Page numbers refer to the print edition but are hyperlinked to the appropriate location in the e-book.
academia: Chicanas in, 78, 80, 123–124; children in, 134; commercialization of, 7; and community connections, 131, 132; corporatization of, 65; hierarchy of, 4–5; mat(t)erring, 34–35; men’s lifestyles in, 154; patriarchy in, 123, 132; political economy of, 12; role of secretary in, 37–42; from secretary to student in, 42; women in, 2, 113; women in workforce in, 228; women’s bodies in, 30, 36; work environment of, 178, 180
academic cultures, need for inclusive, 3–8
academic mothers, 56; in administration, 55; bodily hungers of, 28–29; departmental support for, 166–167, 169; experiences managing of, 161–162; family support of, 223; friendships of, 172; marginalization of, 218; normative narrative of, 164; single, 164; social support networks for, 174–179; stigma of, 161; strategies of, 11; transgressing academic culture, 165–168; transgressing time, 162–165
academic work, 204; flexibility of, 18, 20. See also parental leave
administration, academic: choosing to move to, 53–54; demographics of, 168. See also higher education administration
administrative positions, faculty in, 167
adoption: decision making for, 88–89, 90; foster-to-adoption route for, 86; and inclusion, 87; politics of transracial, 85–86
ADVANCE grant program, of NSF, 218
African American families, 139
African Americans, and colleges/universities, 112
African American women, 112, 146; in
academia, 113; contrasted with white women, 115; maternal mortality of, 96. See also black women
Alegria-Ortega, Idsa, 102
Allison, Juliann Emmons, 11
American Association of University Professors (AAUP), 208; and female scholars, 155; Statement of Principles of, 8, 168, 218
American Council on Education, 172
American Federation of Teachers (AFT), 4, 8
American Psychological Association, 207
American Sociological Association, 191
American University, Program on Gender, Work, and Family at, 173
Anglo-centric paradigm, 6
aspirational capital, 69–70
assembly line, global, women in, 100–101
Association for Research on Mothering, 3
babysitting, obtaining, 194–195. See also child care
“backlash generation,” 18
Bartlett, Alison, 98, 158
Berkeley, University of California at, 175
birth: feminist politics of, 94; politics of, 79; process, 95. See also childbirth; natural birth
birth(ing) justice, 98, 99
black women: careerist orientation of, 117, 118; commoditization of, 112; at HBCU, 113; silencing of, 120; stereotypes of, 115–116; white male elite view of, 115. See also African American women
breastfeeding, 16; in academia, 30–32; cultural attitudes toward, 33; eroticism associated with, 32; hormones released during, 33–34; meanings for, 34–35; resistance to, 34; social control of, 27; as source of power, 28; vilification of, 32–33
breastfeeding support group, at WNMU, 156
Business of Being Born (film), 97
California, University of, 219; Centers on Working Families at, 218; family-friendly policies of, 220; survey of (2002–2003), 221
capitalist approach, to academia, 12
careers, and motherhood decisions, 83
caregivers: and academic success, 62, 63; in transnational space, 108, 109; women stereotyped as, 140
caregivers, primary: in academia, 57, 58–59; gender ideologies of, 84; and job market, 61
caregiving, and gender roles, 191
Caribbean, working women throughout, 103
Cartesian worldview, mothers in, 29
Center for Education of Women (CEW): higher education survey of, 202; 2005 report of, 206
Center for Public Policy and Administration (CPPA), at Univ. of Massachusetts, 214, 220, 221, 223, 224
Center for Research on Families, at Univ. of Massachusetts, 223–224
cesarean births, overmedicalized, 98
cesarean surgery: global prevalence of, 98; rates of, 95; results with, 96
Chicago, University of, 218
Chicana, political connotation of term, 127
Chicanas: in academia, 78, 80, 123–124; as agents of knowledge, 128; glass ceiling for, 123. See also mothers, Chicana
child abuse, suspicion of, 41
childbirth: active approach to, 94–95; facing fear of, 94; and tenure, 49–50; unhurried approach to, 95. See also birth; natural birth
child care: asking for help with, 195; lack of affordable access to, 186; lack of support for, 40; licensed providers for, 42; on-campus, 219. See also day care
childlessness, of faculty women, 176
child raising: in black community, 140; role of love in, 89–90
children: in academia, 134; in academic libraries, 155, 158; African American, 86–87, 143; campus events for, 62; cultural survival of, 67; as encumbrances, 59; personal sacrifice for, 143; of privilege, 77; strategies with, 19–20
children of color: adopting, 86–87; in segregated schools, 68, 69, 70–71
children with disabilities: parenting of, 5–6; and work-family balance, 52–53
choice rhetoric, 229. See also reproductive choice
class: and academic success, 67; and childbirth options, 98; and maternal mortality, 96; middle, 114, 116. See also social class
class culture, Anglo-owning, 73
College and University Work/Family Association, 57
colleges, “teaching-oriented,” 3. See also academia; historically black colleges/universities; universities
Collins, Patricia Hill, 9, 29, 37, 112, 121, 124, 132, 139; on African American mothers, 114, 115–116, 141; on importance of dialogue, 10–11
communities: as creators of knowledge, 135; for single mothers, 190
communities of color, cultures of, 70, 75
condification, use of term, 118
connector, role in social networks of, 197–198
consumer culture, 77; childbirth in, 99; of higher-education industry, 12
corporate university, role of women in, 101
corporatization, of academia, 65
counterstories: described, 128–129; function of, 130
Crittenden, Danielle, 17, 19, 26
cultural capital: forms of, 69–70, 75; meaning of, 75
culture shift, in academia, 215
Cunningham, Summer R. 150
Curenton, Stephanie, 25, 26
day care: accessibility of, 31; licensed providers for, 42; reliance on, 51; subsidization of, 23. See also child care
de Casanova, Erynn Masi, 150
decision making: in academic libraries, 155; intersectional look at, 88; role of gender in, 82–83; and tenure clock, 165
diaper-changing stations, in academic libraries, 158
disability, maternity as, 202
disability-leave policies, 202
dissertation writing group, 196
distance-education programs, 152
“doctoral extensive” institutions, 216
doctoral programs, single mothers in, 188–189. See also graduate students
doctorates, “leaking pipeline” of women, 171, 225
economy, U.S., impact on academia of, 227
education: parental emphasis on, 71; of Puerto Rican women, 105–107. See also higher education
education system: and Latinos, 71–72; mainstream mold for, 74
Eliot, Charles William, 151
employment: contingent model of, 7; seeking, 59. See also tenure
Equal Employment Opportunity rules, federal, 60
faculty: assumptions of homogenous, 124; salaries for, 227; support for junior, 224; and work-life balance, 209. See also tenure
Faculty Family Friend Edge, of University of California, 219
Faculty Work and Family Survey, Sloan-funded, 219
families: African American, 139; African-influenced understandings of, 121; in black community, 140; extended, 77, 131; government support of, 63; Latino, 71; Mexican, 130; traditional nuclear, 87
Family, Gender, and Tenure Project, at University of Virginia, 216
family-friendly policies, 8, 55
family-leave policies: insufficient, 200; at Univ. of Massachusetts, 215–217. See also maternity leave; parental leave
Family Medical Leave Act (FMLA), U.S. (1993), 202, 215
fatherhood, for male faculty members, 168
fathers: graduate student, 192; identifying role of, 23; tenure-track, 175
The Feminine Mistake (Bennetts), 21–22
feminism, 106; black, 37; Chicana, 79, 125, 127, 128, 135; choice, 23; intersectionality in, 111–112; and politics of birth, 94
feminists, 177; Chicana, 34, 35; Latina, 68; Puerto Rican, 104
fertility rates, concern over, 62
First Environment Collaborative, 98
foster care, and adoption decision making, 88–89
gender: academic hierarchy of, 67; within black institutions, 113; and caregiving, 191; colonization, 27; commoditization of, 107; and decision making, 82–83; and Puerto Rican modernization, 102; stereotypes of, 100
gender differences, in library use, 155
Gendered Futures in Higher Education (Ropers-Huilman), 5
gender expectations, pressure to fulfill, 105–106
gender shift, in academic libraries, 153
gender socialization, in Puerto Rico, 105
Get to Work (Hirshman), 21
glass ceiling: for Chicanas, 123; at HBCUs, 113; motherhood and, 54–56; use of term, 46
González, Juan Carlos, 135
González Le Denmant, Hilda, 127
graduate school: and mothering, 191–192; pregnancy in, 183–184; single parents in, 185; women of color in, 134. See also higher education
graduate students, 3; cultural expectations of, 114; financial burden of, 193; Latino, 132; motherhood decisions of, 132; motherhood for, 81–82; planning ahead of, 196–197; pregnant, 163; resources for, 194; scheduling of, 196–197; strategies for success of, 192; work of, 193; writing group for, 195–196
grief, cultural differences in, 110
Hallstein, Lynn O’Brien, 22
Harvard University, Guidelines for Faculty Maternity and Paternity Leave of, 209
higher education: and economic achievement, 8; employment opportunities in, 57–58; and family leave, 201; feminization of, 151; flexible policies in, 169; graduate student mothers in, 84; occupational stress of, 7; organizational cultures in, 12; patriarchal structure of, 172; predominance of men in, 151; pressures placed on, 65; robber baron values of, 228; for single mothers, 182, 189–190; traditional histories of, 170
higher education administration, 47, 154; underrepresentation of women in, 200; women in, 54–55
higher-education administrators: bloated salaries of, 227–228; and work-life balance, 209
historically black colleges/universities (HBCUs), 111; and black communities, 121–122; and black student parents, 122; dominant ideology of, 114; patriarchal power structure of, 112–113; reputation of, 112
home: childbirth at, 98; teaching class from, 206; working from, 52, 206
Hondagneu-Sotelo, Pierrette, 127
hunger: and breastfeeding, 35; and pregnancy, 28; and race, 29
identity, social categories for, 160–161
I Don’t Know How She Does It (Pearson), 21, 26
imaginary, decolonial, 71
income inequality, and male privilege, 154
infant mortality, in U.S., 96
information: overload, 157; withholding of, 61
information-seeking behavior, 154
information technology (IT) staff, 154. See also libraries, academic
intellectual labor, and motherwork, 134
“intensive mothering,” 114
Interamerican University, 105
Internet, involving students in, 64
intersectionality: as feminist framework of analysis, 111–112; role of, 66–67
intersectional paradigm, 11
Ireland, maternal mortality in, 96
job market, competition in academic, 64–65
Johnston, Deirdre, 49, 51
knowledge, community and academic, 126
Knox College, faculty handbook of, 207
labor, childbirth: induction of, 97; options in, 95. See also childbirth
labor force, U.S.: Puerto Ricans in, 106; women in, 2
lactation, rhetoric against, 32. See also breastfeeding
Latina Feminist Group, 9, 101
Latina intellectual community, 135
Latinas: and exploitative conditions of global market, 100; as graduate students, 32. See also Chicanas; Puerto Rican women
Latinas/os intellectuals, in American universities, 79–80
Latinos, and educational system, 71–72
“leaking pipeline” of women doctoral students, 171, 225
Lecture Capture software, 157
lesbian couples, decision making of, 85–87
libraries, academic, 151; children in, 155; decision making in, 155; gendered differences in use of, 155; impact of technology in, 154; individualized library instruction programs in, 157; innovations in information technology in, 153; introduction of technology into, 152; mother-friendly, 155–158; multipurpose approach of, 157; and scholarly needs of women, 159; space utilization of, 158
life choices, and raising children, 145
life trajectories, 101. See also work-life balance
linguistic capital, 70, 74
The Long Goodbye (O’Rourke), 109
machismo, 127. See also patriarchy
Mama Ph.D. (Evans and Grant), 3
marginalization: legacy of, 136; in school system, 76–77
masculinity, definition of, 153. See also gender
Massachusetts, University of, 214; family-leave policies at, 219, 225; part-time option at, 220
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 175, 210
Massachusetts Society of Professors (MSP), 215, 216, 217
“maternal invisibility,” 193
maternal mortality, in U.S., 96
maternity: in Chicana/Latina literature, 29; tenure clock for, 25
maternity leave: complaints about, 217–218; lack of, 39; negotiating, 215–216; for part-time workers, 92–94; working during, 205–206. See also Parental leave
men: African American, 143; black, 140, 143, 144; in higher education, 151. See also fathers
mentoring: lack of, 114; positive impact of, 120–121
mentors, 123; Chicana academics as, 133; los counterconsejos of, 125
Mercado-López, Larissa M., 15
Metropolitan Council for Education Opportunity program, 68
mexicano, identification as, 126
Mexican traditions, socially constructed, 126–127
Michigan, University of, 216, 218
Michigan State University, 218
middle class: black, 116; moving into, 114
midwifery: and basic medical care, 97; global prevalence of, 98
migration, Puerto Rican, 106
Mohanty, Chandra Talpade, 101
mommy track, 21; label of, 169; vs. tenure track, 171
“mommy wars,” 2, 19; basis of, 23; in literature, 26; in media, 17; media-generated, 15
mother-daughter bond, 109
motherhood: in American culture, 114; black, 112, 115, 142; black student, 116; combined with academic career, 19; decision making for, 123, 132; delaying, 201; and glass ceiling, 53, 54–56; influence on teaching of, 63–64; institutionalized, 230; lesbian, 89; as liability, 178; and personhood, 145, 147; politics of, 79; and professional life, 84; redefining, 139–141; in rural agricultural community, 38; stigma attached to, 192; and tenure, 149, 162, 164; university opposition to
Motherhood, the Elephant in the Laboratory (Monosson), 3, 13
“Motherhood” (Clark), 142
Motherhood Initiative for Research and Community Involvement, 3
motherhood studies, 3, 138
mothers: in academic libraries, 159; diverse academic support for, 37, 38, 40, 42; government support of working, 63; in labor force, 2; lesbian, 85–87; as library users, 153, 154; marginalization of, 36; objectification of bodies of, 33–34; redefining roles of, 49; reprioritizing role of, 138; social stigma of, 161; sociological study of, 20; stay-at-home, 22, 77, 83; support for, 35–36; and tenure decisions, 50; transnational, 128; working, 38; working-class, 34; work-life balance for, 149. See also academic mothers
mothers, Chicana: in academia, 124–125; and academic libraries, 152–159; los counterconsejos for, 124–131; and maternity leave, 92–94; and Western medical care, 95–97
mothers, single, 43; in doctoral programs, 188–189; in higher education, 189–190; obstacles faced by, 182; perception of, 181–182; Puerto Rican, 103; reproductive choice of, 183; as second-class workers, 57, 59; seeking employment, 59, 61; and university administration, 186–188; work-family balance for, 108
mothers, student, 36, 112; black, 116, 120; and faculty support, 184; special needs of, 118, 119; support for, 116, 119, 121, 122
mothers, tenure-track, 173, 178–180; barriers to sources of, 172; challenges for, 213; friendships among, 174; on leave during, 201; perception of, 177–178; pregnancies of, 172–173; social networks for, 171; success of, 225; work-life balance for, 179–180
motherwork: example of, 133–134; in Latina/o and Native communities, 126; political-social dimension of, 9; of racial ethnic women in U.S., 124
narratives: of academic mothers, 163–165; black womanist, 137; personal, 10; retrospective, 137; of women in academia, 14. See also stories; testimonios
National Academies, Women in Science and Engineering project of, 218–219
National Center for Education Statistics, 120
National Science Foundation (NSF), 218
natural birth, 93; choosing, 97; as luxury, 99; politics of, 79. See also birth; childbirth
navigational capital, 70, 76
Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU), 48, 87, 88, 89
networking: role of connector in, 197–198; on tenure track, 166–167. See also support network
networks: building of, 24, 25; social support, 174–179. See also social networks
newborn, indicators of well-being of, 96
“no exceptions” rule, 184
online communities: parenting, 179; topic-driven, 179
othermothers, 37, 121; becoming, 44–45; in black community, 140; knowledge of, 40; support from, 39, 40, 42
parental leave, 55, 175; decision to take, 217; definition of, 201, 216–217; diverse arrangements for, 210; flexibility in, 211; negotiating, 201, 203; paid provisions for, 210–211; prevalence of, 202; responsibilities during, 205; and returning to work, 217–221; semester-long replacements for, 207; supportive policies for, 207–212; Swedish, 202; at U.S. institutions, 206; and work-life balance, 208; workload reduction during, 204–205. See also maternity leave
parental status, revealing, 50–60
parenthood, influence on teaching of, 63–64
parenting: in academia, 9, 192; of children with special needs, 55; choosing single, 166; combined with research, 198–199; intensive, 90; and labor force, 85; and “mommy wars,” 26; online, 180; “second shift” of, 15.152.167, 191; and sociological inquiry, 91; and tenure, 50
Parenting and Professing (Bassett), 3
parents: academic, 53; adoptive, 175; lack of support for working, 40; student, 184. See also mothers
parents, immigrant: and education process, 73–74; schoolchildren of, 71–73
parents, single: experience of, 141; in graduate school, 185; guilty feelings of, 186
part-time workers: attracting, 63; maternity leave for, 92–93
pay gap, between mothers and nonmothers, 91
Perfect Madness (Warner), 22
personhood: and motherhood, 145, 147; and role of mother, 139
Pew Hispanic Center, 71–72
Ph.D.s, female, in STEM fields, 13–14
Piskorski, Mikolaj Jan, 179
politics: of natural birth, 79; of respectability, 116
pornography, breastfeeding as, 33
poverty: feminization of, 29; and race, 29
pregnancy: in academia, 30; discrimination during, 184; in graduate school, 163, 183–184; and hunger, 28; as liability, 178; in work environment, 173
Pregnancy Discrimination Act (1978), 202, 216
prematurity: effect on parents of, 50; experiences with, 87–88; problems associated with, 81
prenatal care, access to, 96–97
presidents, university, pay for, 227
preterm births. rate of, 96
priorities, establishing, 47, 49
prisons, black sons in, 144
productivity, scientific, longitudinal study of, 224
professions, participating in, 24
professor, redefining role as, 49
Proper International, 103, 109
publishing, of book project, 222, 223
Puerto Rican brain drain, 106
Puerto Rican society: “other woman” phenomenon in, 104–105; traditional family in, 104
Puerto Rican women, 102; child-care strategies of, 103–104; education or, 105; in Operation Bootstrap, 102–105
Puerto Rico: women workers in, 108–109. See also Operation Bootstrap
queerness, and decision making, 88–89
race: and academic success, 67; commoditization of, 107; and maternal mortality, 96
racism: in classroom, 75–76; for mexicanas, 129
Radford University, Her-Story Listserv at, 49
Ramos, Rita Julia Segarra, 101
reading group, 17; focus of, 20–24; informality of, 25–26; members of, 18, 19, 25; plan for, 19; strategies developed by, 19–20
reciprocity, norms of, 24
recruitment, of new faculty, 211
The Reproduction of Mothering Psychoanalysis and the Sociology of Gender (Chodorow), 138
research, combined with parenting, 198–199
researcher, redefining role as, 49
Research I and II institutions, 3, 6
resilience, educational, 145
resistance: agents of, 82; and Chicana scholars, 125; transformational, 75
resistant capital, 70, 76
roles, gender-specific, 46. See also gender
Santa Clara University, 211
schedules, academic, 3, 31
schooling, “subtracting model of,” 76
second-shift phenomenon, 15, 152; of parenting, 167; women’s, 191
self-definition, value of, 145
Sistersong Women of Color Reproductive Health Collective, U.S., 98
Skandera-Trombley, Laura, 156, 178
Smith, Linda Tuhiwai, 130
social categories, and identity, 161
social class: hidden injuries of, 110; and Puerto Rican modernization, 102. See also class
social identities: academic mother, 161–162; normative attributes of, 162; stigmatized, 160
social transformation, 230
social trust, norms of, 24
Southwest New Mexico Breastfeeding Council, 156
special needs, parenting children with, 55. See also children with disabilities
spousal-hiring policy, 214
Stanford School of Medicine, 209
stay-at-home mothers, 22, 77, 83
stereotypes: of black women, 115, 142; cultural, 115
Stockdell-Giesler, Anne, 155
Stone, Pauline Terrelenge, 112
stories, 101; counterstories, 130. See also counterconsejos; narratives; testimonios
storytelling: Chicana feminism in, 128; and counterstorytelling, 129
students: diversity among, 45; Latina, 133; nontraditional, 43. See also graduate students; mothers, student
students of color, in privileged school systems, 68–69
subjectification, movement within process of, 82
subjectivity, sociality of, 160
supermom-employee-student, 2
support network, cultivating, 195–196. See also networking
survival: of African American children, 143; celebrating, 130; communal, 134; cultural, 134
survival skills, in academy, 126
Teaching Community: A Pedagogy of Hope (hooks), 134
technological innovations, and library accessibility, 152. See also libraries, academic
Telling to Live: Latina Feminist Testimonios (Latina Feminist Group), 68
tenure: and childbirth, 49–50; demands of, 49; granted to women, 6; “holy grail” of, 213, 222
tenure-clock extension, 216, 217
tenure decision year, delaying, 215
tenure gap, and motherhood, 162
tenure positions, underrepresentation of women in, 200
tenure track: choosing motherhood on, 163, 165–166; and family formation, 67; pregnancy during, 172–173; restrictions of, 172–173; single mothering on, 164; vs. mommy track, 171. See also mothers, tenure-track
testimonios, 230; of breastfeeding experience, 28; defined, 9, 101; importance of, 9–12; multigenerational, 70–71; of opposition, 78; for production of new knowledge, 13; to Puerto Rican working mothers, 100–110; reclamation of, 68; of strategies of resistance, 66. See also narratives
The Mommy Myth (Douglas and Michaels), 1
“third shift” phenomenon, 21
time-management skills, and motherhood, 63
To Hell with All That (Flanagan), 22
Traina, Cristina L. H., 32
transformational resistance, 75
travel: lack of funding for, 188; scarcity of funding for, 187
Trinidad-Galván, Ruth, 128
Universal Preschool: Policy Change, Stability, and the Pew Charitable Trusts (Bushouse), 224
universities: corporate assembly line of, 108; economies of, 90–91; family friendly policies of, 45; oppressive values of, 111; pressures on, 107; women in, 153–154. See also academia; specific universities
Valenzuela, Angela, 69, 76
Vanderbilt University, 211
Viramontes, Helena Maria, 78
Virginia, University of, 216
Wall Street, financial crisis on, 227
Washington University, Association of Women Faculty at, 176
Wellesley, Mass., cultural model privileged in, 68–69
Wellesley College, 77; Latina organization at, 76
whiteness, and decision making, 88–89
Wisconsin, University of, 15, 17
womanhood: concept of true, 138; redefining, 139–141
women: access to information of, 152; African American, 146; caregiving role of, 191; as “connected” scholars, 158; in export-based industries, 100; and family-friendly policies, 8; leaving academia, 172; middle-class vs. working-class, 18; Puerto Rican, 102–105; rights of nursing, 156; social inequality of, 161; tenure granted to, 6, 170; in universities, 153–154; in U.S. colleges and universities, 170
women, black: education for, 139–141; narratives of, 137; negative images, 142
women in academia, 4–5, 113; disparities between ranks of, 11; friendships among, 174; narratives of, 14; resources for, 200; status of, 31; strategies of, 7
women of color, 11, 107; as academics, 77; in academy, 133; in corporate university, 101; and cycle of patriarchy, 135; in faculty positions, 6; in graduate school, 134; lack of prenatal care among, 98; prenatal care for, 96. See also African American women; Chicanas; Latinas; Puerto Rican women
Women’s Faculty Network, Texas A&M University’s, 176
women students, black, 115
women workers, Puerto Rican, 108–109
work-family balance, 46, 47, 48; and academic environment, 173; achieving, 220; changing schedules for, 53–54; in corporate university, 101; and decision making, 81–82; and family-friendly policies, 62; impact of parenting multiple children on, 84–85; for new faculty member, 67; pressure of, 51–52; in Puerto Rico, 103; for single mothers, 108
workforce: instructional, 7; women in global, 100–101
working-class women, motherhood for, 34
working mothers, 100; in academy, 170–171; guilt feelings of, 222; identity as, 109; Puerto Rican, 103; social identities for, 22
work-life balance, 2, 17, 26, 200; defined, 208; experiences with, 20; extended conversation on, 24; family-friendly policies for, 208–212; promoting culture of, 209; for tenure-track mothers, 179–180
work-life integration, 212
workplace: childfree counterparts in, 84; discrimination encouraged in, 178; and family policies, 203–204; as haven for mothers, 44; infants and children in, 119; positive aspects of, 180; pregnancy discrimination in, 173; and single parenting, 58; transforming, 218; and work-family balance, 219
Workplace, Work Force, and Working Families Giving program, of Sloan Foundation, 218
work segregation, and male privilege, 154
writing group, in support network, 195
Your Best Birth (Lake and Epstein), 98
