Ácoma peace treaty, 31–32
Ácoma Pueblo, New Mexico, 31, 51
Agave plant, 11
Ahwandia, 222
Alabama River, Alabama, 232
Alamosa River, New Mexico, 58
Alamos Valley, New Mexico, 60, 68, 100
Albuquerque, New Mexico, 176, 201, 218, 226
Alcatraz prison, 151, 184, 187, 190
Alchise, White Mountain scout, 184–85, 187, 190
Alisos Creek, Battle of, 119–21, 124, 125, 127, 144
Alisos Creek, Chihuahua, 119, 123
Alope (Geronimo’s wife), 15, 35
Americans, 29; fur trappers, 29; general, 29; peace efforts, 31; soldiers, 30
Anadarko, Oklahoma, 258
Animas Mountains, New Mexico, 18, 26, 86, 87
Animas Valley, New Mexico, 147, 165
Apache army scouts, 87, 88, 104, 152–53, 239, plates; campaigns of, 89, 121; Crook employs in campaigns, 70, 134–35, 136, 163, 165–68; as prisoners of war, 222, 231, 233; Sheridan’s doubts about, 165, 176, 189, 193
Apache culture, 268
Apache Pass, Arizona, 38, 40, 42, 43, 48, 55, 61, 62, 77, 78, 80, 84, 85, 88
Apache Pass, Battle of, 47–51
Apache Pass stage station, 39, 47
Apache Springs, Arizona, 38, 40, 47, 48
Arapaho Indians, 268
Aravaipa Apache tribe, 42
Aravaipa Valley, Arizona, 111
Arizona, 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 37, 42, 45, 52, 55, 57, 60, 64, 65, 68, 73, 75, 76, 77, 84, 87, 91, 95, 99, 105, 115, 116, 121, 123, 124, 130, 133, 145, 146, 148, 152, 160, 162, 166, 172, 173, 175, 188, 190, 192, 193, 196, 198, 199, 205, 208, 221, 225, 237, 239, 241, 242, 253, 258, 261, 273, 277n1
Aros River, Sonora, 129, 132, 178, 196, 199, 205, 206, 247
Arthur, Chester, 204
Atzebee, 102
Ayres, Romeyn B., 229, 230, 231
Bacerac, Sonora, 137
Baldwin, Frank D., 252
Bascom, George N., 41–43, 58, 61
Battles: Alisos Creek, 119–21, 124, 125, 129, 144, 264; Apache Pass, 47–49; Brown fight, 197; Cedar Springs, 111, 112; Chocolate Pass, 2, 131–32; Cibicue, 105–9, 124; Dragoon Mountains, 111, 112; Enmedio, 118–19; Glorieta Pass, 46; Hatfield fight, 195, 197; Horseshoe Canyon, 116–17, 120, 122, 123, 264; Lebo fight, 193–94, 197; Little Bighorn, 192; Picacho Peak, 50; Pozo Hediondo, 23–26, 31, 264; Rucker v. Geronimo, 89–90; Tres Castillos, 100; Valverde, 43, 46; Walsh fight with Naiche, 196
Bavispe River, Sonora, 24, 125, 132, 137, 138, 143, 144, 163, 168, 177, 178, 182, 208, 219
Baylor, John R., 46, 47, 50, 51
Beach, Francis H., 255
Bedonkohe Chiricahua band, 6, 7, 9, 10, 12, 20, 22, 23, 29, 30, 31, 34, 37, 45, 47, 51–52, 57, 72, 73, 78, 81, 85, 87, 88, 91, 95, 96, 98, 110, 152, 156, 272, 278n5; at Battle of Apache Pass, 47–51
Belknap, William W., 66
Benito, 21
Betzinez, Jason, 96, 118, 129, 139, 267; on Chiricahuas, 261; on defeat of Mexicans, 1846, 20; describes Battle of Alisos Creek, 119–20; describes Battle of Horseshoe Canyon, 117, 264; describes Juh’s tactics, 131; on Geronimo, 21, 115, 118, 120; on Geronimo’s abduction of Loco, 114, 115; on Geronimo’s alcohol addiction, 262; on Geronimo’s Power, 130–31, 140; life of, after POW status, 272
Bishi, 222
Black Range, New Mexico, 162, 163, 228
Black River, Arizona, 173, 195
Black Rock, Arizona, 110
Blackfeet Indians, 257
Blake, William, 147–48
Blocksom, August P., 102
Blue Creek, Arizona, 161
Bocoachi, Sonora, 24
Bonita Creek, Arizona, 55, 195
Bonito (White Mountain chief), 104, 109, 110, 114, 130, 132, 133, 136, 137, 138, 141, 143, 157, 158
Bonneville, Benjamin L. E., 34
Boston, Massachusetts, 240
Boston Indian Citizenship Committee, 239
Bourke, John G., 137, 231, 232, 237, 240; at Canyon de los Embudos, 187; describes Mount Vernon Barracks, 232–33
Bowie Station, Arizona, 176, 187, 188, 218
Bradley, Luther, 162, 166, 174, 175, 176
Brown, Dee, 3
Brown, Robert A., 197, 205, 206
Brown, William C., 254
Brown fight with Geronimo, 197
Bugatseka, Sonora, 125, 137, 143, 144, 147; as Apache refuge, 125, 127, 132, 133, 163, 164, 166, 168, 172
Burbank, E. A., 27; describes and paints Geronimo, 253
Burro Mountains, New Mexico, 9, 20, 26, 37
Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee (Brown), 3
Butterfield Overland Mail, 38, 39, 43
Cache Creek, Oklahoma, 262
Calabasas, Arizona, 193, 197, 198
California, 2, 9, 36, 37, 49, 56
California Volunteers: at Battle of Apache Pass, 50; campaigns against Cochise, 55–56, 58; discharged, 56; drive Confederates from Arizona, 50–51; and founding of Fort Bowie, 51
Camp Rucker, Arizona, 101, 102, 103
Cañada Alamosa, New Mexico, 58, 59, 62, 63, 64, 65, 67, 68, 77, 78
Cananea, Sonora, 166
Canby, Edward R. S., 46, 50, 51
Canyon de los Embudos, Sonora, 183–88, 190, 217, 267, plates
Carcay Mountains, Chihuahua, 100–101, 102, 113, 119, 121, 125
Carlisle, Pennsylvania, 230
Carlisle Indian School, Pennsylvania, 139, 204, 223, 230, 236, 240, 241, 248, 249, 253, 257, 260, 265, 271, 272, 277n1
Carlton, James H., 50–51, 52, 53, 56, 59
Carrasco Massacre, 1851, 27–28, 35
Carrizal, Chihuahua, 100
Casa de Janos, 147
Casas Grandes, Chihuahua, 45, 99, 127, 129, 143; 1882 massacre at, 129; 1882 peace talks at, 127–29; 1883 peace talks at, 144–45
Casas Grandes River, Chihuahua, 145
Castillo de San Marcos, Florida, 229
Chaffee, Adna R., 102, 104, 137
Chappo (Geronimo’s son), 3, 56, 105, 125, 145, 146, 222, 228, 265, plates; at Carlisle School, 236, 240, 248; in Crook’s 1885 campaign, 166; death of, 249; in scout company, 153
Chatto, Chiricahua chief, 56, 110, 114, 115, 119, 120, 127, 130, 132, 137, 141, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 184, 199, 222, 230, 231, 233, 251, 267, 271, plates; death of, 271; described, 152, 156; enlists in regular army, 243; as Fort Sill village headman, 251; on Geronimo, 105, 110, 152; leads delegation to Washington, 203–5; life after POW status, 271; raid in Arizona and New Mexico, 1883,133, 135, 136; as sergeant of scouts, 152, 154, 156, 161, 162, 166, 168, 172, 178, 199–200, 204; on treatment by government, 204–5; at Turkey Creek, 151
Chee-hash-kish (Geronimo’s wife), 35, 45, 56, 125
Cherokee Strip, Indian Territory, 203
Chihenne Chiricahua band, 7, 10, 18, 23, 29, 30, 32, 34, 47, 52, 56, 60, 62, 65, 67, 73, 77, 85, 87, 91, 93, 94, 98, 100, 105
Chihuahua (Chiricahua chief), 85, 102, 110, 119, 120, 130, 132, 133, 138–40, 141, 144, 145, 147, 151, 154, 158, 162, 173, 179, 182, 186, 267, plates; anger at Geronimo over lies, 161; as army scout, 104, 138, 153; attacks cavalry in Guadalupe Canyon, 163; confronts Davis on tiswin issue, 156–57; death, 270; described, 104; at Fort Marion, 203, 208, 218, 224, 229–30; as Fort Sill village headman, 251; at Mount Vernon Barracks, 233, 236, 238; raids in Arizona and New Mexico, 173, 175, 178; ranchería surprised and attacked, 163–64, 166; sent to Florida, 188–89; surrenders to Crook, 184–85, 187, 190
Chihuahua, Eugene, 237, 238, 239, 240, 262, 270
Chihuahua, Mexico, 2, 5, 9, 16, 18, 23, 30, 57, 81, 86, 97, 98, 99, 100, 121, 130, 136, 160, 168, 172, 177, 178, 228, 251, 277n1
Chihuahua City, Chihuahua, 20, 144, 151
Child of the Water, 10
Chilocco Indian School, Oklahoma, 262
Chiricahua Apache Reservation, 90; abolished, 80, 147; boundaries established, 75; established, 70, 134; Jeffords’s management, 72–73; move to abolish, 74, 75, 84; quarrel between Skinya and Taza, 78–80; raids from into Mexico, 73–74; removal of tribe to Gila River, 80–86
Chiricahua Apache tribe, ix, 21, 31, 33, 34, 37, 42, 45, 56, 239, 257; and alcohol addiction, 11; as cattlemen, 250; culture of, 7–8; and curiosity seekers, 222, 226, 228, 237–38; delegation to Washington, 200, 202, 203; effort to retrieve captives in Mexico, 251; employment of, 242; end of POW status, 270; enlist in regular army, 243–44; excellence as regulars, 244; fear of education, 240; flight from reservation, 158; at Fort Marion, 230; health of at Mount Vernon, 237, 238–39, 241–42, 246; homeland of, 3–4; and malaria, 238–39; at Mount Vernon Barracks, 233, 236; moved from Turkey Creek to White River, 154; moved from White River back to Turkey Creek, 155; moved to Fort Sill, 249–50; mustered out of regular army, 252; organization of, 7–8; population of, 9; President Cleveland orders all sent to Florida, 204, 222; as prisoners of war, 222, 230; proposal to remove from Arizona, 175, 176, 187; proposed Chiricahua Reservation, Oklahoma, 253, 258, 269; removal to the Gila River, 80–86; reservation Chiricahuas sent to Florida, 204, 230; revival of old ways at Fort Sill, 251; and rules against wife-beating and tiswin-making, 152; settle on Chiricahua Reservation, 72; skill at reading land, 160; stronghold on Aros River attacked, 178–79, 205–6; subsistence, 12; surrender of, 222; and tuberculosis, 239; at Turkey Creek, 150, 154, 155; uprising scare at Fort Sill, 253–54; village headmen, 251; villages at Fort Sill, 250–51; and whiskey, 242
Chiricahua local band groups, 7
Chiricahua Mountains, 7, 37, 55, 56, 61, 78, 101, 117, 122, 147, 173; Bonita Canyon in, 84; described, 38; Pinery Canyon in, 72, 74, 76, 77
Chiva, 67
Chocolate Pass, Battle of, 2, 131–32
Chocolate Pass, Chihuahua, 2, 99
Chokonen Chiricahua band, 7, 18, 19, 20, 23, 26, 32, 34, 35, 38, 55, 58, 60, 61, 62, 78, 81, 84, 85, 86, 87, 91, 92, 94, 95, 96, 105, 109, 110, 221
Christianity, 259
Cibicue, Battle of, 108–9, 124, 189, 124, 189, 292n6
Cibicue Creek, Arizona, 108
Clark, John, 147–48
Clarke, Powhatan, 197
Cleveland, Grover: bars Chiricahuas from move west of Mississippi River, 239; decrees Chiricahuas remain at Mount Vernon, 239; directs Stanley to interview Geronimo and Naiche, 226; on Fort Marion crowding, 231; orders all Chiricahuas to Fort Marion, 204, 222; as president, 165, 189, 203, 206, 218, 222, 225, 247; pressures on to rid Southwest of Apaches, 165, 175, 177; rejects Crook’s terms to Geronimo, 188; wants Geronimo tried and hanged, 223, 225
Cloverdale, New Mexico, 118
Clum, John P., 95, 104; feud with Kautz, 88–89, 93; feuds with army, 78, 93; meets with Geronimo, 85; removes Chiricahuas to San Carlos, 80–86; resigns, 93; seizes Geronimo, 88, 90–91, 108, 147, 290n16; takes Apache “thespians” to Washington, 92–93
Cochise (Chokonen chief), 20, 21, 22, 34, 43, 45, 53–54, 56, 81, 98, 102, 104, 108, 137, 183, 269; attacks Pinos Altos, 46; and Bascom Affair, 35, 38–44, 58; at Battle of Apache Pass, 47–51; and Chiricahua Reservation, 72–76; death of, 76; described, 9; and Geronimo, 34; moves to Janos, 60; peace sentiment of, 58; peace talks at Cañada Alamosa, 59; peace talks with General Howard in Stronghold, 61–64; and Pozo Hediondo, 23–26, 264; and raids in Mexico, 23, 32, 34, 46; returns to Stronghold, 60; settles at Cañada Alamosa, 59–60; war of 1862–70, 58
Cochise Reservation, 68
Cochise’s Stronghold, Arizona, 38, 60
Collins, James L., 37
Colorado Volunteers, 46
Comanche County, Oklahoma, 258
Comanche Indians, 175, 249, 250, 252, 257, 268, 269
Concentration Policy, 64, 65, 78, 94
Concepción, 180
Confederate Territory of Arizona, 45, 27n1
copper mines, New Mexico, 29, 31, 32, 36, 43
Corralitos, Chihuahua, 16, 18, 19, 20, 127
Coyuntura (Cochise’s brother), 39–40, 41, 61
Crawford, Emmet, 135, 137, 142, 143, 145, 146, 148, 149, 150, 153, 157, 176, 187, 201, 204, 231, 263; attacked by Mexican militia, 180; attacks Geronimo’s stronghold on Aros River, 178–79; court of inquiry of, 153; death of, 180, 187; described, 135; leads 1885 Mexican campaign, 164–65, 168, 175; relies on Apache scouts, 178; second campaign of, 177–81; taken captive at San Buenaventura, 169
Crook, George, 77, 192, 195, 201, 203, 205, 208, 212, 217, 219, 221, 236, 239, 241, 260, 265, 271, plates; analysis of Crook strategy, 189–90; assailed by newspapers, 177; campaign of, 70, 89, 134; campaign of 1883, 136–42; at Canyon de los Embudos, 183–88, 217, 267; and Chiricahua Reservation, 70–71, 75; confers with Sheridan at Fort Bowie, 176–77; confidence in Apache scouts, 137, 200; death of, 272, 273; described, 66, 134–35; on Geronimo, 155; grants terms to Geronimo, 185, 187–88; memorandum of agreement of 1883, 142, 153, 154; receives policy guidance from Washington, 174–75; reliance on pack mules, 137; relies on Apache scouts, 165; requests relief from command, 188; on reservation corruption, 135; rivalry with Miles, 174, 193; rules against wife-beating and tiswin-making, 152; strategy of 1883, 135; strategy of 1885, 164–65; talks with Geronimo in Sierra Madre, 140–41; Tonto Basin commands Department of Arizona, 66, 124, 134
Cuchillo Negro, 20
Cumpas, Sonora, 198
Cushing, Howard B., 69
Custer, George A., 192
Custer Died for Your Sins (DeLoria), 3
Cut the Tent Affair, 38–43
Daklugie, Asa, 21, 132, 144, 223, 260, 262, 277nn1,2
Daly, Henry W., 188
Dana, Peter, xi
Davis, Britton, 136, 161, 162, 184, 201, 204, 267; as Chiricahua agent, 151; confronted on tiswin issue, 156–67; described, 146; on Geronimo, 155; meets Geronimo at border, 1884, 147; meets returning Chiricahuas at border, 146; resigns from army, 172; scouts with Crawford, 165, 169
Davis, Wirt: Mexican campaign of 1885, 165, 166, 175; second Mexican campaign of, 177–78
Dawes Act, 252
Day, Matthias W., 166
DeLoria, Vine, 3
Devil Creek, Arizona, 161
Doña Ana, New Mexico, 30, 32, 33
Dorst, Joseph M., 203, 204, 230
Dos Cabezos Mountains, Arizona, 38
Dragoon Mountains, Arizona, 7, 38, 59, 60, 68, 78, 79, 81, 84, 111–12, 173; battle at, 111, 112; Cochise Stronghold in, 38, 60, 74
Dragoon Pass, Arizona, 111
Dragoon Springs, Arizona, 47, 48, 50
Drew, Charles E., 285n9
Dudley, Levi, 76
Dull Knife, 268
Dunn, Jack, 89
Dutch Reformed Church, 258, 266
Eagle Creek, Arizona, 110, 115, 149, 161
Edgerton, Joseph, 244
Eighth Cavalry, 259
El Moro, Colorado, 93
El Paso, Texas, 30, 169, 223, 226
Elliott, Charles P., 168–69
Emporia, Kansas, 204
Endicott, William C., 165, 175, 176, 189, 193, 204, 225, 230–31, 232, 234, 239
Enmedio, Battle of, 118–19, 121, 122–23, 124
Enmedio Mountains, Chihuahua, 118, 119, 122, 123
Espinosa del Diablo, Sonora, 178
Espuelas Mountains, Chihuahua, 118, 122
Eva (Geronimo’s daughter), 57, 125, 236, 262, plates
Evans, H. David, xi
Eyre, Edward E., 50
Fatty, 243
Fenton (Geronimo’s son), 57, 125, 236, 240, 248, 265
Fifth Infantry, 192
Fillmore, Millard, 33
First Dragoons, 30
Fisher, W. R., 155
Florida, 186, 187, 209, 210, 213, 217, 218, 219, 221, 222, 223, 224, 226, 240, 249
Florida Mountains, New Mexico, 86
Ford, Charles D., 153
Forsyth, George A., 116–17, 118, 121, 122, 123
Fort Bowie National Historic Site, 294n6
Forts: Apache, Arizona, 66, 67, 104, 108, 109, 134, 146, 150, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 162, 165, 166, 167, 172, 173, 174, 175, 178, 185, 195–96, 198, 200, 204, 207; Barrancas, Florida, 229, 230; Bascom, New Mexico, 43; Bayard, New Mexico, 90, 91, 162, 163, 164, 174; Bliss, Texas, 169; Bowie, Arizona, xi, 51, 63, 64, 66, 68, 70, 74, 77, 79, 85, 89, 90, 101, 103, 117, 122, 146, 147, 165, 166, 167, 172, 176, 177, 184, 186, 187, 188, 190, 201, 208, 211, 218, 225, 232, plates; Breckinridge, Arizona, 42, 43, 47; Buchanan, Arizona, 42, 43, 47; Fillmore, New Mexico, 43, 45; Floyd, New Mexico, 37; Goodwin, Arizona, 57, 86; Grant, Arizona, 110, 111; Huachuca, Arizona, 166, 196, 207; Leavenworth, Kansas, 174, 204, 222, 226, 230, 271; Marion, Florida, 175, 203, 204, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229–30, 235, 236, 237, 239, 240, 272; McDowell, Arizona, 66; McLane, New Mexico, 37, 43, 52–53; McRae, New Mexico, 58; Pickens, Florida, 224, 226, 229, 230, 235, 236, 271; Riley, Kansas, 200; Sill, Oklahoma, 200, 242, 247, 249, 255, 257, 258, 261, 262, 266, 269–70, 271, 272, plates; Stanton, New Mexico, 59; Thomas, Arizona, 95, 109, 110, 115, 122; Thorn, New Mexico, 32, 33, 51; Tularosa, New Mexico, 67, 75, 77; Verde, Arizona, 66; Webster, New Mexico, 31, 32; Whipple, Arizona, 121; Wingate, New Mexico, 94, 99, 201
Fort Sill Apaches, 270
Fort Sill Military Reservation, 249, 258, 269
Fourteenth Infantry, 56
Fourth Cavalry, 116–17, 197, 198, 201, 218
Free, Mickey, 42, 137, 139, 152, 153, 157, 184
Fronteras, Sonora, 193, 197, 208, 212, 214, 215
Fuerte. See Mangas Coloradas, 7
Galeana, Chihuahua, 2, 16, 20, 131
Galiuro Mountains, Arizona, 111
Gallinas Canyon, New Mexico, 172
García, Lorenzo, 123, 124, 129
Gatewood, Charles B., 136, 146, 150, 158, 172, 201, 208, 214, 217, 271, plates; conflict with Lawton, 206–7; confronts Smith seeking to murder Geronimo, 216; death of, 273; deprived of credit for Geronimo surrender, 272, 273; described, 135; excluded from 1885 campaign, 165; misgivings about assignment, 201, 206–7, 216; seeks talks with Geronimo, 201, 202, 203; talks with Geronimo, 209–12, 219, 265; tries to abandon mission, 216–17; under Lawton’s command, 206–7
Gayleyville, Arizona, 117, 122
George (Chokonen chief), 102
George (White Mountain chief), 104, 109, 110, 150
Geronimo, 33, 52, 53, 60, 62, 72, 95, plates; abduction of Loco, 114–15; accused of plotting uprising, 254; adulthood, 14ff.; agrees to talk with Miles, 211–12; on Alope, 15; appraisal of at age 37, 34–35; appraisal of conduct in last two years of freedom, 219–20; arranges with Maus to talk with Crook, 181; arrives at Mount Vernon Barracks, 235–36, 265; attacked at Bugatseka, 164; attacked by army and scouts in Animas Mountains, 87, 89–90; attacked by Lawton on Yaqui River, 205–6; attacked by Mexicans, 99; autobiography of, 19, 57, 259–61, 277n1; and Bascom Affair, 38, 39, 40, 41, 43; at Battle of Alisos Creek, 120, 264; at Battle of Apache Pass, 48; at Battle of Horseshoe Canyon, 264; Betzinez on alcohol addiction of, 262; birthplace and date, 6; breaks for mountains again, 186; Brown fight, 197; as butcher, 130, 263, 264; and ceremonies, 10; characterized, ix–x, 1–2, 3, 264–68; and Cochise, 34–35; compared with other Indian leaders, 268–69; confronts Davis on tiswin, 156–57; confronts Mexican commander, 214–15; confronts Mexican infantry, 214; contracts venereal disease, 155, 266; courage and bravery of, 264; and culture, 10–11; culture of, 268; and curiosity seekers, 223, 226, 228, 233; death of, 262; denied enlistment in regular army, 243; described, 1, 19–20, 69, 105; described by an army officer, 244; described by a visitor, 244–45; drift from Mangas Coloradas, 45, 52, 54, 57; erratic behavior of, 264–65; establishes stronghold on Yaqui River, 199; as family man, 125, 267; family of, 6–7, 22; as farmer, 154–55; fight with Mexicans, 31, 191; first breakout, 1878, 96–97; flees Chiricahua Reservation, 85, 86; flees reservation, 158, 301n1; flight to Mexico with Loco, 115–21; at Fort Pickens, 226–29, 233; as Fort Sill village headman, 251–53; freed from San Carlos jail, 92, 94; funeral of, 262; as Goyahkla, 6; gullibility of, 149–50, 157, 267; Hatfield fight, 195, 197, 264; held at San Antonio, 223–25; homeland of, 3–4; on Howard, 70; at Howard peace conference, 63–64, 69–70; interview with General Stanley, 224, 225; interviewed in Omaha, 255–56; intrigue against Chihuahua and Naiche, 158; jailed at San Carlos, 1, 88, 91, 92; and Janos Massacre, 1851, 27–28; joins Dutch Reformed Church, 258–59; joins with Victorio in battle with US cavalry, 100; last raid in Arizona, 195, 196–97, 198; as leader, 115, 120, 161, 219, 220, 264, 265; leads Peck raid, 2–3, 196; leaves Chiricahua Reservation, 74, 76; Lebo fight, 193–94, 197, 264; legend of, ix, 263, 267; letter to Chappo, 240, 248–49; as liar, 141, 142, 158, 161, 184, 245–46, 265–66, 267; at Louisiana Purchase Exposition, 1904, 265–57; and Mangas Coloradas, 9–10, 17, 20, 30, 34; marches in 1904 inaugural parade, 257, 259; marriage, 15; as medicine man, 21, 155, 256, 266; meets Davis at border, 1884, 147; meets Lawton, 211; meets with Gatewood, 208–11; meets with Katiyah and Martine, 208–9; meets with President Roosevelt, 257–58; mission to persuade Geronimo to return to San Carlos, 101–3; moves to Fort Sill, 249–50; moves to Ojo Caliente Reservation, 87; myth of hero fighting for homeland, 3–4, 130, 262, 267–69; and name, 6, 18–19; at Nebraska Theater, 256; newspapers on, 5, 220, 223, 229, 263, 269; novitiate of, 12–14; at Omaha Indian Congress, 1898, 255–56; opens Eva’s boil, 257; opinions of Geronimo, 155; at Pan American Exposition, 1901,256; peace efforts at Casas Grandes, 1883, 144–45; peace talks at Casas Grandes, 1882, 127, 264; and Pinos Altos, New Mexico, 36–37; plans abduction of Loco, 114; plots to assassinate Davis, 158; Power, 2, 11, 21–22, 105, 130–31, 140, 267; and Pozo Hediondo, 23–26, 264; as prisoner of war, 222, 263; problems of, for historians, 260; raid to Sonoita Valley, 86–87; and raids, 19, 32, 34, 45, 73, 78, 81, 129–30, 132, 133, 143; raids southern Arizona, 87; reaches Skeleton Canyon, 217; relations with Juh, 15–16, 56, 57, 60, 97, 98, 108, 125; relations with Naiche, 94, 108, 183, 222; retrieves wife at Fort Apache, 172; returns to Chiricahua Reservation, 77; reunited with family, 233; and rift with Chatto, 152; at San Carlos, 1884, 149; as school disciplinarian and justice of the peace, 242–43; second breakout, 1881, 109–12; seeks family at Fort Apache, 166; seized by Clum, 1, 88, 91; sells craft work, 228, 238, 255, 256; settles on Chiricahua Reservation, 72; spiritual beliefs of, 259, 266; stronghold on Aros River attacked, 178–79; supports education, 240, 248–49; surrenders to Crook at Canyon de los Embudos, 184–85; surrenders to Miles, 217–18, 222, 310n9; suspicion and distrust, 108, 150, 157, 266–67; talks with Clum, 85; talks with Crook in Sierra Madre, 1883, 140–41; on train to Florida, 218–19, 221; tries to make peace at Fronteras, 207–8; at Turkey Creek, 151; turns on Wrattan, 245–46; in wars, 2, 19, 22; witnesses Mexican attack on Crawford, 179; wives of, 26, 35, 57; Wotherspoon on, 242–43; wounded by Mexicans, 1861, 45; writes family at Fort Marion, 227–28; writes General Stanley, 234; writes to Miles, 211, 232
Gila Mountains Arizona, 115
Gila River, New Mexico and Arizona, 6, 9, 29, 32, 34, 37, 41, 43, 46, 51, 55, 57, 73, 78, 86, 92, 95, 104, 109, 110, 115, 117, 130, 150, 172, 195, 277n1
Glorieta Pass, Battle of, 46
Gordo, 73, 87, 88, 90, 101, 102
Governors Island, New York, 245
Goyahkla. See Geronimo
Great Father, 33, 37, 59, 64, 75, 151, 224, 228
Griener, John, 31
Guadalupe Canyon, Arizona, 163, 164, 177, 215, 216
Guadalupe Mountains, Arizona, 102
Guaynopa, Chihuahua, 129, 131, 166
Hampton Industrial Institute, Virginia, 239
Harrison, Benjamin, 239–40, 241–42
Hart, Henry L., 94, 95, 96, 97
Hatfield, Charles A. P., 197, 200, 264
Hatfield fight with Geronimo, 197, 200, 264
Havana Harbor, 253
Hell’s Gate Canyon, Arizona, 2
Hermosillo, Sonora, 24
Hoazous, Sam, 118–19, 120, 129, 243, 244
Hooker Ranch, Arizona, 111
Horn, Tom, 214
Horseshoe Canyon, Arizona, 116
Horseshoe Canyon, Battle of, 116–17, 119, 120, 122, 123
Howard, Guy, 241–42
Howard, O. O., 62, 75, 78, 93, 134, 225, 240, 241, 245, 247; described, 61, 67; Geronimo on, 70; and peace mission to Cochise, 62–65, 66–70, 85, 102, 105
Howard, William P., 147
howitzers, 50
Huachenera, Sonora, 137
Huachuca Mountains, Arizona, 133
Huera (Mangas’s wife), 156, 157, 164
Indian Congress, 255
Indian Rights Association, 230–31, 236, 239
Indian Territory, 200, 203, 239, 242, 247
Ishton (Geronimo’s sister), 7
Ith-tedda (Geronimo’s wife), 155, 172, 236
Janos, Chihuahua, 16, 18, 19, 23, 34, 49, 51, 72, 95, 97, 100–101, 102, 113, 131, 167, 172; 1843 massacre at, 20; 1851 massacre at, 27–28, 31, 32, 127; and treaty negotiations with Apaches, 18, 23, 26, 98–99
Janos River, Chihuahua, 119
Jeffords, Thomas J., 59, 67, 68, 102, 103; as Chiricahua agent, 72–80, 78, 79, 81–82, 84–85, 96; at Howard peace conference, 61, 62, 64
Jerome Commission, 252
Jicarilla Apache tribe, 9
Johnson, John, 18
Johnson Massacre, 18
Jornada del Muerto, New Mexico, 285n9
Juan (brother of Cochise), 62
Juana (Geronimo’s mother), 6
Juh (Nednhi chief), 2, 21, 56, 60, 62, 69, 72, 74, 76, 77, 81, 85, 86, 90, 95, 97, 99, 100, 108, 110, 112, 113, 114, 119, 121, 125, 131, 143, 223, 260, 269, 277n1; alcohol addiction of, 127, 144; death of, 144–45; described, 15–16; 1882 massacre at Casas Grandes, 127–29; 1882 peace talks at Casas Grandes, 127; 1883 peace efforts at Casas Grandes, 144; loss of influence, 133, 145; mission to persuade to settle at San Carlos, 101–3; and Pozo Hediondo, 23–26; ranchería shattered by Mexican troops, 132–33, 144; relations with Geronimo, 56, 57, 97, 98, 108, 125; settles on Chiricahua Reservation, 72; stutters, 16, 85
Kansas, 203
Kanseah, 208
Kautz, August V., 77–78, 80, 81, 85, 89, 90, 93, 94, 96
Kayatena, 114, 119, 120, 130, 145, 146, 153, 187, 190, 251; at Canyon de los Embudos, 183–85, 187, 190; enlists in regular army, 243; as Fort Sill village headman, 251; life after POW status, 271–72; makes trouble at Turkey Creek, 151; sent to Alcatraz, 151–52
Kayitah, 200, 201, 202, 206, 208–9, 213, 216, 219, 222, 224, 225, 230, 233, 265, 271, 272
Kellogg, Edgar R., 254
Kilthdigai, 222
Kiowa-Comanche Reservation, 249, 252, 258, 269
Kiowa Indians, 175, 249, 250, 252, 268, 269
Kirker, James, 18
Lake Mohonk Conference of Friends of the Indian, 242–43
Lake Palomas, Chihuahua, 163, 172, 173
Lake Valley, New Mexico, 173
Lakota Sioux Indians, 257, 268
Lamar, L. Q. C., 204
Langdon, Loomis, 229–30, 233–34
Lang’s Ranch, New Mexico, 165
Lawton, Henry W., 197, 198, 216, 127, 218, 219, 225, 265; attacks Geronimo stronghold on Yaqui River, 205–6; campaign in Mexico, 198, 199, 200, 201–2, 203, 205; conflict with Gatewood, 206–7; confronts Mexican infantry, 213–14; described, 198; Miles exaggerates role of, 272; mission of, 196; tries to persuade Miles to talk with Geronimo, 213, 216
Lawton, Oklahoma, 258, 259, 262
Lena (Geronimo’s daughter), 236
Lincoln, Abraham, 37
Lipan Apache tribe, 270
Little Bighorn, Battle of, 192
Loco (Warm Springs chief), 48, 58, 59, 67, 87, 94, 95, 130, 132, 141, 143, 150, 154, 156, 157, 158, 161, 231, 271, plates; abducted by Geronimo, 115; death of, 271; flight to Mexico, 116–21; as Fort Sill village headman, 251; moved to San Carlos, 100, 105; warned of abduction from San Carlos, 113–14
Lonah, 222
Lordsburg, New Mexico, 136
Los Angeles, California, 66
Louisiana Purchase Exposition, 256
Ludwig, Larry, 284n6
Lulu (Geronimo’s daughter), 56, 125
Mackenzie, Ranald S., 121
Magdalena River, Sonora, 193
Mahco (Geronimo’s grandfather), 6, 7, 10, 12, 16, 272, 277n2
Mañanita (wife of Geronimo), 133, 144, 153
Mangas (son of Mangas Coloradas), 114, 151, 156, 158, 161, 163, 164, 166, 178, 182–83, 228, 232, 251, 271, plates
Mangas Coloradas, 7, 16, 18, 20–21, 22, 29, 32, 33, 34, 36, 43, 45, 55, 56, 57, 104, 108, 152, 156, 209, 228, 269, 271; and Ácoma peace treaty, 31–32; and American fur trappers, 29; appraised, 53–54; and attack on Pinos Altos, 46; and Bascom Affair, 38, 40, 43; at Battle of Apache Pass, 47–51; described, 9; and General Kearny, 29–30; and Geronimo, 9–10, 17, 20, 23, 98; and Johnson Massacre, 18; as leader, 17, 23; murdered, 53, 56; peace overture at Pinos Altos, 51–52; and Pozo Hediondo, 23–26, 264; and raids into Mexico, 19, 32, 34; and Steck, 33–34, 35; wounded, 49, 51
Marcías, Pedro S., 169
Martine, 201, 202, 206, 208, 209, 213, 126, 219, 222, 224, 225, 230, 233, 243, 251, 265, 271, 272
Martínez, Manuel, 24
Maus, Marion P., 180–81, 182–83, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 193
McComas, Charley, 136, 139, 172
McComas, Hamilton C., 136
McDonald, David N., 116–17
McDowell, Irvin, 56
McKinn, James “Santiago,”172, 186, 187
Medicine Lodge Treaty, 252
Memorandum of Agreement, 1883, 142, 153, 154
Meriwether, David, 33
Meriwether treaties, 33
mescal, 11, 144, 183, 208, 209
Mescalero Apache Reservation, New Mexico, 59, 100, 172, 269–70, 272, 278n2
Mescalero Apache tribe, 9, 155, 172, 269–70
Mesilla, New Mexico, 30, 36, 43, 45, 46, 50
Mexican War, 277n1
Mexico, 2, 3, 7, 16, 29, 31, 37, 72, 75, 79, 84, 85, 86, 87, 91, 94, 98, 99, 102, 108, 110, 112, 113, 114, 116, 117, 118, 121, 125ff., 136, 142, 150, 153, 164, 165, 173, 177, 198, 199, 200, 219, 220, 223, 251, 263, 264
Miles, Nelson A., 103, 188, 207, 208, 210–11, 217, 219, 221, 223, 228, 232, 234, 246, 247, 252, 254, 260, 265–66, 267, plates; assumes command in Arizona, 189, 193; campaign strategy, 193, 196, 197, 198, 201–2, 206; commands army, 273; criticized for portrayal of Geronimo campaign, 272; death of, 273; described, 192–93; Geronimo and Naiche surrender to, 217–18, 219, 224; issue of what Miles said at surrender, 226, 310n9; obfuscation in reports to president, 225; resists talking with Geronimo, 213, 216; and rivalry with Crook, 174, 176; seeks removal of all Chiricahuas from Arizona, 200
Mimbres Chihenne local group, 32, 33, 34, 37, 271
Mimbres Mountains, New Mexico, 172
Mimbres River, New Mexico, 31, 34, 43, 172
Missouri River, 203
Mobile, Alabama, 232, 237, 242, 244
Moctezuma, Sonora, 144
Mogollon Mountains, New Mexico, 6, 12, 18, 20, 32, 36, 38, 51, 130, 163, 167, 172, 173, 174, 228
Morrison, Pitcairn, 42–43
Motaos, 222
Mount Vernon, Alabama, 232, 237
Mount Vernon Barracks, Alabama, 235–47, 255, 265, 266, 270, 271, 272, plates; Chiricahuas moved to, 233; described by Bourke, 232–33; described by Eugene Chihuahua, 237, 239; school at, 240
Mountain Spirits, 10
Nácori Chico, Sonora, 99, 144, 163, 178, 180, 181
Nacozari River, Sonora, 24, 207
Naiche (Cochise’s son), 56, 78, 81, 84, 85, 96, 97, 101, 102, 103, 108, 110, 112, 114, 115, 119, 120, 127, 130, 132, 141, 144, 145, 146, 154, 156, 158, 161, 162, 163, 164, 166, 173, 178, 179, 181, 182, 183, 185, 186, 190, 193, 199, 200, 202, 207, 208, 209, 219, 220, 221, 227, 232, 250, 251, 253, 254, 255, 267, plates; becomes Chiricahua chief, 93; death of, 270; described, 93, 108, 221–22; effort to recover family at Fort Apache, 95–96; enlists in regular army, 243; held at San Antonio, 223–25; interviews with General Stanley, 224, 225; kills Skinya, 84; life after POW status, 270; as POW, 222, 233, 234; relations with Geronimo, 94, 108, 222; surrenders to Miles, 218; Walsh fight with, 196, 198
Nakadoklini, Cibicue Apache holy man, 108
Nana, Warm Spring leader, 48, 52, 67, 73, 87, 100, 104, 113, 121, 130, 141, 154, 157, 158, 167, 172, 173, 179, 181, 183, 186, 237, 248, 249, 269, 271, plates
Nana-tha-thtithl (Geronimo’s wife), 35, 45, 56
Napi, 222
Navajo scouts, 201
Nednhi Chiricahua band, 7, 15–16, 18, 20, 23, 57, 60, 62, 72, 78, 81, 85, 90, 91, 95, 98, 101, 103, 105, 110, 125
New Hampshire, 225
New Mexico, 1, 5, 6, 9, 26, 30, 33, 37, 42, 45, 46, 50, 52, 55, 56, 67, 64, 65, 68, 75, 76, 81, 85, 86, 89, 90, 94, 95, 99, 100, 113, 115, 116, 121, 123, 130, 133, 135, 147, 160, 165, 167, 172, 173, 174, 175, 178, 186, 200, 208, 221, 225, 228, 242, 277n1
Nez Perce Indians, 268
Nichols, James, 244
Noche, Chiricahua scout, 178, 182, 185, 200, 251
Nogales, Arizona and Sonora, 193, 197, 198
Nolgee, 85, 90, 95, 98, 99, 101
No-po-so, 15
North Carolina, 240
Nye, W. S., 272
Ojinaga, Chihuahua, 98
Ojo Caliente, New Mexico, 58, 59, 60, 68, 85
Ojo Caliente Apache Reservation, 1, 77, 86, 87, 88, 90, 94, 95, 98, 99, 100; reservation Apaches moved to San Carlos, 88, 91, 95, 100, 105
Ojo Caliente (also Warm Springs) Chiricahua local group, 7
Omaha, Nebraska, 189, 195, 255
Osama bin Laden, ix
Overland Trail, 37, 43, 46, 58
Pacific Ocean, 121
Pan American Exposition, 256
Parker, Quanah, 3, 257, 268–69
Pass of the North, Texas, 30
Patagonia Mountains, Arizona, 196, 197
Peck, Artisan L., 2, 196–97, 198, 264
Peloncillo Range, New Mexico and Arizona, 37, 51, 97, 110, 112, 115, 118, 211, 217
Pensacola, Florida, 226, 228, 234, 237
Pensacola Bay, Florida, 226, 229
Perico, 21, 222, 243, 251, plates
Pesqierira, Ignacio, 24
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 230
Philippine Insurrection, 272, 273
Picacho Peak, Battle of, 50
Pierce, Francis E., 154, 155–56, 157, 162, 174
Pierce, Franklin, 33
Pile, William A., 64–65
Pinal Apache Tribe, 71
Pinaleño Mountains, Arizona, 110, 111
Piñito Mountains, Sonora, 193
Pinos Altos, New Mexico, 36, 43, 45, 46, 51–53
Pinos Altos Mountains, New Mexico, 29, 35, 36–37, 55
Pionenay, 78, 84, 85–86, 87, 94, 95
Pitachaiche Mountains, Sonora, 182
Point of Mountains, Arizona, 111
Pope, Nathaniel, 67
Power (Apache attribute), 2, 11, 21–22
Pozo Hediondo, Battle of, 23–26, 31, 264
Pratt, Richard H., 230, 240, 241, 248, 249, 257
Prescott, Arizona, 66, 89, 122, 142, 157
Proctor, Redfield, 240, 241, 242
pulque, 11
Purington, George M., 259–60, 262
Rafferty, William A., 122, 123
raid and war, 12, 16, 130, 268
Randall, A. Frank, plates
Reed, Walter, 235–36, 237, 238, 241, 242, 246
Remington, Frederic, 146
Rincon Mountains, Arizona, 195, 196
Rio Grande, New Mexico, 30, 31, 32, 33, 39, 46, 47, 50, 51, 58, 90, 98, 100, 219
Robert (Geronimo’s son), 262, plates
Roberts, Thomas L., 50
Robinson, Daniel, 283n5
Rogers, Nicholas, 79, 80, 84, 85
Roosevelt, Theodore, 257, 259, 268, 273, 277n1
Rope, John, 139
Rough Riders, 273
Rucker, John A., 89–90
Rush Springs, Oklahoma, 249, 253, 254
Russell, George W., 245–46
Sahuaripa, Sonora, 24
Saint Augustine, Florida, 229, 230, 231, 237, 238
Saint Francis Barracks, Florida, 229
Saint Louis, Missouri, 93, 256
San Antonio, Texas, 223–25, 226, 230, 234
San Bernardino Ranch, 216
San Bernardino River, Arizona and Chihuahua, 137, 163, 182, 213, 215
San Bernardino Springs, Arizona, 102, 137, 145, 146, 183, 201
San Bernardino Valley, Arizona, 217
San Buenaventura, Chihuahua, 166, 169
San Carlos Apache Agency, 75, 86, 88, 90, 91, 92, 93, 95, 98, 99, 100, 101, 103, 105, 108, 109, 111, 113, 116, 117, 118, 120, 133, 135, 136, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 146, 147, 150, 153, 155, 156, 162, 173, 175, 179, 201, 271; corruption at, 93–94, 95, 96, 100, 101, 102, 125, 141
San Carlos Apaches, 136, 151, 243
San Carlos police, 78, 85, 88, 90–91, 96, 114, 115
San Carlos River, Arizona, 75, 105, 150
San Francisco, California, 56, 146, 151, 225
San Francisco River, New Mexico-Arizona, 60, 161
San Mateo Mountains, New Mexico, 100
San Miguel Mountains, Sonora, 198
San Miguel River, Sonora, 198
San Pedro River, Arizona, 42, 50, 84
San Pedro Valley, Arizona, 89, 148
San Simon Station, Arizona, 37, 122
San Simon Valley, Arizona, 117, 118, 122
Sánchez, 114
Santa Clara, Chihuahua, 167
Santa Clara River, Chihuahua, 166
Santa Cruz Mountains, Sonora, 195, 197
Santa Cruz River, Arizona, 2, 42, 89, 193, 195, 196, 197
Santa Fe, New Mexico, 30, 33, 46, 51, 56, 59, 121, 176
Santa Fe Trail, 46
Santa Lucía Springs, New Mexico, 9–10, 29, 31, 32, 34, 35, 37, 51, 52
Santa Maria, Chihuahua, 131
Santa Rita del Cobre, New Mexico, 29. See also copper mines
Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona, 45
Santa Rosa Island, Florida, 229
Santa Teresa Mountains, Arizona, 110
Satachi River, Sonora, 178
Schofield, John M., 141, 142, 176, 230, 240, 241, 243
Scott, Edward, 197
Scott, Hugh L., 249–50, 251, 252, 253, 259, 269–70, plates
Second Artillery, 229
Separ, New Mexico, 116
Serviano, 139
Seventh Cavalry, 249, 252, 254
Seventh Infantry, 42
Sheridan, Philip H., 175, 188, 200, 203, 225, 230, 231, 234, 237; attitude toward Apache scouts, 165, 176, 189, 193; calls on Crook for assurances on Apaches, 175, 177; commands army, 165; dies of heart attack, 234; directed to visit Crook at Fort Bowie, 175–76; orders Chatto delegation to Fort Marion, 204; orders Chiricahuas to Mount Vernon Barracks, 233; orders families of POWs at Fort Pickens to join men there, 233; orders POWs at Fort Pickens to Mount Vernon Barracks, 234; queries Crook on removal of entire Chiricahua tribe, 176, 187, 200; supports Crook’s strategy, 176
Sherman, John, 192
Sherman, William T., 66, 124, 136, 167, 192
Shit-sha-she (Geronimo’s wife), 57, 133
Sierra Blanca, New Mexico, 9, 100
Sierra Madre, Mexico, 2, 7, 15, 20, 24, 27, 57, 100, 113, 121, 125, 127, 135, 136, 144, 145, 160, 165, 168, 177, 178, 186, 190, 193, 221, 264; as Apache refuge, 121, 163; described, 121, 166; difficulties for military campaigns, 121, 137
Silver City, New Mexico, 90, 91, 136, 174
Sinclair, William, 237–38
Sioux Indians, 268
Sioux Wars, 192–93
Sisters of Charity, 230
Sixth Cavalry, 122
Sixth Mexican Infantry, 123
Skeleton Canyon, Arizona, 147, 211, 219, 220, 224, 238, 261, 273, 274
Skinya, Chiricahua leader, 76, 79, 80, 84, 85
Sladen, Joseph A., 62, 63, 68–70, 105, 286n3
Slaughter, John, 310n6
smallpox, 81
Smith, Abiel L., 214, 215–16, 219
Sommers, Richard, xii
Sonoita Valley, Arizona, 42, 87, 89
Sonora, Mexico, 2, 5, 9, 16, 18, 19, 23, 30, 32, 34, 57, 60, 63, 72, 73, 95, 99, 121, 125, 129, 130, 136, 143, 145, 146, 173, 176, 177, 178, 182, 186, 195, 196, 197, 198, 204, 207, 265, 277n1
Sonora River, Sonora, 24, 143, 164, 193, 198, 199
Southern Apache Agency, 90
Southern Pacific Railroad, 110, 116, 122, 163, 193
Spanish American War, 255, 259, 272, 273
Spence, Orizoba, 79, 80, 84, 85
Stanley, David S., 223; forwards Wrattan letter to Sheridan, 234; interviews Geronimo and Naiche, 223–25; letter to, from Wrattan, 234
Steck, Michael, 33–34, 35, 37, 42, 96
Steen, Enoch, 30–31, 32, 37, 42
Stein’s Pass, New Mexico, 37
Stein’s Peak, New Mexico, 37, 43, 51, 89, 116
Sterling, Albert, 115
Stoneman, George, 66
Sulphur Springs, Arizona, 64, 74, 79
Sulphur Springs Ranch, 147–48
Sulphur Springs Valley, Arizona, 38, 40, 50, 61, 74, 79, 112, 147
Sumner, Samuel S., 286n5
Sutherland, Charles, 246–47
Swisshelm Mountains, 112
Tanitoe, 200
Tarahumari Indians, 121, 132, 168, 179, 180
Taslishim (Geronimo’s father), 6, 12
Taza (Cochise’s son), 63, 76, 78, 80, 85, 88, 92–93, 94, 95; death of, 93
Teboka, 7
Teller, Henry M., 141
Tenth Infantry, 197
tequila, 11
Teras Mountains, Sonora, 178, 182, 208
Third Cavalry, 146
Tisnah (Geronimo’s son), plates
tiswin, 11, 78, 81, 96–97, 127, 152, 154, 156–57
Tocklanny, 251
Trans-Mississippi International Exposition, 255–56
Tres Castillos, Battle of, 100
Tribollet, Charles, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 190
Tucson, Arizona, 42, 45, 46, 47, 50, 59, 62, 85, 87, 88–89, 92, 195
Tucson Ring, 99
Tularosa Apache Reservation, New Mexico, 68, 73, 75, 77
Tularosa Valley, New Mexico, 60, 65
Tupper, Tullius C., 122, 123, 124
Turkey Creek, Arizona, 150, 154, 158, 173, 175, 184, 186, 190
Twelfth Infantry, 240, 249, 252
Tzoe. See Peaches
Ulzana, 145, 161, 164, 173, 175, 177, 178, 182, 184, 186
United States, 7, 29, 31, 72, 123, 136, 166, 169, 198, 214, 220, 223, 264
US Army Department of Arizona, 65, 102, 124, 134, 188, 192
US Army Department of New Mexico, 51
US Army Department of Texas, 226
US Army Department of the Missouri, 192
US Army District of Arizona, 57, 65
US Army District of New Mexico, 124, 162, 176
US Army Division of the Atlantic, 240
US Army Division of the Pacific, 66
US Board of Indian Commissioners, 64, 65
US Bureau of Indian Affairs, 31, 66, 92, 93, 96, 99, 100, 101
US Civil War, 35, 37, 44, 49, 51, 57, 64, 198, 229, 247
US Congress, 64, 175, 200, 203, 222, 230, 239, 241–42, 247
US Department of the Interior, 175, 222, 230, 269
US General Land Office, 37
US Senate, 33
US State Department, 73, 124, 150, 251
US Treasury Department, 150
US War Department, 88, 90, 124, 142, 150, 175, 222, 225, 234, 236, 260, 277n1; backs move of Chiricahuas from Mount Vernon, 222, 247; decision to move POWs to Fort Sill, 247; seeks to persuade Interior to accept Chiricahua prisoners of war, 222
Usen, 10, 11, 22, 223, 241, 248, 259, 266
Vandever, William, 74, 75, 93–94
Victorio, 52, 56, 59, 67, 68, 87, 90, 91, 93, 95, 98, 99, 100, 113, 269, 271; at Battle of Apache Pass, 48; breaks from San Carlos, 94, 95, 99; death at Tres Castillos, 100; described, 47–48; war with Americans, 68, 100, 104, 135, 138
Walsh fight with Naiche, 198
Ward, John, 42
Warm Springs (also Ojo Caliente) Chihenne local group, 7, 58, 87, 113–14, 271, 272
Washington, DC, 33, 37, 59, 65, 66, 74, 77, 93, 142, 146, 166, 174, 175, 176, 200, 203, 204, 205, 224, 225, 246, 271, 259, 270
Welsh, Herbert, 230–31, 232, 233, 234, 236, 239, 240
West, Joseph R., 51, 52–53, 56
West Point Military Academy, New York, 134, 146, 147, 163
Western Apache tribes, 9
Whetstone Mountain, Arizona, 69
Whipple Barrack, Arizona, 66, 121
whiskey, 11, 79, 127, 183, 191, 258, 262
White Mountain Apache Reservation, 1, 75, 78, 86, 114, 135, 142, 150, 153, 174, 175, 208
White Mountain Apache tribe, 7–8, 34, 42, 58, 73, 78, 86, 87, 88, 104, 108, 112, 136, 142, 150, 154, 163, 173, 210, 243
White Mountains, Arizona, 58, 86, 150
White Painted Woman, 10
White River, Arizona, 154, 155, 158, 172
Whitetail, New Mexico, 270
Wichita Mountains, Oklahoma, 200
Wilcox, Philip P., 141, 142, 153
Willcox, Arizona, 110, 111, 122, 136, 148
Willcox, Orlando B., 96, 101, 102, 103, 109, 114, 121, 124, 134
Winchester Mountains, Arizona, 111
Wingfield, Edward H., 31–32
Wood, Leonard, 198, 205, 206–7, 214, 216, 265, 272–73, 311n7
Wotherspoon, William W., 248, 250, 251, 266, plates; addresses Lake Mohonk Conference, 242–43; assigned to Mount Vernon, 242; fights whiskey-sellers, 242; on Geronimo, 242–43; on Geronimo’s “pow-wow,” 246; opposes Chiricahua move, 246–47; pays Apaches to work, 242; reassigned, 245; recruits regular army company, 243–44
Wrattan, George, 201, 217, 223, 224, 226, 227, 228, 232, 234, 267; at Fort Sill, 250, 251; on Geronimo, 105; as interpreter, 205, 207, 208, 209, 224; at Mount Vernon, 238, 244, 245–46, 248, 265; writes to Miles, 232, 234; writes to Stanley, 134
Yaqui River, Sonora, 129, 132, 143, 164, 196, 198, 199, 203, 208
Yuma Bill (scout), 116
Zele, 127, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 156, 157, 158
Zhone, 222