1. Khanbhai A, Sura DS. Irritable Bowel Syndrome for Primary Care Physicians. British Journal of Medical Practitioners 2013;6(1):a608.

2. Babic T. Sex Differences in GABAergic Neurotransmission to Gastric-Projecting DMV Neurons. The FASEB Journal 2015;29(1 Supplement):820-4.

3. Dancey CP, Backhouse S. Overcoming IBS: practical help in coping with Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Robinson; 1993.

4. Dancey CP, Backhouse S. IBS: A complete guide to relief from Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Robinson. 1997.

5. Dibonaventura MD, Prior M, Prieto P, Fortea J. Burden of constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-C) in France, Italy, and the United Kingdom. Clinical & Experimental Gastroenterology 2012;5:203-12.

6. Card TR, Siffledeen J, Fleming KM. Are IBD patients more likely to have a prior diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome? Report of a case-control study in the General Practice Research Database. United European Gastroenterology Journal 2014;2(6):505-12.

7. Arroll MA, Dancey CP. Invisible Illness: Coping with misunderstood conditions. Sheldon Press; 2014.

8. Stenner PH, Dancey CP, Watts S. The understanding of their illness amongst people with irritable bowel syndrome: a Q methodological study. Social Science & Medicine 2000;51(3):439-52.

9. Gladman LM, Gorard DA. General practitioner and hospital specialist attitudes to functional gastrointestinal disorders. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 2003;17(5):651-4.

10. Drossman DA, Dumitrascu DL. Rome III: New standard for functional gastrointestinal disorders. Journal of Gastrointestinal & Liver Disease 2006;15(3):237-41.

11. Cryan JF, Dinan TG. Mind-altering microorganisms: the impact of the gut microbiota on brain and behaviour. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2012;13(10):701-12.

12. Drossman DA, Chang L, Schneck S, Blackman C, Norton WF, Norton NJ. A focus group assessment of patient perspectives on irritable bowel syndrome and illness severity. Digestive Diseases and Sciences 2009;54(7):1532-41.

13. Rønnevig M, Vandvik PO, Bergbom I. Patients’ experiences of living with irritable bowel syndrome. Journal of Advanced Nursing 2009;65(8):1676-85.

14. Dancey CP, Hutton-Young SA, Moye S, Devins GM. Perceived stigma, illness intrusiveness and quality of life in men and women with irritable bowel syndrome. Psychology, Health & Medicine 2002;7(4):381-95.

15. Taft TH, Keefer L, Artz C, Bratten J, Jones MP. Perceptions of illness stigma in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome. Quality of Life Research 2011;20(9):1391-9.

16. Hakanson C, Sahlberg-Blom E, Ternestedt BM. Being in the patient position: experiences of healthcare among people with irritable bowel syndrome. Qualitative Health Research 2010;20(8):1116-27.

17. Lackner JM, Brasel AM, Quigley BM, Keefer L, Krasner SS, Powell C, et al. The ties that bind: perceived social support, stress, and IBS in severely affected patients. Neurogastroenterology & Motility 2010;22(8):893-900.

18. Heinrichs M, Baumgartner T, Kirschbaum C, Ehlert U. Social support and oxytocin interact to suppress cortisol and subjective responses to psychosocial stress. Biological Psychiatry 2003;54(12):1389-98.

19. Goldsmith G, Levin JS. Effect of sleep quality on symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome. Digestive Diseases and Sciences 1993;38(10):1809-14.

20. Mearin F, Lacy BE. Diagnostic criteria in IBS: useful or not? Neurogastroenterology & Motility 2012;24(9):791-801.

21. Peters HP, De Vries WR, Vanberge-Henegouwen GP, Akkermans LM. Potential benefits and hazards of physical activity and exercise on the gastrointestinal tract. Gut 2001;48(3):435-9.

22. De Schryver AM, Keulemans YC, Peters HP, Akkermans LM, Smout AJ, De Vries WR, et al. Effects of regular physical activity on defecation pattern in middle-aged patients complaining of chronic constipation. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 2005;40(4):422-9.

23. Lustyk MK, Jarrett ME, Bennett JC, Heitkemper MM. Does a physically active lifestyle improve symptoms in women with irritable bowel syndrome? Gastroenterology Nursing 2001;24(3):129-37.

24. Hysing M, Pallesen S, Stormark KM, Jakobsen R, Lundervold AJ, Sivertsen B. Sleep and use of electronic devices in adolescence: results from a large population-based study. BMJ Open 2015;5(1):e006748.

25. Mullin GE, Shepherd SJ, Chander Roland B, Ireton-Jones C, Matarese LE. Irritable bowel syndrome: contemporary nutrition management strategies. JPEN – Journal of Parenteral & Enteral Nutrition 2014;38(7):781-99.

26. Costabile A, Santarelli S, Claus SP, Sanderson J, Hudspith BN, Brostoff J, et al. Effect of breadmaking process on in vitro gut microbiota parameters in irritable bowel syndrome. PLoS One 2014;9(10):e111225.

27. Barrett JS. Extending our knowledge of fermentable, short-chain carbohydrates for managing gastrointestinal symptoms. Nutrition in Clinical Practice 2013;28(3):300-6.

28. Rogha M, Esfahani MZ, Zargarzadeh AH. The efficacy of a synbiotic containing Bacillus Coagulans in treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Gastroenterology and Hepatology from Bed to Bench 2014;7(3):156-63.

29. Tzounis X, Rodriguez-Mateos A, Vulevic J, Gibson GR, Kwik-Uribe C, Spencer JP. Prebiotic evaluation of cocoa-derived flavanols in healthy humans by using a randomized, controlled, double-blind, crossover intervention study. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2011;93(1):62-72.

30. Brickman AM, Khan UA, Provenzano FA, Yeung LK, Suzuki W, Schroeter H, et al. Enhancing dentate gyrus function with dietary flavanols improves cognition in older adults. Nature Neuroscience 2014;17(12):1798-803.

31. Efsa NDAP. Scientific opinion on the substantiation of a health claim related to cocoa flavanols and maintenance of normal endothelium-dependent vasodilation pursuant to Article 13 (5) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. European Food Safety Authority Journal 2012;10(2809):b52.

32. Ford AC, Talley NJ, Spiegel BM, Foxx-Orenstein AE, Schiller L, Quigley EM, et al. Effect of fibre, antispasmodics, and peppermint oil in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis. British Medical Journal 2008;337:a2313.

33. Yoon SL, Grundmann O, Koepp L, Farrell L. Management of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in adults: conventional and complementary/alternative approaches. Alternative Medicine Review 2011;16(2):134-51.

34. Whorwell PJ, Prior A, Faragher EB. Controlled trial of hypnotherapy in the treatment of severe refractory irritable bowel syndrome. Lancet 1984;2(8414):1232-4.

35. Whorwell PJ, Prior A, Colgan SM. Hypnotherapy in severe irritable bowel syndrome: further experience. Gut 1987;28(4):423-5.

36. Palsson OS. Standardized hypnosis treatment for irritable bowel syndrome: the North Carolina protocol. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 2006;54(1):51-64.

37. Greene B, Blanchard EB. Cognitive therapy for irritable bowel syndrome. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1994;62(3):576-82.

38. Payne A, Blanchard EB. A controlled comparison of cognitive therapy and self-help support groups in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1995;63(5):779-86.

39. Lackner JM, Mesmer C, Morley S, Dowzer C, Hamilton S. Psychological treatments for irritable bowel syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2004;72(6):1100-13.

40. Blanchard EB, Lackner JM, Sanders K, Krasner S, Keefer L, Payne A, et al. A controlled evaluation of group cognitive therapy in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2007;45(4):633-48.

41. Bolen BB. Breaking the bonds of irritable bowel syndrome: a psychological approach to regaining control of your life. New Harbinger Publications, Incorporated; 2000.

42. Sanders KA, Blanchard EB, Sykes MA. Preliminary study of a self-administered treatment for irritable bowel syndrome: comparison to a wait list control group. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback 2007;32(2):111-9.

43. Davidson RJ, Kabat-Zinn J, Schumacher J, Rosenkranz M, Muller D, Santorelli SF, et al. Alterations in brain and immune function produced by mindfulness meditation. Psychosomatic Medicine 2003;65(4):564-70.

44. Gaylord SA, Palsson OS, Garland EL, Faurot KR, Coble RS, Mann JD, et al. Mindfulness training reduces the severity of irritable bowel syndrome in women: results of a randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Gastroenterology 2011;106(9):1678-88.

45. Zernicke KA, Campbell TS, Blustein PK, Fung TS, Johnson JA, Bacon SL, et al. Mindfulness-based stress reduction for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome symptoms: a randomized wait-list controlled trial. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine 2013;20(3):385-96.

46. Ljøtsson B, Andreewitch S, Hedman E, Ruck C, Andersson G, Lindefors N. Exposure and mindfulness-based therapy for irritable bowel syndrome – an open pilot study. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 2010;41(3):185-90.

47. Ljøtsson B, Falk L, Vesterlund AW, Hedman E, Lindfors P, Ruck C, et al. Internet-delivered exposure and mindfulness-based therapy for irritable bowel syndrome – a randomized controlled trial. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2010;48(6):531-9.

48. Coulson NS. Receiving social support online: an analysis of a computer-mediated support group for individuals living with irritable bowel syndrome. Cyberpsychology and Behavior 2005;8(6):580-4.

49. Wainwright M, Russell AJ, Yiannakou Y. Challenging the biopsychosocial model in a chronic constipation clinic. Qualitative Health Research 2011;21(12):1643-57.

50. Casiday RE, Hungin AP, Cornford CS, de Wit NJ, Blell MT. GPs’ explanatory models for irritable bowel syndrome: a mismatch with patient models? Family Practice 2009;26(1):34-9.

51. Harkness EF, Harrington V, Hinder S, O’Brien SJ, Thompson DG, Beech P, et al. GP perspectives of irritable bowel syndrome – an accepted illness, but management deviates from guidelines: a qualitative study. Family Practice 2013;14:92.

52. Casiday RE, Hungin AP, Cornford CS, de Wit NJ, Blell MT. Patients’ explanatory models for irritable bowel syndrome: symptoms and treatment more important than explaining aetiology. Family Practice 2009;26(1):40-7.

53. Bengtson MB, Ronning T, Vatn MH, Harris JR. Irritable bowel syndrome in twins: genes and environment. Gut 2006;55(12):1754-9.

54. Saito YA. The role of genetics in IBS. Gastroenterology Clinics of North America 2011;40(1):45-67.

55. Drossman DA, Grant Thompson W, Talley NJ, Funch-Jensen P, Janssens J, Whitehead WE. Identification of subgroups of functional gastrointestinal disorder. Gastroenterology International 1990;3(4):159-72.

56. Neal KR, Hebden J, Spiller R. Prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms six months after bacterial gastroenteritis and risk factors for development of the irritable bowel syndrome: postal survey of patients. British Medical Journal 1997;314(7083):779-82.

57. Vermeire S, Van Assche G, Rutgeerts P. Postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome: a genetic link identified? Gastroenterology 2010;138:1246–9.

58. Mearin F, Perez-Oliveras M, Perello A, Vinyet J, Ibanez A, Coderch J, et al. Dyspepsia and irritable bowel syndrome after a Salmonella gastroenteritis outbreak: one-year follow-up cohort study Gastroenterology 2005;129(1):98-104.

59. Malinen E, Rinttila T, Kajander K, Matto J, Kassinen A, Krogius L, et al. Analysis of the fecal microbiota of irritable bowel syndrome patients and healthy controls with real-time PCR. American Journal of Gastroenterology 2005;100(2):373-82.

60. Panda S, El Khader I, Casellas F, Lopez Vivancos J, Garcia Cors M, Santiago A, et al. Short-term effect of antibiotics on human gut microbiota. PLoS One 2014;9(4):e95476.

61. Rhee SH, Pothoulakis C, Mayer EA. Principles and clinical implications of the brain–gut–enteric microbiota axis. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology and Hepatology 2009;6(5):306-14.

62. Klooker TK, Braak B, Painter RC, de Rooij SR, van Elburg RM, van den Wijngaard RM, et al. Exposure to severe wartime conditions in early life is associated with an increased risk of irritable bowel syndrome: a population-based cohort study. American Journal of Gastroenterology 2009;104(9):2250-6.

63. Lackner JM, Gudleski GD, Blanchard EB. Beyond abuse: the association among parenting style, abdominal pain, and somatization in IBS patients. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2004;42(1):41-56.

64. Collins SM, Bercik P. The relationship between intestinal microbiota and the central nervous system in normal gastrointestinal function and disease. Gastroenterology 2009;136(6):2003-14.

65. Zhou Q, Zhang B, Verne GN. Intestinal membrane permeability and hypersensitivity in the irritable bowel syndrome. Pain 2009;146(1-2):41-6.

66. Soderholm JD, Yates DA, Gareau MG, Yang PC, MacQueen G, Perdue MH. Neonatal maternal separation predisposes adult rats to colonic barrier dysfunction in response to mild stress. American Journal of Physiology: Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 2002;283(6):G1257-63.

67. Santos J, Yang PC, Soderholm JD, Benjamin M, Perdue MH. Role of mast cells in chronic stress induced colonic epithelial barrier dysfunction in the rat. Gut 2001;48(5):630-6.

68. Barbara G, Stanghellini V, De Giorgio R, Cremon C, Cottrell GS, Santini D, et al. Activated mast cells in proximity to colonic nerves correlate with abdominal pain in irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 2004;126(3):693-702.

69. Chadwick VS, Chen W, Shu D, Paulus B, Bethwaite P, Tie A, et al. Activation of the mucosal immune system in irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 2002;122(7):1778-83.

70. Coates MD, Mahoney CR, Linden DR, Sampson JE, Chen J, Blaszyk H, et al. Molecular defects in mucosal serotonin content and decreased serotonin reuptake transporter in ulcerative colitis and irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 2004;126(7):1657-64.