Abolitionism
Henry Clay’s political idealism, 97–98
criticism of Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation, 115–116
extremist behavior, 102
Harriet Beecher Stowe, 99–100
John Brown’s raid at Harpers Ferry, 102–104, 103(fig.)
Lincoln’s “enslavement” to his father, 17–18
Lincoln’s plan for extinction of slavery, 109–110
Lincoln’s political and philosophical shift, 99
Lincoln’s resistance to, 91–95
Lincoln’s separation from abolitionists, 60
Lincoln’s softening stance on, 51
Lincoln’s tenuous relationship with, 127
political consequences for the Whig Party, 98–99
public opinion shifting towards permanent abolition, 128
reasons for Lincoln’s mistrust of, 101
Thirteenth Amendment, 129–130
Wade-Davis Bill provisions for reconstructed states, 163
Activist government, 76
African Americans
enlistment of, 79
increased segregation under Woodrow Wilson, 188–189, 191
labor migration during World War II, 203
laissez-faire economic doctrine and social Darwinism, 176
Lincoln’s meeting with, 121–123
Lincoln’s views of, 17–18
Obama’s inauguration, 241(fig.)
Southern postwar reinstatement of stratified society, 168–169
Truman’s initiatives for racial equality, 215
voter repression in the South, 169
World War I veterans, 194(fig.)
See also Slaves and slavery
Agriculture
Lincoln’s background in, 14–15
Thomas Lincoln’s struggle to survive, 20
Union army scorched-earth policy in the South, 149, 151–154
urban migration, 88
Agriculture, U.S. Department of, 88–89
Allegiance to the Union, 161, 167
Alschuler, Samuel, 39(fig.)
American Action Forum, 248
American Revolution, 66
American System, 24–25, 28, 30 (see also Clay, Henry)
American Tobacco Company Trust, 184
Anderson, Jourdon, 165
Anderson, Marian, 210
Anderson, P.H., 165
Annual Messages to Congress, Lincoln’s, 77, 80–81, 85, 87, 125–126, 163
Antietam, Battle of (September 17, 1862), 125
Antitrust legislation
laissez-faire doctrines gutting, 178–179
postwar growth of corporations and trusts, 171
Theodore Roosevelt’s antitrust activities, 184–186
Wilson’s tariff reform, 192
Appalachian Mountains, 16–17
Assassinations, political
Abraham Lincoln, 155–156
attempt on Theodore Roosevelt, 188
Elijah Lovejoy’s abolitionism, 97
Atlanta, capture of, 152
Austerity measures, 219–220
Balanced budgets, 197–198, 202–203, 220
Ball, Thomas, 130
Banks
Clinton reducing government regulation of, 227–228
federal government expenditures and personal savings, 85
Jackson’s campaign against, 28
National Banking Act, 77–78
New Deal correcting the 1929 crisis, 199–202
Barro, Robert, 216
Barton, Dominic, 238–239
Bates, Edward, 51, 84, 119–120
“Battle Hymn of the Republic,” 154–155
Beckwith, Robert Todd Lincoln, 215(fig.)
Bell, John, 55
Birth of a Nation (film), 188–189
Black Laws, 36–37
Blair, Montgomery, 114–115
Bloomberg, Michael, 258
Bond legislation, 85
Booth, John Wilkes, 155–156
Border slave states, 111, 116–118
The Boyhood of Lincoln (chromo), 14(fig.)
Bramlette, Thomas, 91
Breckinridge, John C., 55
Britain: Henry Clay’s protective tariff, 28–29
Brown, John, 102–104, 103(fig.), 154–155, 184–185, 241–242
Brown v. Board of Education, 169–170
Browning, Orville H., 118
Bryant, William Cullen, 49
Buchanan, James, 56–57
Buell, Don Carlos, 147
Buffett, Warren, 258
Bull Run, First Battle of, 146
Bull Run, Second Battle of, 118, 121
Bully pulpit, Theodore Roosevelt’s, 182–184
Burns, Arthur F., 216
Bush, George H.W., 224(fig.)
Bush, George W., 230–234, 241–242
Business interests. See Corporate interests
Butler, Benjamin, 110–111, 156
Cameron, David, 252
Cameron, Simon, 51
Campaign spending: Theodore Roosevelt’s policies, 186
Capital, labor and, 81–84, 185–186, 200–201
Capitalism: increasing inequality after the Great Recession, 238–239
Carnegie, Andrew, 179
Carpenter, Francis Bicknell, 120(fig.)
Carpetbaggers, 167
Carter, Jimmy, 216–217
Cartoons, political
anti-Lincoln, 105–106
Gilded Age abandonment of the poor, 172(fig.)
Lincoln and Douglas election campaign, 57(fig.)
Lincoln and McClellan, 150(fig.)
Obama’s inauguration, 241(fig.)
presidential race, 105–106
Casus belli (justification for war)
God’s will, 140–145, 149, 151–155
importance of the middle class to the Union, 81–84
Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address, 144–145
See also Economic opportunity; Slaves and slavery
Chain gangs, 168
Chase, Salmon P.
abolitionism, 100
Lincoln’s cabinet, 84–85
Lincoln’s presidential nomination, 51
objection to the Emancipation Proclamation, 120, 123–124
reconstruction debate and factionalization, 162
Child labor laws, 173–175, 184, 192, 205
Churchill, Winston, 252
Civil War
as God’s will, 140–142
Battle of Antietam, 125
Confederate surrender, 156
Confederate victories, 110
Emancipation Proclamation, 117–118
Emancipation Proclamation hinging on Union victory, 120–121, 124–125
end of the formal military phase, 154
expansion of federal government activities, 86–87
fugitive slaves deserting the Confederacy, 110–113
funding, 78
interregnum, 114–115
Lincoln’s belief in the necessity of, 135–137
Lincoln’s commitment to federal control, 90
Lincoln’s expectations of the consequences, 146–147
opening shots, 70
reuniting the nation, 161–162
See also Casus belli; Emancipation Proclamation; Secession
Civil Works Administration, 199
Civilian casualties: Union’s scorched-earth policy in the South, 149, 151–154
Civilian Conservation Corps, 199
Class warfare: Franklin D. Roosevelt’s response to, 200–201
Clausewitz, Carl von, 135–136
Clay, Henry
Compromise of 1850, 33–34
death of, 30
Lincoln’s inspiration from, 24–25
political philosophy, 97–99
protective tariff, 28–29
Clayton Anti-Trust Act (1914), 192
Cleburne, Patrick, 112
Cleveland, Grover: scandal and corruption, 178
Clinton, Bill, 227–229, 229(fig.)
Coal miners, 183
Cold War, 217
Collective bargaining, 202, 204–205, 232
Colonization of African Americans, 109–110, 122, 124–126
Common good, government promoting, 76
Communitarianism: Clinton’s policy approach, 228–230
Compensated emancipation, 109–110, 116–117, 122
Compromise of 1850, 33–34, 110
Compromise of 1877, 167–168
Confederate states
economic effect of the military effort, 112
postwar guerrilla groups, 167
surrender to Union troops, 156
See also Southern states
Confiscation Acts (1861 and 1862), 111, 118–119
Congress, US
Henry Clay’s protective tariff, 28–29
compensated, gradual emancipation, 116–117
economic downturn causing declining confidence in, 240
Emancipation Proclamation, 118–119
foreign immigration, 87
income tax bill, 78
Lincoln’s appeal for military support, 70–71
Lincoln’s push for infrastructure development, 26
Lincoln’s Special Message, 77, 80–81
majority white rule in the South, 167–168
political consequences of abolitionism, 98–99
political corruption under Grant, 171–172
reconstruction tensions and conflicts, 166–167
Republican control blocking middle-class programs, 241–242, 245–246
secession crisis, 60–64
Taft-Hartley Act, 222
Theodore Roosevelt’s anti-corruption policies, 185–186
Thirteenth Amendment, 129–130
Truman’s Fair Deal initiatives, 215
”ultimate extinction” philosophy of slavery, 53–54
Wade-Davis Bill, 163
Wilson’s Democratic majorities, 192
See also Annual Messages to Congress, Lincoln’s
Conness, John, 80
Conscription law, 78–79
Constitution, US
arguments for and against abolition, 45–47
Fourteenth Amendment, 164, 168
framers’ goals for abolition, 41
Lincoln’s pragmatic political approach to slavery, 72
Lincoln’s reluctance to eliminate slavery through war, 93–94
power over slavery and racial equality, 60
protection of fugitive slaves, 111
Thirteenth Amendment, 128–130
Consumer demand, 231
Consumer protection legislation, 184
Containment of slavery, 52–53
Contest in America (Mill), 72
Contrabands, 110–111
Convict leasing, 168
Coolidge, Calvin, 194
Cooper Union address, 43–49, 48(fig.), 49–50, 50(fig.), 54, 59, 102–104
Corning, Erastus, 140
Corporate interests
antipathy to Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal, 199–200
coal miners’ strike, 183
economic and societal impact of supporting, 246
Harding’s probusiness administration, 195
inflation under Carter threatening regulation and taxation of, 217
laissez-faire economic doctrine, 174–176, 178–179
postwar industrialization in the North, 171
Reagan dismantling New Deal policies, 219
Reagan’s “entrepreneur as king” rhetoric, 221–222
social Darwinism increasing inequality, 177
Theodore Roosevelt’s policies for the common good, 183–186
Wilson’s rejection of the Gospel of Wealth, 190
Corruption and scandal
Cleveland administration, 178
Gilded Age policies enriching the rich, 177–178
Grant administration, 171–172, 177–178
Harding administration, 194–195
Theodore Roosevelt’s battle against corporate interests, 185–186
Cox, James M., 194
Cuomo, Mario M., 223
Currency policy, 28
Currency unification, 78
Curry, Leonard P., 78
Darwin, Charles, 175
Davis, Jefferson, 65, 112–113, 133, 156
Declaration of Independence, 72–73, 76–77
Demand-side economic systems, 219–220, 234–235
Democracy
America’s early expansion of, 26–27
redefining under social Darwinism, 176–177
Scandinavian welfare systems, 250–251
Wilson’s progressive views on the purpose of, 191
Democracy in America (Tocqueville), 11–13
Democratic National Convention, 198, 223
Democratic Party
accusations of abolitionist violence, 102
Jacksonian policies, 17–18
laissez-faire doctrines, 178
postwar return of Southern states to Congress, 166
Denmark: economic and political system, 250, 252
Domestic violence, 16
Douglas, Stephen A.
admiration for Lincoln’s oratory, 35
attacking Lincoln’s position on abolitionism, 101
Compromise of 1850, 33–35
framers’ views on slavery and abolition, 47
Lincoln’s campaign against, 38–42
Lincoln’s Cooper Union address, 46
Lincoln’s position on racial equality, 40(fig.)
political cartoons, 57(fig.)
political violence, 96
presidential campaign, 42–43
presidential election results, 55
presidential nomination, 43–47
Douglass, Frederick
defense of John Brown’s extremism, 104
Emancipation Proclamation, 127–128
Harriet Beecher Stowe’s writings, 100
Lincoln’s inauguration, 68
Lincoln’s justification for the war, 144–145
Lincoln’s position on racial equality, 122–123, 130–132
political attack on Lincoln’s abolitionist position, 106–107
recruitment of black soldiers, 79
secession crisis, 59
Draft, involuntary, 149
Dred Scott decision, 39, 49, 69–70
Earned-income tax credit, 216
Economic crises
following economic growth, 259
stock market crash of 1929, 195–196
unemployment insurance under Franklin Roosevelt, 209–210
Economic democracy, 41
Economic development, 25–26
Economic growth
average annual growth 1949–1981 vs. 1982–2014, 236(fig.)
Bush dismantling Clinton’s gains, 231–233
Clinton administration progress, 230–231
Franklin Roosevelt’s stimulus programs, 199–200
importance of the middle and working classes, 256–257
laissez-faire economic doctrine, 174–175
major issues impeding growth and stability, 246–247
modern economic policy, 227–228
1920’s boom and bust, 195–196
postwar industrialization in the North, 170–171
Reagan’s view of GDP as barometer of, 222
science of political economy, 172–173
stimulating the civilian and military economies, 88–90
Economic opportunity
as purpose of liberty, 75
building a middle-class life, 257–258
Carnegie’s Gospel of Wealth, 179
emancipation interregnum, 114–115
equal pay for African American soldiers, 79, 127
Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal policies supporting, 201–202
Henry Clay’s American System, 24–26, 28, 30
history of America’s, 259
ideological debate over, 258–260
labor versus capital, 81–84, 185–186, 200–201
Lincoln’s commitment to Union permanence, 64–67
Lincoln’s Cooper Union address and New England tour, 49–50
Lincoln’s opposition to westward extension of slavery, 36–38, 60
Lincoln’s socioeconomic background, 13–15, 19
Missouri Compromise, 33–34
Obama’s campaign theme, 242–245
racial equality and, 77
state liberty outweighing slaves’ rights, 145–146
Tocqueville’s observations of the American Dream, 11–13
Wilson’s commitment to government for the people, 191–192
Economic policy
Carter’s monetary expansion, 216–217
Clinton administration, 227–229
compensated emancipation, 116–117
conservative policy after 1981, 238
Franklin Roosevelt codifying America’s social contract, 205–206
Franklin Roosevelt’s criticism of Hoover, 197
Franklin Roosevelt’s inherited economic disaster, 197–198
Franklin Roosevelt’s progressive policies, 213–214
free-market systems, 30–31, 172–175, 220–221, 237–238
Henry Clay’s American System, 24–25, 28, 30
Henry Clay’s protective tariff, 28–29
increasing the North-South divide, 29
Jackson’s populism, 27–28
Kansas-Nebraska Act, 33–37
Lincoln’s commitment to the Union, 72–73
Lincoln’s presidential campaign and the Southern economy, 52–53
Reagan’s economic policy dominating American politics, 240–241
Reagan’s supply-side rhetoric, 217–225
strong governmental control over, 77–78
Wilson’s commitment to government for the people, 191–192
Economic realism, 72
Economic stability, middle class providing, 12
Economic systems
free-market economics, 172–175
free-market systems, 30–31, 172–175, 220–221, 237–238
funding the expanded national government, 84–85
government expenditures of 1862 and 1865, 86(table)
importance of capital versus labor, 81–84, 185–186, 200–201
legitimate object of government, 75–76
political economy, 172–173
postwar industrialization in the North, 170–171
postwar persistence of the antebellum Southern economy, 168–170
Scandinavian welfare systems, 250–251
slavery threatening whites’ opportunities, 40–41
Southern resistance to reconstruction policies, 165
spurring agricultural growth, 88–89
Union’s scorched-earth policy toward the South, 149, 151–154
See also Free-market economic systems
Economic theory: Adam Smith’s procapitalist theory, 240
Economist magazine, 250–251
Education
GI Bill, 206–208
land grants through the Morrill Act, 78, 206
Thomas Lincoln’s lack of, 19–20
Effie Afton case, 22–23
Eight-hour work day, 173
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 214(fig.), 215–216, 215(fig.)
Elections and election campaigns
abolitionist platform, 98
growing momentum of the secession movement, 55–60
Harding’s postwar rhetoric, 194–195
Lincoln’s challenge to Senator Douglas, 38–42
Lincoln’s Cooper Union address, 43–49, 48(fig.), 59, 102–104
Lincoln’s election victory triggering the secession crisis, 55–60
Lincoln’s New England speaking tour, 49–50
Lincoln’s position on the Southern economy, 52–54
Lincoln’s victory, 55–57
military stalemate threatening the election, 151
Obama embracing Lincolnian government, 241–244
political cartoons, 105–106
Reagan’s victory, 223
regional success of the Republican Party, 43
Republicans’ nonabolitionist position, 102–104
Theodore Roosevelt’s attempted comeback, 186–188
Wade-Davis Bill provisions, 163
Wilson claiming Lincolnian views, 189
See also Suffrage; Voting rights
Electoral College, 57–59
“Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard” (Gray), 15
Elements of Military Art and Science (Halleck), 136
Emancipation (lithograph), 131(fig.)
Emancipation efforts
Confederate emancipation proposals, 112–113
fugitive slaves during the war, 111–112
interregnum, 114
Lincoln’s political guile and political weakness, 115
Emancipation Memorial (statue), 130
Emancipation Proclamation (Preliminary, 1863), 127
Emancipation Proclamation (1863), 120(fig.), 244(fig.)
as military order, 125
congressional presentation, 134
criticism of, 113–116
draft copy, 123
Frederick Douglass’s response to, 127–128
hinging on Union victory, 120–121
initial misgivings over, 117–118
issuance of, 126
Lincoln bypassing Congress, 119–120
Lincoln’s concerns over reelection, 149
Lincoln’s persistence in eradicating slavery, 79
Lincoln’s “unfinished work,” 139
omitting racial equality, 124
reconstruction process, 162–163
Seward and Welles denouncing, 117–118
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 64–65
Employment Act (1946), 208
Employment programs
Clinton’s economic policy, 231
low-income jobs replacing middle-income jobs, 247
Entrepreneurship, 221–222, 232
Environmental protections, 184, 228
Equality of opportunity. See Economic opportunity
Erie Canal, 25
Estate tax, 192, 231–232, 252, 261–262
Eugenics, 175–176
Exceptionalism, American, 73
Extension of slavery
as requirement for the survival of slavery, 72–73
Kansas-Nebraska Act, 33–36
Lincoln-Douglas debates, 38–42, 60
Lincoln’s Cooper Union address, 44–49
Lincoln’s First Inaugural Address, 67–68
Lincoln’s refusal to compromise on, 61–64
Lincoln’s shift towards abolitionism, 100–101
Republican Party backing for Lincoln’s position on, 49–50
Republican voters’ support of Lincoln over, 105
Southern states’ secession, 71–72
”ultimate extinction” philosophy, 52–54
versus secession, 60–61
Extremists, Lincoln’s concerns over, 94–95, 98–99, 102–104
Fair Deal initiatives, 215
Fair Labor Standards Act (1938), 205
Fairness in government, 257
Family and Medical Leave Act (1993), 228
Family as labor force, 13–14
Federal Bureau of Corporations, 186
Federal Government Arbitration Commission, 183
Federal Meat Inspection Act (1906), 184
Federal Reserve Bank, 216
Federal Reserve Board, 192
Federal Trade Commission (FTC), 192
Fifteenth Amendment, 168–169
Film industry, 188–189
Foner, Eric, 123
Ford, Gerald, 219–220
Four freedoms, 214
Fourteenth Amendment, 164, 168
Free labor
Lincoln’s economic policy, 49–50
Lincoln’s position on government involvement, 30–31
Lincoln’s position on slavery, 91–93
Lincoln’s presentation of the Emancipation Proclamation, 116
under free-market economics, 173–175
See also Labor
Free trade, 173
Freed slaves
Andrew Johnson’s lack of postwar protection and support, 166
laissez-faire economic doctrine and social Darwinism, 176
response to former slave owners, 165–166
Union troops, 149
Freedmen’s Bureau, 164, 166–168
Free-market economic systems, 30–31, 172–175, 220–221, 237–238
Fugitive Slave Act (1850), 34, 67–68, 100, 107, 110
Fugitive slaves: Civil War onset, 110–112
Garrison, William Lloyd, 104, 129–130
Gates, Bill, 258
Gender roles: Lincoln’s background, 13–14
General Land Office, 80
Gettysburg, Battle of, 147, 188
Gettysburg Address, 76–77, 114, 137–142, 137(fig.), 141(fig.), 178, 188
GI Bill (1944), 206–208
Giddings, Joshua, 99
Gilded Age
abandonment of the poor, 172(fig.)
Bush’s conservative policies, 234
government policies enriching the rich, 177
laissez-faire economic doctrines, 175
loss of economic opportunity, 190
rationale of political economy, 172–173
Reagan’s belief in the values of, 221
supply-side economics as rebirth of, 219
Glass-Steagall Act (1933), 227
Godkin, E.L., 175
God’s will, Civil War as, 140–145, 149, 151–155
Gospel of Wealth, 179, 190, 195–196, 217, 220, 232, 234, 257, 260
Government, federal
Clinton’s economic policy involving, 228–230
declining confidence after the Great Recession, 240
expenditures under Roosevelt, 209–210
Franklin Roosevelt codifying America’s social contract, 205–206
history of efficiency and effectiveness, 249–250
ideological debate over the function of, 257–260
infrastructure development, 25–26
laissez-faire economic doctrine, 172–175, 177–179
legislating economic control, 77–78
legitimate objects of, 75–77
Lincoln’s expansion of federal government and army, 84–87
Obama espousing Lincolnian tradition, 241–244
postwar federal expansion, 171
Reagan and the Republicans’ benefits for the wealthy, 234–235
Reagan’s call for reduction in, 220–222
social Darwinism, 176
state economic regulation regimes, 222
supremacy of state governments over, 134
Government failure, 235
Government “for the people”
Cleveland denouncing, 178
FDR’s New Deal programs, 199–210
laissez-faire doctrines denying, 178–179
Lyndon Johnson’s “great society,” 216
national and state parks, 80
Reagan’s rhetoric and economic policies, 222–225
role of armed conflict, 136–139
slavery as economic and moral issue, 113–115
Theodore Roosevelt’s commitment to social problems, 182–187
Wilson’s commitment to, 191–192
Graduated income tax system, 78, 192
Grant, Ulysses S., 142, 149, 150(fig.), 151–152, 171–172, 177–178
Gray, Thomas, 15
Great Depression, 197–198
Great Recession, 237–240, 245–246, 259
Great Society programs, 216
Griffith, D.W., 188–189
Guerrilla warfare, 167
Gustrine, Charles, 193(fig.)
Habeas corpus, suspension of, 140
Halleck, Henry W., 117, 136, 147
Hanks, Dennis, 13
Hard war program, 154
Harding, Warren G., 194–195
Harpers Ferry raid, 102–104, 103(fig.)
Harper’s New Monthly magazine, 42
Hay, John M., 119
Hayes, Rutherford B., 167–168
Health insurance programs under Lyndon Johnson, 216
Henry Jackson Initiative for Inclusive Capitalism, 238–239
Heritage Foundation, 218–219
Hodges, Albert G., 141
Home ownership, 248
Hooker, Joseph, 147
Hoover, Herbert, 196–198, 222, 260
Hoovervilles, 195–196
“House divided” speech, 4–8, 39–40, 42–43, 47–50, 141
Human capital, federal spending for, 228
Hurd v. Rock Island Bridge Co., 22–23
Ideological differences
Gilded Age policies enriching the rich, 177
Reagan’s economic policy, 217–218
the function of government, 257–260
See also Laissez-faire (free-market economics) doctrines; Slaves and slavery
Immigration
building the economy through, 87
labor surplus creation, 174
Obama’s policies, 249
Union troops, 149
Impeachment vote against Andrew Johnson, 166
Inaugural Addresses, Lincoln’s, 67–70, 77, 106–107, 142–145, 144(fig.), 155, 162, 243
Inauguration, Lincoln’s, 65
Income inequality, 232–234
Independence Day message, 134–135
Individual rights, 228
Industrial Revolution, 80, 89–90
Industrialization
free-market economics, 172–175
New Deal social policies, 205
Northern states’ economic expansion, 86–87
postwar wealth gap in the North, 171
Theodore Roosevelt’s commitment to the working class, 181–183
Inequality, economic and social
building a successful middle class to reduce, 257
Bush dismantling Clinton’s economic gains, 231–232
Carnegie’s Gospel of Wealth, 179
equal pay for African American soldiers, 79, 127
Franklin Roosevelt codifying America’s social contract, 205–206
Great Recession increasing, 238–240
income inequality, 232–234
Nordic countries’ economic equality, 250–252
Obama’s economic plan targeting the wealthy, 249–250
post-1982 economic shift to benefit the wealthy, 231–237
postwar wealth concentration, 171
rise with postwar expansions, 236(fig.)
social Darwinism increasing, 176–177
Thomas Lincoln’s ambivalence towards slavery, 17
Tocqueville’s observations of the American Dream, 11–12
See also Middle class
Inflation: Carter’s monetary policy, 216–217
Infrastructure
chain gangs and peonage labor, 168
destruction of, 152–153
federal government support for, 22–26
Jackson’s opposition to development of, 28
Insurance
Franklin Roosevelt’s social insurance programs, 204, 209–210
health insurance programs under Lyndon Johnson, 216
Interregnum, 114
Interstate Commerce Act (1887), 184
Interstate Commerce Commission, 186
James, Frank, 167
James, Jesse, 167
Job creation, 247–249
“John Brown’s Body” (song), 154–155
Johnson, Lyndon, 216
Judiciary
laissez-faire doctrines, 178–179
Theodore Roosevelt’s reforms, 186
The Jungle (Sinclair), 184
Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854), 29–30, 33–36, 57(fig.), 60, 92
Kellogg, William, 62
Keynes, John Maynard, 219
Labor
capital and, 81–84, 185–186, 200–201
foreign immigrants, 87
Franklin Roosevelt’s defense of the New Deal, 200–201
free labor under free-market economics, 173–175
Lincoln’s background, 13–15
minimum wage debate, 249
Obama’s economic recovery plan, 248–249
right-to-work laws, 222–223
Theodore Roosevelt echoing Lincoln’s views on the superiority of, 185–186
Theodore Roosevelt’s policies, 184
Labor surplus, 174
Labor unrest, 204
Laissez-faire (free-market economics) doctrines, 172–175, 177–179
Land
Homestead and Morrill Acts, 78, 88, 206, 249–250
national and state park systems, 80
Thomas Lincoln’s struggle to retain, 20
voting rights based on property ownership, 176–177
Law practice, Lincoln’s, 21–24, 34–35
League of Nations, 193
Lee, Robert E., 142, 147–148, 152–153
Liberty League, 200–201
Lincoln, Abraham
abolition and racial equality in reconstructed states, 163–164
age progression, 256(fig.)
Alschuler’s photograph, 39(fig.)
assassination of, 155–156
Cooper Union address, 43–49, 48(fig.), 59, 102–104
Cuomo invoking the legacy of, 223
Eisenhower’s portrait of, 214(fig.)
equal economic opportunity, 80
“enslavement” to his father, 17–18
eulogy for Henry Clay, 30
fireside reader, 14(fig.)
Franklin Roosevelt’s progressive policies as the legacy of, 198–199, 210–211, 213–214
Gilded Age abandonment of the poor, 172(fig.)
ideological differences in the purpose of government, 257–260
inauguration, 65
initial tenets and goals, 23–27
innovative programs, 249–250
Kansas-Nebraska Act, 35–36
legitimate objects of government, 75–76
Lincoln’s embrace of antislavery, 92–93 (see also Economic opportunity)
Lincoln-Douglas debates on extension of slavery, 38–42
Lincoln’s loss to Douglas, 42 (see also Elections and election campaigns; Lincoln-Douglas debates)
McClellan’s tactics, 146–147
military service and law practice, 21–24
military stalemate threatening the election, 151
personal ambition and commitment to abolition, 44
pragmatism, Lincoln’s, 72, 255–256
presidential candidates’ claims on, 187
presidential nomination, 44
racial equality stance, 121–124
Rail-Splitter painting, 19(fig.)
Reagan’s claim to the legacy of, 220–221, 223–225
retail enterprise, 20
socioeconomic background, 12–15
Theodore Roosevelt and, 185(fig.), 187(fig.)
Wilson claiming Lincolnian views, 189–192
See also Casus belli; Civil War; Economic opportunity; Emancipation Proclamation; God’s will, Civil War as
Lincoln, Nancy (mother), 14
Lincoln, Robert (son), 187
Lincoln, Thomas (father), 13–14, 16–17, 19–21
Lincoln Quick-Step (sheet music), 56(fig.)
Lincoln-Douglas debates
attacking Lincoln’s abolitionist position, 102
Horace White’s coverage of, 174
“House Divided” speech, 4–8, 39–40, 42–43, 47–50, 141
influence of public opinion on public policy, 114
Lincoln’s embrace of antislavery, 92–93
Lincoln’s position on extension compromise, 38–42
Linder, Usher, 98
Lippman, Walter, 198
Lochner v. New York, 178–179
Lovejoy, Elijah, 97
Lyceum speech, 95–97
Magee, J. L., 131(fig.)
Mandate for Leadership: Policy Management in a Conservative Administration (Heritage Foundation), 218–219
Manufacturing
black labor migration from the South, 169–170, 203
Lincoln encouraging development of, 78
postwar industrialization in the North, 170–171
Union’s scorched-earth policy toward the South, 151–152
See also Industrialization
Mason-Dixon line, 33
McClellan, George B., 111, 117–118, 146–147, 150(fig.)
Meade, George G., 147
Meatpacking industry, 184
Media
attacking Lincoln’s position on abolitionism, 101
Lincoln’s command of public opinion and, 115
Lincoln’s Cooper Union address, 46
Lincoln’s emancipation proposal, 118–119
political assassination, 97
publication of Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 100
Southern response to Lincoln’s Inaugural Address, 70
voter interest in politics, 35
Mellon, Andrew, 222
Mexican-American War (1846–1848), 33, 98
Micklethwait, John, 250–251
Middle class
African American middle class, 203
conservative Congress failing to support, 245–246
decline under the Bush administration, 231–233
economic growth under Clinton, 231
Emerson on Lincoln, 64–65
extension of slavery inhibiting expansion of, 109
financial crisis aftermath, 239
Franklin Roosevelt, Lyndon Johnson, and Richard Nixon’s progressive policies, 216
Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal policies supporting, 201–202
Gettysburg Address reinforcing Lincoln’s view of the importance of, 138–139
government policies continuing to threaten, 247–248
government role in supporting, 76–77
history of economic opportunity, 259
Lincoln’s commitment to the Union, 73
Lincoln’s optimism over the ending of the war, 155
Lincoln’s political, economic, and social view of, 80–81
Obama’s economic recovery policy, 249
political and economic importance of, 255–257
postwar industrialization in the North threatening, 170–171
postwar wealth gap in the North, 171
Southern states’ failure to embrace the Northern economy, 169–170
stock market crash of 1929, 195–196
Tocqueville’s observations of the American Dream, 11–13
Wilson’s progressive agenda, 190–192
Migration of African American labor, 169–170, 203
Military
Confederate setback in the Shenandoah Valley, 151
Emancipation Proclamation as military order, 125
Emancipation Proclamation hinging on Union victory, 120–121
Emancipation Proclamation objectives, 126–127
foreign immigrants expanding the Union army, 87–88
fugitive slaves moving to the North, 110–111
GI Bill, 206–208
Grant’s strategies and tactics, 151
increasing government funding since World War II, 235
involuntary draft, 149
Lincoln’s attempts at boosting morale, 136–137
Lincoln’s expansion of federal government and army, 84–87
Lincoln’s service in, 21
protecting former slaves during reconstruction, 165
Roosevelt’s expansion of, 203
troop sizes for North and South, 148–149
Truman’s initiatives for racial equality in, 215
Union armies’ lack of overall strategy and vision, 147–150
Union economic expansion funding, 86
See also Civil War
Mill, John Stuart, 72
Miller, G. William, 216
Minimum wage, 174, 205, 230–231, 249
Misery index, 216–217
Mississippi, mob violence in, 95–96
Missouri Compromise (1854), 29–30, 33, 57(fig.), 60
Mitgang, Herbert, 225
Monetary policy under Carter, 216–217
Montgomery, David, 174
Moral principles
belief in fairness in government, 257
cynicism following the Great Recession, 240
economic democracy, 41
Gettysburg Address, 138–139
God’s will as casus belli, 149, 151
Lincoln’s “new birth of freedom” idea, 83–84
Lincoln’s philosophical and pragmatic commitment to abolition, 72–73
Lincoln’s position on the morality of slavery, 37–38
Morgan, J.P., 183
Morrill Land Grant Act (1862), 78, 206, 249–250
Mortgage industry, 248
National Banking Acts (1863 and 1864), 77–78
National Industrial Recovery Act (1933), 199
National Labor Relations Act (1935), 204–205
National Labor Relations Board (NLRB), 204–205
National park system, 80
New birth of freedom, 83–84
New Deal
balancing economic risk, 203–204
business community’s antipathy to, 199–201
conservatives undermining policies, 237–238
domestic stimulus, 201–203
economic policy and regulation of banking, 227–228
FDR’s legacy, 215–216
impact of the economic growth preceding, 259
inflation under Carter threatening, 217
labor rehabilitation, 204–205
legacy of, 214–215
FDR comparing New Deal to Lincoln’s policies, 198–199
New Mexico: popular sovereignty, 34
New Salem, Illinois, 20–21, 24
New York Evening Post, 49
New York Times, 49
News media. See Media
Nicolay, John G., 49
The Nigger in the Woodpile (cartoon), 105–106, 106(fig.)
Nixon, Richard M., 216
Norquist, Grover, 234
Northern Securities Company, 184
Northern states
anger over perpetuation of the war, 154–155
balancing Union defeats against emancipation initiative, 121
economic expansion before the war, 85–87
institutionalization of slavery, 36
laissez-faire economic doctrine and social Darwinism, 176
Lincoln’s assassination and funeral train, 156
Lincoln’s commitment to colonization of slaves, 125–126
material progress and social mobility, 29
postwar industrialization, 170–171
preserving white population and culture, 109–110
presidential election outcome, 55
promise of economic opportunity, 64–67
racial equality position, 121–124
union without emancipation, 145–146
voting rights and voter turnout, 169
westward extension of slavery, 40
See also Union
North-South divide
free labor and free-market doctrines, 30–31
popular sovereignty, 29–30
See also Economic opportunity; Slaves and slavery
Obama, Barack
conservative Congress struggling with, 247–250
economic recovery, 238
Emancipation Proclamation, 244(fig.)
job creation and economic recovery, 247–250
Lincolnian politics, 241–244
postpartisanship, 241–242
Ohio: Lincoln and Douglas campaigns in, 42–43
On War (Clausewitz), 135–136
Organized labor
coal miners’ strike, 183
decentralizing government regulation, 222
Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal policies, 202
free-market economics threatening, 173–174
rehabilitation under Roosevelt, 204–205
Theodore Roosevelt’s support and protection for, 183–184
Osawatomie, Kansas, 184–185, 241–242
Panama, colonization of African Americans in, 122
Park systems, 80
Peace Convention, 63–64
Peonage, 168
Petersburg, Virginia, 151
Plessy v. Ferguson, 169
Political rights of postwar Southern states, 162–163
Political stability, importance of the middle class for, 256–257
Polk, James Knox, 98
Poll tax, 169
Pope, John, 118
Popular Sovereignty, 30, 34–36, 39, 42–43, 61–62
Populism, 27–28
Potomac, Army of the, 117, 151
Poverty
blaming the poor, 175
inspiring Lincoln’s views on slavery, 33–34
Lincoln’s ambition to overcome, 18–21
Lincoln’s background in, 12–15
Poverty wages in a free-market economy, 174–176
Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, 127
Presidential nomination, 42–43, 51–52
Prison population, 168–169
Private interests, Clinton’s policies challenging, 229–230
Progressive Party, 241–242
Progressive policies
FDR’s legacy, 213–216
patriarchal nature of Teddy Roosevelt’s, 189–190
Theodore Roosevelt’s Lincolnian platform, 187
Theodore Roosevelt’s philosophic roots, 184–185
tenets of political progressives, 258–259
Wilson’s tariff reform, 192
Public Works Administration, 199
Pure Food and Drug Act (1906), 184
Racial equality
attack on Lincoln’s political stance, 101–102
Fourteenth Amendment rights, 164–165
Gettysburg Address, 138–139
increasing segregation under Wilson, 188–189, 191
Lincoln’s colonization and compensation proposal, 121–122
Lincoln’s commitment to the Union, 73
Lincoln’s interregnum policy, 60
Lincoln’s lack of support for, 36–37, 39–41, 40(fig.)
Lincoln’s position on free black labor, 91–93
Northerners’ resistance to, 105, 121–124
Southern resistance to, 168
under Franklin Roosevelt, 210
Wade-Davis Bill provisions, 163
Radical Republicans: reconstruction, 162–164
Railroads
Gilded Age policies enriching the rich, 177–178
Lincoln’s work on the Effie Afton case, 22–23
Northern expansion of, 87
postwar industrialization in the North, 170
transcontinental, 78
Union’s scorched-earth policy toward the South, 151–153
Rand, Ayn, 238
Raymond, Henry J., 49, 59–60, 62–63, 116
Reagan, Ronald, 224(fig.)
Clinton’s economic policies, 227–228
reversing Lincoln and Roosevelt’s economic policies, 233–234
stagflation and economic policies, 217–218
supply-side economics, 217–225
tax cuts for the wealthy, 230–231
abolition and racial equality in reconstructed states, 163–164
factionalization, 162–166
Southern resistance to, 167–168
Reconstruction Acts (1867), 164–165
Regulatory policies
balancing economic risk under the New Deal, 203–204
conservatives undermining, 237–238
inflation under Carter threatening, 217
Reagan’s call for reduction in, 220–222
Theodore Roosevelt’s commitment to the resolution of social problems, 183–184
Wall Street and the banking industry, 227–228
Republican National Convention, 44, 51–52, 59, 223–224
Republican Party
backing Lincoln’s economic position on slavery, 49–50
congressional control blocking middle-class programs, 241–242, 245–246
conservative economic policy after 1981, 238
dismantling progressive economic policies, 231–238
founding of, 30
increasing wealth inequality, 238–239
Lincoln’s Cooper Union address and, 48–49
New Deal policies, 215
nonabolitionist position, 102–104
reconstruction debate and factionalization, 162–164
reversing economic gains for the middle class, 231–235
slavery threatening whites’ opportunities, 40–41
Restoration versus reconstruction, 162–166
Ricardo, David, 172–173
“Right makes might.” See Cooper Union address
Right-to-work laws, 222–223
Ritchie, A.H., 120(fig.)
Robber barons, 178
Rockefeller, John D., 171
Rockwell, Norman, 19(fig.)
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 197, 213–214
Roosevelt, Franklin, 209(fig.)
business community’s antipathy toward, 199–201
criticism of Hoover’s economic policy, 197
defining America’s social contract, 205–206
economic and social legacy, 208–211
GI Bill, 206–208
Harding’s election victory, 194
inheriting a disastrous economy, 197–198
innovative programs, 250
progressive policies, 213–216
public opinion of, 255
Reagan dismantling New Deal policies, 219
Roosevelt, Theodore
aristocratic perspective on policy, 189–190
attempted political comeback, 187–188
battle against corporate interests, 185–186
championing the working class, 181–183
estate tax, 192
FDR’s connection to, 197
Lincoln and, 185(fig.), 187(fig.)
park system, 80
progressive policies, 183–185
Root, Robert Marshall, 40(fig.)
Russell Sage Foundation, 239–240
Sack, Steve, 241(fig.)
Sanitory Fair, Lincoln’s Speech (Maryland, 1864), 145
Scandal, political. See Corruption and scandal
Scandinavian countries: economic and political systems, 250–251
Scorched-earth policy in the South, 149, 151–154
Scott, Winfield, 135
Secession
formation of the Confederacy, 65–66
fugitive slaves tipping border states, 111–112
impact on Southern states’ political rights, 162–163
Lincoln’s First Inaugural Address, 68–70
Lincoln’s insistence on federal control, 90
Lincoln’s Special Message to Congress following, 77
post-election secession crisis, 55–65
postwar return of Southern states to the Union, 166
reconstruction process, 166
slavery extension versus, 60–61
Southern reaction to the naval blockade, 70
Southern states’ conventions, 63
state supremacy over federal government, 134
Second Bank of the United States, 28
Second Inaugural Address, Lincoln’s, 142–145, 144(fig.), 155
Segregation policies
African American veterans, 194(fig.)
Lincoln and the Black Laws, 36–37
reconstructionist South, 167–168
Seneca Falls Convention, 23
Servicemen’s Readjustment Act (1944), 206–208
Seward, William H.
emancipation proposal, 117–118, 120
expansion of slavery compromise, 61
Lincoln’s cabinet, 84
Lincoln’s First Inaugural Address, 67–68
Lincoln’s inauguration, 69
Lincoln’s nomination, 51–52
presidential nomination challenge, 49
Sharecrop subsistence farmers, 168–170
Sheet music, 56(fig.)
Shenandoah, Army of the, 151–152
Shenandoah Valley, Virginia, 151
Sheridan, Philip H., 151, 153–154
Sherman, William T., 151–152
Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890), 178–179, 184
Sherwood, Robert E., 211
Shipping: Erie Canal construction, 25
Shultz, George P., 218
Sinclair, Upton, 184
Slaves and slavery
amnesty for seceded states, 163
extension as requirement for the survival of, 72–73
framer’s goals for abolition, 41
Gettysburg Address, 138–139
Kansas-Nebraska Act, 29–30, 33–36, 57(fig.), 60, 92
Lincoln’s background, 12–13
Lincoln’s compensation and colonization plans, 109–110
Lincoln’s “enslavement” to his father, 17–18
Lincoln’s first legislative move against, 99
Lincoln’s “new birth of freedom” idea, 83–84
Lincoln’s opposition to, 91–93
Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address, 142–144
Missouri Compromise, 29–30, 33–34, 57(fig.), 60
peonage as latter-day slavery, 168
post-election secession crisis, 55–60
slave auction, 17–18
slave insurrection, 102–104
Thirteenth Amendment rights, 128–130
Thomas Lincoln’s ambivalence toward, 16–17
threatening whites’ economic opportunities, 40–41
See also Abolitionism; Extension of slavery
Smith, Al, 200
Social conditions and social welfare
Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal, 202
Theodore Roosevelt’s policies, 186
Social Darwinism, 175–177, 179–180
Social mobility
as purpose of liberty, 75
foreign immigrants expanding the Northern economies and army, 87–88
Lincoln’s ambition, 15–16
Lincoln’s ideology, 34
Lincoln’s law practice, 21–24
tariffs and infrastructure improvement, 29
Tocqueville’s observations on, 12
South Carolina
Grant’s military target, 152–153
Lincoln’s position on racial equality, 101–102
Southern states
increased segregation under Wilson, 188–189
increasing policy divergence from the North, 29
Lincoln’s Cooper Union address as warning to, 47–48
Lincoln’s determination of federal control over, 90
Lincoln’s economic position on slavery, 37
Lincoln’s election triggering the secession crisis, 55–60
Lincoln’s presidential campaign, 52–53
Northern anger over perpetuation of the war, 154–155
postwar return of elite leaders, 166–167
postwar white supremacism, 167–169
presidential election outcome, 55
reinstating majority white rule, 167–168
resistance to reconstruction policies and goals, 167–168
rights under reconstruction, 163–165
state liberty outweighing slaves’ rights, 145–146
See also Confederate states
Special Message to Congress (1861), 77
Springfield, Illinois, 23, 27(fig.), 43, 50, 59, 63, 65–66, 156
State government
economic regulation regimes, 222
postwar voter repression in the South, 167, 169
supremacy over federal government, 134
State park system, 80
State taxes, 237
Stevens, Thaddeus, 162
Stiglitz, Joseph, 246
Stimulus programs
government expenditures under Roosevelt, 209–210
industrialization following, 89–90
New Deal, 202–203
spending for veterans, 206–207
Stock market crash of 1929, 195–196
Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 99–100
Suffrage
America’s early expansion of, 26–27
Northern men, 29
reconstructed South, 164–165
women’s, 23–24
See also Voting rights and voting patterns
Supply-side economics, 217–225, 230–231, 235, 237, 246, 257, 260
Supreme Court, U.S.
laissez-faire doctrines, 178–179
racial segregation through Plessy v. Ferguson, 169
state control of elections through United States v. Reese, 169
Sweden: economic and political system, 250–252
Swonk, Diane, 248
Taft, William Howard, 186–187
Taft-Hartley Act (1947), 222
Taney, Roger B., 69–70
Tariffs
Henry Clay’s protective tariff, 28–29
efficient government action, 249–250
funding infrastructure, 171
progressive tariff reform, 192
protection of business interests, 177
Tax policy
Clinton’s economic policy challenging Reagan, 229–230
Danish economic system, 252
earned-income tax credit, 216
economic growth and, 235–236
graduated income tax system, 78, 192
ideological differences over corporate wealth, 258
laissez-faire economic doctrine, 174–175
marginal income tax cuts under Bush, 231–232
Nordic economic systems, 250–252
Obama’s focus on middle-class economics, 249
Reagan and the Republicans’ benefits for the wealthy, 234–235
Reagan dismantling New Deal policies, 219
Reagan’s supply-side economics, 220
trickle-down arguments for tax reduction, 237
Wilson’s tariff reform, 192
Taylor, Zachary, 98–99
Telegraph, 87
Tempered radicalism, 182
Thanksgiving Day Proclamation (1863), 86
Third way, Clinton’s, 227–230
Thirteenth Amendment, 128–130
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 11–13
Tremont Temple speech, 104
Trickle-down economic theory, 222, 237, 243
True Sons of Liberty (print), 193(fig.)
Trueblood, Elton, 142
Trumbull, Lyman, 62
Trusts, 171. See also Antitrust legislation
Truth, Sojourner, 129
Twain, Mark, 172
“Ultimate extinction,” Lincoln’s slavery policy, 52–54, 92–93
Uncle Tom’s Cabin (Stowe), 100
Unemployment
after the 1929 stock market crash, 195–196
Carter’s monetary policy, 216–217
Franklin Roosevelt’s stimulus programs, 199–200, 202–203
reducing or expanding government, 235
union rehabilitation under Roosevelt, 204–205
veterans’ benefits, 206–207
Union
armies’ lack of overall strategy, 147–149
dissolution following Lincoln’s election, 107
Grant’s military command, 149, 151
involuntary draft, 149
Lincoln’s commitment to the permanence of, 64–67, 69
Lincoln’s stance on emancipation and slavery, 124–125
resistance to compensated emancipation, 116–117
scorched-earth policy in the South, 149, 151–154
See also Northern states
Union labor. See Organized labor
United States v. E.C. Knight, 178
United States v. Reese, 169
Upward mobility. See Social mobility
Urban growth, 88
The U.S. Department of Labor History of the American Worker (Montgomery), 174
Utah: popular sovereignty, 34
Veteran spending, 206–207
Villard, Henry, 59
Violence, Lincoln’s call to reject, 94–97, 102–103
Voting rights and voting patterns
Lincoln’s presidential victory, 55
postwar voter repression in the South, 167, 169
reconstructed South, 164
Reconstruction Acts, 164–165
social Darwinism, 176–177
voter interest in politics, 35
See also Suffrage
Wade-Davis Bill (1864), 163
Wagner, Robert F., 204
Waite, Morrison, 169
Waiting for the Hour (painting), 129
War tax, 192
Warner, Charles Dudley, 172
Washburne, Elihu, 62
Watch Night (painting), 129
Wealth gap, 171
Weed, Thurlow, 62
Westward expansion. See Extension of slavery
Whig Party
founding of the Republican Party, 30
ideology of, 16
Jackson’s economic policy, 27–28
political consequences of abolitionism, 98–99
popular sovereignty, 33–35
start of Lincoln’s political career, 24
White, Horace, 173–174
White supremacists, 167–168
Wilmot Proviso, 33
Wilson, Woodrow
domestic economic policy, 191–192
inspiration from Lincoln, 187
maintaining a claim to a Lincolnian connection, 191
progressive agenda, 190–191
segregation policies, 188–189
World War I, 193–194
Women
economic participation, 228
entering the labor force under the New Deal, 203
suffrage, 23–24
Wooldridge, Adrian, 250–251
Work day/work week legislation, 173, 179
Working class
stock market crash of 1929, 195–196
Theodore Roosevelt championing, 181–183
Working conditions, 173–174
Works Progress Administration (WPA), 199
World War I, 193(fig.)
African American veterans, 194(fig.)
as Wilson’s undoing, 193–194
Lincoln’s image, 191
World War II, 203–204
Yankelovich, Daniel, 217
Yellowstone National Park, 80