539, 559; monetary policy, 557, 560, 562; producer price index (PPI), 560; productivity, 562; recession, xii, xxv, 516, 543, 545, 557, 561–62, 566, 618–19, 621, 624–28; stagflation, 513; stocks, 562; Treasury bills, bonds, notes, 559; unemployment, 347, 355–56, 516, 543, 558, 563, 589, 621, 635. See also Great Depression; Great Recession; panic; stock market
education, 435; colleges founded, 58; school desegregation, 424–32; reform of, 626; school segregation, 282, 284–85
Edwards, Jonathan, 57, 58, 124
Egypt, 381, 423, 511, 513, 541, 591
Ehrlichman, John, 482, 501, 503, 505, 507, 510
Einstein, Albert, 372, 396
Eisenhower, Dwight, xx, 350, 382, 385, 388, 392, 401, 407, 412, 414, 418–22, 426, 431–32, 436–37, 445–46, 449, 450, 468–69, 663
elections, xxiii, xxv; caucuses, 655–56; Constitution and, 116; first, 130; of first black president, 622–27; primaries, 556; process, 142, 638–39, 652–57; turnout, 176, 338, 652–53; of 2000, 447, 567–75, 603, 614, 624. See also specific candidates
Electoral College, xxiii, 82, 129–30, 568–70, 572–75, 586, 639, 646, 648, 652–55, 661, 662
Elizabeth, queen of England, 17, 20, 22, 30
Ellison, Ralph, 424
Ellsberg, Daniel, 480, 496–98, 503, 505, 507
Ellsworth, Elmer, 225
Emancipation Proclamation, 228–30, 242, 249
Embargo Act, 153–54
Emerson, Dr. John, 210–11
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 183, 196, 217
England. See Britain
Enlightenment, 64, 96, 115, 120–23, 146
Enron scandal, xxiv
environmental movement, 454, 512, 546, 569
Environmental Protection Agency, 572
E pluribus unum, 126–27
Eriksson, Leif, 8–9
Ervin, Sam, 502–3
Espionage Act, 316
Essex Junto, 148
Evers, Medgar, 484
Fairbanks, Charles Warren, 662
Fall, Albert B., 339
Falwell, Jerry, 515
Fannie Mae, 617, 619–20, 622
Farmer, John, 592–93, 595
Farragut, David, 227, 237
fascism, 361–64, 371
Faubus, Orville, 432
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), xiii, xx, xxii, 327, 329, 369, 409, 461–62, 464–66, 484, 494–96, 498, 501–3, 506, 509, 510, 548, 551, 552, 576–85, 591, 593
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, 620
Federal Emergency Management Agency, 615–16
federal government: growth of, 355–56; states vs., 113–16, 117–19, 133, 136–39, 223–24
Federalist Papers, 86, 127–29, 553
Federalist Party, 82, 87–88, 125, 127–30, 138, 141–44, 148–50, 160, 164, 175
Federal Open Market Committee, 559–61
Federal Reserve, 304, 345, 516, 543, 546, 556–67, 617, 620, 621; Board of Governors, 555, 558–60
Feith, Douglas, 603
Ferdinand, Archduke, 306, 310, 346
Ferdinand, king of Spain, 4, 16
Ferguson, Charles, 603, 610
Feynman, Richard P., 519
Field, Noel, 409
Fiers, Alan, Jr., 526
54th Massachusetts Volunteers, 231, 233–34
Fillmore, Millard, 202–3, 205, 209, 660
Fisk, James, 268
Fitzgerald, F. Scott, 323, 332
Five Civilized Tribes, 169–70, 275
Fleming, Thomas, xxiii
Florida, xiii, 10, 18, 19, 40, 46, 63, 145, 164, 169–70, 217, 325–27, 567–74, 586, 615, 661
Flynt, Larry, 552
Foch, Ferdinand, 317
Fonda, Jane, 508
Ford, Gerald, 444, 482–83, 503, 505–7, 510, 513, 553, 564, 663–64
Ford, Henry, 339–42, 347–48, 363, 628
Foreman, George, 490
Fort Caroline, 19, 40
Fort Sumter, 195, 217, 224
Foster, Vincent, 548
Fourteen Points, 316–17, 318
Fox, George, 43, 44
Fracastoro, Girolamo, 8
Frame of Government, Penn’s, 45
France (French), 4, 7, 11, 19, 29, 36, 39–43, 49, 56–57, 140, 142, 144–46, 229; American Revolution and, 72, 74, 78, 82–84, 87–88, 90, 102–3; and Indian War, 60–64, 84–85, 88–89, 91, 168; Indochina War, 320, 468–69; Iraq War, 597; Revolution, 82, 124, 135, 142, 145, 171; WW I and, 306–8, 310, 316, 318–19; WW II and, 364–65, 371–73, 385, 388–90, 392, 404
Franco, Francisco, 362, 363, 371
Frank, Barney, 209, 622
Franklin, Benjamin, 58, 74, 79–80, 83, 93–96, 99, 103, 113, 120–23, 125, 126, 128, 129, 653
Franklin, Temple, 80
Franklin, William, 80
Frazier, Joe, 490
Freddie Mac, 617, 619–20, 622
Frederick II, king of Prussia, 122
Freedmen’s Bureau, 247
Freemasons (or Masons), 122–24, 250
Free Soil Party, 201, 206, 209
Frémont, John C., 208, 226, 238, 660
Frick, Henry Clay, 270
Friedan, Betty, 454–47
Frobisher, Martin, 21
Fuchs, Klaus, 398, 409–10
Fugitive Slave Act, 202–3
Full Employment and Balanced Growth Act, 557
Gage, Thomas, 68–71
Gall, Chief, 258, 260
Gallo, Dr. Robert, 530
Galloway, Joseph, 69
Gama, Vasco da, 6
Gandhi, Mahatma, 196, 429
Garay, Juan de, 18
Garfield, James A., 267, 662
Garner, Jay, 606
Garner, John Nance, 351, 663
Garrison, William Lloyd, 174, 194, 197, 219, 229, 334
Garrow, David J., 430, 457–58
Garvey, Marcus, 458
Gary, Romain, 495
Gaspee arsonists, 67
Gates, Gary Paul, 521
Gates, Horatio, 76, 85–86, 92, 98
Gates, Robert, 608, 609
gay rights, xiii, 209, 531–32, 546–47, 627–28; same-sex marriage, xii, xiii, 611–15
Geithner, Tim, 621
General Motors, xii, 341, 344, 421, 487, 620, 626
George II, king of England, 62
George III, king of England, 63, 64, 68, 93, 94, 99, 102
George, Clair, 526
Georgia, 46, 69, 74, 128, 163, 170, 217, 235, 236, 586, 644
Gephardt, Richard, 656
Germany, 597; East, 434; West, 404; WW I and, 307–20; WW II and, 358–66, 371–76, 378–93, 396, 398; reunification, 534, 539
Geronimo, 260
Gerry, Elbridge, 115, 156–57, 659
Gettysburg Address, 234–35, 241
Ghost Dance, 261–62
Giancana, Sam, 447, 450
Giap, General, 469
Gibbon, Edward, 628
GI Bill, 384
Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, 21, 22
Gingrich, Newt, 548–49, 552
Ginsberg, Allen, 475
Ginsburg, Ruth Bader, 573
Goering, Hermann, 342
Goethals, George W., 295
gold, 4–6, 16–18, 20; market, 268–69; rush, 194, 259–60; silver vs., 280–82
Gold, Harry, 409–10
Goldman, Emma, 270, 329
Goldwater, Barry, 464, 466–67, 472, 546, 663
Gompers, Samuel, 277–78
Good, Sarah, 53
Goodman, Andrew, 464, 484
Goodwin children, 55
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 534, 539
Gordon-Reed, Annette, 151–52
Gore, Al, 447, 545–46, 568–75, 614, 624–25, 652, 664
Gorgas, Dr. William, 295
Gosnold, Bartholomew, 11, 26
Gould, Jay, 258, 268, 276–77
Granger, Gordon, 249
Granges, 279
Grant, Ulysses S., 190, 195, 227, 231–36, 239, 242–43, 250, 267–68, 271, 293, 338, 661
Grasse, Admiral de, 77, 90
Gray, L. Patrick, 503, 509
Great Awakening, 57–58, 120, 124
Great Depression, xiv, 262, 324, 340, 342, 344, 346–59, 361–62, 391, 393, 394, 512, 515, 618–20
Great Recession, xii, xxv, 618–19, 621, 625–27
Great Seal of the United States, 123, 126–27
Great Society, 463, 516
Greece, 347, 374, 402, 404
Greeley, Horace, 194, 219, 661
Greene, Nathanael, 71, 76, 86
Greenglass, David and Ruth, 409–10
Greenhow, Mrs. Rose, 209
Green Party, 569, 571, 573
Greenspan, Alan, 546, 556–58, 562–67, 617–18
Gregory, Dick, 485
Grenada, 524
Grew, Joseph, 367, 375
Grier, Robert, 211
Guam, 292, 359, 370, 376, 384, 385
Guantánamo, 591, 626, 627
Guatemala, 423, 450
Guevara, Che, 450
Guinier, Lani, 547
Gulf of Mexico oil spill, xiv
Gulf War, first, xii, xxi, 105, 540–42, 555, 592, 603. See also Iraq War
gun control, xxii, 132, 547–48, 630–31
Haig, Alexander, 474
Haiti, 145, 173, 302
Hakim, Albert, 525
Haldeman, H. R., 482, 503, 506–7, 510
Hale, Nathan, 72, 80
Hall, Prince, 124
Halleck, Henry W., 227, 235
Halperin, Mark, 624
Halsey, Adm. William, 380
Hamilton, Alexander, xxiii, 82, 86–87, 103, 115–16, 121, 127–30, 135–42, 145, 148–50, 257, 553, 637
Hamilton, Andrew, 58–59
Hamilton, Lee, 591
Hamlin, Hannibal, 661
Hancock, John, 67, 69–70, 81, 84, 96, 122
Hancock, Winfield Scott, 195, 662
Handler, Ruth, 437
Hanna, Mark, 281–82, 292, 294
Hanson, John, 112
Hanssen, Robert, 583–84
Harding, Warren G., 316, 323, 338–39, 662, 663
Harlan, John Marshall, 283
Harpers Ferry, 200, 216
Harris, Dr., 104
Harrison, Benjamin, 272, 280, 568, 654, 662
Harrison, William Henry, 154, 157, 175–76, 640, 660
Haun’s Mill Massacre, 181
Hauptmann, Bruno, 342
Hawaii, 287, 292, 365, 370, 375, 393
Hawkins, John, 29
Hawley-Smoot Tariff Bill, 348
Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 183, 196
Hayes, Rutherford B., 271, 293, 640, 654, 661
Haymarket Square riot, 276–77
Hays, Mary McCauley, 89
Haywood, “Big Bill,” 301, 328
Hazard, Oliver, 157
health-care reform, 544, 548, 626–27
Hearst, William Randolph, 287–88, 351, 447
Hefner, Hugh, 438
Heilemann, John, 624
Hein, Piet, 37
Heller, Joseph, 443
Hemings, Eston, 151
Hemings, Sally, xiii, xxii, 150–52
Hemingway, Ernest, 310, 323
Henderson decision, 426
Hendricks, Thomas A., 662
Henry, Patrick, 67, 69, 81–82, 113, 127
Henry VII, king of England, 10
Henry the Navigator, 6
Herjolfsson, Bjarni, 9
Hersey, John, 446–47, 454
Hersh, Seymour, 492, 611
Heyerdahl, Thor, 13
Hickok, James B. “Wild Bill,” 265
Hill, Anita, 544
Hill, Frances, 55, 56
Hill, Joe, 301
Hirohito, Emperor, 375
Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 389, 395–98
Hispanics, 3, 588, 625, 626
Hispaniola, 4, 5, 15–16, 145
Hiss, Alger, 407–10
Hitler, Adolf, 14, 324, 342, 358, 360–64, 369, 371–72, 375–76, 379, 381, 385, 388, 390, 393–96, 569
Hobart, Garret, 662
Ho Chi Minh, 319, 468, 478
Hoffman, Abbie, 479
Hojeda, Alonso, 15, 17
Holmes, Larry, 490
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 407
Holmes, Steven, 619
Holocaust, 390, 393, 404, 511, 589, 590
Homestead Act, 246
Homestead steel strike, 270
Hood, John B., 236–38
Hooker, Joseph, 231, 232
Hooker, Rev. Thomas, 34
Hoover, Herbert, 324, 331, 343, 345, 347–52, 356, 361, 515, 663
Hoover, J. Edgar, xxii, 328–30, 409–10, 458, 461, 465, 494–96
Hopkins, Harry, 356
Hopkinson, Francis, 101
House, Edward M., 311
Houston, Sam, 178, 219
Howe, Robert, 74
Howe, Sir William, 71–74
Howells, William Dean, 300
Hudson, Henry, 21–22, 36
Hudson, John, 22
Hudson, Rock, 530–31
Hudson Bay Company, 22, 41
Huerta, Victoriano, 305
Hughes, Charles Evans, 313, 662
Huguenots, xiii, 19, 40, 84
Hull, Cordell, 375
Hull, William, 156
Humphrey, Hubert, 472, 477, 663
Hungary, 319, 390
Hunt, E. Howard, 451, 481, 498, 500–504, 508–10
Huron Indians, 39–41
Hussein, Saddam, 539–42, 603–8
Hutchinson, Anne, 34
Hutchinson, Thomas, 65, 67
Icelandic sagas, 9
Illinois, 163
immigration, 172, 188–89, 207, 222, 257–58, 266, 272, 274, 299, 327–30, 586, 598
Immigration and Nationalization Service, 576
impeachment, 118, 119, 523, 525; Clinton and, 509, 550–56; Johnson and, 249–50, 553; Nixon and, 504, 506–9, 553
impressment, 153–55, 159
Incas, 13, 18, 19
Indiana, 163
Indians, xxix, 588: arrival of, 11–14; colonies and, 31–32, 34–38, 40–44, 49–52, 56–57, 61–63; early nation and, 112, 116, 133; Europeans and, 4–5, 7–8, 10–11, 14–18, 21–28; land taken from, 275; legal rights for, 116, 248, 262–63; Lewis and Clark and, 146–48; massacres of, 146, 154–55, 157–58, 162, 167–71, 175, 258–63
Industrial Revolution, 160, 188, 257
Insull, Samuel, 344, 347
Interstate Commerce Commission, 271, 279, 297
Intolerable Acts, 68
Iowa, 613, 635, 655–56
Iran, xx, 422–24, 590, 602–3, 608; -Contra affair, 522–27, 533, 546; hostage crisis, 423–24, 444, 512–14, 517
Iraq, xii, xiv, xxvii, 319, 512, 523, 539–43, 592; War, 599, 601–11, 620, 623, 627. See also Gulf War, first
Iraq Study Group, 608
Irish, 9, 181, 188, 276, 308–10, 313
Iroquois Indians, 14, 40–41
Isabella, queen of Spain, 4, 15, 16
Islam: fundamentalists, 424, 513, 533, 584, 590–92, 596–97, 608; Shiite vs. Sunni, 608; Wahhabism, 596
isolationism, 308, 325, 340, 342, 360–61, 363–64, 366, 368, 374
Israel, 510–11, 513, 522, 541, 592
Italian immigrants, 3, 276
Italy, 10–11, 15, 317–18, 324, 327, 359, 362–66, 371–72, 374–76, 381–83, 404, 602, 604
Iwo Jima, 387–88
Jackson, Andrew, 138, 158–60, 164–72, 174–79, 192, 209, 211, 259, 304, 654, 659, 660
Jackson, Henry, 508
Jackson, James T., 225
Jackson, Rachel Robards, 166
Jackson, “Stonewall,” 226–28, 232, 242
Jackson State killings, 479
Jamaica, 16, 18
James, Jesse, 234, 265
James I, king of England, 23
Jamestown, xii–xiii, xxi, 17, 20, 23–29, 45
Japan, 7, 205, 298, 311, 317, 435, 511, 512, 534; WW II and, 359–62, 364–70, 374–98, 416, 447, 468
Japanese-Americans, internment of, 376, 393, 426, 589
Jarvis, Gregory B., 518
Jaworski, Leon, 504, 505
Jay, John, 69, 103, 128, 129, 135
Jefferson, Maria, 151
Jefferson, Martha Wayles Skelton, 151
Jefferson, Thomas, xiii, xxii, xxvii, 49, 67, 69, 78, 82, 93, 96–97, 110–11, 113, 120, 124–26, 128, 135–39, 141–55, 162–64, 167, 187, 189, 654, 658, 659
Jemmy (slave revolt leader), 173
Jesuit missionaries, 19, 41, 57, 63
Jewell, Richard, 581–82
Jews, 8, 14, 231, 329, 341, 342, 510–11, 569; WW II and, 362–63, 381, 390, 393, 404
Jim Crow, 283–85, 295, 304, 432
Jimenez de Quesada, Gonzalo, 18
John Paul II, Pope, 535
Johnson, Andrew, 239, 240, 243, 246–47, 249–50, 271, 550, 553, 661
Johnson, Eliza, 246
Johnson, Lyndon B., 264, 447, 458, 460–61, 463–64, 466–47, 470–77, 497, 505, 624, 626, 647, 656, 663
Johnson, Magic, 531
Johnson, Richard M., 660
Johnson, Samuel, 152
Johnston, Albert S., 227
Johnston, Joseph E., 225, 232, 236, 239
Jolliet, Louis, 41–43
Jolson, Al, 324
Jones, Christopher, 29
Jones, Jennifer, 531
Jones, Jim, 579
Jones, John Paul, 73–75, 87
Jones, Mary Harris “Mother,” 301
Jones, Paula Corbin, 551, 554
Jones, Thomas K., 517
Jordan, Michael, 406
Joseph, Chief, 260
Josephson, Matthew, 266
Judiciary Act, 144
Juneteenth, 249
Kaczynski, Ted, 581
Kagan, Elena, 626
Kansas, “Bloody” wars, 207–9, 234
Kaplan, Lewis A., 627
Karlsefni, Thorfinn, 9
Karzai, Hamid, 598, 600, 601
Katrina, Hurricane, xii, xiv, 595, 615–18, 620
Kaufman, Irving R., 410
Kean, Thomas, 591
Kearney, Stephen Watts, 192
Keller, Helen, 301, 320
Kennan, George F., xxi, 403
Kennedy, Anthony, 573
Kennedy, Edward, 626
Kennedy, Jacqueline, 447, 460, 462
Kennedy, John F., 394, 435–36, 443–54, 455, 464, 466, 470, 484, 496, 505, 508, 515, 551, 568, 647, 663; assassination, 459–63, 470, 484
Kennedy, Joseph P., 344, 354, 446–47
Kennedy, Randall, 406
Kennedy, Robert F., 446, 448, 452, 465, 476, 477, 656
Kennewick man, 12
Kent State killings, 479
Kentucky, 85, 163, 221, 231
Kerensky, Aleksandr, 314, 316
Kerouac, Jack, 402
Kerry, John, 608, 613, 625, 664
Key, Francis Scott, 159
Khadaffy, Muammar, 522
Khanh, General Nguyen, 471
Khomeini, Ayatollah Ruhollah, 424, 513, 524
Khrushchev, Nikita, 445, 452–53
Kimmel, Admiral, 376
King, Coretta Scott, 446, 478
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 196, 429–30, 446, 457–58, 465–66, 477, 478, 483–84, 486; assassination of, 477, 485, 489
King, Martin Luther, Sr., 446
King, Rodney, 544, 588
King, Rufus, 659
King, William R., 659
King George’s War, 61
King Philip’s War, 36, 49–51
King William’s War, 61
Kissinger, Henry, 479, 480–82, 496–97, 563
Kleindienst, Richard, 505–6
Knapp, Elizabeth, 55
Knights of Labor, 276–77, 279
Know-Nothings, 207–9
Knox, Henry “Ox,” xvii, 87–88, 135
Kohl, Helmut, 534
Korea, 298, 367, 389, 391, 474; North, 413–19, 476, 586, 602–3; South, 413–417, 474, 535; War, 401, 410, 413–20, 422, 424–25
Koresh, David, 548, 578–79
Kosovo, 555–56
Kotouc, Eugene, 493
Krakauer, Jon, 599–600
Krock, Arthur, 447
Krogh, Egil, Jr., 497, 505
Krstic, Radislav, 556
Krueger, Ivar, 344, 347
Ku Klux Klan, 252, 325, 329–30, 332, 464
Kurlansky, Mark, xxiii, 9, 10
Kuwait, 512, 540–43, 603
Ky, Nguyen Cao, 472, 473
labor movement, 258, 270, 276–80, 297, 328, 340, 354–55, 362, 419
Lafayette, Marquis de, 73, 77, 88, 122
Lafayette Escadrille, 310
Lafitte, Jean, 159
Laird, Melvin, 481
Landon, Alf, 357, 663
Lane, Harriet, 209
Langguth, A. J., xvii, 493
Laos, 469, 470, 476, 479
La Salle, 42
Laud, William, 35
Lawrence, James, 157
League of Nations, 317, 318, 320, 338, 361
Leary, Timothy, 501
Lease, Mary Elizabeth, 280
Lebanon, 319; hostages, 522, 591
LeClerc, General, 385
Lee, Anne Carter, 210
Lee, Charles, 72, 88–89, 92
Lee, Henry “Light-Horse Harry,” 75, 210
Lee, Mary Custis, 209–10
Lee, Mother Ann, 180
Lee, Richard Henry, 67, 82, 95
Lee, Robert E., 195, 209–10, 216, 225, 228–30, 232–33, 238–39, 243
Lee, Wen Ho, 582
Legal Tender Act, 230
Lehman bankruptcy, 622, 624
Leisler’s Rebellion, 52
Lend-Lease Act, 360–61, 365, 374–75
Leno, Jay, xviii
Leonhardt, David, 626
Lesseps, Ferdinand de, 293
Levitt, William J., 401
Lewinsky, Monica, 549–52, 554
Lewis, John L., 355
Lewis, Meriwether, 146–48
Lewis, Michael, 620
Lewis, Sinclair, 323–24
Lexington, 70, 80, 84, 93
Libby, Lewis “Scooter,” 607
Liberty Party, 190
Liddy, G. Gordon, 481, 498, 501–4, 509
Lieberman, Joseph, 569
Lincoln, Abraham, xxvi, 33, 147, 172, 187–88, 190, 195, 197, 205, 213–18, 220, 222–43, 249, 661; assassination of, xv, 239, 243–47
Lincoln, Benjamin, 110
Lindbergh, Anne Spencer Morrow, 342
Lindbergh, Charles A., 339, 341–43, 361, 363
Lindbergh, Charles, Jr., kidnapping, 342
Lippmann, Walter, 351
Little Rock school crisis, 431–32
Liuzzo, Viola, 484
Livingston, Robert, 95, 145, 549
Locke, John, 116, 120
Lodge, Henry Cabot, 286–88, 291–92, 446
Logan, John, 248
Longstreet, James, 195, 228, 243
Long Term Capital Management, 565
Lon Nol, 479
Lott, Trent, 555
Louisiana, 46, 163, 217, 615, 644, 661; Hurricane Katrina, 615–17; Purchase, 144–46, 160, 161, 163, 190; Territory, 42, 145
Louis XIV, king of France, 41
Louis XVI, king of France, 72, 102
L’Ouverture, Toussaint, 145, 173
Loving, Mildred, 611–12
Loving v. Virginia, 611–14
Luce, Henry, 401, 414, 447
Lusitania, sinking of, 308–9, 311–12
Lynch, Jessica, 606
Lynn shoe strike, 276, 334
MacArthur, Douglas, 316, 350, 368, 376–78, 386, 389–91, 395, 413–19
Madison, Dolley, xix, 158–59
Madison, James, 57, 114, 124, 126–29, 131, 136, 138, 143–44, 154–60, 651, 659
Mafia, 447, 450, 462
Magellan, 7
Mahan, Alfred, 286
Mailer, Norman, 402, 475
Maine, 163, 614
Maine, sinking of, 288
Malcolm X, 458–59, 484, 489
Maliki, Nouri al-, 608–10
Malone, Dumas, 135
Manchuria, 361, 389, 417
Manhattan, sold by Indians, 37–38
Manhattan Project, 372, 389, 391, 396, 409, 519
Manifest Destiny, 179–80, 190, 194, 206, 208, 259, 287
Mao Zedong, 390, 406, 414, 480
Marbury v. Madison, 143–44
Mardian, Robert, 507
Mariana Islands, 359–60, 384, 385
Marion, Francis “Swamp Fox,” 89
Marquette, Jacques, 41–43
Marshall, George C., 317, 369, 397, 403–4
Marshall, James, 194
Marshall, John, 143–44, 149
Marshall, Thomas R., 662
Marshall, Thurgood, 124, 425–26, 544
Marshall Plan, 403–4
Mary, Queen of Scots, 20
Maryland, 33, 46, 120, 128, 163, 221
Mason, George, 111–13, 115, 553
Mason, James Murray, 202
Massachusetts, 45, 67–71, 109–10, 128, 134, 156, 163, 613, 635; Bay Colony, 33–36, 44–45, 51, 53, 55–57, 61; Regulating Act, 68
Massasoit, 32, 50
Massoud, Ahmed Shah, 597
Mather, Cotton, 56
Mather, Increase, 54
Mayas, 13
Mayflower Compact, xviii, 31–32
McAuliffe, Anthony, 386
McAuliffe, Christa, 518–20
McCain, John, 568, 622–25, 664
McCarthy, Eugene, 476, 656
McCarthy, Joseph, 55, 328, 410–14
McChrystal, Stanley A., 601
McClellan, George, 195, 226–30, 238, 243, 661
McCloy, John J., 461
McCord, James W., 502
McCormick, Cyrus, 187
McCormick Reaper strike, 277
McCorvey, Norma, 499
McCullough, David, xxiii, 295
McFarlane, Robert, 518–22
McGovern, George, 481, 502, 663
McHenry, William “Jerry,” 203
McKinley, William, 281–82, 286–95, 303, 662; assassination of, 293
McKissick, Floyd, 484
McLaurin decision, 426
McNair, Ronald E., 513
McNamara, Robert S., xix, 473, 476, 496
McNeill, William H., 7, 8
McPherson, James M., xxiii, 219, 240
McVeigh, Timothy, 580–81, 636
Meade, George, 232, 233
Medicaid and Medicare, 464
Medici, Lorenzo, 14
Medina, Ernest, 491, 493
Mello, Sergio Vieira de, 607
Mellon, Andrew, 349
Melville, Herman, 183
Memorial Day, 248–49
Menand, Louis, 220
Mencken, H. L., 323, 337, 351
Menéndez de Aviles, Pedro, 19, 40
Mennonites, 45
Metacom (King Philip), 50–51
Mexico, 10, 13–14, 18, 19, 149, 161, 302–3, 562; War, 176–79, 191–94, 196, 201, 206
Michigan, 179, 586; Territory, 164
Middle East, xx, 306–7, 319, 423, 510–14, 524, 539–40
military draft, 222, 227, 229, 231, 233, 242, 269, 316, 380, 415, 473, 475, 477, 478, 481, 483, 640, 651
Miller, Arthur, 55
Miller, Merle, 419
Milosevic, Slobodan, 556
Minuit, Peter, 37, 39
Minutemen, 69, 70, 71, 84
Miranda, Ernesto, 488
Miranda v. Arizona, 488
Mississippi, 163, 217, 464–65, 586, 615
Mississippi River, 19, 42–43
Missouri, 163, 219, 226; Territory, 164
Missouri Compromise, 161–63, 179, 207, 211
Mitchell, John (attorney general), 497, 502, 505, 507, 508, 510
Mitchell, John (labor leader), 297
Mitchell, Margaret, 188
Modoc myth, 9–10
Mohammed, Khalid Sheikh (KSM), 591
Mohawk Indians, 57
Mohegan Indians, 34
Mohican Indians, 21, 50
Moley, Raymond, 357
Molly Maguires, 276
Mondale, Walter, 664
Monitor (ship), 226, 227
Monroe, James, 128, 139, 145, 160–62, 164, 659; Doctrine, 160–61, 298
Monroe, Marilyn, 438
Montezuma, emperor of Aztecs, 18
Montgomery, Bernard, 380–81
Montgomery bus boycott, 428–30
moon landing, 494
Morgan, Daniel, 76, 89, 97, 98
Morgan, J. P., Jr., 269, 345, 348
Morgan, J. P., Sr., 258, 266, 269, 271, 281, 287, 297, 312, 328
Morin, Relman, 431
Mormons, 180–81; Trail, 179–80
Morris, Dick, 549
Morris, Errol, xix
Morris, Gouverneur, 115, 116
Morris, Lewis, 59
Morris, Robert, 104, 113
Morristown mutiny, 76
Morse, Samuel, 187
Morse, Wayne, 467
Morton, Levi P., 662
Morton, Nathaniel, 34–35
Moscoso, Luis de, 19
Mossadegh, Mohammad, 422–23
Mott, Lucretia, 334
Moulitsas Zuniga, Markos, 625
muckrakers, 150, 298–301
Murrow, Edward R., 412
Muskie, Edmund, 477, 508, 524
Mussolini, Benito, 324, 361–63, 372, 381–82, 394
My Lai massacre, xxvii, 476–77, 478, 480, 491–93
Nader, Ralph, 300, 486–87, 569, 571–73, 624
NAFTA, 547
Nagin, Ray, 165, 616
Napoleon, 144–45, 150, 153, 156, 158–60, 173
Narragansett Indians, 34, 35, 50
NASA, 517–20
Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 423
Nast, Thomas, 274
Natick Indians, 66
Nation, Carrie, 331–32
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 124, 302, 425–26, 429, 484
National Industrial Recovery Act, 354–55
National Organization for Women, 456
National Recovery Administration, 354–58
National Rifle Association, 631
National Security Agency, 409, 595
National Security Council, 593, 603
Nation of Islam, 458–59, 489
Nativists, 181, 207, 209, 325
Navajo Indians, 259
Netherlands (Dutch), 20–21, 29, 36–39, 45, 46, 49–51, 61, 77, 102–3, 136, 364, 373, 404, 602
Neutrality Act, 363–64, 372
Nevada, 193, 586
New Amsterdam, 37–39, 46, 49–50
New Deal, xxv, 324, 353–59, 455
New England, 26, 33–37, 41, 50–57, 61, 124; Confederation, 34
Newfoundland, 9–10, 22, 40
New France, 41
New Hampshire, 46, 85, 128, 163, 573, 613, 656
New Jersey, 39, 46, 72–73, 75, 128, 130, 163, 613, 614
New Jersey Plan, 114
New Mexico, 19, 192, 193, 202, 305
New Orleans, 145, 159, 227, 284, 615–18
Newport, John, 23
New Sweden, 39, 45, 46
Newton, Sir Isaac, 120
New World, named, 15, 17
New York, 36–39, 46, 72, 74, 75, 85, 88, 127–31, 134, 163; draft riots, 233, 269
Nez Perce Indians, 260
Nicaragua, 161, 287, 294, 305; Contras, 522–27
Nichols, Terry, 580
Nimitz, Chester, 376, 383
Nixon, Richard, 252, 406–8, 419–21, 442–47, 450, 477–82, 492–93, 496–98, 500–510, 513, 525, 546, 553, 568, 663–64
Noonan, Fred, 359
Noriega, Manuel, 543
Norris, Frank, 300
Norris, George W., 315
Norse sailors, 8–9
North, 187–89, 218–22
North, Lord, 68, 77
North, Oliver, 523–27
North Atlantic route, 12–13
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 403, 536, 555–56, 598–600, 602
North Carolina, 46, 75, 76, 89, 163, 218, 219, 225, 586
Northern Alliance, 597, 598
Northwest Ordinance, 211
Northwest Passage, 21–22, 37
Nova Scotia, 41, 77
Obama, Barack, xi, xii, 601, 602, 609, 612, 620–27, 664
Objectivism, 564
Occaneechee Indians, 52
O’Connor, Sandra Day, 573
Oglethorpe, James, 46
O’Higgins, Bernardo, 161
Ohio, 163, 572–73, 586, 624
oil, xiv, xx, 269–71, 363, 422, 540, 542, 604, 606; crisis, 444, 510–13, 516
Oklahoma, 170, 325–26, 586; Land Rush, 275
Oklahoma City bombing, 580–81, 585
Olney, Richard, 277
Olson, Barbara, 614
Olson, Ted, 614–15
Olympics: (1960), 489; (1968) 490; (1980), 596; (1996), 581–82
O’Neill, Tip, 569
Onizuka, Ellison S., 518
OPEC, 444, 510–13, 516
Oppenheimer, J. Robert, 396
Oregon, 221, 661: Territory, 159, 164, 179–80, 190–91, 201; Trail, 179
Osburn, Sarah, 53
Osceola Indians, 170–71
O’Sullivan, John L., 179
Oswald, Lee Harvey, 460–73, 499
Otis, James, 64, 82–83
Ovnard, Chester, 469
Oxbow Route, 180
Pacific coastal route theory, 12
Pacific Ocean: sighted, 17; route to, 43
Pahlavi, Mohammad Reza , 422–24, 444, 450, 513
Paine, Thomas, 72, 83, 94, 127, 205
Pakistan, 591, 596, 598
Palestine, 319; Arabs, 425, 510–11
Palin, Sarah, 624, 692
Palmer, A. Mitchell, 328; Raids, 329
Panama, 161, 543; Canal, 293–95, 305
Panama, Isthmus of, 16, 17
panic: (1837), 176; (1869), 268–69; (1873), 253
Pankhurst, Emmeline, 336
Paris peace talks, 477, 479, 481
Parker, Alton B., 662
Parkinson, Kenneth, 507
Parks, Rosa, 428–30
Parris, Betty, 53
Parris, Samuel, 53
Patterson, Orlando, 152
Patton, George, 350, 380–81, 385, 386, 392
Paul, Alice, 336
Paulson, Henry, 617, 620, 621
Paxton Boys, 52, 110
Peace Corps, 448–49
Peace Democrats, 242
Peale, Norman Vincent, 401
Pearl Harbor attack, 365–70, 375–76, 393
Pelham, Henry, 66
Peninsular Campaign, 227–28
Penn, William, 43–45
Pennsylvania, 12, 43–46, 52, 72–74, 128, 130, 163, 164, 188, 232, 586
Pentagon Papers, 480, 496–98, 503, 507, 508
Pequot Indians, 49–50; War, 34
Perkins, Anthony, 532
Perkins, Frances, 455
Perot, H. Ross, xxv, 545–46, 551, 566, 569, 571, 652, 664
Perry, Matthew C., 205
Perry, Oliver, 157
Pershing, John J., 306, 316–17
Petraeus, David, 601, 609
Phelps, Rev. Fred, 627–28
Philadelphia, Mississippi, 465
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 43–45, 70–74, 79, 101, 112–13, 134, 137, 558
Philbrick, Nathaniel, xxiii
Philip II, king of Spain, 20
Philippines, 289–90, 292, 298, 370, 375–78, 386, 387, 389, 415, 474
Phips, William, 53, 54
Pierce, Franklin, 206, 208, 660
Pierce, Samuel, 522
Pilgrims, xiii, 29–35, 49–51, 119
Pinckney, Charles C., 142, 659
Pinckney, Thomas, 141–42
Piñeda, Domenico de, 18
Pine Ridge reservation, 262, 263
Pitcher, Molly, 89
Pitt, William, 63
Pizarro, Francisco, 18
Plame, Valerie, 607
Pledge of Allegiance, 263–64
Plessy v. Ferguson, 282–84, 425–27, 574
Plunkitt, George Washington, 274–75
Plymouth, 32–34, 45, 49; Company, 23
Pocahontas, 3, 25–27
Poe, Edgar Allan, 182–83
Poindexter, John M., 525–27
Poland, 319, 364, 371–72, 381, 390–92, 555
political parties, 130, 138, 140, 205–6, 639, 655–57
Polk, James K., 190–92, 205, 660
Polo, Marco, 6, 7
Ponce de León, Juan, 10, 17–18
Pope, John, 228
Populists, 279–82, 337
Port Bill, 68
Portugal, 4–6, 14, 15, 17, 29, 37, 40
Posner, Gerald, 462–63
Potsdam Conference, 396–98
Potts, Larry, 577
Powell, Colin, 535, 542, 588, 606
Powhatan, 23–27
Prescott, Samuel, 70
president(s): accidental, 176; Confederate constitution and, 223; Constitution and, 115, 116; disability and succession, 649–50; limited term, 153, 414–15, 647; list of, 658–64; oath of office, 131; powers of, 118, 175, 510; rules of assuming office, 644–46; rules of choosing, 638–40. See also Electoral College; impeachment
Presley, Elvis, 439
Prince Hall Masons, 124
Princip, Gavrilo, 306, 310
Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction, 235
Progressive Party, xxv, 303
Prohibition, 323, 330–33, 343, 351–52, 643–44, 646–47
Prosser, Gabriel, 173
Protestantism, xvi, 19, 20, 30, 33–34, 46, 57–58, 119–20
Pueblo Indians, 259
Puerto Rico, 10, 18, 290–92, 626
Pulitzer, Joseph, 287, 288
Pullman strike, 277
Pumpkin Papers, 406–8
Pure Food and Drug Act, 298, 300
Puritans, 30, 33, 36, 44, 49–51, 53–58, 85, 119, 196
Putnam, Ann, 53
Putnam, George, 359
Putnam, Israel, 90
Quakers, 36, 43–45, 120, 199, 203
Quantrill, William C., 234
Quartering Act, 68, 132
Quayle, J. Danforth, 664
Quebec, 40, 97, 98
Quebec Act, 68
Queen Anne’s War, 61
Quigley, Joan, 520
race: -baiting, 218; capital punishment and, 635–36; census and, 587–88; riots, 325–27, 485–86. See also Jim Crow; segregation
Radical Republicans, 242, 244, 246–51
railroads, 221, 222, 252, 257–59, 266–72, 277, 279; segregation, 282–84, 426; strikes, 276
Raleigh, Sir Walter, 22–23
Rand, Ayn, 564
Rankin, Jeannette, 336, 376
Ray, James Earl, 486
Ray, Robert, 554
Reagan, Ronald, 143, 153, 209, 252, 264, 442, 444, 487, 499, 504, 514–27, 533–35, 539, 543, 548, 550, 563–64, 650, 664
Reconstruction, 239, 243, 246–48, 250–53, 271, 283, 285; Acts, 247–48, 253; Amendments, 640–42; end of, 661
Red Cloud, Chief, 259
Redpath, James, 248
Red Scares, 55, 328–29, 332, 406, 410–14
Reform Party, xxv, 546, 551, 569, 571
Regan, Donald, 520
Regulator Rebellion, 52
Rehnquist, William H., 554, 573, 631
religion, xxii; Confederate Constitution and, 223; Founding Fathers and, 119–26; freedom of, 124; “In God We Trust” and, xxiv, 230; separation of church and state, 35, 58, 132. See also specific religions
Remington, Frederic, 287
Reno, Janet, 579
Republican Party: Clinton and, 547–56; elections of 2000 and, 568–75; FDR and, 356–58; Lincoln and, 213–15, 218, 242; Obama and, 621–27; origin of, 205–9, 212–13, 215; Reconstruction and, 244, 246–47, 250–53
Resnik, Judith A., 518
Revere, Paul, 49, 66, 70, 84, 122
Revolution of 1800, 141–43, 659
Reynolds, James, 139
Reynolds, Maria, 139
Rhee, Syngman, 416
Rhode Island, 34–36, 44, 46, 67, 75–77, 86, 112, 163, 331, 644, 658
Riboud, Barbara Chase, 151
Rice, Condoleezza, 588, 604, 605
Rice, Thomas Dartmouth, 283
Richardson, Elliot, 504
Richmond, Virginia, 99, 227–28, 239
Rickey, Branch, 405
Ricks, Thomas E., 604
Ride, Sally, 519
Ridenhour, Ronald, 491
Ridgway, Matthew B., 418
Riesman, David, 402
Riis, Jacob, 299
Riot Act, 110
Roanoke Island lost colony, 22–23
robber barons, 266–73
Robertson, Rev. Pat, 57, 123
Robinson, Jackie, 405–6
Rochambeau, Comte, 76, 90
Rockefeller, John D., 258, 270–71, 301, 328
Rockefeller, Nelson, 506, 664
Rockingham, Lord, 77
Rockwell, Norman, 381–82
Rodino, Peter, 504
Roe v. Wade, 499, 637
Rogers, William P., 519
Rolfe, John, 27
Rommel, Erwin, 380–81
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 352, 357, 393–94, 455
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 33, 123, 143, 153, 262, 324, 338, 342, 351–61, 363–78, 380–84, 386–89, 391–94, 396, 406–7, 423, 647, 663
Roosevelt, Kermit, 423
Roosevelt, Theodore, xxiv, 38, 161, 230, 258, 262, 264, 274, 286–95, 297–304, 313, 444, 662
Rosecrans, William, 234
Roselli, John, 447, 450
Rosenberg, Julius and Ethel, 409–10, 413, 418
Rosewood race riots, 325–27
Ross, Elizabeth Griscom “Betsy,” 100–101
Rostow, Walt, 467, 470
Rowland, Dick, 325
Rubin, Jerry, 479
Ruby, Jack, 460–63
Ruby Ridge, 576–78
Ruckelshaus, William D., 504
Rudolph, Eric Robert, 582
Rumsfeld, Donald, 599, 603, 606, 608
Russell, Richard B., 461
Russia, xx, 12, 166, 173, 306, 310, 319, 341; Japanese War of 1905, 298; post-Soviet, 536, 565; Revolution, 301, 306–7, 317, 328. See also Soviet Union
Russo, Anthony J., 503
Rutherford, Lucy, 393
Rutledge, John, 113
Sacagawea, 147, 148
Sacco, Nicola, 327–28
Sachs, Alexander, 372
Sac tribes, 169
Sadr, Moktada al-, 610
St. Augustine, 19
St. Brendan, 9
St. Mary’s colony, 33
Saipan, 359, 384
Salem, 33, 35; witch trials, 53–57
Salinger, J. D., 402
Samana Cay, 4
Samarra mosque bombing, 608
Samoset, 32
Sampson, Deborah “Robert Shurtleff,” 90
Sánchez, José María, 176–77
Sandinistas, 523
Sanger, Margaret, 333, 455
San Martín, José de, 161
San Salvador, 4
Santa Anna, 178, 192–93
Santa Fe, 19; Trail, 179
Santo Domingo, 16
Saudi Arabia, 511–12, 519, 523, 540–41, 554, 591–92, 596
Scalawags, 251
Scalia, Antonin, 573, 631
Schechter v. United States, 358
Schine, David, 412
Schorr, Daniel, 508
Schuyler, Philip, 86, 98, 139
Schwerner, Michael, 464, 484
Scobee, Francis R. “Dick,” 518
Scopes trial, 337–38
Scott, Dred, 210–15, 218
Scott, Winfield, 157–58, 170, 192–93, 206, 225–26, 660
Scowcroft, Brent, 525
Scripps, John G., 241
Seberg, Jean, 495
secession, 202, 209, 218–20, 246, 253
Secord, Richard, 524, 525
Securities and Exchange Act, 354, 358
segregation, 282–84, 304, 330, 484, 588; armed forces and, 322–25, 377–78, 393, 416, 424–25; FDR and, 393; Robinson and, 405–6; struck down, 424–30, 433–34
Selective Service Acts, 316, 374
Selfridge, Thomas, 296
Seminole Indians, 169–71, 275
September 11, 2001, attacks (9/11), xi–xii, xiv, xv, xx, xxi, 369, 424, 527, 542, 584–85, 589–97, 503, 602–3, 605
Sequoya, 170
Serbia, 306, 310, 555
Seward, William, 202, 243
Seymour, Horatio, 250, 661
Shadrach, 203
Shakers, 180
Shanksville, Pennsylvania, 591
sharecropping, 252, 353–54
Shawnee Indians, 154–55
Shays’s Rebellion, 109–11
Sheehan, Neil, 480, 496
Sheridan, Philip, 238, 239
Sherman, James S., 662
Sherman, John, 272, 282
Sherman, Roger, 95, 114
Sherman, William T., 232, 235–39, 242, 258
Sherman Anti-Trust Act, 272, 297
Shinngass, Chief, 63
Shinseki, Eric, 605–6
Shorto, Russell, xxiii
Shriver, Sargent, 448
Shultz, George, 523, 527
Sihanouk, Prince, 479
Simpson, Varnado, 492
Sims, Thomas, 203
Sinatra, Frank, 447
Sinclair, Upton, 299, 454
Sioux Indians, 258–60, 262
Sirhan, Sirhan B., 477
Sirica, John, 502
Sitting Bull, 260, 262
slaves and slavery, xiii, xix, xxii; abolished, 249, 640; American Revolution and, 66, 96, 104–5; citizenship and, 214, 247, 640–41; Civil War and, 220, 229; Compromise of 1850 and, 201–3; Confederate Constitution and, 223, 224; Constitution and, 112–14, 133–34; Douglass vs., 196–99; Dred Scott and, 210–12; economy of South and, 189; Founding Fathers and, 133–35, 141, 150–53; freed during Civil War, 228–30, 232, 249; Fugitive Slave laws and, 202–3; Indians and, 50–51; John Brown and, 215–17; Lee on, 209–10; Lincoln-Douglas debates and, 213–15; Masons and, 124; Mexican War and, 194; Missouri Compromise and, 162–63; names of, 458, 489; Reconstruction and, 247–53; reparations and, 589; revolts by, 145, 173–74; Texas and, 179, 249; trade, 29, 37, 57, 96, 114, 162, 189, 202, 212; Uncle Tom’s Cabin and, 203–6; Underground Railroad and, 199–200
Sloat, John, 192
smallpox, 18, 63, 529
Smith, Al, 343, 351, 663
Smith, Howard W., 456
Smith, Hyrum, 181
Smith, John, 2, 3, 24–27, 32
Smith, Joseph, 180–81
Smith, Kirby, 240
Smith, Margaret Bayard, 168
Smith, Michael J., 518
Sobell, Morton, 409, 410
socialism, 328, 349, 355
Socialist Party, 278, 301–2, 304, 316, 320
Socialist Workers Party, 494
Social Security, 614
Society of the Cincinnati, 88
Solomon, Gerald, 555
Sorensen, Theodore, 447
Sorkin, Andrew Ross, 620–22
Sotomayor, Sonia, 626
Souter, David, 573, 626
South: American Revolution and, 72, 75–76, 89; Constitution and, 113–15; Decoration Day and, 248–49; desegregation and, 427–31; economy of, 189, 221–22; Hayes and, 271; North vs., 162–64, 179, 187–90, 199–212; population of 1790, 134; Reconstruction and, 246–48, 250–53; religion and, 119–20; secession of, 218–20; slave revolts and, 173–74
South Carolina, 12, 46, 52, 75–76, 78, 86, 89, 128, 163, 173, 217, 224, 425, 644, 646
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), 430, 484
Southern Homestead Act, 251
“Southern Manifesto,” 433
Soviet Union, 301, 329, 402–4, 406–10, 413–15, 422, 433–36, 443–44, 446, 452–53, 461, 517, 582–83, 596–97, 599; Afghanistan War and, 103, 533, 534, 591–92, 596; collapse of, 533–36, 539, 555; nonagression pact with Germany, 364, 375; WW II and, 363, 379, 388–92, 397–98
space program, 433–36, 517–20
Spain, 4–5, 8, 15–21, 26, 29, 40, 75, 78, 145, 161, 169, 604; Civil War in, 362–64, 371
Spanish-American War, 285–92, 450
Spence, Gerry, 577–78, 585
Spencer, George, 251
Spinks, Leon, 490
Spock, Dr. Benjamin, 401, 475, 477
spoils system, 128, 165, 167
Squanto, 32
Stalin, Joseph, 383, 386–89, 391–92, 395–98, 402, 406, 540, 567
Stamp Act, 65, 80; Congress, 83
Standard Oil, 270–71, 299, 303
Standish, Miles, 30
Stanford, Leland, 267
Stans, Maurice, 505
Stanton, Edwin, 226, 244, 249
Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 334–35
Starr, Ellen Gates, 299
Starr, Kenneth, 551–52, 554
states: elections and, 130; free vs. slave, 162–64, 179, 201–2, 208–9; ratify Constitution, 112, 116, 128–31; rights, 115, 127, 222–23, 573, 629, 637; thirteen original, 45–46, 109
Statute for Religious Freedom, 124–26, 135
Steffens, Lincoln, 299
Steinbeck, John, 356
Steuben, Baron von, 74
Stevens, John, 295
Stevens, John Paul, 573
Stevens, Thaddeus, 246, 251
Stevenson, Adlai, 419, 421, 452, 460, 663
Stockman, David, 518, 520
stock market, xiii, 214, 253, 268, 323; bubble of 1990s, 557–58, 563, 566–67, 627; crash of 1929, 343–47, 564, 567; crash of 1987, 564–65, 627; crash of 2008, 618–24. See also economics and finances; panic
Stockton, David, 192
Stone, Oliver, xix, 459–60
Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 203–5, 283, 334
Strachan, Gordon, 507
Strong, Josiah, 285–86
Stuart, J. E. B., 216
Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), 473, 478
Stuyvesant, Peter, 39
Sudetenland, 319, 364, 371
Suez Canal, 293, 308, 381
Sugar Act, 64–65
Sullivan, Anne, 320
Sullivan, John, 75, 92
Sumner, Charles, 246
Surratt, Mary, 244
Susquehannock Indians, 52
Sutter, Johann, 194
Sweatt decision, 426
syphilis, xxiii, 7–8
Taft, Robert A., 361
Taft, William Howard, 295, 303–4, 662
Taino Indians, 15–16
Taliban, 596–98, 600–602
Tammany Hall, 88, 141, 268, 273–75
Taney, Roger, 211–13, 218
Tanzania, U.S. embassy attacks, 592
Tarbell, Ida M., 299
taxes, 136–37, 140, 148, 194, 514–17, 533, 543–45, 547, 559, 621, 626, 627; Articles of Confederation and, 100, 109; income, 226, 279, 304, 642; poll, 284, 614–15, 648–49; representation and, 52, 64–65, 69, 83, 111
Taylor, Elizabeth, 531
Taylor, Frederick W., 340
Taylor, Maxwell, 470
Taylor, Richard, 240
Taylor, Zachary, 191–92, 201–2, 205
Tea Party movement, 621
Teapot Dome scandal, 323, 338–39
Tecumseh, 154–57, 176
Teheran Conference, 383, 391
Tennessee, 163, 165, 218, 219, 225, 227, 572
Tenskwatawa, the Prophet, 154
Tenure of Office Act, 249
terrorism, xv, xxi, 252, 369, 444, 527, 533, 554, 580, 584–85, 590–93, 596–98, 602–5, 627–28, 636; war on, 590, 600
Tet Offensive, 475–76
Texas, 19, 42, 145, 176–79, 190–91, 194, 202, 217, 219, 249, 314, 586
Texas v. White, 253
Thatcher, Margaret, 456, 534
Thieu, President, 482
Tho, Le Duc, 479, 481–82
Thomas, Clarence, 544, 551, 573
Thomas, George H., 234
Thompson, Hugh C., 492
Thompson, William, 425
Thomson, Charles, 126
Thoreau, Henry D., 183, 194–96, 217, 352, 429
three-fifths compromise, 114, 162
Three Mile Island, 513
Tilden, Samuel J., 271, 274, 640, 654, 661
Tillman, Pat, 599–600
Tinian, 359, 384, 385
Tituba (slave), 53
tobacco, 4–5, 27, 487
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 171–72, 187, 402
Tojo, Hideki, 367
Toland, John, 367
Tompkins, Daniel D., 659
Tonkin Resolution, 466–67, 471, 497
Tower, John, 524; Commission, 524–25
Townshend Acts, 65, 66
Trail of Tears, xxvii, 168–70, 275
Transcendentalists, 180, 196
Travis, William B., 178
Treaties: Ghent, 158–60; Guadalupe Hidalgo, 193–94; Jay’s, 137, 142; Oregon, 194; Paris (1763), 63; Paris, (1782), 78, 103; Versailles, xx, 318–19, 359, 362–63, 468
Triana, Rodrigo de, 4
Tripp, Linda, 551
Trist, Nicholas P., 193
Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP), 620
Truman, Harry S, 378, 388–89, 394–98, 404, 413–19, 422, 426, 468, 647, 663; Doctrine, 402–3, 406
trusts, 268, 271–72, 278–79, 297
Truth, Sojourner, 334
Tubman, Harriet, 200, 216, 334
Tulsa race riots, 325–27
Turner, Nat, 173–74, 217
Tuskegee Airmen, 377–78
Twain, Mark, 257, 331
Tweed, William “Boss,” 128, 273–74, 567
Tyler, John, 176, 190, 660
Underground Railroad, 199–201, 204, 334
Union Army, 195, 225–40, 244
United Arab Emirates, 591
United Auto Workers, 421
United Fruit, 423
United Mine Workers, 297, 301, 355
United Nations, 9, 302, 386, 390–92, 407, 414–19, 460, 472, 529, 540, 542, 556, 597–99, 603, 605–7
U.S. Congress: census and, 134, 585–86; design and powers of, 117–19, 130; first woman elected to, 336; pay raises of, 651; terms of assuming office, 644–46
U.S. Constitution, 82, 85–87, 111–26, 133–34, 162; Confederate vs., xxii, 222–24; Electoral College and, 129–30, 653–55; impeachment and, 118–19, 553–54; ratification, 127–31, 133–34; religion and, 119–26
U.S. Constitutional Amendments: First, 125, 132, 133, 230, 497–98, 628, 630; Second, xiii, 132, 630–31; Third, 132, 632; Fourth, 132, 577, 632; Fifth, 132, 211, 338, 409, 488, 501, 612, 633; Sixth, 133, 633–34; Seventh, 133, 634; Eighth, 133, 634–36; Ninth, 133, 636–37; Tenth, 133, 637; Eleventh, 638; Twelfth, 143, 638–40, 646, 654; Thirteenth, 247, 640; Fourteenth, 247–48, 272, 282, 612, 640; Fifteenth, 250, 640, 642; Sixteenth, 304, 642; Seventeenth, 304, 643; Eighteenth, 331–32, 643–44, 646; Nineteenth, 337, 455, 642, 644; Twentieth, 639, 644–46; Twenty-first, 630, 644, 646; Twenty-second, 153, 414, 647; Twenty-third, 647; Twenty-fourth, 648–49; Twenty-fifth, 503, 521, 649–50, 660, 664; Twenty-sixth, 650–51; Twenty-seventh, 629, 651
U.S. House of Representatives: creation of, 114, 116; District of Columbia and, 648; Judiciary Committee, 482, 504–6, 509, 550, 553; presidential elections and, 129, 142, 164–65, 638–39, 646, 654; states’ seats in, 134, 162, 585–86; terms, 644–45; Un-American Activities Committee, 407, 411
U.S. Senate: creation of, 114, 116; direct election of, 304, 643; Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities, 502, 503
U.S. Supreme Court, xiii, xxv, 117, 124, 135, 143–44, 170, 210–11, 214–15, 223, 272, 277, 282–83, 304, 316, 425–28, 430, 432, 480, 488, 490, 497–99, 506,
U.S. Supreme Court, (cont.)
544, 570–75, 611, 612–14, 626–28, 630–32, 636, 637, 641, 642; FDR packs, 356–59; powers of, 118–19
United States v. Miller, 631
Upham, James B., 264
USA PATRIOT Act, 597–98
Utah, 181, 193, 202
U Thant, 472
Valley Forge, xvii, 49, 74, 75, 85, 121
Van Buren, Martin, 169, 175–76, 179, 190, 201, 273, 540, 660
Vanderbilt, Cornelius, 268
Vanzetti, Bartolomeo, 327–28, 342
Venezuela, 16, 512
Venona traffic, 409, 410
Vergennes, Comte de, 102
Vermont, 85, 163, 613
Verrazano, Giovanni de, 11
Vesey, Denmark, 173
Vespucci, Amerigo, 14–15, 17
Victor Emmanuel, king of Italy, 382
Victoria, queen of England, 225
Vidal, Gore, 149
Vietnam, 319–20; War, 102, 103, 414, 443–44, 453, 464–85, 490–93, 496–98, 508, 651; War Memorial, 483
Villa, Pancho, 305
Vinson, Fred M., 426
Virginia, xii–xiii, xxi, 22–32, 45, 51–52, 61–62, 75, 77, 81–82, 129, 134, 163, 218, 224–25, 611–13, 644; Declaration of Rights, 111; House of Burgesses, 27–29, 31, 67, 81, 82; Statute for Religious Freedom, 124, 135
Virginia Plan, 114–15
Volcker, Paul, 516, 563
Volstead Act, 331
Voltaire, 116, 122, 628
von Braun, Dr. Wernher, 384, 385
Voorhis, Jerry, 408
voting rights, 110, 114, 116, 130, 167, 175, 304, 547–75, 647–49; blacks and, 114, 116, 247–48, 250–51, 284, 334, 464–65, 484, 648–49; 18-year-olds and, 650–51; Indians and, 116, 248, 263; women and, 116, 248, 331, 333–37, 644
Voting Rights Act, 464, 484, 649
Wade, Ben, 246
Wade, Henry, 499
Wainwright, Jonathan, 377–78
Wałesa, Lech, 535
Walker, Arthur, 582–83
Walker, John, 582–83
Walker, Vaughn R., 614
Walking Purchase, 44
Wallace, George, 477
Wallace, Henry, 663
Wallace, Lew, 236
Walsh, Lawrence, 526–27
Walton, J. C., 330
Wampanoag Indians, 32, 50
Wappinger Indians, massacre of, 50
War of 1812, 155–60
War Powers Act, 482
Warren, Earl, 426–28, 430, 488, 612; Commission, 459–62, 505
Warren, Joseph, 84
Warren, Mercy Otis, 84–85
Washington, Booker T., 285, 293, 302, 304
Washington, Denzel, 589
Washington, George, xvii, 49, 60, 62–63, 71–83, 85–94, 97–102, 104, 112–13, 115, 120–22, 125, 128–31, 135–41, 653, 658
Washington, Jack, 62
Washington, Martha Custis, 91, 131
Washington, D.C., 137; burned, 158; voting in, 647–48, 654
Watergate scandal, 444, 480–82, 498, 500–510, 513, 525, 553, 664
Watts riots, 483–86
Waxman, Henry, 617
Wayles, John, 151
Wayne, Anthony, 75, 77
Weaver, Randall, 576–77, 585
Webster, Daniel, 175, 201, 205–6
Webster v. Reproductive Health Services, 499
Weems, Mason Locke, 90–91
Weinberger, Caspar W., 523, 526, 546
Welch, Joseph, 412–13
welfare, 516, 548, 549; Reform Act, 587
West: migration to, 147, 162, 179–81; myth of, 264–65
West, Benjamin, 93
Westmoreland, General William, 471, 475–76
West Point, 76, 98, 210, 377–78
West Virginia, 221, 232, 572, 635
Wheeler, Joseph, 290
Wheeler, William A., 661
Whigs, 175–76, 190–92, 201, 206
Whiskey Rebellion, 140
Whiskey Ring scandal, 267–68
White, Edmund, 532
White, Hugh, 175
White, Ryan, 527–28, 530
Whitefield, George, 58, 120
Whitman, Walt, 245
Whitney, Eli, 160, 162, 187
Whitney, William, 271
Wicks, Hamilton S., 275
WikiLeaks, 601–2
Wilhelm, Kaiser, 307
Wilkinson, James, 149–50, 157
Williams, Eunice, 57
Williams, Forman, 594–95
Williams, Rev. John, 56–57
Williams, Roger, 34–36, 44, 50
Williamson, Hugh, 121
Willkie, Wendell, 663
Willingham, Thomas, 493
Wilson, Charles “Engine,” 421
Wilson, Edith Galt, 316, 334
Wilson, Henry, 267, 661
Wilson, Joseph, 607
Wilson, Woodrow, 295, 303–5, 309–16, 318, 328, 336, 338, 468, 662
Winfrey, Oprah, 589
Winslow, Edward, 30
Winthrop, John, 33, 34
Wirt, William, 123, 660
Wirz, Henry, 240
Wobblies, 301, 328
Wolfe, James, 63
Wolfowitz, Paul, 606
women: American Revolution and, 85, 89, 90, 95, 10–101; Constitution and, 133; discrimination outlawed, 455–56; Earhart and, 359–60; first elected to Congress, 336, 376; “gender gap” and, 544; Masons and, 123; movement of, 454–57; voting by, 116, 610; voting rights (suffrage) movement, 334–36; WW II and, 381–82
Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), 331, 335
Wood, Leonard, 289, 290, 312
Woods, Rosemary, 504
Woods, Tiger, 406
Woodward, Bob, 520, 526, 546, 555, 565
Works Progress Administration, 355–56
World Trade Center: bombing of 1993, 580, 584, 591; collapse analyzed, 593–95. See also September 11, 2001, attacks
World War I, 301, 306–20, 346, 349–50, 361
World War II, 360–61, 363–98, 422, 426, 468
Wounded Knee massacre, xxvii, 261–63
Wright, Jim, 539
Wright, Lawrence, 595
Wright, Orville and Wilbur, 295–96, 341
Wyatt, Thomas, 28
Wyoming, 193–94, 635, 648
Yakovlev, Anatoli, 410
Yalta Conference, 386, 390–92, 406–7
Yeardley, Governor, 28
York, Duke of, 39, 44
York (slave), 147
Young, Brigham, 181
Young, John W., 519
Younger, Cole, 234
Yugoslavia, 306, 319, 374, 555–56
Zapata, Emiliano, 305
Zenger, John Peter, 58–60
Zhou Enlai, 480
Ziegler, Ron, 500
Zimmermann Telegram, 309, 314