Index

• 21st Century Cities Initiative at Johns Hopkins University, 40
• 911 calls, 25 , 81 , 88 , 209 , 253

• Actionable Intelligence for Social Policy, 46
• administrative data, 28–29 , 37 , 52–53 , 57 , 71 , 102 , 214 , 241 , 243
• American Community Survey, 81 , 106 , 141 , 211 , 315

• Baldwin-Phillipi, Jessica, 110 , 155
• Baltimore, MD, 25 , 40 , 45 , 177
• Barber, Benjamin, 156
• Bartlett Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis at University College London (CASA), 30 , 32
• Batty, Michael, 30
• behavioral composition, 126–128 , 132 , 140 , 142 , 146
• Berry, Frances Stokes and William D., 217
• Bettencourt, Luis, 50
• Bhargava, Rahul, 236
• big data, 5 , 10 , 20 , 55 , 57 , 89 , 103 , 110 , 204 , 232
• community group perspectives on, 240–247
• features of, 58–60
• hubris, 62
• measurement with, 60–64
• Booth, Charles, 66
• BOS:311 (or Citizens Connect), 1 , 12 , 21 , 28 , 43 , 44 , 178 , 198–199 , 204–205 , 209–210
• closure messages through, 194–198
• comparison with Commonwealth Connect, 213–214
• evaluation of, 184–194
• Boston About Results, 43 , 56
• Boston Area Research Initiative (BARI), 5 , 11 , 12 , 19 , 20 , 26 , 27 , 47 , 52 , 56 , 65 , 68 , 87 , 88 , 203 , 210 , 220 , 232 , 237 , 239 , 241 , 246–247 , 250–251 , 260 , 267
• areas of activity, 41
• founding of, 40–41
• as a model for urban informatics, 39–43
• Boston Civic Media Consortium, 42 , 248
• Boston Common, 93–94
• Boston Neighborhood Survey, 81
• broken windows theory (BWT), 66–67 , 90 , 98 , 176–177
• Buell, Ryan, 194–195
• Burgess, Ernest W., 50

• Cambridge, MA, 3 , 4 , 42 , 233 , 247
• Carnegie Mellon University, 40 , 47 , 203
• Center for the Study of Social Policy, 231
• Center for Urban Science and Progress at New York University (CUSP), 39–40 , 47 , 203
• Chicago School of Sociology, 49 , 66
• Chinchilla, Melissa, 185 , 332
• CitiStat, 45
• Citizens Connect. See BOS :311
• CityScore, 45 , 241
• city-university partnerships, 47 , 203–204 , 208 , 232 , 249 , 263–265
• civic data ecosystem, 21 , 26 , 54 , 239 , 248 , 249 , 252 , 260 , 261 , 264 , 266
• Boston’s, 40–43
• definition, 38–39
• civic disposition, 159–163 , 165 , 168–175 , 178 , 186–187 , 193–195 , 199
• definition, 17–18 , 154–155
• civic engagement, 7 , 12 , 18 , 154 , 161 , 177 , 185
• civic impacts (via coproduction), 174 , 199
• civic response rate (via the 311 system), 82 , 83 , 86 , 87 , 90
• definition, 74
• measurement of, 74–81
• civic tech / civic technology, 6 , 16 , 17 , 19 , 21 , 53 , 90 , 154–160 , 170–171 , 174 , 178 , 185–187 , 192–194 , 198–200 , 252–253 , 257
• definition, 13 , 48
• collective efficacy, 14–16 , 19 , 21 , 66–67 , 81–82 , 94 , 120 , 122 , 123 , 146 , 148–149 , 177 , 254
• definition, 14 , 66
• and the maintenance of the urban commons, 98–99 , 124–134 , 139–140 , 144
• Commonwealth Connect, 21 , 205 , 242 , 248
• evaluation of, 209–228
• CompStat, 45
• coproduction, 4 , 13 , 17–19 , 21 , 48 , 154–162 , 170–174 , 178 , 186 , 192 , 197 , 199–200 , 214–215 , 219 , 227 , 251 , 253
• as bridge to citizenship, 17–18 , 159 , 174 , 178 , 194 , 197–199 , 253
• definition, 4 , 17 , 154
• history of, 154–157
• as a lever, 174
• public-as-citizen model of, 17 , 21 , 156 , 159–162 , 169–170
• public-as-partner model of, 18–19 , 156 , 160–162 , 169–170 , 172 , 174 , 177–179
• Crawford, Susan, 7 , 44 , 155 , 224
• custodianship, 2–3 , 10 , 13 , 15 , 19 , 20 , 33 , 59 , 61 , 77–87 , 90 , 93–104 , 108–113 , 116 , 120–125 , 128 , 131 , 134 , 136 , 139 , 141 , 146 , 149 , 154 , 162–163 , 165 , 168–169 , 172 , 175 , 179–184 , 187 , 192–194 , 198–199 , 211 , 214 , 216 , 227 , 251–253
• definition, 2
• exemplar custodians, 21 , 78–79 , 84 , 87 , 123 , 128–149 , 212 , 252 , 254
• as expression of territoriality, 100–102
• measuring for individuals, 104–106
• measuring for neighborhoods, 77–87
• typical custodians, 78–79 , 87 , 123 , 128–149 , 212 , 252 , 254

• Data USA, 235
• democracy, strong, 156
• Department of Innovation and Technology (DoIT), 42–43
• digital divide, 6 , 21 , 58 , 178 , 185 , 193 , 200 , 210 , 215 , 227–229 , 238 , 245
• across cities, 207–209
• with community groups, 231–235 , 248–249
• history of, 204–207
• disorder, 63 , 66 , 70 , 88 , 97–98 , 147 , 176
• disorder, neighborhood. See broken windows theory (BWT )
• disorder, physical, 10 , 20 , 53 , 57 , 64–66 , 74 , 76 , 77 , 84 , 86 , 93 , 97 , 110 , 140 , 144
• measuring, 67–73 , 80–83
• division of labor, 16 , 120–130 , 137–139 , 146–149 , 216 , 252–254
• in the civic data ecosystem, 261
• definition, 122
• Dukakis Center for Urban and Regional Policy at Northeastern University, 41

• ecometrics, 63–64 , 67 , 71 , 85 , 237
• definition, 57
• generalized ecometric approach, 87–89
• Emerson College, 42–43 , 110 , 155 , 248
• Envision Charlotte, 40 , 267

• factor analysis, 69 , 70 , 85
• Freedom of Information Act, 36 , 195 , 233

• Goldsmith, Stephen, 7 , 44 , 155 , 224
• Gurstein, Michael, 246

• Hardin, Garrett, 14 , 96
• Hargittai, Eszter, 207
• Harvard Business School, 194
• Harvard University, 1 , 4 , 12 , 40 , 43

• infomediaries, 232 , 235–236 , 238 , 244 , 245 , 266
• Initiative on Cities at Boston University, 42
• item-response model, 67–68 , 70 , 85

• Jacobs, Jane, 66
• Jakobsen, Morten, 179
• Jani, Sandeep, 247
• Johnson, Michael, 238 , 239 , 243 , 247

• knowledge gap hypothesis (of the digital divide), 206

• Langen, Tom, 153
• Lazer, David, 31 , 52 , 62 , 87 , 90
• Lobo, José , 50
• Luberoff, David, 40
• Lynch, Kevin, 236

• Marschall, Melissa, 172
• Mayor’s Office of Data Analytics in New York City (MODA), 39
• Mayor’s Office of New Urban Mechanics in Boston (MONUM), 12 , 42 , 43 , 220
• McDowell, Ceasar, 185
• Memphis, TN, 47 , 203–204
• Menino, Mayor Thomas M., 11 , 42
• MetroLab Network (MetroLab), 47 , 203–204 , 208 , 227 , 232 , 259
• Metropolitan Area Planning Council, 42 , 210 , 220
• Mettler, Suzanne, 194
• Microsoft, 11 , 265
• Office of Technology and Civic Engagement, 42 , 238
• Miller Foundation, Herman & Frieda L., 237
• MIT Media Lab, 236
• modularity, 18 , 160
• Morozov, Evgeny, 186 , 333
• multilevel models, 84 , 112 , 136–137 , 163 , 165 , 187 , 189 , 191

• naturally occurring data, 59 , 62 , 73 , 85
• new urban science, 9 , 43 , 55
• New York City, 3 , 6 , 10 , 25 , 30 , 32–33 , 36 , 44–47 , 66 , 88 , 176 , 256 , 263
• Northeastern University, 43 , 88 , 155 , 210 , 237
• Norton, Michael, 194 , 195 , 303 , 309 , 317 , 334 , 346
• NU Crossing, 238

• open data, 36 , 234
• ordinances, 36
• Opheim, Cynthia, 217
• Osborne, Stephen, 158

• Park, Robert E., 50
• participatory budgeting, 156
• Pattillo-McCoy, Mary, 147
• Pittsburgh, PA, 40 , 44 , 46–47
• PolicyLink, 231
• Porter, Ethan, 194–195
• private corporations, 5 , 204 , 233 , 263–267
• private foundations, 265
• privatization (as a solution to the tragedy of the commons), 15 , 96–97
• Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods, 63
• Promise Neighborhoods, 230–231 , 239 , 245 , 258
• Public Works Department, 43 , 75
• pulse of the city, 9 , 29–35 , 54 , 73

• Racial Dot Map, 235
• Rappaport Institute for Greater Boston at Harvard University, 40
• Ratti, Carlo, 30
• Raudenbush, Stephen, 28 , 63 , 64 , 66–68 , 82 , 177
• regulation (as a solution to the tragedy of the commons), 15 , 96–97
• reliability, 64 , 86 , 89 , 131
• in ecometric data, analysis of, 83–85
• research-policy collaborations, 4 , 8–9 , 11–12 , 19–20 , 37 , 41 , 47 , 56

• Sampson, Robert J., 28 , 40 , 63 , 64 , 66–68 , 82 , 98 , 177
• Santa Fe Institute, 50–51
• Sarason, Seymour, 126
• School of Public Policy and Urban Affairs at Northeastern University, 41
• SeeClickFix, 209–212 , 217–218 , 220 , 265
• Senseable Cities Lab at MIT, 30
• sensors, 9 , 44–45 , 59 , 63 , 232 , 252 , 255 , 264
• and the future of the urban commons, 257–260
• and the pulse of the city, 28–32
• social media data, 27 , 73 , 88
• social organization, 88 , 97 , 129
• as a paradigm of urban science, 49–51
• social regularities, 126–127 , 146
• Socrata, 36
• Somerville, MA, 42 , 233
• South Bend, IN, 45 , 47 , 203 , 208
• structural equation modeling, 78
• Sunlight Foundation, 195 , 233
• systematic social observation (SSO), 63
• Szanton, Peter, 8

• Taylor, Alex, 247
• territoriality, 101 , 119–120 , 123 , 149 , 154 , 161–186 , 189 , 192 , 194 , 198–199 , 252–253
• definition, 16 , 101
• and the division of labor, 136–139
• and exemplar and typical custodians, 114–118
• thesis, 18–20 , 95 , 102–109 , 113 , 118 , 180 , 184 , 186
• thesis, testing the, 104–114
• Thomas, John Clayton, 11 , 42 , 49
• Tolbert, Caroline J., 217
• tragedy of the commons, 14 , 96 , 100
• transparency, 35
• operational, 195–198

• UCLA Center for Health Policy Research, 247
• University of Chicago, 50 , 88 , 194 . See also Urban Center for Computation and Data at University of Chicago
• University of Massachusetts Boston, 42 , 223 , 247 . See also URBAN.Boston at University of Massachusetts Boston
• University of Memphis, 47
• URBAN.Boston at University of Massachusetts Boston, 42 , 238
• Urban Center for Computation and Data at University of Chicago (Urban CCD), 28 , 39 , 40 , 47 , 203
• urban informatics, 5–6 , 19–21 , 25–32 , 37–61 , 89–90 , 95 , 154 , 176 , 178 , 200 , 250
• and cross-sector collaborations, 7–8 , 11–12
• definition, 4
• digital divides in (see digital divide )
• five themes of, 26
• future of, 252 , 260–267
• Northeastern University’s program in, 88

• validity, 53 , 64 , 73 , 109
• construct validity, 75 , 81–83 , 103
• van Deursen, Alexander, 206
• van Dijk, Jan, 206
• Vision Zero, 255 , 258

• Walsh, Mayor Martin J., 11
• West, Geoffrey, 50
• White House Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP), 203
• Wilson, 129
• WindyGrid, 45
• Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis at Indiana University, 157

• Yun, Hyun Jung, 217

• Zuckerman, Ethan, 186