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Acheson, Dean, 27, 29; attacks on, xi, 14, 28, 31, 182; denounces Dulles and Esenhower, 153; Dulles, view of, 27, 28; Eisenhower, 179; Taiwan independence, 35
Aircraft, supplied to Taiwan, 145
Ambassadorial talks, 95–101; China, Republic of, 30, 96; China Lobby, 96; Clough, Ralph, 99; Dulles, 30, 96–97;Eisenhower, 96, 100; George, Walter, 96, 98; Impact on Asia, 95; Implications for US policy, 95–100; Important link provided by, 101; Interruption of, 99–100; Johnson, Lyndon, 96; Johnson, U. Alexis, 97–98, 100, 117, 130, 155; Knowland, William, 96; Martin, Edwin, 100; Media opinion, 96; PRC, 97–98, 99, 101; Public opinion, 96; Rankin, Karl, 95, 100; Renunciation of force, 97–98, 99; Repatriation, 97, 98, 99, 218n48; Robertson, Walter, 100; Taiwan Strait crisis (1954), 97, 101;Taiwan Strait crisis (1958), 151, 155; Unproductiveness, of, 99; US Congress, 96, 165; Wang Bingnan, 97–98. See also Johnson, U. Alexis; Wang Bingnan
American Federation of Labor (AFL), 112
American Society of Newspaper Editors, 117
Anderson, Dillon, Racism of, 45
Apocalypse management, 14
Batten, Barton: Durstine and Osborn, 48
Bermuda Conferences, (1953) 105, (1957) 132
Bikini Islands nuclear weapons testing, 101–102
Bowie, Robert, 33–34, 74, 84, 119; Herter, 164; Nuclear weapons, 82–84; Taiwan Strait crisis (1954), 84; Taiwan Strait crisis (1958), 153; United Nations, 113
Brown ν Board of Education, 1954, 47
Burma: Anti-China operations, 37, 59; Trade with China, 126
Businessmen, 32, 61, 73, 130; Britain and China trade, 128; China Lobby, 44; Eisenhower, 9, 178; Japanese and China trade, 133; Recognition of China, 167;Taiwan Strait crisis (1954), 83; United Nations, 167
Carney, Robert B., 74, 79
Catholic War Veterans, 112
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 19, 36, 37; Agents imprisoned by PRC, 69; China trade, 130; Cline, Ray, 72, 143; Committee for One Million Against the Admission of Communist China to the United Nations, 111; Eisenhower reliance upon, 42; Indonesia, 142;Intelligence assessments of PRC, 72–73, 118; Khrushchev secret speech, 108; Operation Circus (Tibet), 59–60; Operation Success (Guatemala), 37; Project Paper (China-Burma border), 59–60; Sino-Soviet relations, 106, 149, 169, 175; Taiwan Strait crisis (1954), 71; Taiwan Strait crisis (1958), 142–143, 146. See also Intelligence
Central Treaty Organization (CENTO), 41
Chiang Kai-shek, 29, 31, 62, 92, 96, 119, 218n52; Acheson, 27; Bowie, Robert view of, 34; China Lobby, 44, 167–168; Clay, Lucius view of, 17; Coup against, 62, 151, 236n16; Dislike of Americans, 214n85, 237n25; Distrust of, 33, 157; Distrusts others, 143; Dulles, 27, 28, 29, 31, 62, 63, 67, 242n84; Eisenhower, 8, 11, 15, 62, 63, 66, 67, 86–87, 100, 178, 180, 251n95; Japan, 133; Kennedy, 178; Khrushchev, 170; McCloy, John J., view of, 20; Merchant, Livingston view of, 35; Mongolia, 116; Murphy, Robert view of, 21; New Zealand Resolution, 76, 210n34; Offshore islands, 74, 78–79, 84–87, 89, 139–142, 178, 211n47, 215n14; PRC rejects US support for, 23; Radford, Arthur, 62, 85–86; Rankin, Karl view of, 32, 62, 100, 211n47; Return to the mainland, 62, 63, 205n38; Robertson, Walter, 31, 85–86, 214n85; Rusk, Dean, 62; secret talks with China, 245n131; Sino-Soviet split, 175;Taiwan Strait crisis (1954), 71, 84–88; Taiwan Strait crisis (1958), 143–144, 148–153, 155–158, 161–162, 163, 241n76; Truman administration, 35; Two Chinas policy, 92; Unleashing of, 12–13, 15, 23, 29; US embassy sacking, 142;US-ROC Mutual Defense Treaty, 30, 64, 76, 101
China, People’s Republic of: Ambassadorial talks, 30, 95–101, 130, 139, 140, 148, 154–155; American prisoners, 69, 96–99, 117–118, 218n48; Anglo-American relations, 124, 125; Attacks on, 26, 38, 62–63, 74, 80–81, 84, 157; Bandung Conference, 92–95, 96, 101, 216n18; Blockade, 22, 57, 69, 85–87, 130, 145, 157, 180; Central Intelligence Agency, 69, 71, 73, 130; Collapse, 56; Conlon report, 165–166; Containment and isolation, 56, 118, 125, 164; Covert operations against, 59–60, 142–143; Economic policies, 140, 144, 171–172, 173; Formosa Resolution, 78, 84, 101, 143; Geneva, US-China talks, 66; Geneva Conference, 28, 57, 64–65, 69, 128; Great Britain, aircraft attacked, 71; Imperialism, 23, 46; intentions, 77, 79, 81–82, 140–143, 148, 184–185; Japan, 89, 122–124, 125, 128;Kennedy, 1–4, 180; Khrushchev, 106, 107, 170–172; Korean War, 12, 22, 56–57, 59, 71, 114, 122, 124; Lebanon, 140, 144; Liberate Taiwan campaigns, 69, 77, 85, 92, 94, 98; Liberation struggles, 46, 173; Media, 83, 91, 96, 117, 125, 153, 154, 168–169; Message to Our Taiwan Compatriots, A, 155; Military threats to, 56–57, 143; Monolithic communism, 23, 28, 30, 118; Nazi Germany comparison, 45; Nuclear coercion, 22, 74, 101; Nuclear weapons, 3, 45, 81–83, 100, 141, 145–146, 175; Nuclear weapons, China development of, 101–102, 147, 171–172; Offshore islands, 74–75, 77–79, 144, 208n8, 211n47; Offshore islands, seizure of, 71, 143, 150–151; Offshore islands, US abandonment of, 78; Opportunity for opening to, 99; Overseas Chinese, 61, 203n28; Peace policy, 57–58, 61, 94–95; Psychological warfare, Jinmen, 157; Public opinion, 44, 49, 56–57, 89, 96, 112, 152, 166; Racism, 45, 46, 58–59; Raids on, 15, 56, 74, 77, 149, 157, 209n21; Recognition of, 2–3, 7, 15, 28, 96, 115, 180; Red China, 12, 15, 16, 22, 32, 33, 95, 96, 103, 114, 135, 136, 168–169; Renunciation of force, 97–99, 130, 218n50; Robertson, Walter, 45; Secret talks with Taiwan, 245n131; Sino-Soviet relations, 106–107, 110, 132, 136, 171; Sino-Soviet split, 109–110, 149, 171, 174, 176–177; Sino-Soviet split, Taiwan Strait crises, 102, 148, 174; Sino-Soviet Treaty, 1950, 109, 147, 148; Soviet Union, 32, 102, 109–110, 120, 140, 148–149, 159, 167, 169–171, 220n14; Soviet Union, curb on China, 176; Soviet Union, distrust of China, 109; Soviet Union technicians, 172–173; Strategic ambiguity, 63, 78, 143; Survivability of, 56, 59, 66, 167, 177, 180; Taiwan recovery, 32, 57, 63, 69–71, 75, 87, 91–92, 95, 142, 151, 169; Third World leader, 94, 103, 159; Titoism, 104–105; Trade embargo, 121–137, 165, 180, 184;Travel to, 116–118, 161, 165; Two Chinas policy, 30, 66, 76, 89–92, 100, 140, 155, 158, 170–171; United Nations, 33, 75–76, 79, 151, 152, 167, 180, 223n41; United Nations, China representation question, 2, 15, 28, 32, 34, 101, 110–118, 221n24, 223n45; US, benefits and costs of contact, 56; US aircraft, attack on, 69; US Congress, 78, 83–84, 96, 111, 118, 122, 126, 130, 132, 154, 164–165; US domestic politics, 11–12, 22, 24, 177; US fears radicalism of, 176–177; US intelligence about, 72–73, 81–82, 103, 143, 171–172; US-ROC Mutual Defense Treaty, 91, 101; US-ROC Mutual Defense Treaty, ambassadorial talks, 66; US-ROC Mutual Defense Treaty, offshore islands, 71, 73, 76; US-ROC Mutual Defense Treaty, opposition to, 64, 69, 71; US-ROC Mutual Defense Treaty, United Nations, 77; US, Taiwan dependence on, 140, 142; US threat to, 22, 69, 71, 81–83, 100, 143, 170, 182; War with, 8, 22, 77, 79, 87, 140–141, 144, 145, 148, 169, 174, 180. See also Dulles, Allen W.; Dulles, John Foster; Eisenhower, Dwight D.; Mao Zedong; Sino-Soviet relations; Sino-Soviet split; Taiwan Strait crises; Zhou Enlai
China, Republic of (Taiwan), xii, 45, 61, 192n17. Abandonment of, 38, 67, 75; Ambassadorial talks, 95–100, 148; Anti-American riot, 142; Bandung, 94; Burma, 59; China Lobby, 96, 168, 178, 197n25; China Lobby, Dulles, 28, 31, 38, 55, 67, 119, 182, 197n25; China Lobby, Dulles advisers, 21, 33, 119; China Lobby, Eisenhower, 12, 13, 15, 55, 67, 119, 182; China Lobby, Joseph McCarthy, 43–44; China Lobby, trade, 123; China Lobby, travel, 118; China Lobby, US Congress, 164; Distrust, 91, 149, 150; Drumright, Everett, 31–33, 164; Dulles, 28–30, 38–39, 62, 67, 144, 150; Dulles Taiwan trip, 157;Eisenhower, 3, 8, 38–39, 66, 78, 152, 180–181; Eisenhower Taiwan trip, 161, 178; Formosa Resolution, 78, 84, 101, 143; Free China, 15, 30, 32, 67, 92; Free China, propaganda value of, 38–39, 161; Geneva Conference, 64; Great Britain, 115; Gruenther, 20; Indonesia, 60; Intelligence cooperation, 73, 74, 141–142, 208n14; Japan, 133; Korean War, 22; MacArthur, II, 35; Mainland recovery, 91; Manipulates US, 15, 16, 29, 62, 158; Mao Zedong, 64–65; Merchant, 35–36; Military of, 15, 62, 74, 140–141, 142, 144–145, 149, 238n31; Ministry of National Defense, 149, 166; Morale in, 12, 15, 74, 144; Murphy, 22; National Security Council, 56, 74, 77, 84, 143; Offshore islands, 74–75, 78–79, 84–85, 143–145, 153–154; Offshore islands, troops in, 140; Overseas Chinese, 61, 203n28; PRC takeover of, 63, 69, 75, 79, 95; Raids on mainland, 15, 56, 74, 77, 149, 157, 209n21; Rankin, Karl, 31–33, 100; Rioting against US, 142; Secret talks with China, 245n131; SEATO, 73–74; Soviet Union, 92, 116, 145, 146, 170; Two Chinas policy, 89, 91–92, 165;United Nations, 76, 115–116, 152, 225n75; UN trusteeship, 62, 151; US arms, 69, 141, 143, 145; US-ROC Mutual Defense Treaty, 63–64, 66, 76–79, 91; US-ROC Mutual Defense Treaty, secret codicil, 76, 210n37. See also Kuomintang (KMT) (Chinese Nationalist Party); Nationalists
China Lobby, 11, 44, 57, 181–182; China Lobby in American Politics, The, 168; Dulles, 28, 31, 38, 55, 67, 119, 182, 197n25; Dulles advisers, 33, 119; Eisenhower, 12, 13, 15, 55, 67, 119, 182; Johnson, U. Alexis, 197n25; Kennedy/Nixon campaign, 178; Kohlberg, Alfred, 168; McCarthy, Joseph, 43–44; McCloy, John, 21; Opposes talks with PRC, 96; Red China Lobby, The, 168; Trade, 123; Travel to China, 118; US Congress, 164.See also Committee for One Million Against the Admission of Communist China to the United Nations; U.S. Congress: China bloc
Chinese Communist Party (CCP), 71
Cold War, 103; Alignment in, 49;Alliance diplomacy, 63; Dulles, 182;Eisenhower, 10, 41, 50, 72, 182; Ending of, 57, 177; Framework for policy, xi, 39, 94, 118, 185; Kennedy, 3; Racism, 45; Sino-Soviet split, 103; Taiwan, 22; Titoism, 104–105; Truman, 42; Waging of, 49, 103
Commander-in-Chief, Pacific (CINCPAC), 143
Committee for One Million Against the Admission of Communist China to the United Nations, 111–112
Communist China and Asia, 168
Coordinating Committee of the Paris Consultative Group (COCOM), 121–123; China Committee (CHINCOM), 123–134, 228n6
Council on Foreign Economic Policy (CFEP), 127, 130
Council on Foreign Relations, 20, 167, 168
Day the World Ended, The (1956), 81
Dirksen, Everett, 16, 111
Dulles, Allen W.: Asia, disinterest in, 16, 37; Contrast with John Foster Dulles, 16; Dulles, John Foster, adviser to, 36–37; Eisenhower view of, 16, 163; Sino-Soviet split, 106, 108, 126; Taiwan Strait crisis (1958), 143, 146; Travel to PRC, 118; Vietnam, 37
Dulles, John Foster: Acheson, Dean, 27–28; Advisers, 30–37, 38, 58, 83, 104, 149, 157, 164 (see also individual entries); Ambassadorial talks, 30, 95; Anti-China rhetoric, 25–26, 183; Anti-communism, of, 43, 49, 50; Assumption bias, 183; Background of, 26–27; Bandung, 94; Blockade, 154, 157; Brinksmanship, 41, 99, 101; Chiang Kai-shek, 28–29, 62–63, 66, 150, 152, 157, 158, 161; Chiang Kai-shek, coup against, 62; Chiang Kai-shek and attack on PRC, 29; China, early contact, 27, 161; China, Republic of, 29–30, 38–39, 91; China and Asia, disinterest in, 37, 38, 66; China Lobby, 28, 38, 55, 67, 96, 182; Containment, 29, 49, 56, 60–61; Covert action, 59–61; Domestic politics, 27–28, 38, 181, 182;Dulles, Allen, 36–37; Eisenhower, consultation, 38; Eisenhower view of, 25, 163, 180; Europe, importance of, 27, 66, 84; European Defense Community, 64; Fear of being attacked, 27, 38, 182; Free China, 30, 38, 67; Geneva Conference, 28; Great Britain, 27, 30, 79, 81, 91, 105, 115, 131, 133; Herter, Christian, 159–160, 163, 164; Intelligence, 59, 75, 81–82, 144; Japanese Peace Treaty, 27, 28, 36, 38; Korean War, 27; Kuomintang, 28, 35, 36, 62, 91; Mao Zedong, 158; Massive retaliation, 26, 101, 147; Monolithic communism, 28, 43, 50, 104, 182; National Security Council, 30, 80, 84, 135, 146; Nationalism, 27; Nationalist Chinese, 29, 30, 63; Nationalist Chinese protests ignored, 30; New Look, 101, 146; Nuclear weapons, attitude toward, 81–82, 157; Offshore islands, 74–75; Operation Oracle, 76, 79, 242n90; Peaceful evolution, 170; Personal style, 25–26, 38, 99; Political convictions and philosophy of, 50; PRC benefits and costs of contact, 56, 181–182; PRC characterization of, 55, 58; PRC hostility toward, 29, 66, 176, 182, 183; PRC information about, 56, 71–73; PRC moderate policies toward, 31, 56, 58, 162–163, 182; PRC nuclear weapons, 99; PRC overthrow of, 72, 177; PRC policy change, 183; PRC recognition of, 28; PRC survivability of, 56, 59, 66, 177;PRC travel to, 163; PRC understanding of, 72, 176, 182; PRC war with, 66, 83, 144; Private vs public views of, 26, 30, 50, 55, 144; Public opinion, 38, 50–51, 55, 89, 182, 183; Risk management, 28, 65, 119, 144; Rollback, 26, 49, 56; Sino-Soviet split, 30, 102, 149; Smith, Walter Bedell, 19, 75; Soviet Union, 149; Strategic ambiguity, 63, 77–78;Strategic thinking, 67, 185; Taiwan Strait crisis (1954), 71, 73, 75–76, 79, 84, 88; Taiwan Strait crisis (1958), 142–155, 157–158, 174; Taiwan, trip, 157; Tibet, 59–60; Titoism, 28; Trade embargo, 129–131, 134, 210n37; Truman, Harry S, 27; Two Chinas policy, 30, 66, 89–92, 151, 158; United Nations, 1, 24, 28, 30, 62, 75–76, 112, 113, 119, 151; United Nations, Veto use, 115–116; US Congress, 37–38, 47, 55, 96, 153–154, 182; US-ROC Mutual Defense Treaty, 63–64, 66, 73–74, 76, 91, 101; War and Peace, 27; Zhou Enlai, 28, 64
Economic Defense Advisory Committee (EDAC), 131
Eisenhower, Dwight D. (Ike): Acheson, 153, 179; Advisers, 16–22, 50, 74, 83, 100, 104, 132, 149, 155, 163, 174, 181 (see also individual names); Alliance strategy of, 10, 42, 63; Ambassadorial talks, 95–96; Anti-China rhetoric, 2, 8, 25–26; Anti-communism, 10, 14, 23, 43, 49, 50, 180–181; Assumption bias, 183; Background of, 7, 9–10, 11, 13; Berlin, 7, 169, 170, 179, 181; Blockade, 22, 69, 85–87, 154, 180; Business, view of, 16–17, 121–137, 178; Central Intelligence Agency, 42; “Chance for Peace” speech, 58; Chiang Kai-shek, 8, 11, 12, 15, 23, 62–63, 66, 100, 149, 151–152, 156, 158, 178; Chiang Kai-shek, coup against, 151; Chiang Kai-shek, distrust of, 86; China, and Asia, disinterest in, 11, 24, 50, 51, 66, 178, 181; China, judgment of, 1–4, 5, 71; China Lobby, 11, 13, 16, 55, 67, 182; Chinese Nationalists, 15, 23; Cold War, hopes to moderate, 177; Collective security, 10; Containment, 49, 56, 60–61, 179; Covert action, 2, 7, 42, 55, 59–61, 72, 180; Decision-making, 9, 13, 25, 42, 48, 50, 51, 82–83, 191n1; Decolonization, 23, 46, 49, 180; Dislikes administration policies, 24, 55, 178, 179–180, 182, 183; Domestic politics, 3, 11–12, 15–16, 22, 42, 47, 50, 55, 59, 139, 177–179, 181, 183; Dulles, Allen, 16, 108, 118, 126, 143, 146, 163; Dulles, John Foster, 9, 14, 16, 25, 87, 163, 180, 181; Dulles, John Foster, death of, 159; Europe, importance of, 2, 7, 10, 11, 12–13, 23, 50, 66, 178, 181; Fear of communism, 43, 60–61; Foreign economic policy of, 47, 55, 119, 121–137;Formosa Resolution, 78, 84, 101; Free China, 38, 67; Great Britain, 46, 86, 106, 133, 145, 151, 158; Heart attack, 110; Herter, 7, 156, 159–160, 161; Ideology, 23; Intelligence, 21, 37, 42, 59, 60, 72, 81–82, 133, 143, 172; Kennedy, 1–4, 179, 180, 181; Korean War, 11, 12, 22, 41, 57, 179; Kuomintang, 23, 156; Lame duck, 177; Mao Zedong, 7–8, 12, 23, 100, 158; Massive retaliation, 26, 82, 101; McCarthy, Joseph, 11, 43, 51; Media, 47–48; Missile gap, 110, 159; Moderation of, 65, 177, 182; Monolithic communism, 23, 43, 50, 104, 182; National Security Council, 14, 15, 42, 50, 75, 126, 131–132, 134, 135, 174; Nationalism in Asia, 22–23; New Look, 41, 86, 101, 146; Nixon, Richard M., 13–14, 127, 160, 177, 178, 179; Nuclear deterrence, 10, 100–101; Nuclear weapons, 10, 12, 22, 41, 42, 81–83, 101, 146, 159, 176, 213n73, 239n42; Offshore islands, 74–75, 84–87, 153; Operation Oracle, 77, 78, 79; Performance of, 9, 180, 182, 183; Political convictions and philosophy of, 50, 51, 86–87, 134, 177, 184; Popular culture, 81, 167, 178; Pragmatist, 9, 24; PRC, knowledge of, 171; PRC, war with, 3, 13, 63, 75, 82–83, 85, 86, 100, 174, 180–181; PRC and UN, 2, 15, 110; PRC benefits and costs of contact, 56; PRC characterization of, 55; PRC hostility toward, 66, 182; PRC information about, 56, 73; PRC isolation of, 4; PRC moderate policies toward, 56; PRC overthrow of, 7–8, 72, 177; PRC perceptions of Eisenhower, 58; PRC policy change, 178, 179–180, 181, 184–185;PRC propaganda usefulness of, 181;PRC raids on, 15; PRC recognition of, 2, 7, 15, 57, 71, 180; PRC survivability of, 56, 59, 66, 177, 180; PRC understanding of, 23, 72; Private vs public views, 15, 22, 26, 51, 55, 58, 183; Psychological warfare, 14, 42, 47, 50, 72, 126, 136, 180, 223n50; Public opinion, 1, 22, 38, 38, 48, 50–51, 55, 75, 89, 169, 178, 182, 183; Racism of, 45–46, 47, 58–59, 143; Radford, 13, 14, 82; Radford/Robertson mission, 85–87;Risk management, 3, 7, 13, 24, 51, 65, 78, 82, 85–87, 100, 119, 180, 183; Rollback, 49, 56; Self-confidence of, 13, 77; Sino-Soviet relations, 106; Sino-Soviet split, 102, 149, 169, 173, 175, 181; Soviet Union, 2, 7, 8, 10, 57, 149, 159, 170, 172, 174, 175, 180, 181; Strategic ambiguity, 143; Strategic thinking, 67, 86–87; Taiwan, 3, 15; Taiwan amphibious lift capabilities, 152, 180; Taiwan Strait crises, 2, 3, 7, 15, 100, 181; Taiwan Strait crisis (1954), 71, 73, 78–79, 83, 84, 89–101; Taiwan Strait crisis (1958), 139–141, 143–149, 151–156, 158, 174; Taiwan, visit, 178; Threat to Kennedy, 1–4, 180, 181, 185; Tibet, 59–60; Trade with PRC, 23, 57, 121–137, 180, 183–184; Truman, Harry S, 11, 12, 14, 15, 23, 42, 49, 179; Two Chinas policy, 3, 89, 91, 92, 100; United Nations, 2, 15, 24, 77, 110, 112, 119, 180, 183, 184; Unleashed Chiang Kai-shek, 12–13, 15, 23, 29; US Congress, 16, 47, 55, 86–87, 154, 183; US-ROC Mutual Defense Treaty, 63, 101. See also Dulles, John Foster; Herter, Christian
Eisenhower, Milton, 18, 20
European Defense Community, 41, 64
Far East Economic Defense Working Group, 129
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 43, 45; Suspicious of Chinese Americans, 61
Foreign Operations Administration, 130
Formosa, 16, 76, 92, 93, 145, 164, 169, 177, 192n17. See also China, Republic of (Taiwan)
General Federation of Women’s Clubs, 112
George, Walter, 37, 91, 96, 217n34; PRC, 28, 57, 64–65, 69, 128; Sino-American talks, 66, 93; Sino-Soviet relations, 106
Germany, 26, 27, 45, 124, 181; As campaign issue, 42; As divided nation, 91, 170; Soviet Union, 109, 159, 169, 170
Goodpaster, Andrew J.: China, 21, 149; Relationship with Eisenhower, 21
Grand Old Party. See Republican Party
Great Britain, 27, 30, 46, 58, 65, 90, 158, 190n5; Aircraft attacked, 71; Ambassadorial talks, 99; Churchill, Winston, 105, 106; Conlon Report, 166; Dien Bien Phu, 86–87; Eden, Anthony, 79, 91, 113; Hong Kong, 73, 122, 154;Indonesia, 60; Influence over US, 115; Geneva Conference, 64, 128; Nuclear weapons, 81; Radford, 128; Rankin, 32; Robertson, 131; Sino-Soviet split, 173; Suez, 11, 154; And Taiwan, 84, 90; Taiwan Strait crisis (1954), 145, 151;Taiwan Strait crisis (1958), 154; Trade embargo, 122, 124–125, 127, 128, 131–133, 136, 166; United Nations, 114, 115, 129, 169; US irrational on China, 81
Gruenther, Alfred M., 16, 20
Guatemala, 2, 7, 14, 39, 61; Covert action, 37, 42, 55, 72–73, 180
Hainan Island, As military base, 110
Hammarskjold, Dag, 79, 114
Herter, Christian, 20, 26, 159–178; Asia, knowledge of, 7, 160; Background of, 160; Chiang Kai-shek view of, 161; China, recognition, 161; Cuba, 163; Disability of, 160; Eisenhower, relationship with, 159–160; Free China, 161; Ignored by Dulles, 160–161;Khrushchev US visit, 163; Personality of, 160–161; PRC travel to, 163, 165; PRC war with, 174; Presidential possibility, 160; Secretary of State, 163–164; Taiwan Strait crisis (1958), 141–142, 145, 150
Humphrey, Hubert, 83; Khrushchev disparages China to, 172; Travel to PRC, 118, 165
India, 15, 36, 58–59, 93, 105; Sino-Indian border, 109, 166; Taiwan Strait crisis (1958), 154; United Nations, 113–114, 165, 167
Indochina, 7, 42, 56, 106; French war, 22, 37, 43, 71; Geneva Conference, 19, 63–64, 115, 127
Indonesia, 61, 93; Covert action in, 7, 60, 72, 142, 180; Sukarno, 60, 142; Trade with China, 126
Institute of Pacific Relations, 105
Intelligence, 103; Ambassadorial talks, 97;China, estimates of, 56, 72, 79, 82–83, 130, 171, 172; Corona spy satellite, 171;Donovan, “Wild Bill,” 37; Dulles, Allen, 16, 36, 37; Eisenhower, 72; Goodpaster, Andrew, 21; Great Britain, 133; Hong Kong, 73; Khrushchev secret speech, 108; Korean War, 19;Navy P-2V Neptune aircraft, 171;Nuclear weapons, 19, 84, 171; Offshore islands, 74, 75; Republic of China, cooperation with, 73, 141–142, 157;Signals intelligence, 73, 208n14;Sino-Soviet split, 106, 147, 175–176;Taiwan Strait crisis (1954), 75; Taiwan Strait crisis (1958), 143, 144, 149; U-2, 172; US, 69, 72, 118, 176; Vietnam, 60. See also Central Intelligence Agency (CIA); National Intelligence Estimates (NIE); U-2 spy plane
International Cooperation Administration (ICA), 130
Invasion of the Body Snatchers, 43
Israel, 57; Khrushchev secret speech, 106; Trade embargo, 130
Japan, xii, 11, 35, 56, 64, 159, 164; China, relations with, 89, 122–124, 125, 128; Dietman’s League for the Promotion of Sino-Japanese Trade, 123, 128; Dulles, 27, 82; Eisenhower, 82; Korean War, 22; Nuclear weapons, 84, 102;Occupation of, 21; Peace Treaty, 27–28, 36, 38, 62, 123; Racism, 44, 58; Sino-Soviet split, 174; Taiwan, 133, 141, 144, 151, 154; Trade embargo, 122–125, 128, 132–136, 184; Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security, 35; United Nations, 165; US alliance, 159
Johnson, Lyndon B., 84, 96, 101, 160; Eisenhower, 16, 110; Taiwan Strait crisis (1958), 154; Trade embargo, 132
Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS): Dachen island evacuation, 78; Sino-Soviet split, 175;Taiwan Strait crisis (1954), 74; Taiwan Strait crisis (1958), 142–145, 149, 150–153; Trade embargo, 133; US-ROC Mutual Defense Treaty, 77
Journalists, 79, 83, 152, 169; China Lobby, 44; China trade, 123; Eisenhower and, 47; Taiwan Strait crisis (1958), 153; Travel restrictions, 118, 161, 165
Kennedy, John F., xi, 174, 179; 1960 election campaign and offshore islands, 177–178;China, 1–4, 180; Domestic politics, 3; Eisenhower, 2, 177, 179, 190n5; Military capabilities of US, 147; Nixon, 177–178; Nuclear weapons, 3; Sino-Soviet split, 3; Taiwan Strait crisis (1958), 154;Threatened by Eisenhower, 1–4, 7;Tibet, 60
Khrushchev, Nikita: Berlin crisis, 169, 170; Chiang Kai-shek, 170; China, and, 106, 107, 170–171; Eisenhower, 159, 170; Mao Zedong, 108, 109, 147, 170, 172; Military cooperation with China, 110, 147, 171, 172; secret speech, 106, 107–108;Sino-Soviet split, 118–119; Taiwan Strait crisis (1958), 144, 147, 148–149, 169–170, 241n76; Two Chinas, 170, 171; U-2, 159, 172; US visit, 49, 163, 170
Knowland, William, 83, 84, 96, 164, 168; American prisoners in China, 69; Dulles, 37; Eisenhower, view of, 16; Trade embargo, 130; Travel to PRC, 118; United Nations, 111
Koo, V.K. Wellington, 45, 76
Korea, 56, 63, 91, 144; Covert action in, 37; Taiwan Strait crisis (1958), 154
Korean War, 11, 19, 42, 44, 55, 116, 179; bacteriological warfare, charges of, 45; China, 12, 22, 56–57, 59, 71, 114, 122, 124; Eisenhower trip to, 41; Geneva Conference, 64; McConaughy, 32; Nuclear threats, 100; Panmunjom talks, 98, 105; Public opinion, 56, 57, 111; Racism in, 45; Soviet Union, 107, 108; Trade embargo, 111, 122–127; United Nations, 76, 111, 113, 114
Kuomintang (KMT) (Chinese Nationalist Party), 12; Acheson, 29; Distrust of US, 91; Dulles, 29–30; Merchant, 35; Offshore islands, 71; Return to the mainland, 62, 91; Taiwan Strait crisis (1954), 146; US-ROC Mutual Defense Treaty, 76; US support, 31. See also China, Republic of (Taiwan)
Little Rock school crisis, 45
Lodge, Henry Cabot, Jr.33; U.S. UN representative, 111, 113, 160
Los Angeles Mirror and Daily News, 83
MacArthur, Douglas, General, 11, 20, 22, 38
MacArthur II, Douglas, 34–35, 84; Ambassador to Japan, 164;Decolonization, 35; Dulles, 33
Macmillan, Harold, 30; Trade embargo, 132–133
Macmillan publishing company, 168
Mao Zedong, 19, 43, 127; Chinese Tito, 28, 109; Dulles, 28, 140; Eisenhower, 7–8, 12, 23, 100; Eisenhower/Dulles split, perceived, 65; Geneva Conference, 65; Great Leap Forward, 72, 13;Hopes to split US and Taiwan, 142;Lebanon, 144; McConaughy, 32;Nuclear weapons, view of, 59, 101–102, 147, 171–172; Peace policy of, 61, 110; Rankin, 32; Revolution, 61; Sino-Soviet split, 102, 107–109, 169–172; Soviet Union, 109, 110, 148–149; Sputnik, 109–110; Taiwan Strait crisis (1954), 69, 71–87, 101;Taiwan Strait crisis (1958), 139–140;Two Chinas policy, 92, 151, 158;Uprising against, 7–8, 19, 37, 56;US-ROC Mutual Defense Treaty, 64;US policy, 57–58, 65, 71, 79, 99, 148, 155
Martin, Edwin, 170, 177; Ambassadorial talks, 100
Mazu (Matsu), 78, 84, 85, 93, 140, 143, 144, 146, 152, 154
Media, 33, 43, 48, 108; China, 117, 125; Newspapers, 48, 73, 91, 112, 117, 154, 166, 168, 169; Radio, 48, 73; Television, 43, 48, 171; Used by administration, 47–48. See also names of individual media outlets
Moscow. See Soviet Union
Mutual Defense Assistance Control Act (the Battle Act), 122, 230n130
National Intelligence Estimates (NIE), 106; NIE, 13–60, 1960, 175
National Opinion Research Center (NORC), 48
National Security Agency (NSA), 73
National Security Council (NSC), 17, 29, 42, 78, 91, 131, 174, 182, 183; Dulles, 30, 82, 84, 146; Dulles, Allen, 106; Eisenhower, 15, 42, 50, 75, 126; Goodpaster, 21; MacArthur, II, 34; National Security Act, 1947, 42; NSC 48/5, 1951, 114; NSC 146/2, 1953, 74, 77, 114; NSC 162/2, 1953, 74; NSC 166/1, 1953, 56, 104, 114; NSC 5429/2, 1954, 77; NSC 5429/5 1954, 56, 77, 127, 129, 163; NSC 5516/1, 1955, 128; NSC 5704/1, 1957, 131; NSC 5904, 1959, 174; Trade embargo, 123–124, 130–143
National Steel Corporation, 83
Nationalists: Aircraft, 145; Alsop, Joseph, 153; Burma, 59; China, harassment of, 158; Dulles, 28, 63; Eisenhower, 8, 15, 22, 23; Great Britain, 115; Indonesia, 240n30; Intelligence, 73; Lodge, 33; mainland, attacks on, 22, 63, 77; McConaughy, 32; Offshore islands, 77, 85; PRC, blockade of, 87; Public opinion, 57; Smuggling charges against, 168; Taiwan Strait crisis (1954), 83; Taiwan Strait crisis (1958), 143, 149, 150, 157, 242n78; Two Chinas, 89, 91–92; Unimportance of, 35; United Nations, 75–76, 116; Unleashing of, 12; US commitment to, 141; US Congress, 84; US domestic politics, 55, 75; US-ROC Mutual Defense Treaty, 63, 77; World War II, 17. See also China, Republic of (Taiwan); Kuomintang (KMT) (Chinese Nationalist Party)
New China News Agency, 92
New York Herald Tribune, 22, 153
Nixon, Richard, 179; 1960 election campaign and offshore islands; Chiang Kai-shek, 64; Eisenhower view of, 13–14, 177, 178; Herter, 160; Kennedy, 177–178; Offshore islands, 177–178; Public opinion, 153; Republicans, 78; Sino-Soviet split, 175; State Department, 153; Trade, and, 127;United Nations, 76
Nonaligned movement, 93, 101
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 9, 11, 20, 21, 34, 41, 42, 63, 109, 125, 133, 154, 169, 179
Nuclear weapons, 128; Atoms For Peace, 47; Chiang Kai-shek, 157; China’s development of, 101–102, 147, 171–172;Dien Bien Phu, 86–87; Dulles, 82, 144, 146–147, 157, 213n65, 213n73; Eisenhower, 10, 12, 22, 41, 42, 81–83, 101, 146, 159, 176, 213n73, 239n42; Great Britain, 133; Joint Chiefs of Staff, 145–146; Kennedy, 3; Matador missiles, 141; New Look, 41, 101; Open Skies, 47; paper tigers, 102;Proliferation of, 42; Robertson, 209n24; Sino-Soviet nuclear sharing agreement, 1957, 171; Soviet Union, 102, 106, 108, 147, 171–172, 175, 240n59, 248n54, 249n55; Threats and, 22, 74, 81–82, 100–101; Use of, 45, 81–84, 141, 143, 145–147, 154, 212n61
Offshore islands: China seizure of, 71, 143, 150–151; Dachen islands, 71, 77–79, 208n8, 211n47; Defense of, 19, 21–22, 63, 74–75, 83–84, 102, 146, 153–154, 161, 208n20; Dongshan, 71, 208n8; Dulles, 63, 78, 92, 143, 158; Eisenhower, 63, 89, 139, 149, 151, 158; Evacuation of, 20, 78, 84–85, 87, 142, 148, 151–152, 155, 158, 165, 211n47, 211n49, 215n14; Herter, 161; Insignificance of, 74–75, 144, 146; Jinmen (Quemoy), 71, 92, 140, 143, 149, 153; Kennedy/Nixon campaign, 177–178; Mao Zedong, 69–87, 92, 139–158; Public opinion, 246n148; Smith, Gerard, 145, 151; Taiwanese public opinion, 154;Threat to China, 71, 78; Troop concentrations on, 140–142, 144, 149, 153, 237n27; United Nations, 79; US influence on, 74, 211n47; US-ROC Mutual Defense Treaty, 71, 76, 78; Yijiangshan island, 77–78, 79, 208n8.See also Taiwan Strait crisis (1954); Taiwan Strait crisis (1958)
On the Beach (1957, 1959), 81
Operations Coordinating Board (OCB), 47, 94
Organization for European Economic Cooperation, 121
Ormsby-Gore, David, 190n5
Paris, 23, 127, 160; Paris Consultative Group (COCOM), 121, 129; Summit, 1960
Peaceful coexistence, 45, 48, 57, 58, 99, 103, 107, 110, 175, 176
Pescadores islands, 76, 78
Philippines, 37, 38, 46; China and threat, 35; Eisenhower, 11; Indonesia, 60; US alliance with, 63
Phleger, Herman: Ambassadorial talks, 36; Dulles, 33, 36
Pleshakov, Constantine, 108
Poland: Khrushchev secret speech, 108; Warsaw-Beijing axis, 222n25
Policy Planning Staff, 33, 64
Princeton University, 21, 36
Psychological Strategy Board, 47, 73
Public opinion, 48–49, 56, 75, 89, 92, 96, 166, 168; Asia, disinterest, in, 48; Dulles, 38, 50–51, 55, 115; Eisenhower, 1, 22, 50–51, 55, 135–136, 152, 178, 182; Europe, importance of, 48; Polls, 89, 112; Taiwan Strait crisis (1958), 152–153
Racism, xii, 44–45; Bandung, 93–94;Decolonization, 46, 93; Eisenhower, 45–46, 47, 58–59, 143; Impact on US foreign policy, 46, 58; Soviet Union exploits it, 45–46; Taiwan, 142
Radford, Arthur W., 129, 193n22; Asia first policy, 13; Chiang Kai-shek, 62, 153; Eisenhower, 13, 14, 82, 86; Great Britain, 128; Sino-Soviet split, 126; Taiwan Strait crisis (1954), 74, 81, 85; Trip to Taiwan, 1955, 85;
Rankin, Karl, 164; advises CKS to ignore Washington, 62; Ambassadorial talks, 95, 100; Dulles, 31, 62, 114; Republic of China, sympathy with, 31–33, 100; Sino-Soviet relations, 176; Taiwan Strait crisis (1954), 75; Two Chinas policy, 32, 92; United Nations, 114
Red China. See China, People’s Republic of
Reischauer, Edwin O., 153, 164
Republican National Committee, 48
Republican Party, 1, 2, 16, 17, 41, 160; Acheson, 153; Ambassadorial talks, 96; China, 3, 11–12, 15, 17, 23, 56, 67, 167; China Lobby, 164; Dulles, 25, 28, 33, 38, 64, 144, 147; Eisenhower, 8, 12, 15, 22, 24, 121; Formosa Resolution, 78; McCarthy, Joseph, 43; Missile gap, 110; Nixon, 78; Offshore islands, 177; Right and isolationist wing, 34, 55, 66, 84, 119, 144, 183; Titoism, 105–106; United Nations, 112
Robertson, Walter S., 26, 32, 33, 164; Ambassadorial talks, 98, 100; Anticommunism of, 31; Bowie, 34; China, 176; China, Republic of, sympathy with, 31; Conlon report, 166; Eisenhower, 86; Judd, 31; Nuclear weapons, 146; SEATO, 73; Sino-Soviet relations, 176; Taiwan Strait crisis (1954), 74, 86; Taiwan Strait crisis (1958), 150, 151; Trade embargo, 129, 131; Trip to Taiwan, 1955, 85
Rockefeller Foundation, 91
Roosevelt, Franklin D., xi, 48, 93; Quarantine Speech, 1937, 183
Sino-Soviet relations, 103–110, 171; Joint naval fleet, 110; Joint stock companies with China, 107; Long wave radio stations, 110; Nuclear sharing agreement, 1957, 171; Soviet assistance, 106–107, 132, 136; Sputnik, 110; Treaty, 1950, 109, 147, 148; US, 23, 72, 136, 176. See also Khrushchev, Nikita; Sino-Soviet split; Soviet Union
Sino-Soviet split, 149; Chiang Kai-shek, 175; China threat, 176–177; Doubts about, 3, 104–106, 119; Dulles, 103–105, 119; Eisenhower, 103–105, 106, 119; Great Britain, 173; Ideology, 176; Intelligence, 106, 147, 175–176; Japan views on, 174; Joint Chiefs of Staff, 175; Kennedy, 3; “Long Live Leninism!” 174; McElroy, Neil, 174; Nationalism, 176; Nuclear weapons, 171; ROC views on, 174; Soviet hostility toward China, 109–110; Soviet technicians depart, 172–173; State Department Intelligence and Research, 175; Taiwan Strait crisis (1954), 102; Taiwan Strait crisis (1958), 148, 174; Third world, 109; Tibet independence, 171; Titoism, 104–105;Two Chinas policy, 171; US strategy toward, 105, 108–109, 163, 169, 181; US understanding of, 102, 103, 169, 173, 175, 176, 248n44. See also Khrushchev, Nikita; Sino-Soviet relations; Soviet Union
Smith, Gerard C.: Geneva, 19; Nuclear weapons, 82, 145–146; Taiwan Strait crisis (1958), 143–144, 151; Two Chinas policy, 151
Smith, Walter Bedell, 33; Dulles, Allen, 19; China, 20, 106; CIA, 19; Dulles, John Foster, 19; Eisenhower, 19, 34; Taiwan Strait crisis (1954), 75
Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO), 35, 41
Soviet Union, 2, 10, 13, 27, 28, 42, 145, 167; China, 32, 102, 110, 159, 167, 176; Distrust of China, 109; Dulles, 30, 57, 66, 91; Eisenhower, 2, 7, 8, 66, 72, 126, 180–181; Geneva Conference, 64; Intelligence operations, 73; Mao on, 107–108, 140; McConaughy, 32; Nuclear war, 146–147; Nuclear weapons, 102, 171, 172; Peaceful coexistence, 57; Sino-Soviet split, 103, 169, 173–176; Soviet curb on China, 176; Taiwan Strait crisis (1954), 75; Taiwan Strait crisis (1958), 139; Technicians withdraw from China, 172–173; Technician withdrawal, US analysis of, 173; Trade, 49, 122, 124, 129, 132; U-2, 159; United Nations, 114–116
Stalin, Joseph, 57; China, 107, 109; Dulles, 27; Eisenhower, 10, 58; Khrushchev secret speech, 106, 107–108; Sino-Soviet split, 26, 107–109
Strategic Air Command, 81, 145
Stuart, John Leighton, 31
Sullivan and Cromwell, 36
Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers in Europe, 21
Taiwan. See Chiang Kai-shek; China, Republic of (Taiwan); Kuomintang (KMT) (Chinese Nationalist Party); Nationalists
Taiwan Defense Command, 143, 149
Taiwan Strait crisis (1954), 69–87, 139, 140; American prisoners, 69; Business community, 83; Chiang Kai-shek, 1, 74, 76, 78, 84–85, 87; Chinese caution, 21, 77; Cultural misunderstanding, 77; Diplomatic solution, 75–76; Dulles, 71–79, 81–83; Eisenhower, 69, 71, 78–87; Foreign opposition, 84, 121;Formosa Resolution, 78–79, 84; Intelligence, 71–73, 79; Mao’s intentions, 69, 71, 73, 77, 79, 101; Naval blockade proposed, 69, 85–87;Nuclear weapons threats, 81–83, 100; Radford-Robertson mission, 84–86; Southeast Asia Treaty Organization, 71, 73–74; Taiwan, liberation of, 69–71, 74; Trade 127; United Nations (Operation Oracle), 75–76, 79; US and garrison of islands, 74; US Congress, 78–79, 83–84; US intervention, 74–75; US policy, 74, 78, 100; US responsibility for, 74; US-ROC Mutual Defense Treaty, 30, 71, 73, 76–77; War scare, 79–81, 83. See also Offshore islands
Taiwan Strait crisis (1958), 139–158; Alarmist reactions, 144; Ambassadorial talks, 139, 140, 148, 154; Chiang Kai-shek, 140–141, 143, 149, 150, 151, 152, 155, 156, 158; China, 144; Democratic Party, 153; Distrust, 149–150; Dulles, 143, 144, 146–147, 149, 151, 157, 158; Eisenhower, 139, 143, 144, 148–149, 151, 156, 158; Foreign views of, 153–154, 157, 158; Formosa Resolution, 143; Intelligence, 143, 147, 149, 157; Khrushchev, 241n76; Lebanon, 140, 144, 149; Mao Zedong, 139, 140, 147–148, 155, 156; Media, 153; Naval convoys, 139, 149; Nuclear weapons, 143, 145–147, 157; Offshore island evacuation, 148, 151–152, 155, 158; PRC attack by, 139, 140, 143, 155, 157; PRC attack on, 145; PRC domestic reform, 158; Public opinion, 151–153, 158; ROC morale, 144, 146; ROC troops, 140–141, 142, 144–145, 149; Settlement of, 150–151, 154–156, 157; Sidewinder missiles, 145; Soviet Union, 140, 143, 145, 147–149, 155, 174, 240n55; Taiwan, liberation of, 142; Test of US resolve, 140; Two Chinas policy, 140, 141, 151, 155, 158; United Nations, 150–151, 155; US anticipation of, 139, 143; US commitment to, 143–144, 145; US Congress, 153–154, 158; US military, 143, 145, 149; US-ROC joint communiqué, 157; US understanding of motives, 156; War, possibility of, 148, 157; Zhou Enlai, 148, 154, 155–156, 158. See also Offshore islands
Taiwan Strait crisis (1962), 139
Tonkin Gulf Resolution, 101
Toronto Globe and Mail, 135
Trade, 56, 121–137; Advocacy of, 32, 135;Ambassadorial talks, and, 97, 99, 218n43, 218n48; Canada, 134–135; China Committee (CHINCOM), 123–134, 228n6; China’s economy, 125; Conlon report, 166; Coordinating Committee of the Paris Consultative Group (COCOM), 121–123, 134; Decontrol, 135, 222n24; Dulles, 129–131, 134, 210n37; Economic Defense Advisory Committee, 131; Eisenhower, 15, 24, 57, 121, 125–127, 129–137, 180, 182, 184; France, 124, 127, 131, 133, 227n2; Great Britain, 122, 127–129, 131, 133, 214n81, 227n2, 228nn13–14, 230n37; Hong Kong, 124–125; Humphrey, George, 123, 127; Japan, 122–124, 125, 128, 132, 133, 134, 228nn13–14, 223n68; Korean War, 122, 126; Labor unions, 136; Public opinion, 136; restrictions, 23, 24, 55, 97, 111; ROC disruption of, 74, 155; Soviet Union, 49, 126, 136; US coercion of Europe, 229n17; US Congress, 122, 130, 132, 137, 164–165; US economy, impact on, 132; US military opposition to decontrol, 128–129, 130, 134; Weeks, Sinclair, 230n36
Treaties: Aviation treaty with China, 1946, 36; Berlin treaty, 169; China, treaty obligations, 114; Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, 1945, 107, 147;Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance, 1950, 107, 109, 116, 148; US-Japan Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security, 35. See also Japan; Peace treaty; US-Republic of China Mutual Defense Treaty
Truman, Harry S, 1, 41, 42, 179; Acheson, 153, 179, 182; China, 3, 11, 12, 15, 17, 23, 35, 37, 153, 167; CIA, 37; Dulles, 27–28, 42, 62, 82, 90, 91, 182; Eisenhower, 14, 41, 42, 49, 153, 179; Finletter, 167; Loyalty and security program, 42;Merchant, 35; National Security Council, 42; Presidential transition, 179; Psychological Strategy Board, 47, 73; Rollback, 49; Rusk, 91; Smith, Walter Bedell, 19; Taiwan, 90; Tibet, 59; Titoism, 104–105; Trade embargo, 121, 123; Travel restrictions, 116; United States Information Agency, 47
Twentieth Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, 1956, 107–109
Two Chinas policy, 89–92, 100, 113, 140, 151, 155, 157, 158; Barnett, A. Doak, 168; Bowie, Robert, 34; China, 76, 91, 171; China Lobby, 168; China, Republic of, 91–92; Divided Germany, 170; Dulles, 30, 32, 34, 66, 76, 89–92; Eisenhower, 3, 89–92; George, Walter, 91; Great Britain, 32, 90; Khrushchev, 170, 171; Louisville Courier Journal, 168; Operation Oracle, 76; Rankin, 32; Rusk, 91; United Nations, 32, 76, 167; Wall Street Journal, 91
United Nations, 64; Bacon, 113; Britain, 115; China representation question, 2, 15, 28, 32, 34, 101, 110–118, 221n24, 223n45; Dulles, 28, 34, 110, 113; Eisenhower, 2, 15, 110; Funding, threats to, 112; Korean War, 111; Lodge, 33; Mongolia, 115–116, 225n75; Moratorium, 114; Operation Oracle, 76, 77, 79, 242n90; Soviet Union, 110; Taiwan Strait crisis (1954), 79, 83; Trusteeship, 29, 62, 151; Veto use, 113
United States Information Agency (USIA), 47
U.S. Chamber of Commerce, 135
U.S. Congress, 66; Ambassadorial talks, 96, 98, 164–165; American prisoners in China, 69; Appropriations from, 176; Bricker Amendment, 17; Chiang Kai-shek, 63–64; China bloc, 28, 43, 55, 105, 164–165, 182; China, travel to, 118, 165; China, views of, 164–165; Committee of One Million, 165, 182; Confirmation hearings, 10, 33; Conlon Report, 165–166;Dien Bien Phu, 86–87; Drumright, 33;Dulles, 33, 37, 91, 153–154; Eisenhower, 15, 16, 47, 137, 169, 183; Formosa resolution, 78–79, 84, 101; Herter, 160; McCarthy, 43–44; Public opinion, 48, 153; Sino-Soviet, relations, 176; Taiwan Strait crisis (1954), 73, 75, 81, 83–84; Taiwan Strait crisis (1958), 153, 158; Trade embargo, 121, 122, 126, 127, 130, 131, 132, 135, 137; Unleashing Chiang, 12; US-ROC Mutual Defense Treaty, 73; White House congressional liaison staff, 15, 47
U.S. Department of Defense, 13; Massive retaliation, 147; and television, 47; Trade embargo, 129–131, 133–134
U.S. Department of State: Ambassadorial talks, 165; Bacon, 111, 113; Bandung, 94; China, 31, 42, 163, 165; Conlon report, 165; Dulles, 30, 49, 130, 159; Eisenhower, 49; Herter, 160–161, 163; Intelligence and Research Bureau, 135, 175; MacArthur, II, 34–35; Phleger, Herman, 36; Policy Planning Staff, 64; Public opinion, 48, 56, 153, 168; Public Studies Division, 48; Robertson, 31, 74; Sino-Soviet relations, 107, 169–170, 175; Taiwan Strait crisis (1954), 74; Taiwan Strait crisis (1958), 143, 150, 153, 157; Trade embargo, 124, 130, 135–136; Travel ban, 117; United Nations, 111, 113; United Nations Bureau, 64
US embassy: sacking of, 142; Taiwan, 164;Tokyo, 173
U.S. Military Advisory Group (MAAG), 15, 142
U.S. Trading with the Enemy Act, 134
U.S. Treasury Department Trade embargo, 130, 135
US-Republic of China Mutual Defense Treaty, 101; Ambassadorial talks, 66;Bowie, 74; Chiang Kai-shek, 64, 157;Dulles, 66, 73, 78, 91; Eisenhower, 63, 77; Joint Chiefs of Staff, 77; Koo, 76; Lobbying, 63; Merchant, 73; Offshore islands, 71, 73, 76; PRC opposition to, 64, 69, 71; Robertson, 73; Secret codicils, 76; Taiwan Strait crisis (1954), 77; Two Chinas policy, 91; United Nations, 77
Vandenberg Resolution, 1948, 116
Vietnam, 34, 37; Covert operations, 60; French war, 37, 71, 86, 146, 214n89; Overseas Chinese in, 61; Tonkin Gulf Resolution, 101
Voice of America (VOA), 47, 108
White House congressional liaison staff, 47
World Poultry Congress, 125
World War II, 44, 46, 93, 140, 184; Chiang Kai-shek, 116; Decolonization, 93–94; Eisenhower, 7, 9, 11, 41, 47; Gruenther, 20; Lodge, 33; MacArthur, Douglas, 34; Smith, Walter Bedell, 19
Zhou Enlai: Ambassadorial talks, 96–97, 101, 107; Bandung Conference, 93, 95, 101, 16n18; Dulles, 28, 64, 96, 98, 162–163, 196n16; Geneva Conference, 28, 202n8, 206n56; Kissinger, 158, 215n14; Peaceful coexistence, 57; Soviet Union, 107–108, 154, 244n130; Taiwan Strait crisis (1954), 79, 215n14; Taiwan Strait crisis (1958), 148, 154, 155; Two Chinas policy, 158; US attack on China, 57–58; US blockade of China, 87; US Congress, 165; US relations, 66, 93, 98–99, 207n3