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Presidents and prime ministers

Here are lists of presidents of America and prime ministers of the UK.

Presidents of the United States

Date	President
1789–97	George Washington
1797–1801	John Adams
1801–09	Thomas Jefferson
1809–17	James Madison
1817–25	James Monroe
1825–29	John Adams
1829–37	Andrew Jackson
1837–41	Martin van Buren
1841	William Henry Harrison
1841–45	John Tyler
1845–49	James Polk
1849–50	zachary Taylor
1850–53	Millard Fillmore
1853–57	Franklin Pierce
1857–61	James Buchanan
1861–65	Abraham Lincoln
1865–69	Andrew Johnson
1869–77	Ulysses S. Grant
1877–81	Rutherford B. Hayes
1881	James Garfield
1881–85	chester Arthur
1885–89	Grover Cleveland
1889–93	Benjamin Harrison
1893–97	Grover cleveland
1897–1901	William McKinley
1901–09	Theodore Roosevelt
1909–13	William H. Taft
1913–21	Woodrow Wilson
1921–23	Warren Harding
1923–29	calvin coolidge
1929–33	Herbert Hoover
1933–45	Franklin D. Roosevelt
1945–53	Harry Truman
1953–61	Dwight Eisenhower
1961–63	John F. Kennedy
1963–69	Lyndon Johnson
1969–74	Richard Nixon
1974–77	Gerald Ford
1977–81	Jimmy carter
1981–89	Ronald Reagan
1989–93	George H.W. Bush
1993–2001	William J. clinton
2001–09	George W. Bush
2009–17	Barack Obama
2017–	Donald J. Trump

Prime ministers of the United Kingdom

Date	Prime minister
1721–42	Sir Robert Walpole
1742–43	Spencer Compton, Earl of Wilmington
1743–54	Henry Pelham
1754–56	Thomas Pelham-Holles, Duke of Newcastle
1756–57	William cavendish, Duke of Devonshire
1757	James Waldegrave, 2nd Earl Waldegrave
1757–62	Thomas Pelham Holles, Duke of Newcastle
1762–63	John Stuart, Earl of Bute
1763–65	George Grenville
1765–66	Charles Wentworth, Marquess of Rockingham
1766–68	Earl of Chatham, William Pitt “The Elder”
1768–70	Augustus Henry Fitzroy, Duke of Grafton
1770–82	Lord North
1782	Charles Wentworth, Marquess of Rockingham
1782–83	William Petty, Earl of Shelburne
1783	William Henry Cavendish Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland
1783–1801	William Pitt “The Younger”
1801–04	Henry Addington
1804–06	William Pitt “The Younger”
1806–07	William Wyndam Grenville, Lord Grenville
1807–09	William Henry Cavendish Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland
1809–12	Spencer Perceval
1812–27	Robert Banks Jenkinson, Earl of Liverpool
1827	George Canning
1827–28	Frederick Robinson, viscount Goderich
1828–30	Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Wellington
1830–34	Earl Grey
1834	William Lamb, viscount Melbourne
1834–35	Sir Robert Peel
1835–41	William Lamb, viscount Melbourne
1841–46	Sir Robert Peel
1846–52	Earl Russell
1852	Earl of Derby
1852–55	Earl of Aberdeen
1855–58	viscount Palmerston
1858–59	Earl of Derby
1859–65	viscount Palmerston
1865–66	Earl Russell
1866–68	Earl of Derby
1868	Benjamin Disraeli
1868–74	William Ewart Gladstone
1874–80	Benjamin Disraeli
1880–85	William Ewart Gladstone
1885–86	Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil, Marquess of Salisbury
1886	William Ewart Gladstone
1886–92	Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil, Marquess of Salisbury
1892–94	William Ewart Gladstone
1894–95	Earl of Rosebery
1895–1902	Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil, Marquess of Salisbury
1902–05	Arthur James Balfour
1905–08	Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman
1908–16	Herbert Henry Asquith
1916–22	David Lloyd George
1922–23	Andrew Bonar Law
1923	Stanley Baldwin
1924	James Ramsay MacDonald
1924–29	Stanley Baldwin
1929–35	James Ramsay MacDonald
1935–37	Stanley Baldwin
1937–40	Neville Chamberlain
1940–45	Sir Winston Churchill
1945–51	Clement Richard Attlee
1951–55	Sir Winston Churchill
1955–57	Sir Anthony Eden
1957–63	Harold Macmillan
1963–64	Sir Alec Douglas-Home
1964–70	Harold Wilson
1970–74	Edward Heath
1974–76	Harold Wilson
1976–79	James Callaghan
1979–90	Margaret Thatcher
1990–97	John Major
1997–2007	Tony Blair
2007–10	Gordon Brown
2010–16	David Cameron
2016–	Theresa May

Presidents of the European Commission

Date	President
1958–67	Walter Hallstein
1967–70	Jean Rey
1970–72	Franco Maria Malfatti
1972–3	Sicco Mansholt
1973–7	François-Xavier Ortoli
1977–81	Roy Jenkins
1981–5	Gaston Thorn
1985–95	Jacques Delors
1995–9	Jacques Santer
1999	Manuel Marín
1999–2004	Romano Prodi
2004–14	José Manuel Barroso
2014–	Jean-Claude Juncker

Proofreading

Look for errors in the following categories:

1 “Typos”, which include misspelt words, punctuation mistakes, wrong numbers and transposed words or sentences.

2 Bad word breaks.

3 Layout mistakes: wrongly positioned text (including captions, headings, folios, running heads) or illustrations, incorrect line spacing, missing items, widows (the last word of a paragraph going to another line), orphans (even worse, part of the last word going to another line).

4 Wrong fonts: errors in the use of italic, bold, typeface (eg, Arial not Times New Roman), etc.

If the text contains cross-references to numbered pages or illustrations, the proofreader is often responsible for inserting the correct reference at page-proof stage, and for checking cross-references.

The most effective way of proofreading is to read the text several times, each time with a different aim in mind, rather than attempting to carry out all checks in one go.

proofreading marks are illustrated on pages 249–51. (The full set of proofreading marks is defined by British Standard BS 5261 “Copy preparation and proof correction”.) The intention of these marks is to identify, precisely and concisely, the nature of an error and the correction required. When corrections are extensive or complex, it is usually better to spell out in full the correct form of the text rather than leave the typesetter to puzzle over a string of hieroglyphs, however immaculately drawn and ordered. Mark all proof corrections clearly and write them in the margin.

word breaks It may be necessary to break words, using a hyphen, at the end of lines. Computer word-processing programs come with standard hyphenation rules but these can always be changed or overruled. Ideally, the aim should be to make these breaks as undisruptive as possible, so that the reader does not stumble or falter. Whenever possible, the word should be broken so that, helped by the context, the reader can anticipate the whole word from the part of it given before the break. Here are some useful principles for deciding how to break a word.

1 Words that are already hyphenated should be broken at the hyphen, not given a second hyphen.

2 Words can be broken according to either their derivation (the British convention) or their pronunciation (the US convention): thus, aristo-cracy (UK) or aristoc-racy (US), mellifluous (UK) or mellif-luous (US). (See Part 2 for American usage.)

3 Words of one syllable should not be broken.

4 Words of five or fewer characters should not be broken.

5 At least three characters must be taken over to the next line.

6 Words should not be broken so that their identity is confused or their identifying sound is distorted: thus, avoid fun-dament, the-rapist.

7 Personal names and acronyms (eg, NATO) should not be broken.

8 Figures should not be broken or separated from their unit of measurement.

9 A word formed with a prefix or suffix should be broken at that point: thus, bi-furcated, ante-diluvian, convert-ible.

10 If a breakable word contains a double consonant, split it at that point: thus, as-sess, ship-ping, prob-lem.

11 Do not hyphenate the last word on the right-hand page.

on-screen proofreading Proofreaders are increasingly being asked to proofread on screen, and there are various ways of doing this.

1 Print out the document or pdf, mark it up in the usual way, then scan it and save as a pdf to return by e-mail.

2 Mark up the pdf using the editing tools in a program such as Adobe Acrobat. This can be done in the traditional way with a graphics tablet, using the pen to add proofreading marks, missing letters, and so on. Missing words or phrases, comments and queries can be typed in text or comments boxes or directly onto the pdf using the typewriter tool (available in Adobe Acrobat version 7 onwards). If the creator has “enabled” the pdf, it is possible to mark up changes and add comments using Adobe Acrobat Reader (version 8 onwards).

3 Mark up a text file (in, for example, Microsoft Word) using track changes. Changes and insertions are highlighted in a different colour, deletions and formatting changes are listed in the margin, and you can add comments and queries using the Comments facility.