1 Thomas Dekker, ‘A Knight’s Conjuring’ (1607). Quoted in Ann Rosalind Jones, ‘Inside the Outsider: Nashe’s Unfortunate Traveller and Bakhtin’s Polyphonic Novel’, English Literary History, 50 (1983): 61–81 (62).

² Alvin Kernan, The Cankered Muse: Satire of the English Renaissance (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1959), 62–3.

³ George Puttenham, The Arte of English Poesie (1589), 20.

⁴ Stuart Clark, Thinking With Demons: The Idea of Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997), chap. 4.

⁵ Ruben Quintero, ‘Introduction: Understanding Satire’, in Ruben Quintero, ed., A Companion to Satire: Ancient to Modern (Oxford: Blackwell, 2007), 1–11 (1).

⁶ See, for example, Kernan, The Cankered Muse, 141–246.

⁷ Andrew McRae, Literature, Satire and the Early Stuart State (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), 1.

⁸ Lorna Hutson, Thomas Nashe in Context (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989), 133.

⁹ McRae, Literature, Satire and the Early Stuart State, 6.

¹⁰ Erasmus, The Praise of Folie (1549), trans. Thomas Chaloner, sig. I3^r. All quotations to this edition are in parentheses in the text.

¹¹ See Richard H. Popkin, The History of Scepticism from Erasmus to Descartes (New York: Harper & Row, 1964), esp. 4–7; Joseph Lecler, Toleration and the Reformation, trans. T. L. Westow, 2 vols. (London: Longman, 1960), I, 114–33.

¹² Michael Seidel, Satiric Inheritance: Rabelais to Sterne (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1979), 71.

¹³ Erasmus, ‘Adages ‘II vii 1 to III iii 100’, in The Collected Works of Erasmus, trans. and annotated by R. A. B. Mynors (Toronto, Buffalo, and London: University of Toronto Press, 1992), Vol. 34, III iii 1, 271.

¹⁴ W. Scott Blanchard, Scholars’ Bedlam: Menippean Satire in the Renaissance (London and Toronto: Associated University Presses, 1995), 123.

¹⁵ See, Erasmus, ‘Adages’, III iii 1, 271.

¹⁶ See, for example, Douglas Duncan, Ben Jonson and the Lucianic Tradition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979), 9–76; Blanchard, Scholars’ Bedlam.

¹⁷ Duncan, Ben Jonson, 25.

¹⁸ Blanchard, Scholars’ Bedlam, 12.

¹⁹ See Wayne A. Rebhorn, ‘The Metamorphosis of Moria: Structure and Meaning in The Praise of Folly’, PMLA, 89 (1974): 463–76.

²⁰ Thomas O. Sloane, Donne, Milton and the End of Humanist Rhetoric (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985), 80.

²¹ Hutson, Thomas Nashe in Context, 23–6.

²² Stephen Gosson, The Schoole of Abuse (1587), sig. C8^r. All quotations to this edition of the work in parentheses in the text.

²³ Kernan, The Cankered Muse, 49–50.

²⁴ Jesse M. Lander, Inventing Polemic: Religion, Print, and Literary Culture in Early Modern England (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 11.

²⁵ Kernan, The Cankered Muse, 22.

²⁶ Arthur Kinney, ‘Stephen Gosson’s Art of Argumentation in The Schoole of Abuse’, Studies in English Literature, 1500–1900, 7 (1967): 41–54 (50–2).

²⁷ Lander, Inventing Polemic, 34.

²⁸ See The Martin Marprelate Tracts: A Modernized and Annotated Edition, ed. Joseph L. Black (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008), xv–cxii.

²⁹ Neil Rhodes, Elizabethan Grotesque (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1980), 21.

³⁰ See Philip Schwyzer, ‘Summer Fruit and Autumn Leaves: Thomas Nashe in 1593’, English Literary Renaissance, 24 (1994): 583–619.

³¹ Quoted in Schwyzer, ‘Summer Fruit and Autumn Leaves’, 609.

³² ‘The Unfortunate Traveller’, in The Works of Thomas Nashe, ed. Ronald B. McKerrow, rev. F. P. Wilson, 5 vols. (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1958), II, 207. All quotations to this edition are in parentheses in the text.

³³ On the equivocal representation of Agrippa, see Jonathan V. Crewe, Unredeemed Rhetoric: Thomas Nashe and the Scandal of Authorship (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1982), 77–8.

³⁴ Margaret Ferguson, ‘Nashe’s The Unfortunate Traveller: The “Newes of the Maker” Game’, English Literary Renaissance, 11 (1981): 165–82 (165).

³⁵ On Nashe’s indebtedness to Menippean satire, see Blanchard, Scholars’ Bedlam, 108–34; Hutson, Thomas Nashe in Context, 127–51. See also Howard D. Weinbrot, Menippean Satire Reconsidered: From Antiquity to the Eighteenth Century (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005).

³⁶ See Graham Roebuck, ‘Cavalier’, in Claude J. Summers and Ted-Larry Pebworth, eds., The English Civil Wars in the Literary Imagination (Columbia and London: University of Missouri Press, 1999), 9–26, esp. 23–5. For an example of Nashe’s anti-Marprelate writing in this mode see ‘The Returne of the renowned Cavaliero Pasquil of England’ (1589), in The Works of Thomas Nashe, I.

³⁷ See Roebuck, ‘Cavalier’, 24–5.