Abenakis, captives of, 18–19
Account of an Expedition from Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mountains (James), 191, 347
Adams, John Quincy, 142
Adams-Onís Treaty, 180, 183, 188
agokwa, 90–91
agriculture: Hudson’s Bay Company policy on, 316
inferiority of Indian people and, 204
McLoughlin on, 330
production of Ottawa and Ojibwa, 232–33
at Rainy Lake House, 268
at Red River colony, 286
Ais-ainse, 214
Ais-kaw-ba-wis, 223–24, 225, 228
Albany Factory, 117
Algonquian tribes: overview of, 27–28
social safety net of, 68–69
winter months and, 81. See also Ojibwas; Ottawas
Alton, Illinois, 338–40
Ambrose, Stephen E., 182
American Colonization Society, 44
American Fur Company: Cass and, 246
children of Tanner and, 323
competition from, 156, 273, 274–76
expansion of, 195
French Canadian voyageurs and, 279
Tanner and, 258, 275, 311. See also Côté, Pierre
Americanization of fur trade: army and, 315–16
Clark and, 246
overview of, 8
Americanization of Mackinac Island, 322
American Philosophical Society, 40, 54, 169, 173, 174, 348
Anglican mission, 285
Anglo-French-Indian milieu, 47
anti-Americanism of Shawnee Prophet, 210
Assiniboia, 123
Assiniboine tribe, 76, 88, 228
Astor, John Jacob, 108, 156, 195, 246, 274. See also American Fur Company
Atkinson, Henry, 176
Auger, Jean Baptiste, 263
bad medicine, power of, 224–25
Baird, Elizabeth Thérèse, 321, 325, 394n4
Baldwin, William, 173–74, 175, 176, 177, 179
Baptist Missionary Society, 197
Barton, Benjamin S., 174
Bas de la Rivière, 70
Basswood Lake, 273
Battle of Seven Oaks, 9, 133–34, 136–37, 141, 142–43, 233
Bay House, 152
Beaulieu, Paul and Bazil, 273–74
Beauvais, Jacques, 263
beaver, 63–64, 76, 79, 93, 112, 113, 198, 213
Berkhofer, Robert F., Jr., 54
Biddle, Thomas, Jr., 174, 177–78, 179
bison. See buffalo
Black-Rogers, Mary, 270
boarding schools: for Indian children, 285–86
on Mackinac Island, 323
Bois brulé, 203. See also Métis
Boucher, François, 142
boundaries and territorial claims, 188, 194–95, 202–3, 274–75
Boyd, George, 257, 258, 322, 323
Bradford, William, 56
Brandon House, 76, 78, 209, 219, 221
Breckenridge, Marcus P., 339
Britain: Convention of 1818 and, 188, 274–75
fur trade and, 40–41, 113, 118–19, 246, 273
Indian Department of, 215–16
Oregon country and, 333
Orkney Islands, 263
Treaty of Ghent and, 188. See also Hudson’s Bay Company; War of 1812
Brousse, Charles, 2, 204, 234, 287, 289, 301–2, 305
Brown, Jennifer S. H., 285
Brown, Paul, 142
buffalo, 75, 78, 120, 198, 200, 213, 226
Cadotte, Joseph, 273, 275, 279
Calhoun, John C.: book project and, 191
Long and, 165–66
Long expeditions and, 174–75, 179–80, 188, 194
moral condition of Indians and, 171
calumet, ritual smoking of, 265
Cameron, Duncan, 126, 127, 131
Camp Monroe, 202
Canada Jurisdiction Act, 125
canoes, birchbark (canot du nord), 117, 120, 204, 271
Cape Girardeau, 255–56
captivity: adoption by Indian tribes after, 23, 25–26, 27
narratives of, 17–19
rights of citizenship and, 388n3
Carey and Lea (publishers), 348–49
Carver, Gun, 48
Carver, King, 48
Cass, Lewis, 245–46, 247, 248, 282, 324, 325
Chaboillez, Charles Jean Baptiste, 79, 361n11
Chalifoux, Pierre, 263
Chatelain, Nicholas, 263
Cheboygan village, 28
children: adopted by Net-no-kwa, 213
binding out of, 322–23
boarding schools for, 285–86
mixed-blood, reclaiming from Indians, 284–85
at northwest forts, 108–9
Childs, Cephas G., 349
Christianity: civilization and assimilation of Indians and, 197–98
doctrine of unity of humankind and, 54
missionaries, 285–86, 322, 325, 330
Tanner conversion to, 325–26
Therezia conversion to, 325
worldview of Indians and, 53
Civil War, 341
Clark, William: children of, 383n14
Fort Shelby and, 47
as governor, 46
scientific inquiries of, 163–64, 182
Tanner and, 246–47, 249–50, 255. See also Lewis and Clark expedition
Clermont’s band of Osages, 58
coffee houses in London, 153–54
colonization: European, 181
by Selkirk, 121–22. See also Red River colony
Coltman, William B., 237
Columbia District of Hudson’s Bay Company, 29–330, 319–20
Columbia Fur Company, 198, 199
Colvile, Andrew, 147, 149, 154, 155, 156
companionate marriage, 170
Congregational church, 19–20
Congress: factory system and, 42, 194–95
Indian Removal Bill of, 336–37
liquor trafficking and, 282
Oregon Territory and, 334
Topographical Engineers and, 21, 336, 341
War Department budget and, 179, 188
Convention of 1818, 188, 274–75
Corps of Canadian Voyageurs, 126
Côté, Pierre: arrival of, 312–13
Little Clear Sky and, 293
Tanner and, 280, 281–83, 311, 313–14
Coues, Elliott, 344
Crane Lake, 273–74
Crawford, William, 39, 41–42, 43–44, 164
credit system of fur trade, 114–15
cultivation, labor of, 232
culture: encounter between Indian and European, 5–6
Indian, hardening of attitudes toward, 197
Mississippian Indian, 52–53
oral, 344
trade relations, views of, and, 265–67
white-Indian identity, 247, 257, 290–91. See also degeneracy, idea of; dependency of Indians, assumptions of; marriage; revenge; savagery
Dartmouth College, 20–21
dead, mourning for, 95
Dease, John Warren, 127, 234, 244
Deed Poll, 156–57
degeneracy, idea of: Fort Wayne and, 196–97
Long at Prairie du Chien and, 48
Puritans and, 53
racial prejudice of Americans and, 333
white-Indian contact and, 197, 316–17
Delafield, Joseph, 300–301
De Meuron Regiment, 135, 136, 137, 141
dependency of Indians, assumptions of: Crawford and, 42
fur trade and, 315–16;
in Indian-European relations, 6–7
“Description of the Indians from Fort William to Lake of the Woods” (McLoughlin), 103, 114, 310
De Watteville Regiment, 135
Dewess, William P., 174
Dickson, Robert, 96
discovery, doctrine of, 181
Donation Land Claim Act, 334
d’Orsonnens, P., 135, 136, 234, 236
Douglas, Stephen, 340
Douglas, Thomas. See Selkirk, Lord
Duponceau, Peter S., 348
Edwards, Ninian, 383n4
Ellice, Edward, 154–55
emigration, push and pull factors in, 64–65. See also migration
Erdrich, Louise, 343
Ermatinger, Charles, 244–45
expansionism, American, 209, 210
factory system in fur trade, 42, 43, 47, 194–95
families: Indian, 27, 170, 264
interracial, 284–86. See also children
Ferry, William, 322
Fierst, John T., 348
Five Civilized Tribes, relocation of, 337
Fleming, R. Harvey, 156
Fort Alexander, 205
Fort Alexandria, 88
Fort Belle Fontaine, 46, 50, 165
Fort Chipewyan, 118
Fort Dearborn, 40
Fort Douglas: construction of, 122
Hudson’s Bay Company move to, 203, 205
McLeod and, 133
rebuilding of, 131
Red River colonists in, 126, 127
surrender of, 236–37. See also Fort Garry
Fort Gibraltar, 122, 131, 132, 218
Fort Mackinac, 28, 215, 216, 348
Fort Mandan, 209
Fort Snelling, 199
Fort Vermilion, 108
Fort William: as administrative center, 34
fur stores at, 138
summer rendezvous at, 34, 102, 107, 124, 129–31, 134, 148
surrender of, 135–38
Franklin, Benjamin, 17
Fraser, Malcolm, 31
French Canadians: in Fort Wayne, 196–97, 198
in fur trade, 118, 119, 220, 263, 279
on Mackinac island, 321–22
in Willamette valley, 333
frostbite, 85–86
fur trade: Britain and, 40–41, 113, 118–19, 246, 273
competition in, 112–15, 120, 273–76
credit system of, 114–15
dynamics of, 5
experiences in, 8
as extension of statecraft, 246
factory system in, 42, 43, 47, 194–95
functional context for, 5–6
Indian-European relations in, 6–7
Indian participation in, 6, 81–82
Jefferson and, 182
licensing system in, 42–43
reorganization of, as monopoly, 156
US Army and, 41, 315–16. See also American Fur Company; Americanization of fur trade; fur traders; Hudson’s Bay Company; liquor trafficking; North West Company; trading posts
Fur Trade in Canada, The (InniS), 119
fur traders: independent, 273, 319
Indian killing of, 309–10
Long expedition view of, 198
marriage between Indians and, 104–7, 110, 170, 171
mixed-blood children of, 284–85
Galbraith, John S., 155
Garnett, John, 346
G. & C. & H. Carvill (publishers), 349
General Survey Act of 1824, 336
Gi-ah-ge-wa-go-mo, 222–23, 288
Gilbert, Angie Bingham, 326, 327, 328–29
Glengarry Fencibles, 135
Graham, James Duncan, 174, 190
Grand Portage, 65–66, 67, 68, 69, 79–80
Great Britain. See Britain
Grover, LaFayette, 335
Halley, Patrick L., 182
Harriman, Lucy, 19
Harriman, Stephen, 19
Hempstead, 48
Heney, Hugh, 218, 219, 221, 226, 227
Henry, Alexander: departure from Pembina, 218
Sioux massacre and, 95
Henry, Robert, 132
Hodgkis, Martha, 167, 168. See also Long, Martha
Hodgkis, Sarah Dewees, 167, 169
Hopkinton, New Hampshire, 18–20
horses, 87–88
Hubbard, Gurdon S., 321
Hudson’s Bay Company: agricultural settlement policy of, 316
Bay House, 152
Brandon House, 76, 78, 209, 219, 221
Brousse and, 234
charges against, 142
Columbia District, 319–20, 329–30
competition faced by, 273
as de facto colonial government, 285
forts of, 116–17
London Committee of, 153, 154, 155
Long expedition and, 195
McLoughlin approach to, 147
North West Company and, 8, 9, 120, 121, 132, 147–48, 155–56
Parliament approval for, 157–58
Red River colony and, 286
royal charter of, 116, 121, 152, 156
Selkirk and, 121
US expansionism and, 194. See also McLoughlin, John; Rainy Lake House
human species, interest in origins of, 53–54
Hunter, John Dunn, 349
hunting, commercialization of, 81–82. See also beaver; buffalo
Icelandic saga, 18
Illinois country, 337–38
Indian-European relations in fur trade, 5–7
Indian-on-Indian murders, 311
Indian removal policy, 197, 336–37, 338
Indians: army officers’
views of, 186–87
assumptions of dependency of, 6–7, 42, 315–16
assumptions of inferiority of, 6–7, 48
civilization and assimilation of, 43–44, 197–98
competition in fur trade and, 112–15
division of labor between sexes, 171
as immigrants, 71
interest in origins of, 53–55
intertribal warfare, 93–94, 214
Long on, 40–41, 172, 185–86, 187, 316, 337
marriage between fur traders and, 104–7, 110, 170, 171
marriage forms of, 170–71
in Ohio valley, 22
Rocky Mountain expedition and, 185
as superstitious, 111–12, 224–25, 227–28
views of, 337
westward migration of, 63–66. See also savagery; specific tribes
inferiority of Indians, assumptions of, 6–7, 48
Inman, Henry, 349
intermarriage: in Algonquian tribes, 28
Crawford and, 44. See also marriage
Isle Royale, 68–69
Jackson, Andrew, 164–65, 336–37
James, Edwin: book project and, 191, 347
career of, 179
Clark and, 182–83
credibility of, 347–48
Long and, 374n11
northern territory expedition and, 193
Tanner autobiography and, 4, 343, 345, 347, 374n10
Jay’s Treaty of 1794, 41
Jefferson, Thomas, 42, 52, 181–82
Johnson, James, 176
Johnson, John W., 47
Johnson, Robert, 346
Johnston, George, 273
Jourdain, Jean Baptiste, 263
Keating, William H.: on Fort Wayne population, 196
on Métis, 203–4
northern territory expedition and, 193
at Rainy Lake House, 4
on Wanatan, 200
Keepers of the Game (Martin), 81–82
Ke-wa-tin, 66
Kimball, Abraham, 18–19
kinship among Indian tribes, 170, 264
Koochiching Falls, 13
Kurosawa, Akira, Rashômon, 5
Lake Huron, 27, 28, 74, 77, 78–80, 85, 232
Lake of the Woods, 116, 205, 225, 232
Lake Pepin, 51
Lake Traverse trading fort, 96, 199
Lake Winnipeg, 70–71, 78, 116, 117, 205
landforms, theories on origins of, 51
L’Arbre Croche village, 28
Leclair, François, 40
Lee, Charles A., 327
Lewis, Meriwether, 163–64, 181, 182
Lewis and Clark expedition, 13, 181–82, 183, 209, 345–46
licensing system in fur trade, 42–43
Lincoln, Abraham, 340
liquor trafficking: Americans in, 282
Long expedition and, 198
Net-no-kwa and, 90
by North West Company, 113–14
Little Clear Sky, 4–5, 293–95, 296, 298, 309, 311, 319, 320
Little Deer, 269
London, McLoughlin trip to, 150–55
Long, Edwin James, 374n10
Long, Lucy Leonis, 339, 374n10
Long, Martha, 189, 338, 339. See also Hodgkis, Martha
Long, Mary, 374n10
Long, Richard Harlan, 374n10
Long, Stephen H.: Alton, Illinois, and, 338–39
background of, 8
birth of, 19
Calhoun and, 165–66
career of, 2, 21, 164, 168, 335–36, 341
cartographic projects of, 191–92
character of, 168–69
Chicago land speculation of, 338
Clark and, 182–83
contemporary thought and, 55
daughters of Tanner and, 305
death of, 341
education of, 20
as ethnographer, 49
as explorer, 9
family of, 19
funds of, 340–41
on fur trade, 315–16
hometown of, 18–20
on Illinois country, 337–38
illness of, 189–90
income and household of, 192–93
on Indian tribes, 40–41, 172, 185–86, 187, 316, 337
Jackson and, 164–65
journal entry of, 4
map of travels of, ix; marriage of, 167, 169
on McLoughlin, 306
Osage country and, 56–57
Peale portrait of, 175
privilege and, 338
at Rainy Lake House, 303
religion of, 20
“Report of the Western River Expedition,” 185–86
reports of, 40–41, 44–45, 51, 57–60, 185–86, 187
reputation of, 183
second assignment of, 46–47, 48–50
steamboat exploration and, 163–64, 165–66
Tanner and, 2, 4, 17, 170, 255, 303–5, 307–8, 317
timeline of, xiii
“Voyage in a Six-Oared Skiff,” 339
on white-Indian contact, 316–17. See also northern territory expedition; western river expedition; Yellowstone expedition
Long, William Dewees, 339, 374n10
Loomis, Noel, 346
Lovejoy, Elijah P., 339
Macdonell, Alexander, 125–26, 131
Macdonell, Miles: as free on bail, 135
as governor of Red River colony, 123–24, 126–27, 226
plan for removal of, 125
at Rainy Lake fort, 234
Mackinac Island, 28, 251–52, 321–22
Mackinac village, 257
Macomb, Alexander, 193
Maligne River, 317–18
mammalian diving reflex, 140
Manitou Rapids, 279
marriage: à la façon du pays, 106–7
in Algonquian tribes, 28
among Indian peoples, 28, 170–71
for army officers, 167–68
change in pattern of, 169–70
companionate, 170
Crawford on intermarriage, 44
“education families” idea of Morse, 171–72
of fur traders, 104–7, 110, 170, 171
of McLoughlin, 8, 104–6, 107–8, 109–10
in Ottawa-Ojibwa culture, 89–90
romantic love and, 169
Martin, Calvin, 81–82
Mason, Myra Peters, 322
McCulloh, James Haines, 55–56
McGillis, Hugh, 89
McGillivray, John, 130
McGillivray, Simon (brother of William), 14–15, 122, 125, 129–30, 154, 155. See also McTavish, McGillivrays and Company
McGillivray, Simon (son of William), 157, 262–63, 273, 300, 301, 305
McGillivray, William: arrest of, 135–37
J. Caldwell and, 151–52
Fauche and, 139
Hudson’s Bay Company and, 134, 147
Macdonell and, 124
McLoughlin and, 34–35, 130, 148
negotiations of, 154
North West Company and, 101
as principal trader, 79
at rendezvous of 1814, 126
Selkirk and, 135–36
wintering partners and, 129, 145–47. See also McTavish, McGillivrays and Company
McKay, Alexander, 106, 107, 108
McKay, John, 221
McKay, Marguerite Wadin: children of, 107
life of, 105–6
marriage of, 8
McLoughlin and, 107–8, 109–10. See also McLoughlin, Marguerite
McKay, Mary, 320
McKay, Nancy, 146
McKenzie, Daniel, 218
McKenzie, Kenneth, 135–36
McLellan, Archibald, 236–37
McLeod, Archibald, 125, 130, 132, 133
McLoughlin, David (brother of John), 155, 158–59, 331
McLoughlin, David (son of John), 261, 320, 331
McLoughlin, Eliza, 320
McLoughlin, Eloisa, 261, 319, 331, 335
McLoughlin, John: as apprentice clerk, 103
background of, 7–8
birth of, 31
character and appearance of, 102
as chief factor, 3–4, 115, 144–45, 157, 159–60, 261–67, 319
children of, 104, 105, 108, 127, 138, 149
Columbia District and, 319–20, 329–30
convalescence of, 158
Côté and, 312–13
daughters of Tanner and, 305–6
death of, 335
“Description of the Indians from Fort William to Lake of the Woods,” 103, 114, 310
as doctor, 30, 32–33, 101, 102–3
as “Father of Oregon,” 8–9, 335
finances of, 371n4
fur trade and, 30–31
heritage, education, and, 332–33
journal entry of, 4
on liquor trafficking, 113
Little Clear Sky and, 293
London trip of, 150–55
Long expedition and, 311
map of travels of, xi
marriages of, 8, 104–6, 107–8, 109–10
McGillivrays and, 35, 129–30, 135–36
near-drowning of, 139–41
North West Company and, 8, 33–35, 109
on Oregon country, 330–31
provisional government and, 333
questioning of, 141
rebelliousness of, 130
Red River colony and, 132–33
religion of, 262
on revenge and retaliation, 310
on superstition of Indians, 111–12
Tanner and, 4–5, 30, 127–28, 230, 244, 311–12, 318
Tanner attack and, 309
timeline of, xiii
transgression of, 32
trial of, 143
as “White-headed Eagle,” 329–30
McLoughlin, John (son of John), 320, 331–32
McLoughlin, Joseph, 104, 105, 320, 331
McLoughlin, Marguerite, 138, 146, 149, 319–20, 335, 388–89n6. See also McKay, Marguerite Wadin
McNabb, John, 135–36
McTavish, McGillivrays and Company, 125, 145, 154. See also North West Company
McTavish, Simon, 33–34
Mead, Joel, 45
measles, 64–65
Métis: Battle of Seven Oaks, 133–34, 142–43
interracial families of, 285
on Mackinac Island, 321–22
North West Company and, 237
in Pembina, 203–4
Pemmican Proclamation and, 123–24
pemmican production by, 121
Red River country and, 121
Michigan Territory, 246
migration: eastward, of Net-no-kwa, 78–80
of southern plainfolk, 255–56
southward, of Ottawas and Ojibwas, 213–14
westward, of Indians, 63–66
militia, 126
Mis-kwa-bun-o-kwa. See Red Sky of the Morning
missionary work: on Mackinac Island, 322, 325
in Oregon country, 330
in Red River valley, 285–86
Mississippian Indian culture, 52–53
Mississippi River, 339
Missouri River, 163, 164, 165–66, 176–77
Missouri Territory, 246
Moodie, D. W., 232
Morse, Jedediah, 171–72
mounds, ancient, builders of, 52–53, 55
Mouse River Fort, 76. See also Brandon House
Narrative of the Captivity and Adventures of John Tanner (James), 4, 343–50
nationalists: army engineers and, 335–36
fur trade and, 194–95
Indian policy and, 336–37
near-drowning and mammalian diving reflex, 140
Net-no-kwa: aid for family of, 83–84
Cheboygan village and, 28
children adopted by, 213
death of, 236
drunkenness of, 70–71
migrations of, 63, 64–66, 70, 74, 77–80
Ojibwas and, 68–69
promissory note for, 85, 86, 221
Tanner and, 27, 66–67, 87, 90, 235–36
winter camps of, 71–72, 82–84, 85–86
New Hampshire, settlers in, 18–19
New Lights, 20
Nichols, Roger L., 182
northern territory expedition: Canadian Shield and, 205
change in composition of, 204
in Fort Wayne, 196
at Fort William, 315
fur trade and, 199
Hudson’s Bay Company and, 204–5
instructions for, 194
military escort for, 198–99, 204
in Pembina, 202–4
personnel for, 193–94
preparations for, 193
at Rainy Lake House, 303
Sioux and, 199–202
Tanner and, 205
North West Company: ammunition traded by, 77
arrest of partners of, 135–37
Athabaska Department, 130, 146
Fort Alexandria, 88
Fort Gibraltar, 122, 131, 132, 218
A. Fraser and, 31–32
geographic disadvantage of, 117
Hudson’s Bay Company and, 8, 9, 120, 121, 132, 147–48, 155–56
labor pool of, 119
liquor trafficking by, 113–14
marriage of traders and, 104, 110
Métis and, 237
Montreal agents of, 119
organizational structure of, 118–19
Ottawa migration and, 63
Pacific Fur Company and, 108
Pemmican Proclamation and, 123
Pemmican War and, 125–26
Pigeon River post of, 79
Souris River post of, 76
Tanner trades with, 221
transportation network of, 117–18
trial of partners of, 142, 143
Vermilion Lake outpost, 109, 111
wintering partners of, 124–25, 129, 130, 145–46, 145–47, 148. See also Fort William; McGillivray, John; McGillivray, Simon; McGillivray, William; McLoughlin, John
O’Fallon, Benjamin, 174
Ohio valley, Indian nations in, 22
Ojibwas: agokwa, 90–91
agricultural production of, 232–33
begging and supplicating by, 270
family groups and clans of, 264
McLoughlin and, 109–10
medicine man of, 292
Ottawas and, 71
overview of, 27–28
of Rainy Lake country, 292–93
at Rainy Lake House, 262, 264–66
revenge principle of, 310–11
Shawnee Prophet and, 210–12, 214, 216
Tanner and, 224–25, 227–28, 230–31, 284, 290–91, 343
Tanner children and, 289–90
Vermilion Lake band of, 111
westward migration of, 63–64
Old Lights, 20
Ome-zhuh-gwut-oons. See Little Clear Sky
oral culture, 344
Oregon country, 330–31, 333–34
Oregon Treaty of 1846, 334
Oto-pun-ne-be, 241, 242–43, 281
Ottawas: agricultural production of, 232–33
Mackinac Island and, 321
Ojibwas and, 71
Shawnee Prophet and, 210–12, 214, 216
Sioux and, 213–14
Tanner capture by, 23–28
westward migration of, 63–66. See also Net-no-kwa
Ouachita Mountains, 56–57
Ozaw-wen-dib, 90–91
Pacific Fur Company, 108
Panic of 1819, 176
patronage system, Long and, 39–40
Pawnee, 177
Peale, Charles Willson, 174, 175
Peale, Titian Ramsay, 174, 185
Peck, John M., 249
Pembina, 95, 96, 202–3, 204, 218, 226
pemmican, 120–21
“Pemmican Proclamation,” 123
Peninshin (laborer), 263
Pe-shau-ba, 74–77, 78–79, 95–96, 213, 223
Philadelphia, Long in, 39–40
Plantation Island, 232–33, 242, 244, 268, 281
points of view and truth, 5
Prairie Portage trading post, 85, 287
provisioning trade, 120–21
publisher of Tanner autobiography, 348–49
Puthuff, William, 245
racial prejudice: of Americans, 333
of Indians, 290–91
of Keating, 203–4
Tanner experience of, 252–53, 257
Rainy Lake, 116
Rainy Lake fort, surrender of, 234
Rainy Lake House: confrontation at, 1–3
description of, 261–62
diet at, 269–71
everyday life at, 268–69, 271–72
laborers at, 263
Long at, 303
McLoughlin at, 3, 109, 127, 159, 261–67
officers at, 262–63
Ojibwas at, 264–66
as relay point for supply line, 118, 120
role of, 9
satellite outposts of, 269
Tanner and, 82–83, 84, 128, 314, 318
Waw-wish-e-gah-bo debt to, 292–93
Rainy Lake region, competition in fur trade in, 273–76
Rainy River, 13, 120, 128, 204, 261–62, 279, 312
Rashômon (film), 5
Rat River, 219
Red Deer River, 87
Red Deer River trading house, 89
Red River: Fort Douglas and, 122
geographical significance of, 180
Henry trading house on, 79
junction with Assiniboine River, 78
Red River colony: agricultural production of, 232–33
arrival of colonists for, 225–26
beginnings of, 122–24
harbingers of change in, 285–86
North West Company opposition to, 125–27
Selkirk at, 141
Red River country/valley, 64, 76, 120–22, 200, 202
Red River trading post, 94
Red Sky of the Morning (Mis-kwa-bun-o-kwa): children of, 92, 284
flight of, 299
punishment of, 300
suitor for, 222
Tanner and, 91–92, 211, 216–17, 288, 290, 299–300
on trip to Mackinac, 295–96, 297
religion: Long and, 20
McLoughlin and, 262
Tanner and, 69, 73, 210–13, 216–17, 325–26. See also Christianity
Renville, Joseph, 199
“Report of the Western River Expedition” (Long), 185–86
revenge, 15–17, 187, 309–11, 313
Rich, E. E., 156
rituals of trade, 265–66
Roberdeau, Isaac, 190
Robertson, Colin, 131–32, 150–52, 154–55, 157, 158–59
Robertson, William, 54
Rocky Mountains, Long view of, 192
Roussin, Charles, 263
Roy, Vincent (Old Roy), 1, 301
rum, furs traded for, 76–77, 78, 80. See also liquor trafficking
Saginaw village, 25–26
Sault Ste. Marie, Tanner in, 324–29
savagery: doctrine of discovery and, 181
Long on, 172
marriage forms and perceptions of, 170–71
revenge and, 15–17
of traders, 226–27
Say, Thomas: book project and, 191
daughters of Tanner and, 305
Indian tribes and, 185
northern territory expedition and, 193
at Rainy Lake House, 2
Tanner and, 14, 15–16, 303, 307, 317
as zoologist, 174
Schelling, William, 263
Schindler, George, 251–52
Schindler, Marienne, 323
Schindler, Thérèse, 251–52, 257
Schoolcraft, Henry Rowe, 321, 324–25, 326, 327
Schoolcraft, James, 328
Scotland, Red River colonists from, 122, 131
scrofula, 102–3
Selkirk, Jean, 147
Selkirk, Lord (Thomas Douglas): death of, 148
Fort Douglas named for, 122
as magistrate, 136–38
McTavish, McGillivrays and Company opposition to, 125
North West Company and, 141–42
Red River colony and, 121, 134–35
Tanner and, 237–39
Semple, Robert, 131, 132, 133, 134
Seymour, Samuel, 174, 185, 191, 193, 199–200, 303
Sha-gwaw-koo-sink, 223, 241, 343
Shawnee Prophet (Tenskwatawa), 210–12, 214, 216
Shaw-shaw-wa ne-ba-se. See Tanner, John
Sherwood, Samuel and Livius, 142–43
Simpson, George, 148, 159, 262, 273, 275, 319
Sioux: Americans and, 198
bear dance ceremony of, 49
Long encounters with, 48–50
Ottawas, Ojibwas, and, 93–95, 213–14
Sisseton, 199
Tanner in war party against, 93–94, 95–97
war party of, 200–202
Sisseton Sioux, 199
Siveright, John, 143
Skwah-shish, 86
slavery: in Alton, Illinois, 339
in Pennsylvania, 378n18
Tanner family and, 256–57
Smith, Samuel Stanhope, 54
Smith, Thomas, 46, 47, 56, 58, 164, 165
Smoker, the, 254–55
sorcery, fear of, 224–25, 227–28
Souris River trading post, 76, 124
southern plainfolk, 255–56
southward migration of Ottawas and Ojibwas, 213–14
Spencer, John, 124, 127, 129–30
“squaw men,” 171
St. Anthony Falls, 49
starving and starvation, 270–71
statecraft, fur trade as extension of, 246
steamboats: exploration by, 163–64, 165–66
of Johnson, 176
Stewart, Alexander, 297–98, 300, 309
St. Louis, 43, 176, 182–83, 192, 239, 246, 255
St. Louis Indian agency, 255
sturgeon, 77–78, 84, 264, 279–80
Sturgeon Lake, 103
sugar making, 78
Swift, William Henry, 174, 190
Swiss mercenaries, 135
Talcott, Andrew, 193–94
Tanner, Edward, 23, 26, 239, 247, 248–49, 250
Tanner, John: American Fur Company and, 258, 275, 311
attacks on, 15, 231, 241, 295–98
attempts to find family of, 215
attempts to reclaim children of, 249–55
attempt to steal children of, 222–23
binding out of children of, 322–23
capture of, 24–26
character of, 324
disappearance of, 327–29
d’Orsonnens and march to Forks of, 234–36
first son of, 284, 288, 289–90
at Fort Garry, 286–87
as hunter, 28–29, 67, 71–73, 77–78, 84, 85, 213, 240
Indian family of, 66–67, 69, 72–73, 80
Indianness of, 290–91
injuries to, 14, 127–28, 230, 241–42, 307, 318
as interpreter, 323–24
law passed against, 324–25
leadership of, 87–88
Lewis and Clark expedition and, 209
life of, 9
Long and, 2, 4, 17, 170, 255, 303–5, 307–8, 317
map of travels of, x
McGillivray and, 14–15
McLoughlin and, 4–5, 30, 127–28, 230, 244, 311–12, 318
Net-no-kwa and, 27, 66–67, 87, 90, 235–36
Ojibwas and, 214–15, 224–25, 227–28, 230–31, 284, 290–91, 343
older daughters of, 1–3, 4, 15, 284, 287–90, 291, 295–96, 297, 300–301, 305–6, 320
Ottawas and, 23–28
portrait of, 349–50
at Rainy Lake House, 1–3, 4, 82–83, 84, 128, 314, 318–19
Red River colony and, 226–27
religion and, 69, 73, 210–13, 216–17, 325–26
return to Mackinac, 320, 322–23
revenge and, 15–17
sale of, 26–27
in Sault Ste. Marie, 324–29
Selkirk and, 237–39
suspicions about, 224–25, 227–28, 230–31
timeline of, xiii
trips to US of, 244–50, 251–55
war parties and, 93–94, 95–97, 228–29
white family of, 22–23, 26, 239, 247–49, 255–57
white man’s world and, 69–70
Wills and, 219–22
winter walk of, 83–84
younger daughters of, 128. See also Red Sky of the Morning; Therezia
Tanner, John (father), 22–23, 239
Tanner, Lucy, 252
Tanner, Martha, 226, 323, 324, 329
Tanner Rapids and Tanner Lake, 317–18
Taw-ga-we-ninne, 27–28, 29, 64, 65–66
Tecumseh, 210
Tenskwatawa (Shawnee Prophet), 210–12, 214, 216
Therezia: children of, 251, 252–53, 322–23
conversion of, 325
deaths of family members of, 227–28
life with Tanner and traders, 226–27
at Mackinac Island, 257–58
mother of, and attacks on Tanner, 231, 240–41
Tilden, Bryant, 328–29
Tonquin, attack on, 108
Trade and Intercourse Acts, 41, 43
trade relations, views of, 265–67
“trading captains,” 114
trading posts: of American Fur Company, 274–75
as emergency shelters, 81
Long expedition view of, 198
Pigeon River, 79
Red Deer River, 89
Red River, 94
Vermilion Lake, 109, 111. See also Rainy Lake House; specific forts
trans-Atlantic economy, 6
transportation: network of North West Company, 117–18, 131
by rivers, 181. See also canoes, birchbark; keelboats; steamboats
Treaty of Ghent, 188
truth and points of view, 5
Two Hearts, 292
US Army: fur trade and, 41, 315–16
marriage for officers of, 167–68
officers’ views of Indians, 186–87. See also Yellowstone expedition
US Boundary Commission, 292, 300
US Office of Indian Affairs, 323
US Office of Indian Trade, 47
US Topographical Engineers, 21, 39, 164, 335–36, 341. See also Long, Stephen H.
Vermilion Lake outpost, 109, 111
“Voyage in a Six-Oared Skiff” (Long), 339
Wadin, Jean Etienne, 106
Wa-ge-tone (Ojibwa hunter), 214
Wa-ge-tote (Ottawa chief), 90
Wa-me-gon-a-biew: family misfortunes and, 66
girlfriend of, 79–80
medicine hunt and, 72
relationship with mother, 87
return of, 83
return to Lake Huron and, 74
in war party, 94
Wanatan, 199–200
War Department: budget of, 179, 188
Graham and, 44–45
Indian field service of, 323–24
Long expeditions and, 194. See also Calhoun, John C.; US Army; US Topographical Engineers
War of 1812, 41, 112, 126, 346–47
Warren, William W., 344
warrior ethic, 97
war zones, as game refuges, 214
Waw-be-be-nais-sa (lazy hunter), 83, 84, 86
Waw-be-be-nais-sa (tomahawk attacker), 241, 242
Waw-wish-e-gah-bo, 292–93, 298
Webster-Ashburton Treaty of 1842, 274–75
West, John, 285–86
Western Engineer steamboat, 175–77, 179
western river expedition: cost of and authorization for, 190–91
funding for, 184
Lewis and Clark expedition compared to, 181–82, 183
popular account of, 191
provisions for, 184–85
shortcomings of, 183–84
West Point Military Academy, 21, 39, 179
White, William, 169
white Indians, 17–18
white squatters on Indian lands, 59
wild rice, 268
Williams, Eleazar, 20–21
Williams, Eunice, 20–21
Wills, John, 218–21
Winnipeg River, 205
Wolcott, Alexander, Jr., 253–54
women, mixed-blood, and marriage to traders, 104–5, 110
Yellowstone expedition: arrival in Council Bluffs, 178
civilian scientists for, 173–74
cost of, 179
instructions for, 174–75
insubordination on, 177–78
Long report on and plans for, 178–79
preparations for, 173
shore party of, 177
steamboats for, 175–77
York Factory, 116–17