Index

Bensaïd, Daniel: communism and, xxvii–xxxiii; “Dispossessed” essay of, viii–xiv; early life of, xxvi–xxvii; Jewish heritage of, xxx–xxxi; labor movement activism and, xxviii–xxix; on law and property rights, xviii–xix; Marx and, vii–viii, xiv–xix; on natural vs. artificial, xvii–xix; personal development and political commitments of, xxv–xxvi; political activism of, xxvii–xxxiv; on privatization, xxii–xxv; selected works of, 107–9; twenty-first century interpretations of, xxi–xxv; Vietnam war protests and, xxviii

Bensaïd, Haïm, xxvi

Bensaïd, Marthe (née Starck), xxvi

Berlin Wall, fall of, xxxii–xxxiii

Beseler, Georg, 19

biological materials, privatization of life and, 42–43

Blair, Tony, 52–53

Bloch, Ernst, 116n16

Bordaberry, Juan María, xxxii

Boyle, James, 44

Brazil, Bensaïd’s visit to, xxxiii

Capital (Marx), x, xv; corporations as property in, 37–38; equal rights and force discussed in, 20; private vs. individual property, 32, 49–51; property and political economy in, 35–36

capitalism: conceptual frame of, xiv–xix; empire and, xix–xxi; property rights and, 28–30; Proudhon on poverty and, 33–34; Rifkin on, 52–53

Catholicism, Protestant Prussian rule and, xi–xii

censorship, Marx on, 5–7

Chamayou, Grégoire, 40–41, 56–57

Chamberlen, Peter, 22–23

Chile, Pinochet coup in, xxxii

citizenship, property rights and, 28–30

Civil War in France, The (Marx), 50–51

climate change, social cost of, 55–56

Cohen, Daniel, 43–44

Cohn-Bendit, Daniel, xxviii

colonialism, Bensaïd on, xx–xxi

common good: inappropriable goods, 46–49; intellectual property and, 43–46

Commonwealth (Hardt and Negri), x

communism, Bensaïd’s involvement in, xxvii–xxxiii

Communist Manifesto (Marx and Engels), 35; on private vs. individual property, 49–51; town-country policies in, 54

Confédération générale du travail (CGT), xxviii–xxix

crime and punishment: Marx on legislation and, 60–66, 85–95; Marx on penal code and, 90–95; Marx’s theft of wood articles and, 11–12; value and compensation and, 95–105

crisis framework, Bensaïd on nature of, xxii–xxv

critical theory, Bensaïd’s Dispossessed and, xi–xiv

Critique of the Gotha Program (Marx), 51

Cromwell, Oliver, 21

cultural capital: as common good, 47–49; right to, 48–49

customary law: aristocracy and, 67–77; Marx on legislation and, 65–66; Marx’s discussion of, 14–17, 18–20

Customs in Common (Thompson), x

“Debates on the Law concerning the Theft of Wood” (Marx), 39–40

Debatten über das Holzdiebstahlsgesetz, xi

Declaration of the Rights of Man (1789), 17–18, 116n22

dépossédés, Les. See “Dispossessed, The”

Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher, xiii, 7

Discordance, La (Bensaïd), xxxiv

Discourse on the Origins of Inequality, The (Rousseau), 28

“Dispossessed, The” (Bensaïd): capital accumulation in, xix–xxi; critical reception of, viii–xiv; Marx critiqued in, xiv–xix; personal themes in, xxxiv; translations of, xxxv–xxxvi

dispossession: accumulation by, 47–49; Bensaïd on, xv–xix; of labor, capitalism and, 28–30; logics of, xxi–xxv

Don Quixote Right to Housing campaign, 53–56, 124n100

droit, le, Bensaïd’s interpretation of, xxxv

droit d’aînesse, le, Bensaïd’s interpretation of, xxxvi

Droste zu Vischering, Clemens August von, xi–xii

Dumont, Louis, 123n91

Duras, Marguerite, xxix

Dutch Revolution, property rights and, 27–28

Dutt, Clemens Palme, xxxvi

Ecological Charter, 54

ecological crisis, common goods and, 47–49

ecological disaster, social cost of, 53–55

Éloge de la politique profane (In praise of secular politics; Bensaïd), xxx–xxxi

Empire (Hardt and Negri), x

empire, Bensaïd on, xx–xxi

enclosure movement: Bensaïd and Marx on, xxiv–xxv, 15–17; intellectual property and, 44

Engels, Friedrich, xiii, xv, 6; on dispossessed, xx–xxi

English Revolution of 1649, 21; property rights and, 27–28

European Patent Office, 42–43

European Union (EU), sovereign debt crisis in, ix

existentialism, Bensaïd and, xxviii

Ezratty, Olivier, 45–46

Fabius, Laurent, 52–53

Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (Freddie Mac), ix

Federal National Mortgage Association (Fannie Mae), ix

“fetishised hypostasis,” Bensaïd’s discussion of, xxix

FHAR (Homosexual Front for Revolutionary Action), xxx

Forest Act of July 1841 (Rhineland), 7–12

For Marx (Althusser), xxviii

Fragments mécréants (An unbeliever’s discourse; Bensaïd), xxx–xxxi

Franco regime, Bensaïd’s activism against, xxix–xxx

free press, Marx on, 5–7, 59–66

free software movement, 46–46

free will, property rights and, 77–85

French–Algerian war, xxvii

French Constitution of Year II (1793), 17–18, 27–28

French Revolution: Marx’s discussion of, 14–15; property rights and, 27–28

Friedman, Milton, 53

Friedrich-Wilhelm (King of Prussia), 8

Friedrich Wilhelm IV, xiii

Gauche prolétarienne, xxx

Gauthier, Florence, 18

General Theory of Law and Marxism (Pashukanis), xviii–xix

generational drama, Bensaïd’s discussion of, xxix

genome research, privatization of life and, 42–43

German customs union (Zollverein), xii

German Ideology, The (Marx and Engels), 32, 36

German law, Marx’s criticism of, 19

globalization of markets: accumulation by dispossession in, 47–49; Marx’s theft of wood articles and, 37–38

global license initiative, 121n74

global recession (2007), ix–x

Global South, global recession (2007) and, ix–x

Grande Ordonnance de Colbert sur les Eaux et Forêts [Colbert Ordinance on Waters and Forests], 15

Grimm, Jakob, 19

Guevara, Che, xxvii–xxviii

Hardt, Michael, x

Harvey, David, x, 47–48

Havana Declaration, xxvii

Hegel, G. F. W., on right of necessity vs. right of property, 23–26

Hegelianism, Marx’s break with, xiv–xv

Heine, Heinrich, 40

Hess, Moses, xii

Historical School, Marx’s criticism of, 19

History of Property, A (Laboulaye), 27

Hobbes, Thomas, 22–23

Hocquenghem, Guy, xxviii–xxix, xxx

Holy Family, The (Marx), 30, 32

Hugo, Victor, 19

Hulot, Nicolas, 54

human rights: custom of, 67–77; Marx on, 20

hybrid and uncertain property, history of law and, 12–14

identity politics, Bensaïd’s rejection of, xxx–xxxi

Ikni, Guy-Robert, 18

impersonal property, Proudhon’s concept of, 38

inappropriable goods, 46–49

Indigenous peoples, capitalist exploitation of, xx–xxi

individual autonomy, property rights and, 28–30

individual property, private property and, 32, 49–51

intellectual property: Bensaïd’s discussion of, xvii–xix; common good vs., 43–46, 121n74; privatization of knowledge and, 40–42

intellectuel engagé, Bensaïd as, xxv–xxvi

interest, Marx on legislation and role of, 87–95

Introduction to the Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right (Marx), 7, 14, 17

Ireton, Henry, 21

Italian Communist Party, xxxii

Jeanne de guerre lasse (Bensaïd), xxxiv

Jeunesse Communiste Révolutionnaire (JCR), xxvii, xxxii, 114n32, 124n108

Jeunesse Communistes, xxvii

Jospin, Lionel, 52–53, 123n97

Judaism, Bensaïd and, xxx–xxxi

judicial quantification, in Marx’s theft of wood articles, 12

Jun, Georg, xii

jus ad rem, 31–32

jus in re, 31–32

jus nullius, Marx’s discussion of, 13–14

kleptocracy, Bensaïd and Marx on, xxiv–xxv

knowledge: common good and access to, 43–44; privatization of, 39–42, 120n65

Kölner Wirren (Conflict of Cologne), xi–xii

Kölnische Zeitung, xi–xii

Krivine, Alain, xxvii–xxviii

labor: capitalism and appropriation of, 28–30, 34–36; in England, 15–17; Marx’s discussion of, xvi–xix; Proudhon on, 34–36; purchase of, 37–38

Laboulaye, Édouard, 27

land rights, as common good, 46–49

Lascoumes, Pierre, xix, 9–10

Lassalle, Ferdinand, 51

Latin America, Bensaïd’s organizational work in, xix–xxi, xxxi–xxxiv

law: Bensaïd on, xviii–xix; global harmonization of legislation and, 46; Marx’s challenges to logic of, 10–12, 59–105

Lectures on Industrial Society (Aron), 37–38

Lefebvre, Henri, xxviii

legal equality, property rights and, 77–85

legislation: customary rights and, 19–20; intellectual property and, 39–40; market vs. popular economy and, 14–15; neoliberal accumulation and, 48–49; patent legislation, xix–xx; primitive property legislation, 31; property rights and, 9–10; right of necessity vs. right of property and, 24–25

Lenin, V. I., xxiii, xxviii

lente impatience, Une (Bensaïd), xxxiv

Levellers movement, 21–22, 51, 117n27

lifetime appointments, Marx’s criticism of, 83–85

Ligue Communiste Révolutionnaire (LCR), xxx, xxxii, 124n108

List, Friedrich, xii

Locke, John, 29–30, 51

Lotta Continua, xxxii

Luxemburg, Rosa, xxvii

Maoists, French Communists and, xxvii–xxviii, xxx

Marat, Jean-Paul, 17

market economy: global capitalization of, 37–38; popular economy vs., 14–17; property rights and, 28–30; Third Way politics and, 52–53

Marx, Karl: Bensaïd’s analysis of, vii–xix, xxiii–xxv, xxxiv; on dispossessed, xx–xxi; on equal rights and force, 20; on Germanic ager publicus, 50; on hybrid and uncertain property, 13–14; intellectual development of, xiv–xix; neo-Hegelian movement and, 7; on popular vs. market economy, 14–17; on private vs. individual property, 49–51; on privatization of knowledge, 41–42; protest against Rhineland Forest Act by, 7–12; Prussian rule and, xii–xiv; as Rheinische Zeitung editor, 5–7, 112n5; Rhineland articles of, xxxvi; Rhineland law reforms and, 39–40; right of necessity vs. right of property and, 23–26; on rights, xxxv; twenty-first century interpretations of, xxi–xxv

Marx and Engels Collected Works, xxxvi

Marx–Engels Gesamtausgabe, xxxvi

Marx l’intempestif (Bensaïd), xxxiv

Midnight Notes Collective, x, 111n3

Miliband, Ralph, xix, 112n15

Mitterrand, François, xxvii, xxxii–xxxiii, 114n32

Moi, La Révolution (Bensaïd), xxxiv

motivation, property rights and, 85–95

Mouvement du 22 Mars, xxviii

Multitude (Hardt and Negri), x

Myriad Genetics patent case, 42–43

Napoleonic Civil Code, 27–28

National Liberation Front (FLN), xxvii

natural law, Marx’s discussion of, 13–14

necessity, right of, 23–26

necropolitics, surplus populations and, xx–xxi

Negri, Antonio, x

neo-Hegelian movement, Marx and, 7

New Philosophers movement, xxxii–xxxiii

“now-time” (Jetzzeit), Benjamin’s concept of, xiii

occupancy rights: labor as property and, 29–30; Marx’s discussion of, 13–14

On Property (Thiers), 27–28

“On the Jewish Question” (Marx), xviii, 7, 14–17

open science, privatization of knowledge vs., 39–42

Operation Condor program, xxxii–xxxiii

Oppenheim, Dagobert, xii

Organisation Communiste Internationaliste, 114n32

Oudin, Sophie, xxix

Overton, Richard, 21

Paris Manuscripts (1844) (Marx), 33–34, 51

Parti communiste français (PCF), xxvii, xxx

Partido dos trabalhadores (PT) (Brazil), xxxiii

Pashukanis, Evgeny, xviii

patent law: Bensaïd on, xix; common good and, 43–46; privatization of knowledge and, 39–40; privatization of life and, 42–43

penal code: Marx on legislation and, 61–66; Marx on legislation and role of, 90–95

Perón, Juan, xxxii

Pestre, Dominique, 40

Philosophy of Poverty, The (Proudhon), 32–36

Pinochet, Augusto, xxxii

Polanyi, Karl, 15–17

political economy, Proudhon on, 32–36

pollution, rights involving, 47–49

poor, rights of, 7–12; accumulation by dispossession and, 48–49; English Revolution of 1649 and, 22–23; Marx on customary rights and, 68–77

Poor Law of 1834, 16–17

popular economy, market economy vs., 14–17

possession: Bensaïd’s interpretation of, xxxv; property and, 31–32

Poulantzas, Nicos, xviii–xix, 112n15

Poverty of Philosophy, The (Marx), 34–36

primitive legislation, possession and property in, 31–32

private property: historical transformation of, 27–28; hybrid and uncertain property, 12–14; individual property and, 32, 49–51; legal equality and, 77–85; popular vs. market economy and, 14–17; Rhineland law on, 39–40

privatization: Bensaïd on, xxii; common good and, 43–46; individualization vs., 50–51; of knowledge, 39–42; of life, 42–43; political power of, 123n97; public space and, 37–38

Prodi, Romano, 53

production: possession and property and, 31–32; private appropriation of, 28–30, 34–36

proletariat, revolutionary potential of, xx–xxi, 113n19

property rights: Bensaïd on, xix; customary law and, 68–77; enforcement of, 53–56; history and transformation of, 27–28; Hobbes on, 22–23; hybrid and uncertain property, 12–14; individual property, 49–51; market relations and, 28–30; Marx’s theft of wood articles and, 9–12, 27–28; possession and, 31–32; right of necessity vs., 23–26

Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph, 11, 27, 29–30; on common goods, 46–49; on impersonal property, 38; Marx’s analysis of, 119n50; on possession and property, 31–32; theory of mutuality, 34

Prussian rule: Marx and introduction of, 39–40; resistance to, xi–xiv; Rheinische Zeitung censorship and, 5–7

public domain, fetishization of, 56–57

public intellectual, Bensaïd as, xxv–xxvi

Reading Capital (Althusser), xxviii

Reagan, Ronald, xxxii

“Report on the Theft of Timber and other Forest Products” [Bericht zum Diebstahl von Holz und anderer Forstprodukte], Marx’s response to, 7–12

Revolutionary Workers’ Party (PRT) (Mexico), xxxii, 114n45

Rheinische Allgemeine Zeitung, xii–xiv

Rheinische Zeitung: censorship of, 27; civil society and role of, 5–7; issue no. 298 (October 25, 1842), 59–66; issue no. 300 (October 27, 1842), 67–77, 117n26; issue no. 303 (October 30, 1842), 77–85; issue no. 305 (November 1, 1842), 85–95; issue no. 307 (November 3, 1842), 95–105; Marx and, xi, xiii–xiv, 39–40, 112n5; Marx’s theft of wood articles in, 8–12, 59–105

Rhineland Provincial Assembly: Marx’s discussion of, xiii–xiv, 59–105; right of necessity vs. right of property and, 25–26; as supplementary legislator, 60

Rifkin, Jeremy, 52

right to have rights, 48–49

right to live: French Rights of Man and, 18; proposed abolition of, 16–17

Ritterschaft, der, Marx’s discussion of, xxxvi

Robespierre, Maximilien, 17–18

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 27–28

rural peasants, capitalist exploitation of, xx–xxi

Rutenberg, Adolf, xii–xiii, 112n6

safety, Marx on harmful results of, 88–95

Sarkozy, Nicolas, 53

Sartre, Jean-Paul, xxviii

Savigny, Friedrich Carl von, 19

Say, Jean-Baptiste, 46

Second Treatise of Government (Locke), 29–30

Sereni, Paul, xix, 32, 50–51, 123n91

Siéyès, Emmanuel-Joseph, 30

Sino-Soviet conflict, xxvii

Six-Day War, xxx–xxxi

slavery, capitalist exploitation of, xx–xxi

social ecology: climate change and, 55–56; knowledge confiscation and, 41–42

socialism, property rights and, 30

Socialism and Man in Cuba (Guevara), xxvii

Socialist Party (France), xxxii, 114n32

Sokal, Alan, 44–45

Speenhamland law, Marx’s discussion of, 15–17

state: crimes against, 90–95; property rights and, 77–85; right of necessity vs. right of property and, 23–26

Stern report, 55–56

Sur la question juive (Bensaïd), xxxiv

surplus populations, agency of, xx–xxi

sustainable development, capitalism and, 56

Tasca, Catherine, 45–46

Traverso, Enzo, xxiii, xxxiii–xxxiv

Tenth World Congress of the Fourth International (1974), xxxii

terrorism, Bensaïd on, 114n44

Thatcher, Margaret, xxxii

theft: Bensaïd and Marx on, xxiv–xxv; Marx on legislation and, 60–66; privatization of knowledge and, 41–42; property as, 30, 36

theory of mutuality (Proudhon), 34

Theory of Property, The (Proudhon), 118n36

Thiers, Adolphe, 27–28

“Third Way” politics, capitalism and, 52–53

Third Worldism, collapse of, xxxiii

Thompson, E. P., x, 12–13, 17–18

Tocqueville, Alexis de, 18

Trotsky, Leon, Bensaïd and, xix–xxi, xxvii–xxviii

Union des étudiants communistes (UEC), xxvii

United States, Bensaïd’s visit to, xxxiii

Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 46

universal law, customary law and, 67–77

universities, privatization of knowledge and, 40–42

urbanization, common goods and, 47–49

Uruguay, junta in, xxxii–xxxiii

value and compensation, property rights and, 95–105

Verbizier, Gérard, xxvii

Vietnam, French communist support for, xxvii

violence, Bensaïd on culture of, 114n44

Vive la révolution! (VLR), xxx

Walter Benjamin, sentinelle messianique (Bensaïd), xxxiv

War of Attrition, xxx–xxxi

water rights, as universal common good, 46–49

wealth concentration: global capitalization and, 38, 120n60; as social emergency, 52–53

Weber, Henri, xxvii–xxviii

What Is Property? (Proudhon), 11, 27, 29–30, 32–33, 119n50

wood theft, Marx’s articles on, xvi–xix, 7–12; agricultural property and, 85–95; critique of political economy and, 57; customary law and, 68–77; globalization of markets and, 37–38; private vs. individual property and, 49–51; Rhine Provincial Assembly debates and, 59–105; right of necessity vs. right of property and, 25–26

World Assembly of Legislators and Citizens for Water, 46–49

Xifaras, Mikhail, xix

Yom Kippur War, xxx–xxxi

“Young Hegelians,” xii

Zander, Hartwig, xix, 9–10

Zionist nationalism, Bensaïd and, xxx–xxxi