Introduction
1 . Paul Stamets, Mycelium Running: How Mushrooms Can Save the World (Berkeley, Calif.: Ten Speed Press, 2005).
2 . R. Gordon Wasson, Soma: The Divine Mushroom of Immortality (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1968).
3 . Ibid.
4 . Ibid.
5 . William Delisle Hay, An Elementary Textbook of British Fungi (London: S. Sonnenschein, Lowrey, 1887).
Chapter 1
1 . Alexander Viazmensky, “Picking Mushrooms in Russia,” Mushroom: The Journal of Wild Mushrooming, Winter 1990–91, pp. 5–7.
2 . Ibid.
3 . Jane from Ohio, “Slovak Christmas Eve Mushroom Soup, Recipezaar, November 19, 2006, at http://www.recipezaar.com/196554, accessed April 2, 2008.
4 . Valentina Pavlovna and R. Gordon Wasson, Mushrooms, Russia and History (New York: Pantheon Books, 1957).
5 . Ernest Small, Baba Yaga (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1966).
6 . Larissa Vilenskaya, “From Slavic Mysteries to Contempory PSI Research and Back, Part 3,” at http://www.resonateview.org/places/writings/larissa/myth.htm, accessed April 1, 2008.
7 . Vladimir Nabokov, Speak, Memory: An Autobiography Revisited (New York: G. P. Putman’s Sons, 1966.
8 . Sergei T. Aksakov, Remarks and Observations of a Mushroom Hunter, 1856.
9 . Steve Rosenberg, “Russian Mushroom Pickers Threaten Aircraft,” BBC News, September 25, 2000, at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europes/941634.stm, accessed July 4, 2009.
10 . Craig Stephen Cravens, Culture and Customs of the Czech Republic and Slovakia (London: Greenwood Press, 2006).
11 . Snejana Tempest, Mushroomlore, Mushrooms in Russian Culture. Web site accessed on November 2, 2008 at https://www.lsa.umich.edu/slavic/mushroomlore
12 . Milka Parkkonen, “Death Cap Mushroom Claims Hundreds of Victims in Southern Russia,” Helsingin Sanomat, July 31, 2000.
13 . Ibid.
14 . “Wild Mushrooms Kill 10 and Poison Hundreds in Russia,” PRAVDA, July 18, 2005, at http://english.pravda.ru/hotspots/disasters/8585-mushrooms-0, accessed March 28, 2008.
15 . V. N. Padalka, I. P. Shlapak, S. M. Nedashkovsky, O. V. Kurashov, A. V. Alexeenko, A. G. Bogomol, and Y. O. Polenstov, “Can Mushroom Poisoning Be Considered as a Disaster?” Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 15, no. 3 (2000), s76.
Chapter 2
1 . Katherine Mansfield, “Love and Mushrooms,” 1917 journal entry, More Extracts from a Journal, ed. J. Middleton Murry, in The Adelphi (1923), p. 1068.
2 . William D. Hay, An Elementary Textbook on British Fungi (London: S. Sonnenschein, 1887).
3 . Louis C. C. Krieger, The Mushroom Handbook (New York: Dover, 1967).
4 . Antoin Kiely, advertisement for walk dated October 16, 2005, The Ballyhoura Country News, www.ballyhouracountry.com/view.asp?ID-153, accessed October 8, 2008.
5 . Michael W. Beug, Marilyn Shaw, Kenneth W. Cochran, “Thirty Plus Years of Mushroom Poisoning: Summary of Approximately 2,000 Reports in the NAMA Case Registry,” McIlvainea 16, no. 2 (2006), pp. 47–68.
6 . C. L. Fergus, Common Edible and Poisonous Mushrooms of the Northeast (Mechanicsburg, Pa.: Stackpole Books, 2003).
7 . Francis De Sales, Introduction to the Devout Life, 1609.
8 . Eric Boa, “Wild Edible Fungi, A Global Overview of Their Use and Importance to People,” FAO Non-Wood Forest Products Report #14, from http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/y5489e/y5489e00.htm #TopOfPage, accessed March 2, 2004.
Part II Introduction
1 . Eric Boa, “Wild Edible Fungi, A Global Overview of Their Use and Importance to People,” FAO Non-Wood Forest Products Report #14, from http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/y5489e/y5489e00.htm #TopOfPage, accessed March 2, 2004.
Chapter 3
1 . Clyde M. Christensen, Common Edible Mushrooms (Minneapolis: Univ. of Minnesota Press, 1943).
2 . Gary Alan Fine, Morel Tales: The Culture of Mushrooming (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2003).
3 . Michael Kuo, Morels (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2005).
4 . Michael Kuo, mushroomexpert.com Web site: http://www.mushroomexpert.com.html, accessed 2002?
5 . D. R. Benjamin, Mushrooms: Poisons and Panaceas—A Handbook for Naturalists, Mycologists, and Physicians (New York: W. H. Freeman and Company, 1995).
6 . E. Shavit, “Arsenic in Morels Collected in New Jersey Apple Orchards Blamed for Arsenic Poisoning,” Fungi 1, no. 4 (2008), pp. 2–10.
7 . Eleanor Shavit and Efrat Shavit, “Lead and Arsenic in Morchella esculenta Fruitbodies Collected in Lead Arsenate Contaminated Apple Orchards in the Northeast United States: A Preliminary Study,” Fungi 3, no. 2 (2010), pp. 11–18. Published online at http://www.fungimag.com/winter-2010-articles/shavit-morels.pdf
8 . David Pilz et al., “Ecology and Management of Morels Harvested from the Forests of Western North America,” USDA General Technical Report, PNW-GTR-710 (2007).
9 . Ibid.
10 . David Arora, Mushrooms Demystified, A Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi (Berkeley, Calif.: Ten Speed Press, 1986).
11 . Gary Lincoff, The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Mushrooms (New York: Knopf, 1981).
12 . M. Kuo, “Calvatia gigantea,” September 2005. Retrieved from the mushroomexpert.com Web site: http://www.mushroomexpert.com/calvatia_gigantea.html
13 . T. J. Volk, “Laetiporus cincinnatus, the White-Pored Chicken of the Woods,” 2001. Retrieved from www.tomvolkfungi.net
14 . Harold Burdsall and Mark Bank, “The Genus Laetiporus in North America.” Harvard Papers in Botany 6, no. 1 (2001), pp. 43–55.
15 . Scott Redhead, “Bully for Coprinus—A Story of Manure, Minutiae, and Molecules,” McIlvainea 14, no. 2 (2001) pp. 5–14.
16 . T. J. Volk, “Coprinus comatus, the Shaggy Mane,” 2004. Retrieved from http://botit.botany . wisc.edu/toms_fungi/may2004.html
Chapter 4
1 . Lorelei Norvell and Judy Roger, “The Oregon Cantharellus Study Project: Pacific Golden Chanterelle Preliminary Observations and Productivity Data (1986–1997), Inoculum 49, no. 2 (1998), p. 40.
2 . D. Pilz, L. Norvell, E. Danell, and R. Molina, “Ecology and Management of Commercially Harvested Chanterelle Mushrooms.” Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-576, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, Oregon (2003), 83 pp.
3 . Ollie Persson, The Chanterelle Book (Berkeley, Calif.: Ten Speed Press, 1997).
4 . D. Pilz, L. Norvell, E. Danell, and R. Molina, “Ecology and Management of Commercially Harvested Chanterelle Mushrooms.” Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-576, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, Oregon (2003), 83 pp.
5 . Lorelei Norvell and Judy Roger, “The Oregon Cantharellus Study Project: Pacific Golden Chanterelle Preliminary Observations and Productivity Data (1986–1997),” Inoculum 49, no. 2 (1998), p. 40.
6 . D. Pilz, L. Norvell, E. Danell, and R. Molina, “Ecology and Management of Commercially Harvested Chanterelle Mushrooms.” Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-576, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, Oregon (2003), 83 pp.
7 . Eric Boa, Wild Edible Fungi: Global Overview of Their Use and Importance to People, FAO Non-Wood Forest Products Report #17 (2004).
8 . Sinclair Tedder and Darcy Mitchel, “The Commercial Harvest of Edible Wild Mushrooms in British Columbia, Canada,” text of paper presented to the XII World Forestry Congress (2003), accessed at: www.fao.org/DOCREP/ARTICLE/WFC/XII/0379-B1.HTM
9 . D. Pilz, L. Norvell, E. Danell, and R. Molina, “Ecology and Management of Commercially Harvested Chanterelle Mushrooms,” Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-576, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, Oregon (2003), 83 pp.
Chapter 5
1 . Allan E. Bessette, William C. Roody, and Arlene R. Bessette, North American Boletes (Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 2000).
2 . Ernst Both, Boletes of North America: A Compendium (Buffalo, N.Y.: Buffalo Society of Natural History, 1993).
3 . Michael W. Beug, Marilyn Shaw, and Kenneth Cochran, “Thirty-Plus Years of Mushrooming Poisoning: Summary of the Approximately 2000 Reports in the NAMA Case Registry,” McIlvainea 16, no. 2 (2006), pp. 47–68.
4 . Jack Czarnecki, Joe’s Book of Mushroom Cookery (New York: Macmillan, 1998).
Chapter 6
1 . M. Kuo, “The Genus Agaricus,” August 2007, retrieved from the mushroomexpert.com Web site: http://www.mushroomexpert.com/agaricus.html
2 . Agaricus bisporus. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, retrieved June 22, 2009, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agaricus_bisporus&oldid=297932208
3 . L. R. Chariton, “Trial Field Key to the Species of Agaricus in the Pacific Northwest,” 1997, retrieved from the Pacific Northwest Key Council Web site on April 1, 2009: http://www.svimsca/council/Agari2.htm.
4 . David Arora, Mushrooms Demystified, A Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi (Berkeley, Calif.: Ten Speed Press, 1986).
5 . Louis Krieger, The Mushroom Handbook (New York: Dover, 1936, reprinted 1967).
Part III Introduction
1 . Denis R. Benjamin, Mushrooms: Poisons and Panaceas (New York: W. H. Freeman, 1995).
2 . Michael W. Beug, M. Shaw, and K.W. Cochran, “Thirty Plus Years of Mushroom Poisoning: Summary of the Approximately 2,000 Reports in the NAMA Case Registry,” McIlvania 16, no. 2 (2006), pp. 47–68.
3 . Michael W. Beug, “NAMA Toxicology Committee Report for 2009; North American Mushroom Poisonings,” McIlvania 20 (unpublished manuscript).
4 . Michael W. Beug, M. Shaw, and K.W. Cochran, “Thirty Plus Years of Mushroom Poisoning: 2 (2006), pp. 47–68. Summary of the Approximately 2,000 Reports in the NAMA Case Registry,” McIlvania 16, no.
Chapter 7
1 . Michael W. Beug, M. Shaw, and K.W. Cochran, “Thirty Plus Years of Mushroom Poisoning: Summary of the Approximately 2,000 Reports in the NAMA Case Registry,” McIlvania 16, no. 2 (2006), pp. 47–68.
2 . Michael W. Beug, “NAMA Toxicology Committee Report for 2006: Recent Mushroom Poisonings in North America,” McIlvainea 17, no. 1 (2007) pp. 63–72.
3 . Eric Boa, “Wild Edible Fungi: A Global Overview of Their Use and Importance to People,” FAO Non-Wood Forest Products Report #14, 2004, at http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/y5489e/y5489e00.htm #TopOfPage, accessed March 2, 2008.
4 . David Arora, Mushrooms Demystified, 2nd edition (Berkeley, Calif.: Ten Speed Press, 1986). Denis R. Benjamin, Mushrooms: Poisons and Panaceas (New York: W. H. Freeman, 1995). Gary Lincoff, The Audubon Field Guide to North American Mushrooms, (New York: Knopf, 1981). “Mushroom poisoning,” Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, accessed February 26, 2008, at http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mushroom_poisoning&oldid=193723564 .
5 . Denis R. Benjamin, Mushrooms: Poisons and Panaceas (New York: W. H. Freeman, 1995).
6 . Louis C. C. Krieger, The Mushroom Handbook (New York: Dover, 1967).
7 . Charles McIlvaine and Robert K. MacAdam, One Thousand American Fungi (New York: Dover, 1973).
8 . Denis R. Benjamin, Mushrooms: Poisons and Panaceas (New York: W. H. Freeman, 1995), p. 348.
9 . Denis R. Benjamin, Mushrooms: Poisons and Panaceas (New York: WH Freeman, 1995).
10 R. R. Griffiths, W. A. Richards, and R. Jesse McCann, “Psilocybin Can Occasion Mystical-type Experiences Having Substantial and Sustained Personal Meaning and Spiritual Significance,” Psychopharmacology 187 (2006), pp. 268–283.
11 . Paul Stamets, Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World (Berkeley, Calif.: Ten Speed Press, 1996).
Chapter 8
1 . Denis R. Benjamin, Mushrooms: Poisons and Panaceas (New York: W.H. Freeman, 1995). V. Grimm-Samuel, “On the Mushroom which Deified the Emperor Claudius,” Classical Quarterly 41 (1991), pp. 178–82.
2 . Denis R. Benjamin, Mushrooms: Poisons and Panaceas (New York: W. H. Freeman, 1995), p. 200.
3 . Anne Pringle et al., “The Ectomycorrhizal Fungi Amanita phalloides Was Introduced and Is Expanding Its Range on the West Coast of North America,” Molecular Ecology (2009).
4 . Michael Kuo, “Amanita bisporegera” at mushroomexpert.com, http://www.mushroomexpert . com/amanita_bisporigera.html. (October 2003).
5 . Denis R. Benjamin, Mushrooms: Poisons and Panaceas (New York: W. H. Freeman, 1995).
6 . Ibid.
7 . H. Faulstich and T. Zilker, “Amatoxins,” in Handbook of Mushroom Poisoning, Diagnosis and Treatment, D. G. Spoerke and B. A. Rumack, eds. (Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press, 1994).
8 . Denis R. Benjamin, Mushrooms: Poisons and Panaceas (New York: W. H. Freeman, 1995).
9 . Michael W. Beug, “Toxicology: Reflections on Mushroom Poisoning in North America,” Fungi 1, no. 2 (2008), pp. 42–44.
10 . P. Hydzik et al., “Liver Albumin Dialysis (MARS) Treatment of Choice in Amanita phalloides Poisoning,” Przegl Lek. 62, no. 6 (2005), pp. 475–9.
11 . Michael W. Beug, “Toxicology: Reflections on Mushroom Poisoning in North America,” Fungi 1, no. 2 (2008), pp. 42–44.
12 . C. Lionte, L. Sorodoc, and V. Simionescu, “Successful Treatment of an Adult with Amanita phalloides-Induced Fulminant Liver Failure with Molecular Adsorbent Recirculating System (MARS),” Romanian Journal of Gastroenterology 14, no. 3 (1995), pp. 267–71.
13 . Michael W. Beug, “Toxicology: Reflections on Mushroom Poisoning in North America,” Fungi 1, no. 2 (2008), pp. 42–44.
14 . Ibid.
15 . Michael Kuo, 100 Edible Mushrooms (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2007).
Chapter 9
1 . Michael Kuo, “Gyromitra: The False Morels,” at mushroomexpert.com, http://www.mushroo-mexpert.com/gyromitra.ht, accessed December 2006.
2 . Ibid.
3 . Denis R. Benjamin, Mushrooms: Poisons and Panaceas (New York: W. H. Freeman, 1995).
4 . John H. Trestrail, III, “Monomethlyhydrazine-Containing Mushrooms—A Form of Gastronomic Roulette,” McIlvainea 11 (1993), pp. 45–50.
5 . Denis R. Benjamin, Mushrooms: Poisons and Panaceas (New York: W. H. Freeman, 1995).
6 . John H. Trestrail, III, “Monomethlyhydrazine-Containing Mushrooms,” in Handbook of Mushroom Poisoning, Diagnosis and Treatment, D. G. Spoerke and B. A. Rumack, eds. (Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press, 1994).
7 . Denis R. Benjamin, Mushrooms: Poisons and Panaceas (New York: W. H. Freeman, 1995).
8 . John H. Trestrail, III, “Monomethlyhydrazine-Containing Mushrooms,” in Handbook of Mushroom Poisoning, Diagnosis and Treatment, D. G. Spoerke and B. A. Rumack, eds. (Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press, 1994).
9 . Michael W. Beug, M. Shaw, and K.W. Cochran, “Thirty Plus Years of Mushroom Poisoning: Summary of the Approximately 2,000 Reports in the NAMA Case Registry,” McIlvania 16, no. 2 (2006), pp. 47–68.
10 . John H. Trestrail, III, “Monomethlyhydrazine-Containing Mushrooms,” in Handbook of Mushroom Poisoning, Diagnosis and Treatment, D. G. Spoerke and B. A. Rumack, eds. (Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press, 1994).
11 . Charles McIlvaine and Robert K. MacAdam, One Thousand American Fungi (New York: Dover, 1973).
12 . Louis C. C. Krieger, The Mushroom Handbook (New York: Dover, 1967).
13 . Clyde M. Christensen, Common Edible Mushrooms (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1943).
14 . Rene Pomerleau, Mushrooms of Eastern Canada and the United States (Montreal: Chantecler, 1951).
15 . Orson K. Miller, Mushrooms of North America (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1977).
16 . Gary Lincoff, The Audubon Field Guide to North American Mushrooms (New York: Knopf, 1981). David Arora, Mushrooms Demystified, 2nd edition (Berkeley, Calif.: Ten Speed Press, 1986).
17 . John H. Trestrail, III, “Monomethlyhydrazine-Containing Mushrooms,” in Handbook of Mushroom Poisoning, Diagnosis and Treatment, D. G. Spoerke and B. A. Rumack, eds. (Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press, 1994).
18 . Denis R. Benjamin, Mushrooms: Poisons and Panaceas (New York: W. H. Freeman, 1995).
19 . Marianna Paavankallio, “False Morels” at Marianna’s Nordic Territory, http://www.dlc.fi/~marian1/gourmet/morel.htm, accessed on March 19, 2010.
20 . Finnish Food Safety Authority, Evira, “False Morel Fungi” (2003).
Chapter 10
1 . T. Kato, “An Outbreak of Encephalopathy after Eating Autumn Mushroom (Sugihiratake; Pleurocybella porrigens) in Patients with Renal Failure: A Clinical Analysis of Ten Cases in Yamagata, Japan,” No To Shinkei 56, no. 12 (2004), pp. 999–1007.
2 . David Arora, Mushrooms Demystified, 2nd edition (Berkeley, Calif.: Ten Speed Press, 1986).
3 . Hiroshi Akiyama et al., “Determination of Cyanide and Thiocyanate in Sugihiratake Mushroom Using HPLC Method with Fluorometric Detection,” Journal of Health Science 52, no. 1 (2006), pp. 73–77.
4 . H. Sasaki, H. Akiyama, Y. Yoshida, K. Kondo, Y. Amakura, Y. Kasahara, and T. Maitani, “Sugihiratake Mushroom (Angel’s Wing Mushroom)-Induced Cryptogenic Encephalopathy May Involve Vitamin D Analogues,” Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 29, no. 12 (December 2006), pp. 2514–8.
5 . Tatsuya Nomoto et al., “A Case of Reversible Encephalopathy Accompanied by Demyelination Occurring after Ingestion of Sugihiratake Mushrooms,” Journal of Nippon Medical School 74 (2007), pp. 261–274.
Chapter 11
1 . Larry Beuchat, Food and Beverage Mycology (New York: Springer, 1987), pp. 393–396.
2 . M. Winklemenn, W. Stangel, I. Schedl, and B. Grabensee, “Severe Hemolysis Caused by Antibodies against Mushroom Paxillus involutus and Its Therapy by Plasma Exchange,” Klin Wochenschr 64 (1986), pp. 935–38.
3 . Denis R. Benjamin, Mushrooms, Poisons and Panaceas (New York: W. H. Freeman, 1995).
4 . R. Flammer, “Paxillus Syndrome: Immunohemolysis Following Repeated Mushroom Ingestion,” Schweiz. Rundsch. Med. Prax. 74, no. 37 (1985), pp. 997–99.
5 . M. Winklemenn, W. Stangel, I. Schedl, and B. Grabensee, “Severe Hemolysis Caused by Antibodies against Mushroom Paxillus involutus and Its Therapy by Plasma Exchange,” Klin Wochenschr 64 (1986), pp. 935–38. Denis R. Benjamin, Mushrooms, Poisons and Panaceas (New York: W. H. Freeman, 1995).
6 . Ibid.
7 . Michael W. Beug, M. Shaw, and K.W. Cochran, “Thirty Plus Years of Mushroom Poisoning: Summary of the Approximately 2,000 Reports in the NAMA Case Registry,” McIlvania 16, no. 2 (2006), pp. 47–68.
8 . Charles McIlvaine and Robert K. MacAdam, One Thousand American Fungi (New York: Dover, 1973).
9 . Morten Lange and F. B. Hora, Mushrooms and Toadstools (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1963).
10 . Orson Miller, Mushrooms of North America (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1972).
11 . A. Marchand, Champignons du Nord et du Midi, vol. 2 (Perpignan: Hachette, 1973).
12 . A. H. Smith, The Mushroom Hunter’s Field Guide Revised and Enlarged. (Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press, 1974).
13 . R. Haard and K. Haard, Poisonous and Hallucinogenic Mushrooms, 2nd edition (Seattle: Homestead Book, 1977).
14 . Gary Lincoff, The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Mushrooms (New York: Knopf, 1981).
15 . A. M. Young, Common Australian Fungi (Sydney: UNSW University Press, 1982).
16 . D. Arora, Mushrooms Demystified (Berkeley, Calif.: Ten Speed Press, 1986).
17 . A. Bessette and W. J. Sundberg, Mushrooms: A Quick Reference Guide to Mushrooms of North America (New York: Collier Macmillan, 1987)
18 . Luigi Fenaroli, Funghi (Firenze: Giunti, 1998).
Part IV Introduction
1 . Paul Stamets, Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World (Berkeley, Calif.: Ten Speed Press, 1996).
2 . Lester Grinspoon and James B. Bakalar, “The Psychedelic Drug Therapies,” Current Psychiatric Therapies 20 (1981), pp. 275–83.
3 . Peter T. Furst, Hallucinogens and Culture (Novato, Calif.: Chandler and Sharp, 1976).
4 . C. A. P. Ruck, J. Bigwood, D. Staples, J. Ott, and G. Wasson, “Entheogens,” The Journal of Psychedelic Drugs 2, nos. 1-2 (1979).
5 . Ibid.
6 . Stanislav Grof, “The Potential of Entheogens as Catalysts of Spiritual Development,” in Psychoactive Sacramentals: Essays on Entheogens and Religion, Thomas B. Roberts, ed. (San Francisco: Council on Spiritual Practices, 2001).
Chapter 12
1 . U. Hoffman and M. Hoffman, “Der Fliegenpilz: An Oral History and Intergenerational Dialog,” Entheo 1 (2001), accessed online www.entheomedia.org on May 15, 2009.
2 . Rangifer.net, “Human Role in Reindeer/Caribou Systems,” accessed at http://www.rangifer.net/rangifer/resresources/biblio.cfm on February 18, 2010.
3 . Sveta Yamin-Pasternak, “From Disgust to Desire: Changing Attitudes toward Beringian Mushrooms,” Economic Botany 62, no. 3 (2008), pp. 214–22.
4 . Brian Inglis, The Forbidden Game: A Social History of Drugs (New York: Charles Scribner, 1975).
5 . Robert C. Hoffman, Postcards from Santa Claus: Sights and Sentiments from the Last Century (Garden City, N.Y.: Square One, 2002).
6 . Gordon Wasson, Soma: Divine Mushroom of Immortality (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1968).
7 . Sveta Yamin-Pasternak, “From Disgust to Desire: Changing Attitudes toward Beringian Mushrooms,” Economic Botany 62, no. 3 (2008), pp. 214–22.
8 . Sveta Yamin-Pasternak, How the Devils Went Deaf: Ethnomycology, Cuisine, and Perception of Landscape in the Russian North, doctoral thesis, University of Alaska, May 2007.
9 . Gary Lincoff, “Is the Fly-Agaric (Amanita muscaria) an Effective Medicinal Mushroom?” Talk given at the 3rd International Medicinal Mushroom Conference (2005). Accessed online at: http://www.nemf.org/files/various/muscaria/fly_agaric_text.html
10 . Gordon Wasson, Soma: Divine Mushroom of Immortality (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1968).
11 . Dead Sea scrolls. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved May 9, 2009, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dead_Sea_scrolls&oldid=288603346
12 . Tom Robbins, “Superfly: The Toadstool That Conquered the Universe,” High Times, December 1976.
13 . Gordon Wasson, Soma: Divine Mushroom of Immortality (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1968).
14 . Fritz Staal, “How a Psychoactive Substance Becomes Ritual: The Case of SOMA, Social Research (Fall 2001).
15 . Dennis R. Benjamin, Mushrooms, Poisons and Panaceas (New York: W. H. Freeman, 1995).
16 . Alexander H. Smith, The Mushroom Hunter’s Field Guide (Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press, 1963).
17 . William Rubel and David Arora, “A Study of Cultural Bias in Field Guide Determinations of Mushroom Edibility Using the Iconic Mushroom, Amanita muscaria as an Example,” Journal of Economic Botany 62, no. 3 (2008), pp. 223–43.
18 . David W. Rose, “The Poisoning of Count Achilles de Vecchj and the Origins of American Amateur Mycology,” McIlvainea 16, no. 1 (2006), pp. 37–55.
19 . Dennis R. Benjamin, Mushrooms, Poisons and Panaceas (New York: W. H. Freeman, 1995).
20 . Michael W. Beug, M. Shaw, and K.W. Cochran, “Thirty Plus Years of Mushroom Poisoning: Summary of the Approximately 2,000 Reports in the NAMA Case Registry,” McIlvania 16, no. 2 (2006), pp. 47–68.
21 . G. Geml, A. Laursen, K. O’Neill, H. Nusbaum, and D. L. Taylor, “Beringian Origins and Cryptib Speciation Events in the Fly Agaric (Amanita muscaria),” Molecular Ecology 15 (2006), pp. 225–39.
22 . I. A. Dickie and P. Johnston, “Invasive Fungi Research Priorities with a Focus on Amanita muscaria,” Landcare Research Contract Report LC0809/027 (2008).
23 . Rodham Tulloss and Zhu-Liang Yang, “Studies in the Genus Amanita Pers. (Agaricales, Fungi)” (2009). Accessed at: www.pluto.njcc.com/~ret/amanita/mainaman.html
24 . Dennis R. Benjamin, Mushrooms, Poisons and Panaceas (New York: W. H. Freeman, 1995).
25 . D. Michelot and L. M. Melendez-Howell, “Amanita muscaria: Chemistry, Biology, Toxicology, and Ethnomycology,” Mycological Research 107, no. 2 (2003), pp. 131–146.
26 . Dennis R. Benjamin, Mushrooms, Poisons and Panaceas (New York: W. H. Freeman, 1995).
Chapter 13
1 . R. Gordon Wasson, “Seeking the Magic Mushroom,” Life, May 5, 1957.
2 . R. Gordon Wasson and Valentina P. Wasson, Mushrooms, Russia and History (New York: Pantheon Books, 1957). R. Gordon Wasson, ”Seeking the Magic Mushroom,” Life, May 5, 1957.
3 . Ibid.
4 . Albert Hofmann, LSD—My Problem Child. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1980).
5 . Ibid.
6 . Albert Hofman, 1996, “ LSD; Completely Personal.” MAPS Newsletter 6 no. 3 (Summer,1996).
7 . Ibid.
8 . Walter N. Pahnke, “Drugs and Mysticism,” International Journal of Parapsychology 3, no. 2 (1966), pp. 295–313.
9 . Ibid.
10 . Rick Doblin, “Pahnke’s Good Friday Experiment: A Long-Term Follow-up and Methodological Critique,” in Psychoactive Sacramentals: Essays on Entheogens and Religion (San Francisco: Council on Spiritual Practices, 2001).
11 . Walter N. Pahnke, “Drugs and Mysticism,” International Journal of Parapsychology 3, no. 2 (1966), pp. 295–313.
12 . M. W. Johnson, W. A. Richards, and R. R. Griffiths, “Human Hallucinogen Research: Guidelines for Safety.” Journal of Psychopharmacology 22, no. 6 (2008), pp. 603–20.
13 . Ibid.
14 . John Marks, The Search for the Manchurian Candidate: The CIA and Mind Control. Times Books, 1978.
15 . Gaston Guzmán, J. W. Allen, and J. Garrtz, “A Worldwide Geographical Distribution of the Neurotropic Fungi, An Analysis and Discussion” (2000), Annali dei Museo Civico, Rovereto, Italy, vol. 14:1890280.
16 . Paul Stamets, Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World (Berkeley, Calif.: Ten Speed Press, 1996).
17 . Ibid.
18 . Dennis R. Benjamin, Mushrooms, Poisons and Panaceas (New York: W. H. Freeman, 1995).
19 . Paul Stamets, Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World (Berkeley, Calif.: Ten Speed Press, 1996).
20 . Dennis R. Benjamin, Mushrooms, Poisons and Panaceas (New York: W. H. Freeman, 1995).
21 . R. A. Griffiths, W. A. Richards, U. McCann, and R. Jesse, “Psilocybin Can Occasion Mystical-Type Experiences Having Substantial and Sustained Personal Meaning and Spiritual Significance,” Psychopharmacology 187 (2006), pp. 268–83.
22 . Dennis R. Benjamin, Mushrooms, Poisons and Panaceas (New York: W. H. Freeman, 1995).
23 . Paul Stamets, Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World. (Berkeley, Calif.: Ten Speed Press, 1996).
24 . Ibid.
25 . M. D. Abraham, “Places of Drug Purchase in the Netherlands,” Proceedings of the 10th Annual Conference on Drug Use and Drug Policy, September 1999.
26 . R. A. Griffiths, W. A. Richards, U. McCann, and R. Jesse, “Psilocybin Can Occasion Mystical-Type Experiences Having Substantial and Sustained Personal Meaning and Spiritual Significance,” Psychopharmacology 187 (2006), pp. 268–83.
27 . Ibid.
28 . Ibid.
29 . M. W. Johnson, W. A. Richards, and R. R. Griffiths, “Human Hallucinogen Research: Guidelines for Safety,” Journal of Psychopharmacology 22, no. 6 (2008), pp. 603–20.
30 . F. A. Moreno, C. B. Weigand, E. K. Taitano, and P. L. Delgado, “Safety, Tolerability, and Efficacy of Psilocybin in Nine Patients with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder,” Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 67, no. 11 (November 2006), pp. 1735–40.
31 . Benjamin St John Sessa, “Are Psychedelic Drug Treatments Seeing a Comeback in Psychiatry?” Progress in Neurology and Psychiatry (2008), accessed at www.progressnp.com
32 . Ralph Metzner, “Hallucinogenic Drugs and Plants in Psychotherapy and Shamanism,” Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 30, no. 4 (1998), pp. 1–10.
33 . T. Leary, G. H. Litwin, and R. Metzner, “Reactions to Psilocybin Administered in a Supportive Environment,” Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 137 (1963), pp. 561–73.
Chapter 14
1 . Natalie Angier, “Twin Crowns for 30-Acre Fungus: World’s Biggest, Oldest Organism,” New York Times, April 2, 1992.
2 . Myron L. Smith, Johann N. Bruhn, and James B. Anderson, “The fungus Armillaria bulbosa Is among the Largest and Oldest Living Organisms,” Nature 356 (April 2, 1992), pp. 428–431.
3 . Tom Volk, “The Humongous Fungus—Ten Years Later,” Inoculum 53, no. 2 (2002), pp. 4–8.
4 . Ibid.
5 . C. L. Schmidt and M. L. Tatum, “The Malheur National Forest; Location of the World’s Largest Living Organism,” MAL 08-04.
6 . Tom Volk, “Key to North American Armillaria Species Using Macroscopic, Microscopic and Distributional Characteristics” (2008). Accessed at http://tomvolkfungi.net/ on April 3, 2008.
7 . Susan Hagle, “Armillaria Root Disease: Ecology and Management.” Forest Health Protection and State Forestry Organizations 11-1, February 2006.
Chapter 15
1 . F. M. Dugan, “Fungi, Folkways, and Fairy Tales: Mushrooms and Mildews in Stories, Remedies and Rituals, from Oberon to the Internet.” North American Fungi 3, no. 27 (2008), pp. 23–72.
2 . J. Ramsbottom, “Mushrooms and Toadstools,” New Naturalist 7 (London: Collins, 1953).
3 . W. P. K. Findlay, Fungi: Fiction, Folklore and Fact (Surrey, England: Richmond, 1982).
4 . R. T. Rolfe and F. W. Rolfe, The Romance of the Fungus World (London: Chapman & Hall, 1925).
5 . Erasmus Darwin, The Botanic Garden, Part I, The Economy of Vegetation (London: J. Johnson, 1791).
6 . Stephen G. Saupe, “The Biology of Ressurection; Life after Death in Fungi” (2004). Accessed at: www.employees.csbsju.edu/SSAUPE/essays/anhydriobiosis.htm
Chapter 16
1 . D. E. Desjardin, M. Capelari, and C. Stevani, “Bioluminescent Mycena Species from São Paulo, Brazil,” Mycologia, 99, no. 2 (2007), pp. 317–31.
2 . David Rose, “Bioluminescence and Fungi,” Spores Illustrated, Connecticut-Westchester Mycological Association, Summer 1999.
3 . J. R. Potts, “Bushnell Turtle (1775).” Accessed February 18, 2010 online at http://www.military-factory.com/ships/detail.asp?ship_id=Bushnell-Turtle-1775
4 . Central Intelligence Agency. “Intelligence Techniques” (2007). Accessed February 18, 2010 online at
https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/intelligence/intelltech.html
5 . V. Pieribone and D. Gruber, Aglow in the Dark: The Revolutionary Science of Biofluorescence (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2005).
6 . Ibid.
7 . J. Sivinski, “Arthropods Attracted to Luminous Fungi,” Psyche 88, nos. 3-4 (1981), pp. 383–90.
8 . O. Shimomura, “The Role of Superoxide Dismutase in Regulating the Light Emission of Luminescent Fungi,” Journal of Experimental Botany 43 (1992), pp. 1519–25.
9 . D. E. Desjardin, M. Capelari, and C. Stevani, “Bioluminescent Mycena species from São Paulo, Brazil,” Mycologia, 99, no. 2 (2007), pp. 317–31.
Chapter 17
1 . Arthur H. Howell, U.S. Biological Survey: North American Fauna, no. 44, Revision of the American Flying Squirrels, June 13, 1918.
2 . Daniel K. Rosenberg and Robert G. Anthony, “Characteristics of Northern Flying Squirrel Populations in Young Second- and Old Growth Forests in Western Oregon,” Canadian Journal of Botany 70 (1991), pp. 161–66.
3 . R. S. Currah, E. A. Smreciu, T. Lehesvirta, M. Neimi, and K. W. Larsen, “Fungi in the Winter Diets of Northern Flying Squirrels and Red Squirrels in the Boreal Forest of Northeastern Alberta,” Canadian Journal of Botany 78 (2000), pp. 1514–20.
4 . K. Vernes, S. Blois, and F. Barlocher, “Seasonal and Yearly Changes in Consumption of Hypogeous Fungi by Northern Flying Squirrels and Red Squirrels in Old-Growth Forest, New Brunswick,” Canadian Journal of Zoology 82 (2004), pp. 110–17.
5 . Daniel K. Rosenberg and Robert G. Anthony, “Characteristics of Northern Flying Squirrel Populations in Young Second- and Old Growth Forests in Western Oregon,” Canadian Journal of Botany 70 (1991), pp. 161–66.
6 . Andrew Carey, W. Colgan, J. M. Trappe, and R. Molina, “Effects of Forest Management on Truffle Abundance and Squirrel Diet,” Northwest Science 76, no. 2 (2002), pp. 148–57.
7 . Chris Masser, A. W. Claridge, and J. M. Trappe, Trees, Truffles, and Beasts: How Forests Function (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 2008).
8 . Karen Hansen, “Ascomycota Truffles: Cup Fungi Go Underground,” Newsletter of the Friends of the Farlow, no. 47 (2006).
9 . Chris Masser, A. W. Claridge, and J. M. Trappe, Trees, Truffles, and Beasts: How Forests Function (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 2008).
10 . J. M. Trappe and D. L. Luomo, “The Ties that Bind: Fungi in the Ecosystem,” in The Fungal Community: Its Organization and Role in the Ecosystem, G. C. Carrol and D. T. Wicklow, eds. (New York: Marcel Decker, 1992).
11 . Chris Masser, A. W. Claridge, and J. M. Trappe, Trees, Truffles, and Beasts: How Forests Function (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 2008).
Chapter 18
1 . David Lonsdale, M. Pautasso, and O. Holdenrieder, “Wood-Decaying Fungi in the Forest: Conservation Needs and Management Options,” European Journal of Forest Research 127 (2008), pp. 1–22.
2 . J. H. Hart and D. L. Hart, “Heartrot Fungi’s Role in Creating Picid Nesting Sites in Living Aspen,” USDA Forest Service Proceedings, RMRS-P-18 (2001).
3 . K. B. Aubry and C. M. Raley, “The Pileated Woodpecker as a Keystone Habitat Modifier in the Pacific Northwest,” USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-181 (2002).
4 . J. H. Hart and D. L. Hart, “Heartrot Fungi’s Role in Creating Picid Nesting Sites in Living Aspen,” USDA Forest Service Proceedings, RMRS-P-18 (2001).
5 . David Lonsdale, M. Pautasso, and O. Holdenrieder, “Wood-Decaying Fungi in the Forest: Conservation Needs and Management Options,” European Journal of Forest Research 127 (2008), pp. 1–22.
6 . M. C. Kalcounis and R. M. Brigham, “Secondary Use of Aspen Cavities by Tree-Roosting Big Brown Bats,” The Journal of Wildlife Management (1998).
7 . M. J. Vonhof and J. C. Gwilliam, “A Summary of Bat Research in the Pend D’Oreille Valley in Southern British Colombia” (2000), Columbia Basin Fish and Wildlife Compensation Program. Accessed online at www.cbfishwildlife.org
8 . Ibid.
9 . G. M. Filip, C. G. Parks, F. A. Baker, and S. E. Daniels, “Artificial Inoculation of Decay Fungi into Douglas-Fir with Rifle or Shotgun to Produce Wildlife Trees in Western Oregon,” Western Journal of Applied Forestry 19 (2004), pp. 211–15.
10 . S. B. Jack, C. G. Parks, J. M. Stober, and R. T. Engstrom, “Inoculating Red Heart Fungus (Phellinus pini) to Create Nesting Habitat for the Red-Cockaded Woodpecker,” in Proceedings of the Red-Cockaded Woodpecker Symposium (2003), pp. 1–18.
11 . J. Huss, J. Martin, J. C. Bednarz, D. M. Juliano, and D. E. Varland 2002. “The Efficacy of Inoculating Fungi into Conifer Trees to Promote Cavity Excavation by Woodpeckers in Managed Forests in Western Washington,” USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-181 (2002).