Notes

Executive summary

1.Moine, My Life in a Residential School, n.p.

2.Montour, Brown Tom’s School Days, 66–67.

3.Gladstone, “Indian School Days,” 21–22.

4.Brass, I Walk in Two Worlds, 26.

5.Gray, “I Will Fear No Evil,” 8–9.

6.“Two Die as Plane Crashes,” Nashua Telegraph, 13 November 1962. [68907546]

7.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6300, file 650-1, part 1, O. Charlebois to Duncan Scott, 21 September 1927; [BVL-000874] Louis Mederic Adam to Indian Affairs, 22 September 1927. [BVL-000879]

8.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6260, file 577-1, part 1, J. L. Fuller to A. MacNamara, 8 March 1930; [CLD-000933-0000] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6260, file 577-1, part 1, William Gordon to Assistant Deputy and Secretary, Indian Affairs, 10 March 1930; [CLD-000934] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6260, file 577-1, part 1, J. L. Fuller to A. MacNamara, 8 March 1930; [CLD-000933-0000] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6260, file 577-1, part 1, William Gordon to Assistant Deputy and Secretary, Indian Affairs, 10 March 1930. [CLD-000934]

9.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6186, file 460-23, part 1, “Statement of Albert Matinas,” 22 June 1942. [FTA-000116-0011]

10.TRC, NRA, National Capital Regional Service Centre – LAC – Ottawa, file 494/3-3-3, volume 1, “Provincial Police Report,” G. A. McMonagle, 19 December 1956. [PLK-001205-0001]

11.Canada, Canada’s Missing, Case Reference: 2006005399, https://secure.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/missing-disparus/case-dossier.jsf?case=2006005399&id=4 (accessed 16 September 2013).

12.Wasylow, “History of Battleford Industrial School,” 268.

13.Van Tighem et al., Missionaries Among Miners, 382. For closing date of the High River school, see: TRC, NRA, Provincial Archives of Alberta, PAA 71.220 B92 3866, W. M. Graham to Principal, Ermineskin Roman Catholic Boarding School, 28 October 1922. [OGP-030045]

14.Canada, House of Commons Debates, 39th Parliament, 1st session, volume 141, number 139 (24 April 2007), 1449–1450.

15.Canada, House of Commons Debates, 39th Parliament, 1st session, volume 141, number 139 (24 April 2007), 1450.

16.Letter from Justice Murray Sinclair to Minister Chuck Strahl, 15 September 2009; Canadian Council of Archives, “Documenting Truth and Reconciliation,” by Sharon Larade, 27 June 2007, http://www.cdncouncilarchives.ca/whnew2.html?67 (accessed 10 December 2014).

17.The Working Group on Missing Children and Unmarked Burials, Missing Children & Unmarked Burials.

18.Letter from Justice Murray Sinclair to Minister Chuck Strahl, 15 September 2009.

19.Letter from Justice Murray Sinclair to Minister Chuck Strahl, 18 January 2010.

20.For an example of reporting only the number of deaths, see: Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian ffairs, 1893, 88.

21.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1893, 91–97.

22.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6016, file 1-1-23, part 1, A. F. MacKenzie to Indian Agents, Principals of Indian Residential Schools, 17 April 1935. [SBR-001147-0000]

23.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6016, file 1-1-23, part 1, Indian Affairs Memorandum, 17 April 1935. [SBR-001147-0001]

24.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6016, file 1-1-23, part 1, A. F. MacKenzie to Indian Agents, Principals of Indian Residential Schools, 17 April 1935. [SBR-001147-0000] For an example of the form, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6016, file 1-1-23, part 1, Indian Affairs Memorandum, 17 April 1935. [SBR-001147-0001]

25.See, for example: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6315, file 655-23, part 1, P. Phelan to S. Lovell, 19 January 1937; [GUY-000094] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6314, file 655-10, part 1, Samuel Lovell to the Secretary, Indian Affairs, 25 January 1937; [GUY-000096] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6315, file 655-23, part 1, S. Lovell to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 7 November 1939. [GUY-000102-0000]

26.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 4037, file 317021, Peter H. Bryce to Frank Pedley, 4 June 1907. [CJC-000959-0002] For examples, see: Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1893, 107; TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, FA 10-1, volume 1346, Microfilm reel C-13916, Cowichan Agency – Incoming Correspondence re Kuper Island Industrial School, 1891–1907, NAC, Ottawa, G. Donckele to W. R. Robertson, 25 October 1900; [KUP-022107] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6453, file 884-5, part 3, 1930–1931, Kootenay Agency – Kootenay Residential School – Building Maintenance – Supplies – Accounts (Reports), FA 10-17, C. C. Perry to W. E. Ditchburn, 12 June 1930. [EGN-008478]

27.For examples, see: TRC, NRA, Anglican Church of Canada, General Synod Archives, Anglican Church of Canada, GS-75-103, B17, “Minutes of meeting of Indian and Eskimo Commission M.S.C.C. Held on Tuesday, January 11th, 1927,” 11; [AAC-083001] St. Boniface Historical Society, Archives Deschatelets, L 541 M27L 266, Brachet to père provincial, 20 October 1928; “Missing Birtle Girl Is Not Yet Found,” Winnipeg Free Press, 28 March 1930; “Find Body of Indian Girl, Long Missing, Winnipeg Free Press, 17 April 1930.

28.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6302, file 650-23, part 2, Inspector, Commanding Prince Albert Sub-Division to The Officer in Charge, RCMP, Regina, Saskatchewan, 10 September 1942. [BVL-000822]

29.For an example of a provincial government’s supporting Métis students in a residential school, see: TRC, NRA, Archdiocese of Grouard-McLennan, 0200B, W. E. Frame to Henri Routhier, 2 May 1946. [GMA-000200-0002]

30.Sadowski, “Preliminary Report on the Investigation,” 7–8.

31.TRC, LACAR, Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa, Department of Health fonds, Medical Services Branch sous-fonds, Medical Services Branch Central Registry File series, Administrative Records from Blocks 800 to 849 sub-series, finding aid 29-143, Perm. volume 2622, file number 800-4-9, file volume 1, file name “Records Retirement,” Indian and Northern Health Services Administrative Circular 57-66, Destruction and Retention of Documents, P. E. Moore, 7 August 1957. [46a-c000301-d0008-001]

32.Fontaine v. Canada (Attorney General), 2013 ONSC 684, 70.

Statistical analysis

1.Rosenthal, “Statistical Analysis of Deaths.” The statistical analysis did not include deaths on the Register of Deaths that Require Further Investigation.

2.Wexelman, Eden, and Rose, “Survey of New York Resident Physicians”; Smith Sehdev and Hutchins, “Problems with Proper Completion.”

3.Thompson, “Mechanisms of Fatal Pulmonary Hemorrhage.”

4.For Duncan Sticks, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6436, file 878-1, part 1, Statement of Reverend Henry Boening, 3 March 1902; [IRC-047093] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6436, file 878-1, part 1, Statement of Joseph Fahey, 3 March 1903; [IRC-047092] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6436, file 878-1, part 1, Statement of Antonio Boitano, 1 March 1902. [IRC-047086] For William Cardinal, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3921, file 116818-1B, J. F. Woodsworth to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 25 November 1918. [EDM-000956] For unnamed boy from The Pas, Manitoba, school, see: TRC, NRA, Anglican Church of Canada, General Synod Archives, Anglican Church of Canada, GS-75-103, B17, “Minutes of meeting of Indian and Eskimo Commission, M.S.C.C., Held on Tuesday, January 11th, 1927,” 11. [AAC-083001] For three unnamed boys from the Fort Alexander, Manitoba, school, see: St. Boniface Historical Society, Archives Deschatelets, L 541 M27L 266, Brachet to père provincial, 20 October 1928. For Agnes Ben, see: “Find Body of Indian Girl, Long Missing,” Winnipeg Free Press, 17 April 1930. For Percy Ochapowace, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6332, file 661-1, part 2, Royal Canadian Mounted Police Report, “Re: Percy Ochapowace – Death of, Ochapowace Indian Reserve, Saskatchewan,” H. S. Casswell, 19 January 1935; [RLS-000365-0003] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6332, file 661-1, part 2, J. P. B. Ostrander to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 19 January 1935. [RLS-000365-0001] For Allen Patrick, Andrew Paul, Justa Maurice, and John Jack, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6446, file 881-23, part 1, R. H. Moore to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 6 January 1937. [LEJ-004083-0000] For Andrew Gordon, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 9151, file 312-11 ACE, “Royal Mounted Police Report, Re Andrew Gordon (Juvenile), Deceased,” 16 March 1939. [GDC-009280-0001] For John Kioki, Michael Sutherland, and Michael Matinas, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6186, file 460-23, part 1, Paul Langlois to Constable Dexter, 14 June 1941. [FTA-000105-0001] For Leonard Major, Ambrose Alexander, and Alec Francis, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada – Ottawa, file 882-2, part 8, Kamloops Agency – Kamloops Residential School – Quarterly Returns, 1947–1952, FA 10-17, volume 6447, Microfilm reel C-8770, Library and Archives Canada – Ottawa, Indian Residential School Quarterly Return for Kamloops Indian Residential School, 30 September 1947, pages 8, 9, 10 of 20-page portable document file; [KAM-002274] TRC, ASAGR, RCMP-564517, Royal Canadian Mounted Police, E-Div NIRS task force Final Report, M. W. Pacholuk, “Final Report of the Native Indian Residential School Task Force, Project E-NIRS,” Royal Canadian Mounted Police, n.d., 49. [AGCA-564517] For Albert Nepinak, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6272, file 582-23, part 1, Royal Canadian Mounted Police Report, 9 April 1951. [PCR-000190] For Tom and Charles Ombash, see: TRC, NRA, National Capital Regional Service Centre – LAC – Ottawa, file 494/3-3-3, volume 1, “Provincial Police Report,” G. A. McMonagle, 19 December 1956. [PLK-001205-0001] For Beverly and Patricia Joseph, see: TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 961/25-2, volume 15, Admissions and Discharges – Kuper Island Residence, Cowichan Agency, B.C., 01/08/1958–02/07/1966 (Ctrl #34-15), IRSRC – Historical Files, J. V. Boys to Indian Commissioner for B.C., 29 January 1959. [KUP-200601] For Mabel Crane Bear and Belinda Raw Eater, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada – Edmonton, 772/25-1, volume 1, 04/60–06/70, N. Goater to A. H. Murray, 10 March 1962. [OLD-007287-0005] For Alfred Whitehawk, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada – Edmonton, RG10, Acc. E1996-97/415, box 36, file 25-2-662, 1964–1966, E. Turenne to K. Kerr, 6 June 1965. [SPR-006307] For Charlie Wenjack, see: TRC, NRA, The Presbyterian Church in Canada Archives, Toronto, On., Acc. 1988-7004, box 17, file 4, “Inquest Hears Tragic Tale of Runaway Boy,” Kenora Miner and News, 18 November 1966; Coroner’s Statement Upon Issu-ing His Warrant for Holding An Inquest in the Case of Charles Wenjack, R. Glenn Davidson, 4 November 1966; Report of Post-Mortem Examination, A-258, Charles Wenjack, 23 October 1966, Dr. Peter Pan; [CJC-007909] Adams, “Lonely Death of Charlie Wenjack,” 30–44. For Joseph Commanda, see: TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 451/25-2-004, volume 2, “Report on the Death of Joseph Commanda,” H. B. Rodine, 6 September 1968. [TAY-001114-0001] For Philip Swain and Roderick Keesick, see: TRC, NRA, INAC, file 487/18-2, volume 1, “2 Boys Died from Exposure,” Kenora Miner and News, 18 December 1970; [KNR-003158-0002] P. J. Hare to Indian Affairs, 7 December 1970. [KNR-003168] For Jack Elanik and Dennis Dick, see: TRC, NRA, Anglican Church of Canada, Diocese of the Arctic, General Synod Archives, file 110-09, Stringer Hall, Accession M96-7, series 2:1, Notice of missing boys, 1972; [AGS-000341] TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives Confidential, Hostels, 1971–1974, Archival box 8-24, Archival Acc. G1995-004, Leonard Holman to J. Coady, 14 July 1972. [SHU-000486]

5.See, for example: Jones, Genocide, 118–119; Milloy, A National Crime, 91–92’ The Truth and Reconciliation Commission, They Came for the Children, 29.

6.Churchill, Kill the Indian, 37–38.

7.University of Ottawa, The Society, the Individual and Medicine, “Definitions of Common Mortality Rates,” http://www.med.uottawa.ca/sim/data/Mortality_Defns_e.htm (accessed 7 April 2015).

8.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1893, 91–97.

9.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3964, file 149874, Martin Benson to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 24 March 1902. [RIS-000351]

10.Bryce, Report on the Indian Schools, 18.

11.Indian Affairs annual reports, School report tables, 1888 to 1908. The annual enrolments for these schools was: 1888, 12; 1889, 78; 1890, 98; 1891, 118; 1892, 161; 1893, 196; 1894, 249; 1895, 357; 1896, 377; 1897, 435; 1898, 468; 1899, 491; 1900, 483; 1901, 508; 1902, 544; 1903, 526; 1904, 528; 1905, 523; 1906, 557; 1907, 536.

12.Bryce, Story of a National Crime, 4.

13.Bryce, Report on the Indian Schools, 18–19.

14.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1907, 2:52–57.

15.Scott, “Indian Affairs,” 615.

16.Milloy, National Crime, 92; Churchill, Kill the Indian, 37.

17.The TRC has identified the following Old Sun’s students who died in the following school years. 1893–94: Charlie Big Lake; 1894–95: James Crowchief; 1895–96: Mike Calf Robe, George Weazle Robe, Ellis Scraping High, and Mabel Wood; 1896–97: John Harrington Bone Rib Medicine, Louie Bears Direction, and Gertie Red Old Man; 1897–98: Mary Appikoki; 1899–1900: Alic Run Rabbit; 1900–01: Nora Many Tail Feathers, Fanny Raw Eater, Edith Turn Robes Over; 1901–02: Fred Bone Rib Medicine; 1902–03: Peter Big Road, Charlie Many Times Going, Minnie Reddish Gun, Susie Ann Little Axe; 1903–04: Jessie Many Times Going In; 1904–05: Susie Eva Many Good, Agnes Black Boy, Martha Wolf Ear; 1906–07: Billy Bear Chief; 1908–09: Anna Big Plume, Mary Lefthand; 1909–10: Ada Keg. LAC, RG10, volume 3966, file 150000-14, Status of Pupils Present and Discharged – Old Sun’s Boarding School, 13 May 1909.

18.Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3957, file 140754-1, P. H. Bryce to F. Pedley, 5 November 1909.

Operational policies and custodial care

1.An Act further to amend “The Indian Act, 1880,” Statutes of Canada 1884, chapter 27, section 10, amending Statutes of Canada 1880, chapter 28, section 74, reproduced in Venne, Indian Acts, 97.

2.An Act respecting Indians, Statutes of Canada 1894, chapter 32, section 11, new sections added to Revised Statutes of Canada 1886, chapter 43, reproduced in Venne, Indian Acts, 164.

3.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6032, file 150-40A, part 1, “Regulations Relating to the Education of Indian Children,” Ottawa: Government Printing Bureau, 1894. [AGA-001516-0000]

4.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6032, file 150-40A, part 1, “Regula-tions Relating to the Education of Indian Children,” Ottawa: Government Printing Bureau, 1894. [AGA-001516-0000]

5.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6032, file 150-40A, part 1, John J. McGee, “At The Government House At Ottawa, Monday, 1st Day of April, 1895.” [AGA-0015160001]

6.Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 2552, file 112220, Hayter Reed to Assistant Indian Commissioner, 20 December 1894.

7.See, for example: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6255, file 576-1, part 1, Deputy Superintendent Indian Affairs to E. McColl, 8 March 1895; [BRS-000175] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6305, file 652-5, part 1, R. S. McKenzie to The Indian Commissioner, Regina, 30 October 1895. [SMD-001170-0000]

8.See, for example: Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1897, 161; Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3940, file 121698-13, Extract from a Report of the Committee of the Honourable Privy Council, Approved by His Excellency on the 20th September 1897; Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1898, 152.

9.TRC, NRA, “Regulations Relating to the Education of Indian Children,” Ottawa: Government Printing Bureau, 1908; [AEMR-010652] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6032, file 150-40A, part 1, Acting Deputy Minister [Justice?] to Deputy Superintendent General Indian Affairs, 24 June 1908. [AEMR-177176]

10.An Act respecting Indians, Statutes of Canada 1919–1920, chapter 50, section 1, amending Revised Statutes of Canada 1906, chapter 81, section 10, reproduced in Venne, Indian Acts, 178–179.

11.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6032, file 150-40A, part 1, Headquarters – Compulsory Attendance of Pupils – Indian Schools, 1904–1933, Microfilm reel C-8149, FA 10-17, Russell T. Ferrier to Mary Gilbert, 20 October 1926. [AEMR-255333]

12.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1931, 12.

13.An Act respecting Indians, Statutes of Canada 1932–33, chapter 42, section 1, amending Revised Statutes of Canada 1927, chapter 98, section 10, reproduced in Venne, Indian Acts, 248.

14.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6032, file 150-40A, part 1, Appointment of Truant Officers, D. C. Scott, 7 February 1927. [MRS-000045]

15.An Act respecting Indians, Statutes of Canada 1951, chapter 29, sections 113–122, reproduced in Venne, Indian Acts, 350–353.

16.An Act respecting Indians, Statutes of Canada 1951, chapter 29, section 119, reproduced in Venne, Indian Acts, 352.

17.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 1/25-1-5-2, volume 1, “Regulations With Respect to Teaching, Education, Inspection, and Discipline for Indian Residential Schools, Made and Established for the Superintendent General of Indian Affairs Pursuant to Paragraph (a) of Section 114 of the Indian Act,” 20 January 1953. [PAR001203-0001]

18.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6039, file 160-1, part 1, Martin Benson, Memorandum, 13, 15 July 1897. [100.00108]

19.For Indian Act, see: An Act respecting Indians, Statutes of Canada 1951, chapter 29, sections 113–122, reproduced in Venne, Indian Acts, 350–353. For regulations, see: TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 1/25-1-5-2, volume 1, “Regulations With Respect to Teaching, Education, Inspection, and Discipline for Indian Residential Schools, Made and Established for the Superintendent General of Indian Affairs Pursuant to Paragraph (a) of Section 114 of the Indian Act,” 20 January 1953. [PAR-001203-0001]

20.The Public Schools Act, Revised Statutes of Manitoba 1954, chapter 215, 923–1,114.

21.The Manitoba Gazette, April 9, 1955, 509–510.

22.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6358, file 758-1, part 1, Reverend Canon Gould to Duncan Campbell Scott, 26 January 1920. [IRC-041334]

23.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6032, file 150-40A, part 1, Headquarters – Compulsory Attendance of Pupils – Indian Schools, 1904–1933, Microfilm reel C-8149, FA 10-17, Indian Agent, Hagersville to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 20 February 1922; [AEMR-255312] An Act respecting Indians, Statutes of Canada 1919–1920, chapter 50, section 1, amending Revised Statutes of Canada 1906, chapter 81, section 10, reproduced in Venne, Indian Acts, 178–179.

24.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6309, file 654-1, part 1, J. K. Irwin to Indian Affairs, 22 October 1926. [GDC-006528]

25.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6309, file 654-1, part 1, J. D. McLean to J. K. Irwin, 29 October 1926. [GDC-006529]

26.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6032, file 150-40A, part 1, Headquarters – Compulsory Attendance of Pupils – Indian Schools, 1904–1933, Microfilm reel C-8149, FA 10-17, Russell T. Ferrier to Mary Gilbert, 20 October 1926. [AEMR-255333]

27.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1891, 222–243.

28.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1892, xii–xiii, 285–307.

29.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3879, file 91833, Order-in-Council, 22 October 1892. [RIS-000354]

30.For background, see: TRC, NRA, Anglican Church of Canada, General Synod Archives, ACC-MSCC-GS 75-103, series 3:1, box 48, file 3, F. Pedley to N. Tucker, 26 March 1909; [AAC-090228] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6039, file 160-1, part 1, Superintendent General Indian Affairs to T. Ferrier, 18 July 1908. [AEMR-016328]

31.TRC, NRA, Anglican Church of Canada, General Synod Archives, ACC-MSCC-GS 75-103, series 3:1, box 48, file 3, Assistant-Deputy to S. P. Matheson, 25 November 1910. [AAC-090237]

32.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6039, file 160-1, part 1, “Correspondence and Agreement Relating to the Maintenance and Management of Indian Boarding Schools,” Ottawa: Government Printing Bureau, 1911. [AEMR-120208A] For the average per capita grant, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6032, file 150-40A, part 1, Headquarters – Compulsory Attendance of Pupils – Indian Schools, 1904–1933, Microfilm reel C-8149, FA 10-17, “Re: Per Capita Grants at Indian Residential Schools,” Russell Ferrier, 5 April 1932. [120.18050] For 1910 rates, see: Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1910, 2:55–56.

33.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6039, file 160-1, part 1, Memorandum, 26 June 1917. [AEMR-010655]

34.TRC, NRA, No document location, no document file source, “Notes on Indian Education,” Memorandum for Hon. Mr. Meighen, 1919. [AEMR-010656]

35.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6039, file 160-1, part 1, Martin Benson to Scott, 7 February 1916. [100.00230]

36.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3674, file 11422, E. Dewdney to Thomas Clarke, 31 July 1883. [120.06668]

37.Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3674, file 11422, L. Vankoughnet to John A. Macdonald, 10 January 1884. Vankoughnet never sent Dewdney a copy of these instructions. When Dewdney accidentally came upon them a year later, he angrily wrote to Vankoughnet, pointing out that the document would “have been a good guide to me in assisting to organize the Schools at High River and Qu’Appelle had I received it before.” Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3674, file 11422-1, E. Dewdney to L. Vankoughnet, 18 November 1884.

38.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6452, file 884-1, part 1, L. Vankoughnet to P. Durieu, 17 October 1889. [AEMR-010307]

39.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6452, file 884-1, part 1, MR C 8773, “Rules and Regulations, Kootenay Industrial School,” 17 October 1889 [AEMR-011621A]

40.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1894, xxi. As early as 1897, Schools Branch employee Martin Benson expressed reservations about having the schools inspected by Indian agents, who, he believed, were “opposed to make an adverse report on a school if there is any way of avoiding it, it being more than likely that such action would bring them into collision with the Missionaries and interfere with their authority among the Indians.” The department’s inspectors, he believed, devoted too much attention to “inventories, statements, returns, accounts, &c, and pass lightly over such high matters as the general progress, management and results obtained.” There was, he said, no one “in the Department who has ever seen more than a few of our principal schools or knows how they are carrying on the work best suited to the wants of the Indians.” TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6039, file 160-1, part 1, Martin Benson, Memorandum, 15 July 1897. [100.00108]

41.For an example of a principal’s calling for pre-screening of students in 1884, see: Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3676, file 11422-5, Indian Commissioner to Superintendent General Indian Affairs, 2 October 1884.

42.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 1135, No file number, [Illegible] for the Commissioner, to Principals, 26 May 1896. [EDH-002544-0000]

43.Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3957, file 140754-1, Frank Pedley to Frank Oliver, 19 April 1909.

44.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6039, file 160-1, part 1, “Correspondence and Agreement Relating to the Maintenance and Management of Indian Boarding Schools,” Ottawa: Government Printing Bureau, 1911. [AEMR-120208A]

45.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6323, file 658-10, part 1, “Certificate of Health,” 5 August 1920. [PAR-020341-0002]

46.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6323, file 658-10, part 1, “Certificate of Health,” 5 August 1920; [PAR-020341-0002] Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3957, file 140754-1, Frank Pedley to Frank Oliver, 19 April 1909.

47.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, file 885-10, part 6, Cowichan Agency – Kuper Island Industrial School – Admissions – Discharges 1934–1939, FA 10-17, Perm. volume 6457, “Application for Admission,” 17 March 1933. [KUP-265021]

48.Hansen, Regulation of Building Construction; Revay and Associates Limited, Issues Paper, 1–2.

49.Health Canada, Food and Nutrition, Canada’s Food Guides from 1942 to 1992, http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/food-guide-aliment/context/fg_history-histoire_ga-eng.php#fnb9 (ac-cessed 14 December 2013).

50.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6014, file 1-1-6 MAN, part 1, Duncan Campbell Scott to Mr. Meighen, 6 June 1920. [NCA-002405]

51.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3927, file 116836-1A, Martin Benson to Deputy Superintendent General, 1 June 1903; [RIS-000047] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 2771, file 154845, part 1, Martin Benson to Deputy Superintendent General, 24 June 1903; [TAY-003529] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6300, file 650-1, part 1, Martin Benson to Deputy Superintendent General, Indian Affairs, 6 September 1906; [BVL-000743] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6273, file 583-1, part 1, Martin Benson to Mr. Scott, 8 September 1915. [PLP-000917]

52.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6014, file 1-1-6 MAN, part 1, Russell T. Ferrier to R. Fletcher, 18 May 1922. [NCA-002423-0001]

53.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 4044, file 344441, Tom Lean to J. A. J. McKenna, 22 June 1909; [SBR-001705-0000] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6014, file 1-1-6 MAN, part 1, Russell T. Ferrier to A. B. Fallis, 6 November 1923. [NCA002431]

54.Canada, Special Joint Committee, 1947, 1140–1141.

55.TRC, NRA, DIAND HQ, file 1/25-13-2, volume 2, J. H. Gordon to Mr. MacDonald, 27 June 1968. [AEMR-022008]

56.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 1/25-13-2, volume 1, R. F. Battle to Deputy Minister, 31 October 1966. [MRS-001463]

57.Bynum, Spitting Blood, 140.

58.For the Nutrition Division proposal, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 8796, file 1/25-13, part 4, L. B. Pett to H. M. Jones, 21 March 1958. [NPC-400776] For the accepted proposal, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG55, FA 55-19, volume 20784, Treasury Board Submission 559690, Req. Authority for the Recommendation and Establishment of Domestic Staff, Laval Fortier to Secretary, Treasury Board, 22 January 1960. [120.04620]

59.For an example from the Prairies, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3674, file 11422, “Required for the use of the Industrial Schools about to be opened in the N.W. Territories at Qu’Appelle, Battleford, and in Treaty 7.” [PLD-009144] For examples from British Columbia, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6452, file 884-1, part 1, C-8773, “Rules and Regulations, Kootenay Industrial School”; [AEMR-011621A] L. Vankoughnet to P. Durieu, 17 October 1889. [ABV-003457]

60.TRC, NRA, Anglican Church of Canada, General Synod Archives, ACC-MSCC-GS 75-103, series 3:1, box 48, file 3, Assistant Deputy to S. P. Matheson, 25 November 1910. [AAC-090237]

61.Health Canada, Food and Nutrition, Canada’s Food Guides from 1942 to 1992, http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/food-guide-aliment/context/fg_history-histoire_ga-eng.php#fnb9 (ac-cessed 14 December 2013).

62.For an example from Qu’Appelle in the 1890s, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3675, file 11422-4, J. Hugonnard to E. Dewdney, 5 May 1891, 4. [PLD-009435] For an example from British Columbia in the 1890s, see: Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1892, 260. For an example from British Columbia in 1910, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, FA 10-13, volume 3918, Microfilm reel C-10161, file 116.659-1, 1892–1920, Spec. Claims Kamloops Agency: General Correspondence Pertaining to Kamloops Industrial School, A. M. Carion to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 27 June 1910. [KAM-009714] For examples from Saskatchewan in 1921, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6320, file 658-1, part 1, L. Turner to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 23 March 1921; [PAR-000950-0000] Duncan C. Scott to S. Gould, 1 April 1921. [PAR-000950-0001] For an example from Manitoba in 1895, see: Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1895, 114. For an example from British Columbia in 1918, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3918, file 116659-1, John F. Smith to Assistant Deputy and Secretary, Indian Affairs, 29 March 1918. [AEMR-255360] For an example from Alberta in 1921, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6348, file 752-1, part 1, 1894–1936, Microfilm reel 8705, “Extract of report of G. H. Gooderham, for month of October 1921.” [CFT-000148] For an example from Saskatchewan in 1921, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6320, file 658-1, part 1, L. Turner to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 23 March 1921. [PAR-000950-0000] For an example from Saskatchewan in 1929, see: TRC, NRA, No document location, no document file source, Lucy L. Affleck to Dr. Barner, 3 October 1929. [UCB-005108]

63.For a 1931 example from British Columbia, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6467, file 889-1, part 1, 12/1894–11/1933, Vancouver Agency – Squamish Residential School – General Administration, FA 10-17, Microfilm reel C-8785, NAC, Ottawa, F. J. C. Ball to R. T. Ferrier, 20 July 1931. [SQU-000469] For a 1931 example from Manitoba, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6267, file 580-1, part 2, A. G. Hamilton to Indian Affairs, 6 November 1931. [DRS-000589] For a 1935 example from Alberta, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, Shannon File 4, part 2, volume 11949, 1930–1935, “Lesser Slave Lake Agency,” Driftpile, Alberta, 31 January 1935, Report for January 1935, N. P. L’Heureux. [MAR-003845-0000] For 1936 and 1938 examples from British Columbia, see: TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, 961/23-5, 1922–1964, volume 1, RCAP, G. H. Barry to C. C. Perry, 17 March 1936; [KUP-000267-0001] TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, 961/23-5, 1922–1964, volume 1, RCAP, G. H. Barry, “Inspector’s Report,” 27 March 1938. [KUP-000263-0003]

64.Farrell, Congress on Tuberculosis, 12.

65.For a 1914 example from Saskatchewan, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3933, file 117657-1, Microfilm reel C-10164, W. M. Graham to Duncan C. Scott, 1 October 1914. [AEMR-013533] For 1922 examples from Saskatchewan, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6337, file 663-1, part 1, Russell T. Ferrier to Reverend A. Watelle, 31 January 1922; [THR-000149] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6327, file 660-1, part 2, “Memorandum for File,” Russell T. Ferrier, 17 March 1922. [PLD-007242] For a 1923 example from British Columbia, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6444, file 881-5, part 2, 1922–1924, Microfilm reel C-8767, “Extract from Inspector’s Report on the Fraser Lake Residential School, dated April 23rd and 24th, 1923.” [LEJ-003751] For a 1923 example from Saskatchewan, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6318, file 657-1, part 1, A. F. MacKenzie to J. B. Hardinge, 21 September 1923. [MDD-000731] For a 1926 example from Saskatchewan, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6324, file 659-5, part 2, “Onion Lake R.C. Boarding School,” 1926. [ORC-000346-0001] For 1927 examples from Manitoba, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6252, file 575-5, part 2, A. G. Hamilton to Mr. Graham, 23 June 1927; [BIR-000079] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6268, file 580-14, part 1, A. F. MacKenzie to J. W. Waddy, 25 April 1927. [DRS-000574] For a 1928 example from Saskatchewan, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6315, file 655-14, part 1, “Extract from Report of Mr. Inspector Hamilton Dated October 24th, 1928, on his inspection of the Guy Indian Residential School.” [GUY-051450] For a 1929 example from Alberta, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6343, file 750-5, part 3,J. D. McLean to E. Ruaux, 8 November 1929. [MRY-009750] For a 1931 example from British Columbia, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6467, file 889-1, part 1, 12/1894–11/1933, Vancouver Agency – Squamish Residential School – General Administration, FA 10-17, Microfilm reel C-8785, NAC, Ottawa, A. F. MacKenzie to F. J. C. Ball, 25 June 1931. [SQU-000467] For a 1933 example from Manitoba, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6267, file 580-1, part 2, “Extract from the January report of Nurse Pears, re The Pas Agency,” 18 February 1933. [DRS-000606] For a 1937 example from British Columbia, see: TRC, NRA, No document location, no document file source, T. M. Kennedy to Reverend Father Provincial, 2 December 1937. [OKM-000248]

66.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6455, file 884-14, part 1, Microfilm reel C-8777, “Extract from report of Inspector Cairns, Dated Nov. 9, 1922, on the Kuper Island Industrial School.” [KUP-003836-0000] Students who attended residential schools in the 1920s and 1930s often spoke of how milk and butter that were produced at the schools were being sold to support school operations. For examples, see: Moine, My Life in a Residential School, n.p.; Graham, Mush Hole, 374, 441; Baker, Khot-La-Cha, 30. Students also reported that staff diets included cream and butter, while they were limited to skimmed milk. See, for examples: Callahan, “On Our Way to Healing,” 53; Graham, Mush Hole, 446.

67.See, for example: Johnston, Indian School Days, 32; Knockwood, Out of the Depths, 80–81; Manuel and Posluns, The Fourth World, 66; Moran, Stoney Creek Woman, 53.

68.Elizabeth Graham’s book The Mush Hole: Life at Two Indian Residential Schools is an essential source of information on food at these institutions. See: Graham, Mush Hole, 455. For specific comments of students from these schools on food quality, see: Graham, Mush Hole, 357, 363, 368, 435, 446, 449, 455, 458.

69.See, for example: TRC, NRA, Provincial Archives of British Columbia, Kuper Island Industrial School, Add Mss 1267 V. 39, Kuper Island Conduct Book, Antone, No. 70; Edward, No. 71; Felix, No. 72; Thomas, No. 78; Louis Dick, No. 81; Jeannin, No. 82; Francis, No. 83; Frank, No. 85; Willie, No. 87; Basile, No. 94; Archie, No. 96; Abraham Crocker, No. 99; Robert Paul, No. 101; Francis, No. 102; Emile Keith, No. 108; Frank, No. 109; John Baptist, No. 110; Robert Iravis [Illegible], No. 114; Thomas, No. 117; Baptiste Paul, No. 134. [KUP-005146] See also: Brass, I walk in two worlds, 24, 25–26; Callahan, “On Our Way to Healing,” 109; Wasylow, “History of Battleford Industrial School,” 481; Graham, Mush Hole, 441, 455.

70.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6258, file 576-10, part 9, Mrs. George Perger to Indian Affairs, 18 November 1935. [NCA-011504-0002]

71.See, for examples: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6436, file 878-1, part 1, Statement of Mary Sticks, 28 February 1902; [IRC-047079] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6436, file 878-1, part 1, Statement of Christine Haines, 28 February 1902; TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6436, file 878-1, part 1; [IRC-047082] Statement of Ellen Charlie, 28 February 1902; [IRC-047081] “Damages for Plaintiff in Miller vs. Ashton Case,” Brantford Expositor, 1 April 1914.

72.See, for examples: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6268, file 581-1, part 1, T. Ferrier to Chief Berens, 29 September 1915; [NHU-001892] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6422, file 869-1, part 2, Microfilm reel C-8754, M. Alexander, J. Jones, S. Wallace, M. Norman to A. M. Tyson, 12 January 1915; [COQ-000392] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, Perm. volume 6451, file 883-1, part 1, Bella Coola Agency– Kitamaat Boarding School – General Administration, 1906–1932, FA 10-17, Microfilm reel C-8773, “Royal Canadian Mounted Police Report, Re: Kitimat Indian Reserve, Re: Hanna Grant, Deceased, 15 June 1922,” I. Fougner to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 15 June 1922. [KMT095676-0001]

73.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6320, file 658-1, part 1, L. Turner to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 23 March 1921; [PAR-000950-0000] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6320, file 658-1, part 1, Duncan C. Scott to S. Gould, 1 April 1921. [PAR-000950-0001]

74.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6058, file 265-13, part 1, E. L. S. to J. P. Mackey, 18 September 1929. [SRS-000242]

75.For a 1909 example, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, FA 10-13, volume 3918, Microfilm reel C-10161, file 116.659-1, 1892–1920, Spec. Claims Kamloops Agency: General Correspondence Pertaining to Kamloops Industrial School, A. M. Carion to A. Irwin, 16 September 1909. [KAM-009710] For an example from the 1920s, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6039, file 160-1, part 1, John T. Ross to C. Brouillet, 21 July 1920. [AEMR-016665]

76.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3674, file 11422, E. Dewdney to Reverend Thomas Clarke, 31 July 1883. [120.06668]

77.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6327, file 660-1, part 1, Martin Benson to Deputy Superintendent General, 23 December 1903. [PLD-008655-0001]

78.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 7185, file 1/25-1-7-?, part 1, R. A. Hoey to Dr. McGill, 4 November 1938. [AEMR-120432]

79.For an example of parents’ not returning their children to school due to poor diet at the school, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6209, file 468-10, part 3, Don Robertson to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 13 September 1931. [MER-001114] For an example of a parent’s seeking to withdraw children from school because of diet, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6262, file 578-1, part 5, Mrs. W. Sinclair to Dr. Alderwood, 5 January 1945. [ELK-000406-0001] For concerns raised by physicians, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6262, file 578-1, part 5, R. A. Hoey to Canon L. A. Dixon, 27 October 1944. [ELK-000400] See also: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG29, volume 2913, file 851-1-A501, part 2, Cameron Corrigan to P. E. Moore, 9 October 1941. [NPC-621771] For concerns raised by nutritionists, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG29, volume 2989, file 851-6-4, part 1, Nov/44–Jan/56, Nutrition in Indian Schools, B. Thorsteinsson to Vera Simons, 25 November 1944. [AEMR-172705B] For examples of concerns raised by an Indian agent, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 10752, Shannon File, 1944, Misc. Outgoing Correspondence, F. Matters to Indian Affairs, Ottawa, 7 January 1945; [CRS-001636] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6309, file 654-1, part 3, R. S. Davis to Indian Affairs, 17 October 1945. [GDC-017606] For concerns raised by principal, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG29, volume 2989, file 851-6-4, part 1, Nov/44–Jan/56, Nutrition in Indian Schools, A. B. Cheales to Secretary, Indian Res. School Comm. Winnipeg, 1 April 1946. [AEMR-172697A] For authorized pupilage, see: TRC, NRA, Anglican Church of Canada, General Synod Archives ACC-MSCC-GS 75-103, series 2:15, box 27, file 3, untitled financial document, page 8 of 22-page portable document format file. [ANG-083405] For concerns raised by church official, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG29, volume 2989, file 851-6-4, part 1, Nov/44–Jan/56, Nutrition in Indian Schools, H. A. Alderwood to A. B. Cheales, 12 April 1946. [AEMR-172697]

80.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3222, file 540514, part 2, R. A. Hoey to L. A. Dixon, 31 October 1944. [TAY-000204]

81.For report on the Spanish, Ontario, school, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6033, file 150-44, part 2, “Report of Food Survey, Indian Residential School, Spanish, Ontario, March 11–15, 1945.” [AGA-000312-0001] For a report on the Sault Ste. Marie, Muncey, and Kamloops schools, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG29, volume 973, file 388-6-1, part 1, 03/1948–08/1948, “Summary of Reports, The Canadian Red Cross Society,” 16 July 1946. [AEMR-170089]

82.TRC, NRA, DIAND, file 6-21-1, volume 1, Indian Work Investigation Commission: Report to the General Synod, Winnipeg, 1946, 7. [AEMR-016149]

83.For the Anglican position, see: TRC, NRA, Anglican Church of Canada, General Synod Archives, GS 75-103, series 3-3, box 70, “A Brief Submitted by the Church of England in Canada to the Special Joint Committee of the Senate and House of Commons Appointed to Consider The Indian Act,” 25 March 1947, 9. [CRS-002139-0000] For United Church, see: Canada, Special Joint Committee, 1947, 1499.

84.Canada, Special Joint Committee, 1946, 805.

85.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG29, volume 973, file 388-6-1, part 1, 03/1948–08/1948, Director to H. A. Alderwood, 26 August 1946. [AEMR-170100]

86.For a critical report on schools in northwestern Ontario, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG29, volume 973, file 388-6-1, part 1, 03/1948– 08/1948, “Health Aspects in Relation to Food Services: Indian Residential Schools,” Nutrition Division Department of National Health and Welfare, November 1946. [AEMR-170062A] For deficiencies at the Presbyterian school in Kenora, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG29, volume 975, file 388-6-13, “Report on Inspection of Food Service, Cecilia Jeffrey Indian Residential School, Kenora, Ontario, Sept 17 to 20, 1946.” [CJC-001927-0000] For over all assessment of deficiencies in the schools, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG29, volume 973, file 388-6-1, part 1, 03/1948–08/1948, “Food Service in Indian Residential Schools for Dominion Provincial Nutrition committee,” 6 December 1946. [AEMR-170024] For a 1947 assessment of the Brantford, Ontario, school, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG29, volume 2989, file 851-6-4, part 1, Nov/44–Jan/56, “Report on inspection of food service, Mohawk Institute, Brantford, Ontario,” 10 January 1947. [AEMR-172692] For a critical assessment of the Delmas, Saskatchewan, school in 1947, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG29, volume 975, file 388-6-39, “Report and Recommendations on Food Service at Thunderchild School,” 20 May 1947. [120.14503] For a critical assessment of six Alberta schools in 1947, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG29, 974, file 388-6-3, E. L. Stone to Director, Indian Health Services, 3 March 1947. [120.14442] For a critical assessment of the Morley, Alberta, school in 1947, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG29, volume 2989, file 851-6-4, part 1, Nov/44–Jan/56, Nutrition in Indian Schools, “Report on Inspection of Food Service, Morley IRS,” 28 February 1947. [120.03087A] For a critical assessment of the Hobbema, Alberta, school in 1947, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG29, volume 2989, file 851-6-4, part 1, Nov/44–Jan/56, Nutrition in Indian Schools, Ermineskin, 22 February 1947. [120.03083] For a negative assessment of seventeen schools in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and northern Ontario, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Ar-chives Canada, RG29, volume 973, file 388-6-1, part 1, “Report on Visits to Indian Residential Schools – Autumn, 1947,” Alice McCready, 1947. [AEMR-010868]

87.For an Indian agent report on the Alert Bay, British Columbia, school, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6426, file 875-1, part 4, M. S. Todd to Indian Affairs Branch, 11 October 1947. [MIK-002278] For a report from a principal, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6200, file 466-1, part 5, W. J. Zimmerman to B. F. Neary, 6 December 1947. [IRC-042002]

88.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG29, volume 973, file 388-6-1, part 1, 03/1948– 08/1948, L. B. Pett to B. F. Neary, 9 July 1947. [AEMR-174127]

89.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG29, volume 2989, file 851-6-4, part 2, L. B. Pett to P. E. Moore, 19 July 1956. [NPC-620151a]

90.For a report from the Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, school, see: TRC, CAR, Anglican Church of Canada Archives, MSSC Indian School Administration, Visit Reports, GS 75-103, box 24, file 1, “Visit of Major-General G. R. Turner to Shingwauk School, 6th–9th February, 1954.” [13a-c000033-d0029-001] For examples from the Brandon, Manitoba, school, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 7194, file 511/25-1-015, G. H. Marcoux to R.S. Davis, 12 October 1951; [BRS-000882] G. H. Marcoux to Davis, 5 November 1953. [BRS-000966] For a report from the Edmonton, Alberta, school, see: TRC, NRA, United Church of Canada/Victoria University Archives, Acc. No: 83.050C, box 112, file 16, Edmonton IRS– 1955–1957/UCC Docs, Toronto, “Edmonton Indian Industrial School Annual Report,” O.B. Strapp, 31 December 1955. [UCA-080323] For a report from the Lytton, British Columbia, school, see: TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, 956/1-13, volume 1, 01/51–05/67, “Complaints Regarding St. George’s Residential School at Lytton, B.C.,” Betty-Marie Barber, 13 December 1957. [IRC-041212]

91.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 8796, file 1/25-13, part 4, D. M. Watters to Laval Fortier, 25 October 1957. [NCA-013420]

92.For the Nutrition Division proposal, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, 8796, file 1/25-13, part 4, L. B. Pett to H. M. Jones, 21 March 1958. [NPC-400776] For the accepted proposal, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG55, FA 55-19, volume 20784, Treasury Board Submission 559690, Req. Authority for the Recommendation and Establishment of Domestic Staff, Laval Fortier to Secretary, Treasury Board, 22 January 1960. [120.04620]

93.For an example of improvements in Edmonton, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG29, volume 2989, file 851-6-4, part 3b, K. Ann Feyrer to Regional Superintendent, Indian and Northern Health Services, Foothills Region, 2 December 1959. [NPC-620161] For changes at the Hobbema, Alberta, school, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG29, volume 2989, file 851-6-4, part 3b, K. A. Feyrer to Regional Superintendent, Foothills Region, 21 March 1960. [120.16281] For reports from the Roman Catholic school at Kenora, Ontario, see: TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 129/25-1-016, volume 1, “Inspection of Food Services – Indian Residential Schools, St. Mary’s School, Kenora, Ontario,” 1961. [KNR-000251-0000] For reports from the Cluny, Alberta, school, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG29, volume 2989, file 851-6-4, part 3b, K. Ann Feyrer, Foothills Region, Regional Superintendent, Foothills Region, Medical Services, 1 March 1963. [120.16943]

94.For an example from Williams Lake, British Columbia, in 1959, see: TRC, NRA, No document location, no document file source, L. K. Poupore to Alex Morris, 2 August 1959. [OBG-004022] For an example from Norway House, Manitoba, in 1960, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG29, volume 2989, file 851-6-4, part 2, “Norway House Indian Residential School operated by the United Church of Canada,” 4 February 1960. [NPC-620114] For an example from the Anglican school in Fort George, Québec, in 1960, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 8798, file 371/25-13-019, part 2, R. F. Davey to P. E. Moore, 27 July 1960. [FGA-001150] For an example from the Anglican school in Cardston, Alberta, in 1961, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG29, volume 2989, file 851-6-4, part 2, “St. Paul’s Indian Residential School, Cardston, January 1961.” [NPC-620101a] For an example from the Morley, Alberta, school in 1961, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives, RG29, volume 2989, file 851-6-4, part 2, “Morley Indian Residential School, Morley, Alberta,” 16 February 1961. [NPC-610006b] For an example from the Fort Chipewyan, Alberta, school in 1961, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG29, volume 2989, file 851-6-4, part 3b, “Inspection of Food Services, Indian Residential Schools, Holy Angels Residence, September 27, 1961.” [NPC-620195] For an example from the Cluny, Alberta, school, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG29, volume 2989, file 851-6-4, part 3b, “Inspection of Food Services – Indian Residential Schools,” Crowfoot IRS, 15 December 1961. [120.16669]

95.For the delays, see: TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 600-1-6, volume 3, Hostel Management – N.W.T. [General and Policy], Jan. 1961– Oct. 1961, R. A. Bishop for B. G. Sivertz to P. E. Moore, 25 May 1961. [RCN-000806]

96.For a report from Whitehorse, Yukon, in 1966, see: TRC, NRA, Headquarters, 1/25-1-4-1, Indian Education – Dietary Scale, Residential Schools, K. A. Feyrer, G. C. Butler, 22 Decem ber 1966. [LOW-002326-0004] For a report from Whitehorse, Yukon, in 1969, see: TRC, NRA, Unknown document location, file 901/25-13, Gerald Michaud, 1 April 1969. [120.08100C]

97.For a 1970 example from Alert Bay, British Columbia, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG29, volume 2990, file 851-6-4, part 5a, J. H. Wiebe to J. B. Bergevin, 27 February 1970. [NPC-605555] For a 1970 example from Christie, British Columbia, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG29, volume 2990, file 851-6-4, part 5a, J. H. Wiebe to J. B. Bergevin, 8 April 1970. [120.17618C] For a 1970 example from Alberni, British Columbia, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG29, volume 2990, file 851-6-4, part 5a, “Alberni Indian Student Residence Regional Nutritionist’s Visit – June 17 and 18, 1970.” [NPC-605546d] For a 1970 example from Dauphin, Manitoba, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG29, volume 2990, file 851-6-4, part 5a, L. Leclerc to A/Regional Director, Manitoba Region, 26 November 1970. [NPC-605542] For a 1972 example from Iqaluit, see: TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, file 72-001-800, volume 2, School Programs – Frobisher Bay, 01/72–06/73, Archival box 267, Archival Acc. G1999-047, John Parker to Director, Department of Education, 31 October 1972. [FBS-000426]

98.For a 1970 example from the Roman Catholic school at Cardston, Alberta, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG29, volume 2990, file 851-6-4, part 5a, J. H. Wiebe to J. B. Bergevin, 2 February 1970. [NPC-605559] For a 1970 example from Sechelt, British Columbia, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG29, volume 2990, file 851-6-4, part 5a, “Food Services Visit, Sechelt Student Residence,” Agnes Campbell, 12 May 1970. [NPC-621169a] For a 1970 example from Dauphin, Manitoba, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG29, volume 2990, file 851-6-4, part 5a, L. Leclerc to A/Regional Director, Manitoba Region, 26 November 1970. [NPC-605542]

99.For a 1970 example from Dauphin, Manitoba, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG29, volume 2990, file 851-6-4, part 5a, L. Leclerc to A/Regional Director, Manitoba Region, 26 November 1970. [NPC-605542] For a 1973 example from Fort Simpson, Northwest Territories, see: TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, Pupil Residence – General, 1973–1978, Archival box 4-2, Archival Acc. G1995-004, Gary Black, 28 February 1973. [FNU-001748]

100.For a 1973 example from the Qu’Appelle, Saskatchewan, school, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG29, volume 2990, file 851-6-4, part 5b, J. Kirkbride to Charron, 14 June 1973. [NPC-605336c]

101.For a 1951 example from Prince Albert, Saskatchewan, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG29, volume 2990, file 851-6-4, part 5a, N. Ross to Acting Regional Director, Sas-katchewan Region, “Food services at All Saints Indian Residential School as Observed on June 17, 1971,” 5 July 1971. [NPC-605536p]

102.For a positive report from the Gordon’s, Saskatchewan, school in 1973, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG29, volume 2990, file 851-6-4, part 5b, J. Kirkbride to W. Starr, 27 June 1973. [NPC-605336f] For a positive report from the Grayson, Saskatchewan, school in 1973, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG29, volume 2990, file 851-6-4, part 5b, J. Kirkbride to M. Fillion, 13 June 1973. [NPC-605336b] For a positive report from the Roman Catholic school at Onion Lake, Saskatchewan, in 1973, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG29, volume 3420, file 851-6-D355, J. Kirkbride to Michaud, 29 January 1973. [ORC-008493] For a positive report from Fleming Hall in Fort McPherson, Northwest Territories, in 1972, see: TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories – Education, Culture and Employment, file 73-500-402, volume 2, Fort McPherson Hostel [Anglican] – Quarterly Returns [Fort McPherson], 01/72–12/76, Transfer No. 0330, box 8-21, M. Thomson to Regional Director, Northern Region, 23 November 1972. [FHU-002366-0000]

103.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6039, file 160-1, part 1, Martin Benson to J. D. McLean, 15 July 1897. [100.00109]

104.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1904, 204.

105.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6012, file 1-1-5A, part 2, R. A. Hoey to Dr. McGill, 31 May 1940. [BIR-000248] For date of Hoey’s appointment, see: Goldsborough, “Robert Alexander Hoey (1883–1965),” http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/people/hoey_ra.shtml (accessed 21 December 2013). TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6268, file 581-1, part 1, D. Ewart to E. F. E. Roy, 26 October 1898. [NHU-001867] For an example of poor construction in Manitoba, see: Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3764, file 32725-1, Bishop of Rupert’s Land to E. Dewdney, 24 March 1890. [C-10134, Mikan number 2059643] For examples of poor construction in British Columbia, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6444, file 881-5, part 4, 1926–1933, Microfilm reel C-8768, D. C. Scott to A. Meighen, 2 June 1920; [LEJ-004351] Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6445, file 881-5, part 8, 1920–1924, Microfilm reel C-8768, D. C. Scott to W. Foran, 29 March 1921. [LEJ-002845] For an example of poor construction in Alberta, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6350, file 753-5, part 1, J. F. Woodsworth to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 2 March 1925. [EDM-000553] For examples of poor construction in Nova Scotia, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG22M, Acc. 912016, item 985, National Map Collection, 178648, “Plan of Indian Residential School, Shubenacadie, Nova Scotia,” Gurney E. Orr, 1928; [SRS-006527] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6055, file 265-5, part 1, Gurney Orr to Dr. Scott, 28 March 1928; [SRS-000662RG10] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, volume 6055, file 265-5, part 2, Gurney Orr to Dr. Scott, 23 April 1929; [SRS-000705] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6055, file 265-5, part 3, “Memorandum: Re Shubenac-adie Residential School,” Philip Phelan, 5 May 1930; [SRS-001359] TRC, NRA, Library and Ar-chives Canada, RG10, volume 6055, file 265-5, part 3, J. P. Mackey to Indian Affairs, 28 March 1930; [SRS-001353] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6055, file 265-5, part 3, J. P. Mackey to Unknown, Indian Affairs, 30 July 1932. [SRS-001388-0000]

106.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6268, file 581-1, part 2, Martin Benson to Deputy Superintendent General, Indian Affairs, 28 September 1907. [NHU-000137]

107.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 1347, Microfilm reel C-13916, Rev. P. Claessen to W. R. Robertson, 16 December 1908. [KUP-004234]

108.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 4041, file 334503, F. H. Paget to Frank Pedley, 25 November 1908, 27. [RCA-000298]

109.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6371, file 764-1, part 1, M. Christian-son to W. M. Graham, 28 October 1927. [PUL-001008]

110.For Alert Bay, see: TRC, NRA, Anglican Church of Canada, General Synod Archives, ACC-MSCC-GS 75-103, series 3:2, box 55, file 5, T. B. R. Westgate to D. C. Scott, pages 3, 4, 22 November 1923; [AAC-090253] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6380, file 769-1, part 1, T. B. R. Westgate to Russell T. Ferrier, 22 November 1923. [WFL-000458]

111.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6471, file 890-11, part 1, 1929–1939,T. J. Fahlman to D. Scott, 30 September 1930; [MIS-001706] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6471, file 890-11, part 1, 1929–1939, A. O’N. Daunt to the Secretary, Indian Affairs, 18 March 1931; [MIS-001710] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6470, file 890-5, part 3, “Inspection report, New Westminster Agency, No. 6, June 26, 1933.” [MIS-000074]

112.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6380, file 769-5, part 1, Assistant Secretary-Treasurer, Indian Residential School Commission, M.S.C.C. to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 19 June 1936; [WFL-000069] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6378, file 767-5, part 2, “Report and Diary of Trip to Wabasca From January 29th to February 2nd, 1937,” N. P. L’Heureux. [JON-000305]

113.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6551, file 1A-1456-11, part 1, H. W. McGill to Director Surveys and Engineering Branch, 18 March 1939. [PCR-010341-0001]

114.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6551, file 1A-1456-11, part 1, Brick to Stinson, 10 May 1939. [PCR-010345]

115.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6271, file 582-5, part 5, H. McGill to Deputy Minister, 14 August 1939. [PCR-100881-0000]

116.For Morley, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6356, file 757-5, part 1, J. W. Butler to A. Sutherland, 10 March 1892. [MOR-000882] For Kamsack, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6027, file 117-1-1, part 1, Hayter Reed to W. E. Jones, 20 November 1893. [CRW-000014] For Red Deer, see: Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1896, 348. For Qu’Appelle, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6327, file 660-1, part 1, M. M. Seymour to Rev. Principal, Qu’Appelle School, 27 September 1897. [PLD-007268-0002] For Brandon, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6039, file 160-1, part 1, Martin Benson to J. D. McLean, 15 July 1897, 4, 5. [100.00109] For Muncey, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6205, file 468-1, part 1, Martin Benson to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 11 September 1901. [MER-000317] For Battleford, see: Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1901, 362. For Regina, see: TRC, NRA, United Church of Canada Archives, Acc. Number 1979, 199C, box 6, file 106, Reverend E. A. Henry to Dr. Farquharson, 5 February 1908. [RIS-000581] For Birtle, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6251, file 575-1, part 1, David Iverach to Rev. A. S. Grant, 7 July 1915. [BIR-000041] For Sandy Bay, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6276, file 584-5, part 2, A. F. MacKenzie to J. T. Johnston, 29 August 1927; [SBR-002001] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6277, file 584-5, part 5, O. Chagnon to A. G. Hamilton, 28 May 1934. [SBR-001878-0001] For Kuper Island, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6456, file 885-5, part 4, Microfilm reel C-8777, G. H. Barry, 3 March 1931; [KUP-004095] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6456, file 885-5, part 4, Microfilm reel C-8777, “Extract from report,” G. A. Barry, 7 February 1934. [KUP-004128] For Mission, see: TRC, NRA, RG10, volume 6588, file 1A-1780-20, part 1, C. E. Webb to T. S. Mills, 18 March 1938. [MIS-004006]

117.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6448, file 882-5, part 5, 1925–1928, PARC, M. G. Archibald to Father McGuire, 15 June 1927. [KAM-000770]

118.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6197, file 465-5, part 2, “Extract from report of Mr. Inspector Bennett, 14 September 1927”; [KNR-000832] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6198, file 465-5, part 4, Williams to Thomas G. Murphy, 22 April 1932; [KNR-000850] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6198, file 465-5, part 7, Frank Edwards to Secretary, Indian Affairs Branch, 12 February 1940. [KNR000890]

119.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6198, file 465-5, part 7, Frank Ed-wards to Secretary, Indian Affairs Branch, 16 November 1939. [KNR-000872]

120.Whitehead, The Cariboo Mission, 118; United Church of Canada Archives – Winnipeg, Andrew Baird Papers, H 157-160, Neil Gilmour to Baird, 2 December 1897, cited in Hildebrand, “Staff Perspectives,” 171.

121.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6252, file 575-5, part 2, H. B. Currie to the Department of Indian Affairs, 27 July 1927. [BIR-000081-0001]

122.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6268, file 581-1, part 2, Martin Benson to Deputy Superintendent General, Indian Affairs, 28 September 1907. [NHU-000137] For an example from Saskatchewan, see: Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1904, 386. For an example from British Columbia, see: TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 501/25-1-076, volume 1, W. M. Graham to Duncan C. Scott, 22 May 1930. [SBR-000346]

123.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6012, file 1-1-5A, part 2, R. A. Hoey to Dr. McGill, 31 May 1940. [BIR-000248] For closing of the Portage la Prairie school, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, Winnipeg, RG10, Acc. W86-87/083, box 001, file 501/25-1, volume 2A, J. Malcolm to Friends, 25 May 1975. [PLP-100300] For closing of the Pine Creek school, see: TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 501/1-13-075, volume 2, D. W. Simpson to Regional Director, Manitoba, 30 October 1969. [PCR-006338] For closing date of Round Lake, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 8757, file 673/25-1-010, part 1, George Dorey to B. F. Neary, 20 October 1950. [RLS-001094] For closing date of Thunderchild school, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 8756, file 671/25-1-010, “The Fire at the Thunderchild Residential School,” J. B. Cabana, January 1948. [THR-000266-0003] For the transfer of the Wabasca school, see: TRC, NRA, INAC – Main Records Office – Ottawa, 777/36-4-009, volume 1, 01/34– 11/66, CR-HQ, Regional Director Indian Affairs—Alberta to Director Education Services, 12 August 1966. [JON-003322] For closing of Whitefish Lake, see: TRC, NRA, Anglican Diocese of Athabasca Fonds, Provincial Archives of Alberta, file A320/576, Indian [School] Commission, [Official Correspondence of Bishop Sovereign], 1949–1952, Archival Acc. PR1970.0387/1645, Archival box 41, A. H. Sovereign to Bernard F. Neary, 5 May 1950. [WFL-800145] For closing of the Sturgeon Lake school, see: TRC, NRA, Headquarters, 1/25-2, 01/59–01/62, volume 3 HQ., L. C. Hunter to Department of Indian Affairs, 14 February 1961. [JRD-001808] For the closing of the two Brocket schools (Sacred Heart and St. Cyprian), see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada – Ottawa, RG10, volume 8758, file 773-25-1, part 3, C. A. F. Clark to Chief Education Division, 2 June 1961. [CYP-004054] For the Kitamaat closing, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada – Ottawa, file 883-1, part 2, Bella Coola Agency – Kitamaat, Residential School – General Administration, 1933–1950, FA 10-17, Perm. volume 6451, Microfilm reel C-8773, Library and Archives Canada – Ottawa, George Dorey to Harold W. McGill, 21 April 1941. [KMT-095750] For Port Simpson closing, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, file 886-1, part 3, Skeena River Agency – Port Simpson Girls Residential School, 1894–1950, FA 10-17, Perm. volume 6458, Eva Middleton to Superintendent Indian Education, 27 September 1948. [PSM-200706] For Squamish closing, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada – Ottawa, RG10, FA 10-379, 1999-01431-6, box 405, 987/25-1-013, part 1, Indian Education – Fraser District – St. Paul’s School, 1959–1968, NAC, Ottawa, W. S. Arneil to R. F. Davey, 16 February1959. [SQU-000672]

124.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1969–70, 128.

125.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6192, file 462-5, part 9, H. A. Alderwood to B. F. Neary, 9 July 1947. [CRS-001958]

126.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6189, file 461-5, part 12, W. M. Benedickson to W. E. Harris, 6 June 1950. [CJC-001327]

127.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6255, file 576-1, part 4, R. S. Davis to Indian Affairs, 24 March 1949. [BRS-000551] For poor conditions in the Alberta schools in the 1940s, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6349, file 752-5, part 5, 1937–1947, Microfilm reel C-8706, G. H. Gooderham, to Indian Affairs, 29 August 1945; [CFT-002623-0000] TRC, NRA, INAC, Main Records Office, Ottawa, G. H. Gooderham to Mr. Hoey, 6 June 1946; [RCA-000498-0001] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG29, volume 3127, file 860-8-X400, part 1a, E. L. Stone to Superintendent of Indian Health Services, 31 May 1946. [NPC-621076-01]

128.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, RCAP, file 777/23-5-010, volume 1, 1931–1962, “Inspection Report Wabasca Catholic Residential School,” 2–3 October 1951. [MAR-000938] For poor conditions in British Columbia schools in the 1940s, see: TRC, NRA, No document location, no document file source, Memorandum of interview with Major MacKay, Indian Commissioner, Archdiocese of Vancouver, Archbishop’s Office, 25 October 1946; [ABV-001273] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada – Ottawa, RG10, volume 6438, file 878-5, part 6, NAC, Ottawa, J. Baptist to Mrs. L. S. St. Laurent, 3 De-cember 1949; [JOE-027396] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada – Ottawa, RG10, volume 6438, file 878-5, part 6, NAC, Ottawa, C. Gibson to J. Baptist, 20 December 1949. [JOE-027403] TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, “Inspection Report, Wabasca R.C. Residential School, December 2, 1952.” [MAR-000953]

129.TRC, NRA, Deschatelets Archives, Oblates of Mary Immaculate, Ottawa, Deschatelets Archives, OMI, volume1, section C-D, binder 4, “Memo: re Authorized Pupilage – Actual Attendance – and Loss to the Churches, in connection with Indian Residential Schools,” undated. [BVL-001174] The figure of fifty-one is the sum of the number of schools with students listed in column five of table in document.

130.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 8795, file 1/25-13, part 2, “Re: Further supplementary estimates, per capita grant vote,” no date. [AEMR-120598] For an example of overcrowding in British Columbia, see: TRC, NRA, No document location, no document file source, A. H. Fleury to Reverend Father, 13 May 1944. [OMS-000619] For an example of overcrowding in Alberta, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6487, file 42104-3, part 1, Quarterly Report Ending March 1945 on Blackfoot Indian Agency, G.H. Gooderham. [BSS-000654] For an example of overcrowding in Saskatchewan, see: TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 673/25-1-038, volume 1, Philip Phelan to Reverend J. Lemire, 31 July 1945. [MRS-000621] For an example of overcrowding in Ontario, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6189, file 461-5, part 12, W. M. Benedickson to W. E. Harris, 6 June 1950. [CJC-001327]

131.TRC, NRA, Deschatelets Archives, Oblates of Mary Immaculate, Ottawa, HR 8005.C73R 3, Indian Residential School Administration Handbook, 1956. [SRS-000370]

132.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 129/25-1-016, volume 1, R. F. Davey to Regional Supervisor, 3 December 1958. [KNR-000247]

133.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 487/25-1-015, volume 1, Acting Director, Indian Affairs to Deputy Minister, Indian Affairs, 13 August 1959; [KNR-000275] R. F. Davey to M. St. Jacques, 18 August 1959. [KNR-000283]

134.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada – Ottawa, RG10, volume 8675, file 773/6-1-003, part 12, Microfilm reel C-14197, Re: Special Investigations and Planning Proposals for the Crow-foot and Blood Indian Residential Schools, Alberta, 29 October 1964. [MRY-006916-0001]

135.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, GARDD 901/25-13, box 13470, volume 3, 1947–1961, P. Deziel to Regional Superintendent of Schools, 31 May 1967. [SLT-002719]

136.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6253, file 575-5, part 6, A. G. Smith to The Secretary, Indian Affairs, 30 November 1940. [BIR-000253]

137.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6426, file 875-1, part 4, J. Coleman to Indian Commissioner for British Columbia, 14 October 1947. [MIK-002279-0002]

138.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 8259, file 486/6-1-001, part 1, D. M. MacKay to Deputy Minister, 12 October 1950. [MFI-000375]

139.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG29, volume 2906, file 851-1-A486, part 5, B. H. Harper to P. E. Moore, 11 December 1950. [NPC-603181a]

140.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada – Burnaby, file 985/6-1-012, part 5, School Buildings – Lejac Indian Residential School, 1966–1967, FA 10-144, Acc. V1984-85/334, box 14 [500824], National Archives of Canada – Burnaby, T. J. Tevendale to W. G. Robinson, 26 July 1966. [LEJ010280-0000]

141.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, 775[706]/6-1-020, volume 1, 04/65–11/67, NAC, “Sewage Disposal From Residential School at Assumption,” M. A. Butler to Area Director, 30 August 1966. [AMP-008403-0001]

142.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, file 501/6-1-088, part 14, R. F. Davey to Paul Dumouchel, 14 July 1966. [GUY-051423]

143.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 6-1-015, PF. Playfair to J. McGilp, 10 July 1968, [MCI-001381-0001]

144.For an example from Alberta in the 1940s and 1950s, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6344, file 750-5, part 5, H. Routhier to Harold McGill, 21 January 1941. [MRY-009874] For an example from Saskatchewan in the 1940s, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6496, file IND 13-1-15, part 1, J. P. B. Ostrander to the Director Surveys and Engineering Branch, 8 September 1945. [GDC-008056-0001] For an example from Ontario in the 1940s, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6199, file 465-5, part 10, Report: Ontario Department of Health, Sanitary Engineering Division, A. E. Barry, 16 February 1946. [KNR-000555] For examples from Manitoba in the 1950s, see: TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 501/25-1-019, volume 1, G. H. Marcoux to R. S. Davis, 21 October 1953; [FAR-000063] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 10361, file 506/6-1-019, part 1, Department of National Health and Welfare, Bacteriological Report, 6 December 1954; [FAR-000045-0003] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 10361, file 506/6-1-019, part 1, Dr. J. J. Pragg to R.S. Davis, 7 February 1955; [FAR-000049] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 10361, file 506/6-1-019, part 2, O. J. Storsater to Indian Affairs, 8 May 1957; [FAR-000042-000] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 10361, file 506/6-1-019, part 2, Bacteriological Report, 8 May 1957. [FAR-000042-0004]

145.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection–Ottawa 777[131] 6-1-767, volume 4, 12/08/58–12/28/62, IRSRHFC, Eric Barrington to Superintendent, Lesser Slave lake Indian Agency, 8 September 1961. [JON-002946]

146.TRC, NRA, No document location, no document file source, “Pollution Threatens Closure of School,” Vancouver Sun, 11 June 1965. [WLM-000553] For comments about the school’s out living its usefulness, see: TRC, NRA, No document location, no document file source, Memorandum of interview with Major MacKay, Indian Commissioner, Archdiocese of Vancouver, Archbishop’s Office, 25 October 1946. [ABV-001273]

147.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 8257, file 485/6-1-001, part 3, H. M. Jones to Deputy Minister, 6 May 1958. [FFR-000359-0000]

148.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 8626, file 511/6-1-014, part 6, J. H. Boulter to Chief, Engineering and Construction Division, 20 October 1960. [BIR-002497]

149.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 8631, file 511/6-1-017, part 10, J. O. Harris to R. F. Davey, 14 February 1961. [PLP-000733]

150.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 8279, file 494/6-1-015, part 8, Father J. Lamire to G. Swartman, 22 October 1961. [MCI-001570-0001]

151.TRC, NRA, INAC – Main Records Office – Ottawa, CR-HQ, file 772/6-1-001, volume 9, 04/62– 03/66, R. Ragan to Director Education Services, 17 March 1965. [CFT-001998]

152.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, NAC, file 772/6-1-001, 01/67–10/69, “Cluny Indian School Closing,” by Don Peacock [Calgary Albertan], 20 December 1969. [CFT-002237]

153.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 6-21-1, volume 4 (Ctrl #25-2), The National Association of Principals and Administrators of Indian Residences Brief Presented to the Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development as requested by Mr. E. A. Cote, Deputy Minister, prepared in 1967, presented 15 January 1968. [NCA-011495]

154.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 13033, file 401/25-13, volume 1, R. F. Davey to H. B. Rodine, 5 February 1968. [AEMR-014634]

155.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 487/1-18, volume 1, G. LeBleu to H. B. Rodine, 15 October 1971. [KNR-000148]

156.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 487/1-18, volume 1, W. McKim to A. Lacerte, 22, undated. [KNR-000214]

157.Dubos and Dubos, White Plague, 29, 69.

158.Grzybowski and Allen, “Tuberculosis,” 1025.

159.Farrell, Congress on Tuberculosis, 12.

160.Dubos and Dubos, White Plague, 176–177.

161.Dubos and Dubos, White Plague, 181; Wherrett, Miracle of the Empty Beds, 39, 41.

162.McCuaig, Weariness, Fever, and Fret, 27–28; Wherrett, Miracle of the Empty Beds, 42.

163.McCuaig, Weariness, Fever, and Fret, 32–33.

164.Dubos and Dubos, White Plague, 185–185; McCuaig, Weariness, Fever, and Fret, 189–192, 253; Murray, “A Century of Tuberculosis,” 1181.

165.Bynum, Spitting Blood, 189–200; McCuaig, Weariness, Fever, and Fret, 197.

166.McCuaig, Weariness, Fever, and Fret, 198.

167.Dubos and Dubos, White Plague, 191; McCuaig, Weariness, Fever, and Fret, 3.

168.Waldram, Herring, and Young, Aboriginal Health in Canada, 187–188. For an example of withholding rations, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 1629, A. J. McNeill to D. Laird, 10 December 1901. [SAR-000404]

169.Lux, Medicine that Walks, 49.

170.Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 4048, file 360377, General instructions to newly appointed Indian agents in British Columbia, 1910; Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3086, file 279222-1, Circular to all Agents in Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta, from J. D. McLean, 17 December 1906, and to all Agents from J. D. McLean, 13 April 1908, quoted in Shewell, “Enough to Keep Them Alive,” 89–90.

171.Bryce, Story of a National Crime, 3.

172.Bryce, Story of a National Crime, 3; Sproule-Jones, “Crusading for the Forgotten,” 203.

173.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1906, 274–275.

174.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG29, volume 2964, file 851-4-001, part 1, E. L. Stone to Dr. Scott, 1 August 1930; [NPC-620454] Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1930, 10.

175.Wherrett, Miracle of the Empty Beds, 252, 255.

176.Stewart, “Red Man and the White Plague,” 674–675.

177.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG29, volume 2964, file 851-4-001, part 1, E. L. Stone to Dr. Scott, 1 August 1930. [NPC-620454]

178.Canada,Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1932, 8.

179.Shewell, “Enough to Keep Them Alive,” 123.

180.TRC, NRA, Provincial Archives of Alberta, PAA 71.220 B54 2279, Harold McGill to All Indian Agents, 14 January 1937. [OGP-020890]

181.For 1943 figure, see: Canada, TRC, NRA, No document file location, no document file source, The Department of Health and National Welfare Annual Report for the Fiscal Year Ended March 31, 1955, 83. [AEMR-251213] For 1957 figure, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG29, volume 3132, file 861-2-1, part 1, section B: Special Tuberculosis Statistics. [NPC-625218i]

182.Moore, “No Longer Captain,” 1012.

183.Statistics Canada, reproduced in Grygier, Long Way from Home, 64, 84.

184.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1906, 274–275.

185.Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3765, file 31161, M. M. Seymour to John A. Macdonald, received 30 September 1885; Edgar Dewdney to Superintendent General, Indian Affairs, 17 October 1885.

186.Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3764, file 32725-2, Bishop of Rupert’s Land to E. Dewdney, 27 November 1890.

187.Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3765, file 3275-3, unsigned to Indian Commissioner, received 26 January 1892.

188.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG29, volume 2765, file 822-1-A901, part 1, P. H. Bryce to F. Pedley, 26 March 1906. [NPC-600090]

189.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1893, 173.

190.Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3674, file 11422-5, H. Reed to Deputy Superintendent General of Indian Affairs, 13 May 1891.

191.For Regina, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3927, file 116836-1A,

192.J. A. Graham to J. A. Sinclair, 2 February 1904. [RIS-000075] For Onion Lake, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG29, volume 2915, file 851-1-A671, part 1a, Lang Turner to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 31 October 1921. [NPC-602633] For Mission, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6470, file 890-5, part 2, A. O’N. Daunt, 18 December 1924. [MIS-004992] For Muncey, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6207, file 468-5, part 7, A. F. MacKenzie to K. J. Beaton, 9 July 1935. [MER-000845]

193.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6305, file 652-1, part 1, J. McArthur to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 5 July 1909; [SMD-001186] 6 July 1909. [SMD-001187]

194.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3921, file 116818-1B, J. F. Woodsworth to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 25 November 1918. [EDM-000956]

195.For examples of such efforts, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3920, file 116818, H. J. Denovan, 1 May 1901; [EDM-009805] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3920, file 116818, D. Laird to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 17 May 1904. [EDM-009841]

196.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 4092, file 546898, F. A. Corbett to W.M. Graham, 7 December 1920. [RCA-000510-0001]

197.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6191, file 462-1, part 1, Extract from Inspector’s Report on Chapleau Boarding School, 3 May 1915; [CRS-000883] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6187, file 461-1, part 1, R. S. McKenzie to O. I. Grain, 30 July 1915. [CJC-000828-0000]

198.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, Cowichan Agency – Letterbooks [Indexed], 07/1921–02/1922, FA 10-1, Perm. volume 1390, Microfilm reel C-13933, Alfred H. Lomas to W.E. Ditchburn, 27 October 1921; [KUP-230101] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6333, file 661-6, part 1, W. Murison to W. M. Graham, 5 December 1923. [RLS-0001960001]

199.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6041, file 160-5, part 1, “Memorandum of the Convention of the Catholic Principals of Indian Residential Schools held at Lebret, Saskatchewan, August 28 and 29, 1924.” [200.4.00016]

200.For an example from the Sarcee Reserve school, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG29, volume 3403, file 823-1-A772, T. J. Fleetham to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 4 March 1915. [NPC-604045a] For an example from the High River school, see: Provincial Archives of Alberta, Oblates of Mary Immaculate, école Dunbow, Boîte 80, #3381, Journal quotidien de l’école Dunbow, 18 January 1916, quoted in Pettit, “To Christianize and Civilize,” 254.

201.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 10750, Shannon File, 1913–1916, Incoming Correspondence, J. D. McLean to William McLeod, 4 January 1915. [CRS-000873]

202.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6191, file 462-1, part 1, Russell T. Ferrier to D. C. Scott, 23 January 1922. [CRS-001009]

203.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6191, file 462-1, part 1, D. C. Scott to George Prewer, 2 February 1922. [CRS-001014-0001]

204.For concerns about hospitals from the 1940s, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG29, volume 2905, file 851-1-A486, part 1, P. E. Moore to B. T. McGhie, 19 February 1942. [NPC-620532] For overall concerns regarding care in British Columbia school infirmaries in 1960, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada – Ottawa, RG10, volume 8697, file 957/6-1, part 3, P. E. Moore to H. M. Jones, 22 July 1960. [MIS-000240]

205.For complaints from the Winnipeg, Manitoba, school, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 8797, file 1/25-13, part 10, André Renaud to R. F. Davey, 10 August 1959. [NRD-300276] For complaints from the Roman Catholic school in The Pas, Manitoba, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG29, volume 2915, file 851-1-A578, part 3,P. E. Moore to Regional Superintendent, Central Region, INHS, 15 May 1961. [NPC-602638] For complaints from the La Tuque, Québec, school, see: TRC, NRA, Quebec Regional Service Centre, LAC – Quebec City, Acc. 81-116, box 303441, file 377/17-1, J. E. DeWolf to R. L. Boulanger, 21 January 1965. [LTR-001513-0005] For concerns from the Roman Catholic school in Cardston, see: TRC, NRA, Provincial Archives – Alberta, PAA 71.220 B161 2419, J. E. Y. Levaque to Mr. Tully, 19 November 1967. [OGP-023087]

206.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1886, 139; Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1893, 88.

207.Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3957, file 140754-1, A. B. Stewart to Indian Commissioner, 20 June 1896; W. J. Lindsay to Indian Commissioner, 6 June 1896; J. L. Hicks to Indian Commissioner, 6 June 1896; S. E. Macadam, 5 June 1896; R. Spencer to A. E. Forget, 11 June 1896.

208.See, for examples: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3927, file 116836-1A, Martin Benson to Deputy Superintendent General, Indian Affairs, 11 May 1903; [RIS-000045] Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3917, file 116575-5, M. M. Seymour, M.D. to Indian Commissioner, 17 September 1895; Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1903, 400.

209.Bryce, Report on the Indian Schools, 17–18.

210.Bryce,Report on the Indian Schools, 18.

211.Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 4037, file 317021, Saturday Night, untitled editorial, 23 November 1907; “Death Rate Among Indians Abnormal,” Montreal Star, 15 November 1907; “Schools and White Plague,” Ottawa Citizen, 16 November 1907.

212.For examples of his concerns, see: Blake, Don’t You Hear, 4, 11.

213.TRC, NRA, Anglican Church of Canada, General Synod Archives, ACC-MSCC-GS 75-103, series 3:1, box 48, file 3, F. Pedley to N. Tucker, 26 March 1909. [AAC-090228]

214.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6039, file 160-1, part 1, Superintendent General Indian Affairs to Rev. T. Ferrier, 18 July 1908. [AEMR-016328]

215.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6328, file 660-5, part 1, David Laird to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 16 September 1904. [PLD-007062-0000]

216.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1906, 276.

217.Farrell, Congress on Tuberculosis, 12; McCuaig, Weariness, Fever, and Fret, 19.

218.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1906, 282; TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6422, file 869-1, part 2, “Report on the Coqualeetza Institute For The Year Ending June 30, 1910.” [COQ-000375]

219.Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3957, file 140754-1, F. Fisher to Frank Oliver, 29 June 1906; “Copy of Resolution No. 30, Tuberculosis Among Indians,” Associated Boards of Trade of Western Canada, Third Annual Convention, Edmonton, Alberta, 13 and 14 June 1906; Secretary Treasurer, Saskatchewan Medical Association to Frank Pedley, 28 March 1906; R. R. Earle to Frank Pedley, 5 June 1906.

220.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 4037, file 317021, Peter H. Bryce to Frank Pedley, 4 June 1907. [CJC-000959-0002]

221.Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3957, file 140754-1, “Recommendations based on conclusions from the Investigation of 243 Indian School Children.”

222.Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3957, file 140754-1, “Recommendations based on conclusions from the Investigation of 243 Indian School Children.”

223.Gale, “Tuberculosis in Canada,” 528.

224.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3957, file 140754-1, D. C. Scott, “Notes on Dr. Bryce’s Report – with suggestions for future action,” 7 March 1910.

225.Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3957, file 140754-1, D. C. Scott, “Notes on Dr. Bryce’s report – with suggestions for further action,” 7 March 1910.

226.Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6039, file 160-1, part 1, “Correspondence and Agreement Relating to the Maintenance and Management of Indian Boarding Schools,” Ottawa: Government Printing Bureau, 1911. [AEMR-120208A]

227.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3674, file 11422, E. Dewdney to Thomas Clarke, 31 July 1883. [120.06668]

228.Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3676, file 11422-5, Indian Commissioner to Superintendent General Indian Affairs, 2 October 1884.

229.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6452, file 884-1, part 1, Rules and Regulations, Kootenay Industrial School, 17 October 1889. [AEMR-011621A]

230.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3879, file 91833, Order-in-Council, 22 October 1892. [RIS-000354]

231.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 1135, No file number, [Illegible] for the Commissioner, to Principals, 26 May 1896. [EDH-002544-0000]

232.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1900, 330.

233.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 8452, file 773/23-5-003, part 1, Martin Benson, 8 February 1901. [MRY-009509]

234.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 4037, file 317021, W. R. Haynes to Superintendent General of Indian Affairs, 23 November 1907. [RCA-000314]

235.Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 4037, file 317021, J. Hugonard to Secretary Indian Affairs, 17 December 1907.

236.Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3957, file 140754-1 “Recapitulation continued and remarks,” J. D. Lafferty, undated.

237.Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3957, file 140754-1, Frank Pedley to Frank Oliver, 19 April 1909.

238.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6039, file 160-1, part 1, “Correspondence and Agreement Relating to the Maintenance and Management of Indian Boarding Schools,” Ottawa: Government Printing Bureau, 1911. [AEMR-120208A]

239.Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3933, file 117657-1, J. Riou to Department Secretary, Indian Affairs, 12 June 1910.

240.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6327, file 660-1, part 2, Russell Ferrier to D. C. Scott, 27 March 1922. [PLD-000687]

241.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6305, file 652-1, part 1, J. D. McLean to W. J. Chisholm, 12 January 1911. [SMD-001210]

242.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 10750, Shannon File, 1913–1916, Incoming Correspondence, J. D. McLean to William McLeod, 9 April 1915. [CRS-001759]

243.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 10750, Shannon File, 1913–1916, Incoming Correspondence, J. D. McLean to William McLeod, 7 May 1915. [CRS-001762]

244.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, Provincial Archives of Alberta, file 37, Surveys for Tuberculosis – Blood Indian Reserve 1929–1939, Archival Acc. GR 1973.0315, Archival box 2, “Report on Examinations Made at School on Blood Indian Reserve, June 23rd to 26th, 1930.” [PUL-800274]

245.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, Provincial Archives of Alberta, file 37, Surveys for Tuberculosis – Blood Indian Reserve 1929–1939, Archival Acc. GR 1973.0315, Archival box 2, “Blood Indian Survey October 1936–37. [MRY-800065]

246.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6453, file 884-5, part 3, 1930–1931, Kootenay Agency – Kootenay Residential School – Building Maintenance – Supplies – Accounts (Reports), FA 10-17, C. C. Perry to W. E. Ditchburn, 12 June 1930.[EGN-008478]

247.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG29, volume 2760, file 822-1-A494, part 1, Dr. H. K. Mitchell, 6 October 1933. [NPC-601644]

248.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6058, file 265-13, part 2, J. J. Mac-Ritchie to E. L. Stone, 24 February 1934. [SRS-005440]

249.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6446, file 881-23, part 1, R. H. Moore to Dr. Pitts, 18 October 1935. [LEJ-004071]

250.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6446, file 881-23, part 1, Dr. C. Pitts to R. H. Moore, 22 October 1935. [LEJ-004073]

251.TRC, NRA, No document location, no document file source, Bishop Guy to Harold W. McGill, 19 March 1935. [GMA-001272] Lux gives the provenance as GAI, M742, box 4, file 36.

252.TRC, NRA, United Church of Canada/Victoria University Archives, Acc. No. 83.050C, box 20, file 252, 1935 UCC Commission on Indian Education – United Church Archives – Toronto, “Report of Commission on Indian Education,” 1935. [UCA-081639]

253.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6451, file 882-23, part 1, “Memorandum of an inquiry into the cause and circumstances of the death of Clarina Matthew,” 13 September 1936. [KAM-000648-0001]

254.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6446, file 881-13, part 2, Harper Reed to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 9 March 1937. [LEJ-005031]

255.TRC, NRA, Provincial Archives of Alberta, file 35, Surveys for Tuberculosis – Blackfoot Indian Reserve 1937–1938, Archival Acc. GR 1973.0315, Archival box 2, J. Riou to Dr. Baker, 29 No-vember 1937. [CFT-800140-0000]

256.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG29, volume 2919, file 851-1-A772, part 1, J. Riou to E. L. Stone, 21 February 1938. [NPC-603400]

257.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6113, file 350-23, part 1, H. A. Alder-wood to Percy Moore, 25 January 1946. [FGA-001121]

258.TRC, NRA, No document location, no file source, 988/23-9, part 2, 1947–48, R. H. Moore to Indian Affairs Branch, 30 June 1948. [KUP-001240]

259.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6279, file 584-10, part 4, R. S. Davies to Indian Affairs, 3 October 1951. [SBR-004545-0000]

260.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6445, file 881-10, part 5, P. E. Moore to Superintendent, Welfare and Training Division, 23 December 1940. [LEJ-002117]

261.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada – Ottawa, RG10, volume 6475, file 918-1, part 1, Extract from Report of Mr. H. J. Bury on the Boarding Schools of Treaty No. 8, Northern Section, 5 October 1916. [FPU-000089]

262.Innis, Wherrett, and Moore, “Arctic Survey,” 56.

263.For an example from Fort Providence in 1923, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada – Ottawa, RG10, volume 6475, file 918-5, part 1, Extract of Monthly Report of C. Bourget, M.D., Indian Agent Resolution, N.W.T., 12 February 1924, 1. [FPU-000408] For an example from Hay River in 1930, see: TRC, NRA, Anglican Church of Canada, General Synod Archives – Ottawa, Minutes of the Meetings of Indian Residential School Commission MSCC, 01/1930–11/1932, Accession GS 75-103, series 2:15[a], box 18, Minutes of Meeting of Indian Residential School Commission, MSCC, 16 December 1930, 8. [AGS-000136] For an example from Shingle Point in 1931, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada – Ottawa, RG85, volume 793, file 6334, part 1, Shingle Point Day and Residential School, 1923–1932, A. L. Fleming to H. E. Hume, 7 March 1932, 2. [SPU-000167] For an example from Carcross in 1931, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada – Ottawa, RG10, volume 6481, file 940-10, part 5, J. Hawksley to A. F. MacKenzie, 27 February 1931. [CAR-011293]

264.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada–Ottawa, file 929-23, part 1, Yukon Agency – White-horse Day School – Death of Pupils, 1922–1951, FA 10-17, volume 6478, Microfilm reel C-8793, R. J. Meek to Indian Affairs Branch, 7 March 1951. [BAP-000305]

265.Ferguson, “Some Light Thrown on Infection,” 25.

266.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG29, volume 2964, file 851-4-001, part 1, R. G. Ferguson to Thomas Murphy, 29 August 1932. [NPC-620452a]

267.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG29, volume 2964, file 851-4-001, part 1, E. L. Stone to H. McGill, 4 November 1932. [NPC-620451] For an example of such church hostility, see: TRC, NRA, No document location, no document file source, Bishop Guy to Harold W. McGill, 19 March 1935. [GMA-001272] Lux gives the provenance as GAI, M742, box 4, file 36.

268.TRC, NRA, Provincial Archives of Alberta, file 46b, Surveys for Tuberculosis – Crees – Hobbema 1937–1942, Archival Acc. GR 1973.0315, Archival box 3, J. R. Enman to A. H. Baker, 19 September 1938; [ERM-800188] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG29, volume 2911, file 851-1-A494, part 1, G. C. Brink to E. L. Stone, 28 October 1938; [NPC-605126] TRC, NRA, RG29, volume 3132, file 861-2-1, part 1, “Annual Report, Indian Health Services,” E. L. Stone, 1938. [120.13257]

269.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG29, volume 2964, file 851-4-001, part 1, Secretary to A. B. Simes, 20 April 1938. [NPC-620421]

270.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1945, 167; Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1946, 204. For examples of students’ being removed from schools during this period, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG29, volume 2905, file 851-1-A485, part 1, K. M. Shorey to P. E. Moore, 30 January 1940; [NPC-604111] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG29, volume 2909, file 851-1-A487, part 1, K. M. Shorey to P.E. Moore, 15 February 1940; [NPC-605227] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG29, volume 2909, file 851-1-A487, part 1, K. M. Shorey to P. E. Moore, 16 February 1940; [NPC-605226] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG29, volume 2899, file 851-1-A411, part 1b, K. M. Shorey to P. E. Moore, 21 March 1940; [NPC-601995] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG29, volume 2905, file 851-1-A485, part 1, K. M. Shorey to P. E. Moore, 10 June 1940. [NPC-604103]

271.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG29, volume 2920, file 851-1-A774, part 2, J. T. Faunt to Indian Affairs Branch, 30 December 1945. [NPC-620624]

272.For examples of unavailable service, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6446, file 881-13, part 2, “Extract from General Report of Rev. Alex. R. Simpson, O.M.I. Principal, Lejac Indian Residential School, for Quarter ended March 31, 1946”; [LEJ-005148] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG29, volume 2910, file 851-1-A497, part 2, W. L. Falconer to K. M. Shorey, 12 November 1946; [NPC-602729] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG29, volume 2910, file 851-1-A497, part 2, K. M. Shorey to W. L. Falconer, 13 No-vember 1946. [NPC-602728] For need for X-rays at Sioux Lookout and McIntosh, Ontario, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG29, volume 2910, file 851-1-A492, part 1, D. C. Marlatt to G. C. Brink, 14 June 1947. [NPC-602653]

273.See, for example: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG29, volume 2909, file 851-1-A487, part 1, G. L. Bell to G. Swartman, 10 April 1943; [NPC-605199] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG29, volume 2920, file 851-1-A774, part 1, W. L. Falconer to C. P. Schmidt, 15 December 1943; [120.13959A] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG29, volume 2920, file 851-1-A774, part 1, G. B. Lewis to C. P. Schmidt, 29 December 1943; [120.13963A] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG29, volume 2920, file 851-1-A774, part 1, C. P. Schmidt to A. H. Baker, 22 November 1944; [120.14052] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG29, volume 2920, file 851-1-A774, part 1, “The Seventh Annual Tuberculosis Survey of the Youville Indian School,” November 1943, G. R. Davidson; [NPC-605028] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG29, volume 2920, file 851-1-A774, part 1, C. Pant. Schmidt toG. C. Laight, 4 January 1944. [NPC-605027]

274.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG29, volume 2911, file 851-1-A494, part 1, Gordon L. Bell to P. E. Moore, 22 January 1943. [PLK-001149]

275.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG29, volume 2910, file 851-1-A489, part 1, J. V. Riches to P. E. Moore, 24 February 1943. [NPC-602686]

276.Rosenthal, “Statistical Analysis of Deaths,” 95–96.

277.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG29, volume 2938, file 851-1-X500, part 1, “The Occurrence of Tuberculosis in BCG Vaccinated Indian Children, 4 November 1955.” [NPC-621717b]

278.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 501/25-1-088, volume 1, Robert Yule to Director, Indian Health Services, 10 September 1949. [GUY-000133-0002]

279.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG29, volume 2868, file 851-1-4, volume 2, “B.C.G. Testing and Vaccination,” 1, 2. [NPC-601798a]

280.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada – Edmonton, file [103]/17-14-1, volume 2, TB Surveys, 06/1956–09/1959, Archival Acc. E–1994-95/653, Archival box 1, “Summary, Blood Indian Agency, R.C. Indian Residential School, September 17, 1957.” [MRY-200480]

281.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG29, volume 2916, file 851-1-A671, part 3a, F. J. Porth to Regional Superintendent, Regina, 17 March 1964. [NPC-603000]

282.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG29, volume 3125, file 860-8-X200, part 4, “Narrative Report,” Medical Services, Southern Manitoba Zone HQ – IHS, February 1964. [ARS-000217]

283.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada – Edmonton, RG10, Acc. E1997-98/318, box 8 of 15, file 675/17-14-2, E. D. Ring to M. P. D. Waldron, 19 February 1970. [PLD-012164]

284.TRC, NRA, Federal Records Centre – National Capital Region, file DM6-2-3, volume 5, locator N346-2, J. H. Wiebe to R. F. Battle, 3 March 1970. [AEMR-254862]

285.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, GRS Files, box 22, file 17, Frank Froh to W. P. Starr, 22 November 1972. [GDC-015234-0000]

286.TRC, NRA, RG29, volume 3132, file 861-2-1, part 1, “Tuberculosis Statistics, Indian/Eskimo Population 1973,” Medical Services Branch. [NPC-625216g]

287.Canada,Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1899, 208.

288.See, for examples: Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1908, 417; TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6328, file 660-5, part 1, Martin Benson to Deputy Superintendent General, 28 January 1904. [PLD-000673]

289.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6328, file 660-5, part 3, H. W. McGill to Thomas G. Murphy, 18 November 1932. [PLD-000027]

290.For Saint-Paul-des-Métis, see: Stanley, “Alberta’s Half-Breed Reserve,” 96–98. For Beauval, see: Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6300, file 650-1, part 1, O. Charlebois to Duncan Scott, 21 September 1927; [BVL-000874] Louis Mederic Adam to Indian Affairs, 22 September 1927. [BVL-000879] For Cross Lake, see: Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6260, file 577-1, part 1, J. L. Fuller to A. McNamara, 8 March 1930; [CLD-000933-0000] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6260, file 577-1, part 1, William Gordon to Assistant Deputy and Secretary, Indian Affairs, 10 March 1930. [CLD-000934] For Gordon’s, see: TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 675/6-2-018, volume 2, D. Greyeyes to Indian Affairs, 22 June 1968. [GDC-005571]

291.For Middlechurch, see: TRC, RBS, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3930, file 117377-1A, J. Ashby to E. McColl, 21 October 1895; J. Ashby to E. McColl, 22 October 1895; E. McColl to T. Mayne Daly, 30 October 1895. [2058143] For Beauval, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6300, file 650-1, part 1, Harry J. Thompson, to Officer Commanding, Royal North West Mounted Police, Prince Albert, 8 November 1909. [BVL-000766] For Fort Resolution, see: TRC, NRA, English Language Summary of the Fort Resolution Chronicles, volume 1, 1903–1942, 43, 44. [GNN-000077-0001]

292.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada – Ottawa, file 876-1, part 1, West Coast Agency – Ahousaht Residential School – General Administration, 1901–1931, FA 10-17, Perm. volume 6430, Microfilm reel C-8759, Indian Agent, West Coast Indian Agency to Secretary, Department of Indian Affairs, 6 April 1915; [AST-200025] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada – Ottawa, file 876-1, part 1, West Coast Agency – Ahousaht Residential School – General Administration, 1901–1931, FA 10-17, Perm. volume 6430, Microfilm reel C-8759, Assistant Deputy and Secretary to Charles Cox, 25 April 1916. [AST-200026]

293.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6012, file 1-1-5A, part 2, R. A. Hoey to Dr. McGill, 31 May 1940. [BIR-000248]

294.For fires in Carcross, Yukon Territory, and Ahousaht, British Columbia, in 1940, see: Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1940, 186. For Alberni, British Columbia, fire in 1941, see: Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1941, 166. For File Hills, Saskatchewan, fire in 1942, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, volume 6303, file 653-5, part 6, E. S. Jones to The Secretary, Indian Affairs Branch, Department of Mines and Resources, 10 April 1943; Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1942, 136. [FHR-000252] For the Anglican school at Fort George, Québec, in 1943, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6112, file 350-5, part 1, Thomas Orford to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 3 February 1943. [FGA-001026] For the Anglican school at Onion Lake, Saskatchewan, fire in 1943, see: Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1944, 155. For the Anglican school fire at Wabasca, Alberta, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6378, file 767-5, part 3, H. A. Alderwood to R.A. Hoey, 3 January 1945; Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1945, [JON-003675] For the Norway House, Manitoba, fire of 1946, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6268, file 581-1 part 2, R. A. Hoey to Acting Deputy Minister, 29 May 1946. [NHU-000117] For the Lac La Ronge, Saskatchewan, fire of 1947, see: TRC, NRA, Provincial Archives of Alberta, Anglican Diocese of Athabasca Fonds, Edmonton, AB, Acc. PR1970.0387/1641, box 41, Anglican Diocese of Athabasca Fonds, file A320/572, Indian Schools – General, Official Correspondence of Bishop Sovereign, 1941–1947, Report of Fire at All Saints’ School, Lac la Ronge, Sask., 2 February 1947. [PAR-123539] For the Delmas, Saskatchewan, fire of 1948, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 8756, file 671/25-1-010, J. P. B. Ostrander to Indian Affairs Branch, 19 January 1948. [THR-000266-0001]

295.For a report on the role that two students played in helping fellow students escape from a fire at the Norway House school, see: Apetagon, “Smoke and Flying Children,” 55–56.

296.For Hoey’s comments, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6033, file 150-61, part 1, R. A. Hoey to H. McGill, 31 May 1944. [NRD-001523] For closure, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6210, file 468-10, part 5, Samuel Devlin to Indian Affairs, 20 May 1946. [MER-003806-0001]

297.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6333, file 661-2, part 6, R. E. Tiffin, Fire Commissioner to J. P. B. Ostrander, 31 August 1950. [RLS-000552]

298.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6333, file 661-5, part 6, Mrs. C. Max-well Loveys to D. M. MacKay, 2 June 1950. [120.06850]

299.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 10752, Shannon File, 1944, Misc. Outgoing Correspondence, F. Matters to Indian Affairs, 2 February 1944; [CRS-001610] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6192, file 462-5, part 9, Henry Cook to B. F. Neary, 4 March 1948; [CRS-001978-0001] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6192, file 462-5, part 9, F. Matters to Indian Affairs, 24 April 1948; [CRS-001988] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6192, file 462-5, part 9, Bernard Neary to F. Matters, 1 May 1948; [CRS-001989] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 11091, Shannon File, 1948, Letters to Indian Affairs Branch, J. L. Whitney to Philip Phelan, 21 July 1948. [CRS-002092]

300.For enrolment, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 8645, file 651/6-1, part 4, R. A. W. Switzer to E. S. Jones, 8 October 1953. [PAR-017891-0001] For fire hazards, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 8645, file 651/6-1, part 1, Minister of Citizenship and Immigration to His Excellency, The Governor-General in Council, 22 November 1950; [PAR-000516] TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, Prince Albert Box 1, 1973–74, Prince Albert District Chiefs Conference, Petition from Prince Alberta District Chiefs, Tom Settee and nine others, 22 May 1973. [PAR-000303-0003]

301.Robert N. Wilkins, “Montreal Diary: A Century Worth Celebrating for Westmount Park School,” Montreal Gazette, 22 November 2013, http://www.montrealgazette.com/news/century+worth+celebrating+Westmount+Park+School/9202882/story.html.

302.André, “Fire Escapes in Urban America,” 54; “Collinwood School Fire,” http://ech.case.edu/ech-cgi/article.pl?id=CSF (accessed 13 January 2013).

303.André, “Fire Escapes in Urban America,” 56.

304.TRC, NRA, Document location unknown, document file source, file 208/6-1 (C1), C. H. Buck to W. S. Arneil, 7 October 1957. [AEMR-010121]

305.See, for example: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6456, file 885-5, part 1, Microfilm reel C-8777, Deputy Superintendent General to A. W. Vowell, 25 November 1895. [KUP-004057]

306.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 1629, David Laird to Principals of all Indian Boarding and Industrial Schools, 14 March 1908. [AEMR-252037]

307.TRC, NRA, Provincial Archives of Alberta, PAA 71.220 B54 2275, Duncan Scott to Principals of Indian Residential Schools, 6 October 1927. [OGP-020818] For number of deaths in Beauval fire, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6300, file 650-1, part 1, O. Charlebois to Duncan Scott, 21 September 1927; [BVL-000874] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6300, file 650-1, part 1, Louis Mederic Adam to Indian Affairs, 22 September 1927. [BVL-000879]

308.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 11552, file 312-11, part 2, Russell T. Ferrier and Duncan C. Scott to Principals of Indian Residential Schools, 5 February 1932. [AEMR-177210]

309.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 7185, file 1/25-1-6-1, part 1, R. A. Hoey to Principals of Indian Residential Schools, 10 February 1938; [SRS-001560-0001] INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, 772/23-5-010, 1894–1966, volume DRSRO, J. N. R. Iredale to Indian Affairs, 21 February 1946. [MOR-001068]

310.For an example of an inspection that specifically linked crowded dormitories and the blocking of fire exits, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6274, file 583-5, part 8, Geo. H. Spriggs to J. Waite, 3 December 1945. [PLP-000812-0001]

311.For Birtle, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6251, file 575-1, part 1, G. H. Wheatley to David Laird, 13 March 1901. [BIR-000015] For Mission, see: Library and Archives Canada, file 153/6-1-890, volume 2, St. Mary’s Ind. Res. School General, Jan/55–Feb 24/64, FA 10-333, Acc. 78-C-18, Parc Box 308320, Temp box 28, National Archives of Canada – Burnaby, A. O’N. Daunt to D. C. Scott, 7 March 1928. [MIS-010279] For Sault Ste. Marie, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6212, file 469-5, part 3, W. J. Phil-lips to A. S. McCaig, 26 October 1929. [SWK-001252] For Hobbema, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6353, file 754-5, part 2, D., 1926–1936, Microfilm reel C-8709, W. M. Graham to Duncan C. Scott, 17 May 1930. [EDM-003837] For Qu’Appelle, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6328, file 660-5, part 3, Extract from Inspector Hamilton’s Report regarding his inspection of the Qu’Appelle Indian Residential school on 7 and 8 March 1932. [PLD-008542] For Ahousaht, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, volume 6430, file 876-5, part 3, West Coast Agency – Ahousaht Residential School – Building Maintenance – Supplies – Accounts, 1931–1938, FA 10-17, Microfilm reel C-8759, “West Coast Agency Inspection Report, No. 9,” Geo. S. Pragnell, 18 August 1937. [AST-200097] For Qu’Appelle, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6328, file 660-5, part 3, J. Sutherland to Dr. McGill, 14 October 1933. [PLD-008580] For Lac La Ronge, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Canada, RG10, volume 6316, file 656-5, part 7, Philip Phelan to T.B. R. Westgate, 15 August 1941. [PAR-008547] For Moose Factory, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 8259, file 486/6-1-001, part 5, F. Matters to Indian Affairs, 25 June 1954. [MFI-000516] For Fort Providence, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG22, Perm. volume 1069, file 250-11-17, part 1, Fort Providence – School 1957, FA 22-3, Ben Sivertz to Deputy Minister, 12 November 1957. [FPU-002208] For Brocket, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada – Ottawa, RG10, volume 8758, file 773/25-1, part 2, R. F. Battle to Indian Affairs Branch, 11 June 1959. [SAC-001075-0000]

312.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, box 2, Acc. 1999-01431-6, file 1/1-2-2-21, part 2, D. Kogawa to Director Education Services, 8 February 1968. [NCA-003014]

313.TRC, NRA, National Capital Regional Service Centre – LAC – Ottawa, file 671/6-2-025, volume 4, Onion Lake Band Council Resolution, 31 July 1974. [ORC-008733-0002]

314.For Sarcee, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 1642, 1894–1896, Samuel Lucas to Indian Commissioner, Regina, 13 January 1896. [SAR-000320] For Fraser Lake, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6444, file 881-5, part 2, 1922–1924, Microfilm reel C-8767, “Extract from Inspector’s Report on the Fraser Lake Residential School,” 23 April 1923. [LEJ-003751] For Edmonton, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, School Files, volume 6350, file 753-5, part 1, NAC, W. M. Graham to D. C. Scott, 3 April 1924. [EDM-003806] For Port Simpson, see: Library and Archives Canada, file 886-5, part 2, Skeena River Agency – Port Simpson United Church Residential School – Building Maintenance – Supplies – Accounts, 1933–1950, FA 10-17, Perm. volume 6458, Microfilm reel C-8779, “Extract from Inspector Barry’s Report Regarding his Inspection of the Port Simpson Indian Residential School, 21 May 1937.” [PSM-200553] For Ahousaht, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6431, file 876-6, part 1, West Coast Agency – Ahousaht Residential School – Inspectors’ Reports, 1933–1940, FA 10-17, Microfilm reel C-8759, “Inspector’s Report on Ahousaht Indian Residential School,” Gerald H. Barry, 4 April 1939. [AST-200078-0003]

315.For Gleichen, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, School Files, volume 6358, file 758-1, part 1, P. H. Gentleman to Dr. Westgate, 2 April 1921. [OLD-000468] For Qu’Appelle, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6273, file 583-5, part 4, M. Christianson to Indian Affairs, 1 December 1927. [PLP-000874-0001] For Edmonton, see: Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6350, file 753-5, part 1, J. F. Woodsworth to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 4 May 1925. [EDM-00115] For Williams Lake, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6436, file 878-1, part 2, Williams Lake Agency – Cariboo Industrial School – General Administration, 1913–1937, FA 10-17, Microfilm reel C-8762, G. Forbes to A. F. MacKenzie, 13 December 1932. [JOE-201925-0001] For Fort Alexander, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6265, file 579-5, part 6, S. Perrault to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 1 June 1934. [FAR-002747]

316.For the Presbyterian school in Kenora, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6189, file 461-5, part 8, F. Dubois to F. Edwards, 16 September 1940. [CJC-000758-0001] For Sioux Lookout, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6215, file 470-5, part 4, Gifford Swartman to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 14 November 1940. [PLK-000163] For Cranbrook, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6453, file 884-5, part 5, 1936–1941, Kootenay Agency – Kootenay Residential School – Building Maintenance – Supplies – Accounts, FA 10-17, Microfilm reel C-8775, NAC, Ottawa, D. M. MacKay to Secretary Indian Affairs, 21 May 1941; [EGN-004992] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, FA 10-177 v93-94/038 and v95-96/047, Perm. volume 13215 23-4, Agent’s Monthly Reports – Kootenay Agency [formerly Shannon File, now in 2 parts], 12/1943–04/1950, NAC, Burnaby, J. M. Barre to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 2 October 1945. [EGN-004086] For Fort Alexander, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6266, file 579-5, part 9, E. McPherson to Indian Affairs, 5 November 1941. [FAR-000024] For Brantford, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6201, file 466-5, part 5, N. C. Rathburn to W. J. Zimmerman, 9 March 1946. [TAY-002400-0001] For Edmonton, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6351, file 753-5, part 6, 1947, Microfilm reel C-8707, J. H. Leyland to R. R. Moore, 23 December 1946; [EDM-004444] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG29, volume 3127, file 860-8-X400, part 1a, E. L. Stone to Superintendent of Indian Health Services, 31 May 1946; [NPC-621076-01] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6351, [110]774/6-1-753, volume I, 09/45–12/53, NAC, E. A. Robertson to Indian Affairs, 1 November 1948; [EDM-004918] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6351, file 753-5, part 7, 1947–1949, Microfilm reels C8707 and C8708, E. J. Staley to E. A. Robertson, 28 February 1949. [EDM-007300] For Whitefish Lake, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6380, file 769-5, part 3, G. S. Lapp, Superintendent, Depart-ment of Mines and Resources, Indian Affairs Branch to Indian Affairs Branch, 5 November 1948. [WFL-000494-0000] For Prince Albert, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 8645, file 651/6-1, part 2, D. N. Morrison to J. P. B. Ostrander, 27 July 1951; [PAR-017611-0001] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 8645, file 651/6-1, part 5, Fire Inspection Report, March 1954, Prince Albert Indian Residential School, Department of Citizenship and Immigration, March 1954. [PAR-000612] For Kamsack, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 8663, file 673/6-1-037, part 2, R. Beauregard to R.S. Davy [likely R. F. Davey], 25 July 1955. [SPR-001501] For Lower Post, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 8693, file 954/6-1, part 6, G. J. Bowen to W. S. Arneil, 15 November 1956. [LOW-042497-0001] For Fort George, see: TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 74/6-1-350, volume 1, W. J. Harvey to Indian Affairs, Ottawa, 9 April 1956. [FGA-000299] For Cardston, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, 773/6-1-004, volume 8677, part 6, 1957–1958, NAC, Office of the Fire Commissioner, St. Paul’s Residential School, 25 November 1957; [PUL-005151-0001] TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, 103/6-1-750, 12/57–09/58, volume 4, RCAP, Office of the Fire Commissioner, St. Mary’s Residential School, 26 November 1957. [MRY-000939] For Kuper Island, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada – Burnaby, RG10, FA 10-136, Acc. 1984-85/316, volume 28 [500326], file 988/6-1-885-10, Kuper Island Indian Res. School – Fire Prevention, 1957–1964, J. V. Boys to Indian Commissioner for British Columbia, 30 May 1958. [KUP-012371] For McIntosh, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 8278, file 494/6-1-015, part 4, J. S. Allan to Mr. Matters, 21 January 1958. [MCI-001918-0001]

317.For Birtle, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6253, file 575-5, part 7,R. Webb to Indian Office, Birtle, Manitoba, 13 March 1943. [BIR-000287-0001] For Hobbema, see: TRC, NRA, Provincial Archives of Alberta, PAA 71.220 B92 3891, C. Pant. Schmidt to Principal, Ermineskin, Alberta, school, 10 January 1944 (pages 8–9). [OGP-030428] For Brantford, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6201, file 466-5, part 5, N. C. Rathburn to W. J. Zimmerman, 9 March 1946. [TAY-002400-0001] For Prince Albert, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6201, file 466-5, part 5, N. C. Rathburn to W. J. Zimmerman, 9 March 1946; [TAY-002400-0001] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 8645, file 651/6-1, part 4, R. A. W. Switzer to E. S. Jones, 8 October 1953. [PAR-017891-0001] For Kamsack, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 8664, file 673/6-1-037, part 3, G. Ptizel to E. S. Jones, 21 November 1955. [SPR-002123-0001] For Calais, see: TRC, NRA, No document location, no document file source, Department of the Provincial Secretary, Officer of the Fire Commissioner, Re: Sturgeon Lake Indian School, Calais, Alberta, 14 July 1959. [GMA-002257-0001]

318.For example, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 2047, file 9212, part 2, W. W. Shepherd to Superintendent General, Indian Affairs, 26 November 1890. [MER001342]

319.For example, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6307, file 653-5, part 4, George Dodds to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 5 March 1932. [FHR-000215]

320.For example, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6307, file 653-5, part 4, George Dodds to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 13 February 1932. [FHR-000853]

321.For Squamish, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6467, file 889-5, part 1, 1908–1932, Vancouver Agency – Squamish Residential School – Building Maintenance – Supplies – Accounts, FA 10-17, Microfilm reel C-8785, NAC, Ottawa, O. L. Lister to Sister Superior, 20 February 1923. [SQU-002300-0001] For Lac La Ronge, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6316, file 656-5, part 3, Duncan C. Scott to Charles Stewart, 14 November 1923. [PAR-008605] For Muncey, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6206, file 468-5, part 5, “Extract From Inspector’s Report on the Mount Elgin Residential School, June 6, 1924,” J. H. Sexton. [MER-000708] For Mission, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6470, file 890-5, part 2, A. O’N. Daunt to D.C. Scott, 15 September 1926; [MIS-000042] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6470, file 890-5, part 3, G. S. Pragnell, “Inspection report New Westminster Agency, 15 December 1930.” [MIS-000066] For Kenora, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6197, file 465-5, part 2, “Extract from Report of Inspector Bennett on the Kenora Residential School, 8 October 1926”; [KNR-000721] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6197, file 465-5, part 2, Frank Edwards to Assistant Deputy Minister and Secretary, Indian Affairs, 6 December 1927; [KNR-000838] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6197, file 465-5, part 2, F. J. McDonald to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 5 May 1928; [KNR-001593] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6198, file 465-5, part 6, “Excerpt from Grand Jury Inspection Report on the Kenora Residential School,” 3 November 1938. [KNR-000720] For Birtle, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6252, file 575-5, part 2, H. B. Currie to Indian Affairs, 12 October 1927. [BIR-000090] For Portage la Prairie, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6273, file 583-5, part 4, W. A. Hendry to W. Graham, 5 October 1927. [PLP-000869-0001] For Cranbrook, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6453, file 884-5, part 2, 1924–1930, Kootenay Agency – Kootenay Residential School – Vocational Training – Supplies – Accounts, FA 10-17, Microfilm reel C-8774, L. Choinel to E. H. Small, 11 January 1928; [EGN-007479] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6453, file 884-5, part 5, 1936–1941, Kootenay Agency – Kootenay Residential School – Building Maintenance – Supplies – Accounts, FA 10-17, Microfilm reel C-8775, NAC, Ottawa, “Inspection of the St. Mary’s Indian School, Mission, Cranbrook, British Columbia,” 25 October 1938. [EGN-004990] For Round Lake, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6332, file 661-1, part 2, A. G. Hamilton to Mr. Graham, 11 September 1929. [RLS-000282-0001] For Round Lake, Hobbema, Sandy Bay, and Grayson, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6333, file 661-5, part 3, “Excerpt from letter dated July 6, 1938 from Dr. J. J. Wall.” [RLS-000398] For Whitefish Lake, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6380, file 769-5, part 1, T. B. R. Westgate, the Secretary, Indian Affairs, 20 July 1929. [WFL-000116] For File Hills, see: Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6307, file 653-5, part 4, George Dodds to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 13 February 1932. [FHR-000853] For Hobbema, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6353, file 754-5, part 2, D., 1926–1936, Microfilm reel C-8709, W. M. Graham to Duncan C. Scott, 17 May 1930. [EDM-003837] For Christie, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6440, file 879-5, part 3, West Coast Agency – Christie Industrial School – Building Maintenance – Supplies – Accounts – 1932–1940, FA 10-17, Microfilm reel C-8763, NAC, Ottawa, “Extract from Report of Inspector G. H. Barry Dated April 25, 1934, on his inspection of the Christie Indian Residential School.” [CST-006646] For Delmas, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6337, file 663-5, part 3, Thomas Robertson to Indian Affairs, 27 October 1937. [THR-000201] For Brocket (on the Peigan Reserve), see: TRC, NRA, RG10, volume 6350, file 753-5, part 2, 1925–1929, Microfilm reel C-8707, W. M. Graham to D. C. Scott, 14 October 1927. [EDM-007410] For Cluny, see: TRC, NRA, RG10, volume 8451, file 772/23-5-001, “Agent’s Report,” G. H. Gooderham, June and July, 1935. [CFT-001732] For Sioux Lookout, see: Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6215, file 470-5, part 4, John Marshall to A.G. Hamilton, 17 March 1938. [PLK-000148-0001] For Fraser Lake, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6444, file 881-5, part 4, 1926–1933, Microfilm reel C-8768, “Extract from Indian Agent Moore’s Report for the Month of February 1932, regarding the Le-jac Indian Residential School”; [LEJ-004508] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6444, file 881-5, part 5, 1933–1938, Microfilm reel C-8768, “Report and recommendations of the school engineer concerning Fire Fighting equipment at the School,” 16 February 1938. [LEJ-004713] For Lytton, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6444, file 881-5, part 6, 1938–1941, Microfilm reel C-8768, “Extract from Inspector Barry’s report dated October 16, 1939.” [LEJ-002948]

322.For Shubenacadie, see: TRC, NRA, DIAND, file 6-15-1, volume 1, Report of Commission on Indian Affairs, 1946. [AEMR-016240] For Christie, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada – Burnaby, 951/6-1-879, part 1, Christie IRS, 03/1945–08/1948, FA 10-138, Perm. volume 13389, National Archives of Canada – Burnaby, Fire Marshal to D. M. MacKay, 30 December 1946. [CST-004152] For Brantford, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6201, file 466-5, part 5, N. C. Rathburn to W. J. Zimmerman, 9 March 1946. [TAY-002400-0001] For the Roman Catholic school in Kenora, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6199, file 465-5, part 11, Norman Paterson to Indian Affairs Branch, 15 April 1947. [KNR-000518] For Whitefish Lake, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6380, file 769-5, part 3, G. S. Lapp, Superintendent, Department of Mines and Resources, Indian Affairs Branch to Indian Affairs Branch, 5 November 1948. [WFL-000494-0000] For Moose Factory, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 8259, file 486/6-1-001, part 1, Henry Cook to B. F. Neary, 7 January 1950. [MFI-000351] For Fort Frances, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 8257, file 485/6-1-001, part 1, J. F. Lockhart to Indian Affairs, 20 October 1950. [FFR-000307] For the Presbyterian school in Kenora, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6189, file 461-5, part 12, W. M. Benidickson to W. E. Harris, 6 June 1950. [CJC-001327] For Prince Albert, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 8645, file 651/6-1, part 2, D. N. Morrison to J. P. B. Ostrander, 27 July 1951. [PAR-017611-0001] For Kamsack, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 8664, file 673/6-1-037, part 3, G. Ptizel to E. S. Jones, 21 November 1955. [SPR-002123-0001] For Fort Providence, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG22, Perm. volume 1069, file 250-11-17, part 1, Fort Providence – School 1957, FA 22-3, John Parker to G. Robertson, 22 October 1957. [FPU-002206] For Joussard, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 8685, file 777/6-1-007, part 4, Department of the Provincial Secretary, Office of the Fire Commissioner, 21 August 1958. [JRD-004129-0001] For Cardston, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, 773/6-1-004, volume 8677, part 6, 1957–1958, NAC, Office of the Fire Commissioner, St. Paul’s Residential School, 25 November 1957; [PUL-005151-0001] TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, 103/6-1-750, 12/57–09/58, volume 4, RCAP, Office of the Fire Commissioner, St. Mary’s Residential School, 26 November 1957. [MRY-000939] For McIntosh, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 8278, file 494/6-1-015, part 4, J. S. Allan to Mr. Matters, 21 January 1958. [MCI-001918-0001] For Calais, see: TRC, NRA, No document location, no document file source, Department of the Provincial Secretary, Officer of the Fire Commissioner, Re: Sturgeon Lake Indian School, Calais, Alberta, 14 July 1959. [GMA-002257-0001]

323.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6453, file 884-5, part 5, 1936–1941, Kootenay Agency – Kootenay Residential School – Building Maintenance – Supplies – Accounts, FA 10-17, Microfilm reel C-8775, NAC, Ottawa, “Inspection of the St. Mary’s Indian School, Mission, Cranbrook, British Columbia,” Adams, P., 25 October 1938. [EGN-004990]

324.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 8253, file 479/6-1-001, part 7, N. C. Rathburn to W. J. Zimmerman, 10 February 1958. [TAY-004042]

325.For an example of a building identified as a fire trap in 1901 and again in 1927, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6252, file 575-5, part 2, W. Murison to W. Graham, 17 November 1927. [BIR-000093] For an example of a school in need of replacement since 1923, but still in operation in 1934, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6378, file 767-5, part 2, T. B. R. Westgate, to The Secretary, Indian Affairs, 18 January 1934. [JON-000270]

326.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 8259, file 486/6-1-001, part 1, W. J. Scott to Indian Affairs, 12 January 1950. [MFI-000352]

327.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 8259, file 486/6-1-001, part 5, Henry Cook to R. F. Davey, 17 September 1954. [MFI-000519]

328.For Regina, see: TRC, NRA, United Church of Canada Archives, Acc. Number 1979,199C, box 6, file 105, D. M. Laird to Rev. Sir, 14 January 1908. [RIS-000577] For Brocket, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6369, file 763-1, part 1, PARC, W. M. Graham to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 21 July 1925. [CYP-005124] For Fort Alexander, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6265, file 579-5, part 5, W. M. Graham to Duncan C. Scott, 5 July 1930. [FAR-004247] For Sandy Bay, see: Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6276, file 584-5, part 3, W. M. Graham to the Secretary, Indian Affairs, 26 May 1931. [SBR-001840] For The Pas, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6268, file 580-5, part 5, W. M. Graham to Mr. Scott, 1 December 1931; [DRS-000620] Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6267, file 580-1, part 2, M. Christianson to Indian Affairs, 2 March 1932. [DRS-000594] For Morley, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6356, file 757-5 part 3, 1934–1935, M. Christianson to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 18 March 1935. [MOR-004402] For Elkhorn, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6262, file 578-5, part 7, “Extract of Report from Inspector A. G. Hamilton Dated De-cember 8, 1937, On His Inspection of the Elkhorn Indian Residential School.” [ELK-000122] For Port Simpson, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, file 886-5, part 2, Skeena River Agency – Port Simpson United Church Residential School – Building Maintenance– Supplies – Accounts, 1933–1950, FA 10-17, Perm. volume 6458, Microfilm reel C-8779, “Extract from Inspector Barry’s Report Regarding his Inspection of the Port Simpson Indian Residential School, 21 May 1937.” [PSM-200553]

329.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6369, file 763-1, part 1, PARC, W. M. Graham to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 21 July 1925. [CYP-005124]

330.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6268, file 580-5, part 5, W. M. Graham to Mr. Scott, 1 December 1931; [DRS-000620] Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6267, file 580-1, part 2, M. Christianson to Indian Affairs, 2 March 1932. [DRS-000594]

331.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 11552, file 312-11, part 2, Russell T. Ferrier and Duncan C. Scott to Principals of Indian Residential Schools, 5 February 1932; [AEMR-177210] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 7185, file 1/25-1-6-1, part 1, R. A. Hoey to Principals of Indian Residential Schools, 10 February 1938; [SRS-001560-0001] TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, 772/23-5-010, 1894–1966, volume DRSRO, J. N. R. Iredale to Indian Affairs, 21 February 1946. [MOR-001068]

332.For the Presbyterian school in Kenora, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6189, file 461-5, part 8, F. Dubois to F. Edwards, 16 September 1940. [CJC-000758-0001] For Birtle, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6253, file 575-5, part 7, Philip Phelan to A. G. Smith, 29 August 1945. [BIR-000298] For Morley, see: TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, 772/23-5-010, 1894–1966, volume DRSRO, J. N. R. Iredale to Indian Affairs, 21 February 1946. [MOR-001068] For Alert Bay, see: TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, 959/6-1-022B, volume 1, 11/42–01/49, RCAP, [302-19], B. F. Neary to M. S. Todd, 9 January 1947; [MIK-002879] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa, file 959/6-1, part 9, Kwawkewlth Agency – Correspondence Regarding the Alert Bay Indian Residential School Buildings [Plans], 1960–1961, FA 10-27, volume 8701, Microfilm reel C-14163, National Archives of Canada – Ottawa, [illegible] for R. A. W. Switzer to H. M. Jones, 16 February 1961. [MIK-013126-0001] For Chapleau, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6192, file 462-5, part 9, F. Matters to Indian Affairs, 24 April 1948. [CRS-001988] For Portage la Prairie, see: TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 501/25-1-067, volume 1, Statement of Annie Assiniboine, Long Plain Band, undated; [IRC-041132] TRC, NRA, DIAND, Residential Schools Records Office, file 501/25-1-067, volume 1, Statement of Ella Bell, Long Plain Sioux, 4 March 1949; [PLP-000030-0013] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 8630, file 511/6-1-017, part 6, Fire Inspection Report, Indian Residential School, Portage la Prairie, Manitoba, H. E. Puttee, 18 April 1955. [PLP-000697-0002] For Fort Frances, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 8257, file 485/6-1-001, part 1, Philip Phelan to J. F. Lockhart, 20 December 1952. [FFR-002294] For Grayson, see: TRC, NRA, Prairies – Northwest Regional Service Centre – LAC – Edmonton, RG10, Acc. E-1996-97/451, box 20, locator 308257 [18/18], file 25-1, Philip Phelan to J. Lemire, 29 January 1952; [MRS-002156-0001] TRC, NRA, Prairies – Northwest Regional Service Centre – LAC – Edmonton, RG10, Acc. E-1996-97/451, box 20, locator 308257 [18/18], file 25-1, J. Lemire to Philip Phelan, 1 February 1952. [MRS-002156-0000] For Beauval, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 8611, file 658/1-13, part 1, Philip Phelan to M. Landry, 24 December 1952; [BVL-000551] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 8659, file 658/6-1, part 2, J. R. Bell to E. S. Jones, 28 January 1956. [BVL-000661] For Alberni, see: TRC, NRA, No document location, no document file source, District, 916/6-1-029, part 2, 1960–1962, To the Fire Marshal, Re: Inspection of the Alberni Indian Residential School, 16 August 1960. [ABR-000471-0001] For Assiniboia, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 8621, file 506/6-1-018, part 3, W. Perrin, 16 October 1962; [ARS-005112-0002] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 8621, file 506/6-1-018, part 3, R. A. W. Switzer to R. F. Davey, 15 November 1962; [ARS-005112-0000] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 8621, file 506/6-1-018, part 3, Fire Inspection Report, October, 1962, Assiniboia Indian Residential School, W. Perrin, 16 Oc-tober 1962. [ARS-005112-0002] For Brandon, see: TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 501/25-13-083, volume 11, W. J. Hughes to Regional Director, Manitoba, 27 November 1970. [BRS-000788-0001] For Qu’Appelle, see: TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 675/25-13, volume 1, Fire Protection Engineering Survey, Qu’Appelle Students Residence, Lebret, Saskatchewan, 10 October 1973. [PLD-009024-0001] For Hobbema, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada – Edmonton, 774/6-1-016, volume 4, 09/75–03/81, NAC Edmonton, A. H. MacBride to J. van de Voort, 19 December 1975; [ERM-007201] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada – Edmonton, 4965-D32, volume 3, 03/81–03/81, NAC, Edmonton, Ed Lafreniere to J. Ma-kokis, B. Ward, R. Anderson, J. King, 9 March 1981. [EDH-002879] For Fort McPherson, see: TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories – Education, Culture and Employment, file 73-500-402, volume 2, Fort McPherson Hostel [Anglican] – Quarterly Returns [Fort McPherson], 01/72–12/76, Transfer No. 0330, box 8-21, Harry J. Mayne to Joe Coady, 16 January 1976. [FHU-002395]

333.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6456, file 885-5, part 7, Microfilm reel C-8778, C. H. Buck to R. A. Gibson, 20 July 1949. [KUP-004163]

334.See, for example: TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ot-tawa, file 494/25-1-015, volume 1, Philip Phelan to G. Swartman, 21 February 1945; [MCI-000756] TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 494/25-1-015, volume 1, G. Swartman to Indian Affairs, 1 March 1945. [MCI-000757]

335.For the lengthy correspondence about the Fort Alexander fire escape, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6266, file 579-5, part 9, Philip Phelan to J. Brachet, 9 November 1945; [FAR-003245] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6266, file 579-5, part 9, J. Brachet to Indian Agent, Selkirk, 11 September 1946; [FAR-003250-0001] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6266, file 579-5, part 11, B. E. Olson to Bernard F. Neary, 3 September 1948; [FAR-003288] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6266, file 579-5, part 11, B. F. Neary to B. E. Olson, 10 September 1948; [FAR-003289] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6266, file 579-5, part 11, B. F. Neary to R. S. Davis, 10 November 1949; [FAR-003800] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6266, file 579-5, part 11, R. S. Davis to Indian Affairs, 22 December 1949; [FAR-003801] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 7185, file 1/25-1-6-1, part 1, E. Scholfield to B. F. Neary, 6 January 1950; [SRS-001568-0000] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 8622, file 506/6-1-019, part 1, Fire Inspection Report, Fort Alexander Indian Industrial School, Fort Alexander, 3 August 1950; [FAR-002418-0003] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 8622, file 506/6-1-019, part 1, R. S. Davis to B. F. Neary, 9 November 1950; [FAR-002418-0001] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 8622, file 506/6-1-019, part 1, R. S. Davis to Indian Affairs, 6 September 1952; [FAR-002427-0000] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 8622, file 506/6-1-019, part 1, H. E. Puttee to R. S. Davis, 29 October 1952; [FAR-002433-0000] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 8622, file 506/6-1-019, part 1, Philip Phelan to

336.R. S. Davis, 13 July 1953; [FAR-002449-0001] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 8622, file 506/6-1-019, part 2, Excerpt From Regional Supervisor Davis’ Report on Fire Protection dated May 18th, 1954. [FAR-002486]

337.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6351, file 753-5, part 6, 1947, Micro-film reel C-8707, J. H. Leyland to R. R. Moore, 23 December 1946. [EDM-004444]

338.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, [110]774/6-1-753, volume 2, 1/54–12/57, NAC, R. F. Battle to Director, Department of Indian Affairs, 8 September 1954; [EDM-005023] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6351, file 753-5, part 7, 1947–1949, Microfilm reels C8707 and C8708, E. J. Staley to E. A. Robertson, 28 February 1949. [EDM-007300]

339.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6261, file 577-5, part 8, H. E. Pitre, 12 October 1949; [CLD-004322-0001] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6261, file 577-5, part 8, R. S. Davis to Indian Affairs Branch, 29 December 1949; [CLD-004325] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 8641, file 511/6-1-054, part 2, G. E. Trudeau to G. Marcoux, 16 August 1955; [CLD-004399] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 8641, file 511/6-1-054, part 2, R. D. Ragan to G. E. Trudeau, 21 August 1956. [CLD-001080]

340.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 8274, file 494/6-1-014, part 1, P. Phelan to F. Matters, 24 November 1952; [PLK-000419] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 8274, file 494/6-1-014, part 4, J. E. Ritchie to R. F. Davey, 23 August 1955; [PLK-000405-0001] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 8275, file 494/6-1-014, part 5, Henry Cook to R. F. Davey, 27 April 1956; [PLK-000474] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 8275, file 494/6-1-014, part 6, H. M. Jones to Deputy Minister, 12 April 1957. [PLK-000376]

341.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, Acc. 1984-85/112, box 74, file 487/6-1-016, part 2, R. A. Switzer to C. J. Crapper, 3 December 1968. [KNR-001607-0001]

342.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 487/1-18, volume 1, W. McKim to A. Lacerte (undated). [KNR-000214]

343.For 1907, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 1629, J. D. McLean to A. J. McNeill, 1 May 1907. [AEMR-252036] For 1927, see: TRC, NRA, Provincial Archives of Alberta, PAA 71.220 B54 2275, Duncan Scott to Principals of Indian Residential Schools, 6 October 1927. [OGP-020818]

344.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 1629, J. D. McLean to A. J. McNeill, 1 May 1907; [AEMR-252036] TRC, NRA, Provincial Archives of Alberta, PAA 71.220 B54 2275, Duncan Scott to Principals of Indian Residential Schools, 6 October 1927; [OGP-020818] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, file 886-1, part 3, Skeena River Agency – Port Simpson Girls Residential School, 1894–1950, FA 10-17, Perm. volume 6458, “Extract from Inspector Barry’s Letter of May 23, 1937.” [PSM-200643]

345.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6201, file 466-5, part 5, N. C. Rathburn to W. J. Zimmerman, 9 March 1946; [TAY-002400-0001] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 8253, file 479/6-1-001, part 8, Fire Inspector to W. J. Zimmerman, 14 November 1959. [TAY-004133-0001]

346.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 10361, file 506/6-1-019, part 3, Charles Buck to R. D. Ragan, 28 May 1958. [FAR-000037-0002]

347.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, 957/6-1-019, volume 1, folder 3, 3/51–2/65, A. Parry to the Fire Marshal, 19 April 1960. [MIS-000269-0001]

348.For an example from British Columbia in 1958, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives – Burnaby, School Buildings – Repairs – Sq. Res. School, FA 10-593, Archival Acc. V2005-00480-4, Archival box 1, A. H. Abbott to M. Michaella, 8 January 1958. [SQU-206024] For examples from British Columbia in 1960 and 1963, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 8797, file 1/25-13, part 8, H. M. Jones to Deputy Minister, 23 December 1960; [CST-000469] TRC, NRA, No document location, no document file source, A. F. Noonan, 21 October 1963. [CIS-000589-0001] For three examples from British Columbia in 1964, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 8710, file 965/6-1, part 11, 1961–1964, Microfilm reel C-14169, Fire Protection Engineering Survey, September 1964, Lejac Indian Residential School, Lejac, British Columbia; [LEJ-003418-0002] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada – Burnaby, RG10, FA 10-189, Acc. v96-97/816, file 6-1-963, box 3, Fire Protection – K.S.R. NAC – Burnaby, Fire Protection Engineering Survey, September 24–25, 1964, Kamloops Indian Residential School, Kamloops, British Columbia; [KAM-062000] TRC, NRA, Library and Ar-chives Canada – Ottawa, RG10, volume 8697, file 956/6-1, part 10, Fire Protection Engineering Survey, September 26, 1964, St. George’s Indian Residential School, Lytton, British Columbia.[GRG-002817-0001] For three examples from British Columbia in 1965, see: TRC, NRA, Li-brary and Archives Canada – Ottawa, RG10, volume 8704, file 962/6-1, part 11, Microfilm reel C-14164, 1961–1965, 1960, National Archives – Ottawa, Fire Inspection Report Cariboo Indian Residential School, 22 February 1965; [JOE-060097-0000] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada – Ottawa, RG10, Acc. 1999-01431-6, box 368, file 963/6-1, School Buildings, Kamloops Student Residence, part 21, 1964–1967, NAC – Ottawa, Fire Protection Engineering Survey, February 23–24, 1965, Kootenay Indian Residential School, Cranbrook, B.C.; [EGN-001082] TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, 951/6-1, volume 2, 11/67–10/10/70, DRSRO, Fire Protection Engineering Survey Re: Christie Indian Residential School (Church Owned), 13 February 1965. [CST-001418] For two examples from Alberta in 1959, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, 775[706]/6-1-020, volume 1, 04/65–11/67, NAC, W. D. MacKay to R. F. Battle, 23 April 1959; [FTV-006040-0000] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada – Ottawa, RG10, volume 8758, file 773/25-1, part 2, R. F. Battle to Indian Affairs Branch, 11 June 1959. [SAC-001075-0000] For an example from Saskatchewan in 1965, see: TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection–Ottawa, file 621/6-1-010, volume 1, Fire Protection Engineering Survey, Onion Lake Indian Residential School, 27 May 1965. [ORC-008490] For an example from Saskatchewan in 1968, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, box 2, Acc. 1999-01431-6, file 1/1-2-2-21 part 2,D. Kogawa to Director Education Services, 8 February 1968. [NCA-003014] For an example from Saskatchewan in 1969, see: TRC, NRA, National Capital Regional Service Centre – LAC – Ottawa, file 671/6-1-025, volume 12, R. F. Davey to Regional Superintendent of Education, 11 March 1969. [ORC-008557] For an example from Ontario in 1966, see: TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 129/25-2-016, volume 1, H.B. Rodine to Supervising Principal, Kenora Inspectorate, 28 April 1966. [KNR-002732] For an example from Ontario in 1968, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, series C-V-4, volume 11337, file 493/6-1-009, part 2, C. J. Crapper to Regional Director, Ontario, 5 January 1968. [SWK-000676-0001] For an example from Manitoba in 1967, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 10365, file 511/6-1-026, part 16, R. A. W. Switzer to G. W. Richards, 21 April 1967. [SBR-001650]

349.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 7185, file 1/25-1-6-1, part 1, Philip Phelan to J. P. Mackey, 6 March 1950. [SRS-001577]

350.For an example from British Columbia in 1958, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, FA 10-379, 1999-01431-6, box 405, 987/25-1-018, part 1, Indian Education – Squamish Students Residence, Fraser District, 1950–1969, NAC, Ottawa, R. F. Davey to Director Indian Affairs, 17 July 1958. [SQU-000573] For examples from British Columbia in 1965, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, FA 10-63, volume 13463 901/25-1, part 1, 1950–1966 GARDD, R. F. Davey to J. Boys, 11 June 1965; [CST-000832] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada – Ottawa, RG10, file 955/6-1, part 5, Acc. 1999-01431-6, box 367, 1961–1967, NAC, Ottawa, R. C. Wilson for R. A. W. Switzer to G. J. Bowen, 23 November 1965. [SLT-004435] For an example from Alberta in 1963, see: TRC, NRA, INAC – Main Records Office – Ottawa, CR-HQ, file 772/6-1-001, volume 10, 04/66–02/72, [illegible] for W. G. Robinson to Director of Education, 16 July 1968. [CFT-002054] For examples from Alberta in 1966, see: TRC, NRA, INAC – Main Records Office – Ottawa, 779/6-1-009, volume 8, 1966 CR – HQ, G. J. Bowen to Director of Education, 6 July 1966; [BQL-000632] TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, 779/6-1-009, volume 8, 1966 RCAP, G. J. Bowen to B. Wilson, 21 July 1966; [BQL-005674-0000] TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, 779/6-1-009, volume 8, 1966 RCAP, R. A. W. Switzer to G. J. Bowen, 27 July 1966. [BQL-005695-0004] For an example from Saskatchewan in 1968, see: TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 672/6-1-016, volume 16, W. G. Robinson to Director of Education, 13 March 1968. [PAR-017715-0000] For an example from Saskatchewan in 1969, see: TRC, NRA, National Capital Regional Service Centre – LAC – Ottawa, file 671/6-1-025, volume 12, R. F. Davey to C. J. Crapper, 26 March 1969. [ORC-008554] For an example from Saskatchewan in 1973, see: TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 601/25-13, volume 5, J. R. Mayor to J. Freeman, 7 September 1973. [PAR-019420] For an example from Manitoba in 1967, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 10365, file 511/6-1-026, part 16, R. A. W. Switzer to G. W. Richards, 21 April 1967. [SBR-001650] For a Manitoba example from 1968, see TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 501/6-1-075, volume 8, R. C. Wilson for R. A. W. Switzer to G. J. Bowen, 17 September 1968. [PCR-006373] For an example from Ontario in 1968, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, series C-V-4, volume 11338, file 493/6-1-009, part 3, A. R. Aquin to Regional Director, 1 March 1968. [SWK-002204-0001]

351.TRC, NRA, NAC – Main Records Office – Ottawa, 775/6-1, volume 1, 1955–72, CR-HQ, R. C. Wilson for R. A. W. Switzer to G. J. Bowen, 11 July 1967. [AMP-009523-0001]

352.TRC, NRA, INAC – Main Records Office – Ottawa, 775/6-1-005, Jan/64–Feb/73, volume 5, DI-AND, Central Records – HQ, R. F. Davey to Henri Routhier, 23 August 1968. [FTV-006722-0000]

353.TRC, NRA, Headquarters, 777/6-1-007, 02/65–11/69, volume 6 HQ, R. F. Davey to Henri Routhier, 30 December 1968. [JRD-001725-0001]

354.TRC, NRA, National Capital Regional Service Centre - LAC - Ottawa, file 701/25-1, volume 6 (locator #H21-316), Jean Chrétien to Martin O.Connell, 22 October 1969. [NCA-015260-0000]

355.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, 775/6-1-006, volume II, 01/69–01/75, NAC, P. L. McGillvray for R. F. Davey to Regional Superintendent of Schools, 6 June 1969. [AMP-0050160001]

356.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, 775/6-1-GHC, volume 1, 05/1973–06/1975, RCAP, E. W. Robinson to Don McBride, 27 April 1973. [AMP010378]

357.TRC, NRA, INAC – Main Records Office – Ottawa, 772/6-1-010, volume 8, 1966–1972, CR-HQ, C. J. Crapper for G. J. Bowen to Director, Education Branch, 21 March 1969. [MOR-0027870000]

358.TRC, NRA, INAC – Main Records Office – Ottawa, 772/6-1-010, volume 8, 1966–1972, CR-HQ, R. F. Davey to C. Crapper, 26 March 1969. [MOR-002786]

359.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, NAC, file 772/6-1-001, 01/67–10/69, “Cluny Indian School Closing,” by Don Peacock, [Calgary Albertan], 20 December 1969. [CFT-002237]

360.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada – Burnaby, RG10, FA 10-189, Acc. v96-97/816, file 6-1-963, box 3, 1959–1975, School Buildings – Kamloops Student Residence, NAC, Burnaby, Fire Protection Engineering Survey, Report No. 5, Kamloops Indian Residential School, A. Sim, 29 May 1972. [KAM-060715-0001]

361.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada – Edmonton, 779/6-1-737, volume 2, 05/74–05/76 NAC – Edmonton, R. W. Brown to Allan Rudyk, 8 May 1974. [AGL-002666]

362.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 371/6-1-019, volume 8, Michael Shiner to A. Kroeger, 14 May 1975. [HFG-000061-0003]

363.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 672/6-1-007, part 6, J. R. Mayor to O. N. Zakreski, 15 April 1975. [PAR-021768-0003]

364.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada – Burnaby, 985/6-1-012, part 2, 1973–1976, V1984-85/333, box 4 [500598], FA 10-144, NAC Burnaby/GRB, Report of Inspection Lejac Residential School, 8 July 1975. [LEJ-008133-0002]

365.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, GRS Files, box 2A, file 18, Peter McKenzie to E. L. Davies, 25 October 1977. [MDD-008753-0001]

366.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, 773-6-1-003, volume 5, 09/74–01/80, NAC, E. A. Fontana to J. Shot [on] Both Sides, 12 March 1979. [MRY-002237-0000]

367.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file E4974-2017, volume 1, Peter McKenzie to L. A. Parker, 29 April 1980. [PLD-007624-0003]

368.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada – Winnipeg, RG10, Acc. 2001-01035-4, box 015, file 501/25-13-082G, volume 1, J. P. Malcolm to K. Baksh, 12 September 1974. [PLP-100393]

369.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada – Burnaby, RG10, FA 10-137, v92-93/201, box 2 [10486], file 987/40-6-19, volume 1, Fire Safety Reports – St. Mary’s, 09/75–10/80, NAC – Burnaby, L. MacKay to J. Allon, 31 October 1980. [MIS-010104]

370.TRC, NRA, INAC – BC Regional Records Office – Vancouver, VAN-E 4310-5-2025, volume 1, Christie Student Residence, 7/1981–12/1983, Acc. V93-O16, box 93-01-D37/39-052, DIAND – BC Central Registry, N. A. Duval to F. J. Walchli, 17 July 1981. [CST-008511-0001]

371.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6300, file 650-1, part 1, Louis Mederic Adam to Indian Affairs, 22 September 1927; [BVL-000879] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6260, file 577-1, part 1, J. L. Fuller to A. MacNamara, 8 March 1930; [CLD-000933-0000] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6260, file 577-1, part 1, William Gordon to Assistant Deputy and Secretary, Indian Affairs, 10 March 1930. [CLD-000934]

372.Greven, Spare the Child, 55–60.

373.See, for example: Proverbs, 13:24, 22:15, and 29:15.

374.Hodgins, Documentary History of Education, 239.

375.Acts, Relating to the Education Department, – Ontario (Toronto, 1891), 103, quoted in Wrock, “History of Legal Actions,” 63.

376.Wrock, “History of Legal Actions,” 85–109.

377.For examples of parental complaints about discipline, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6267, file 580-1, part 2, P. Constant to W. M. Graham, 1 October 1925; [DRS-000546] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6436, file 878-1, part 2, Microfilm reel C-8762, 1913–1937, A. O’N. Daunt to Assistant Deputy and Secretary, Indian Affairs, 7 September 1920; [JOE-070047] TRC, NRA, Anglican Church of Canada, General Synod Archives, Accession GS 75-403, series 2:15[a], box 16, [Illegible], Chairman, Indian and Eskimo Commission, Westgate, T. B. R., Field Secretary, Indian and Eskimo Commission, “Minutes of the Meeting of the Indian Residential School Commission held on March 18th, 1921”; [AGS-000014] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6205, file 468-1, part 3, Affidavit of Jessica Seneca, 25 May 1943; [IRC-041076] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6205, file 468-1, part 3, Affidavit of Annie Waddilove, 7 June 1943; [IRC-041079] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6205, file 468-1, part 3, “Resolution No. 1 of the Chippewas of the Thames,” 24 June 1943; [IRC-041085] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6259, file 576-10, part 17, John Dowan to Indian Affairs, 12 September 1950; [BRS-000944] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada – Ottawa, RG10, volume 6479, file 940-1, part 2, H. C. M. Grant to Superintendent of Indian Affairs, 5 February 1940; [CAR-011309] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, (8758), FA 10-25, file 772/25-1-010, 1949–1961, “Statements given to Mr. Wild on February 28, 1951, re Morley Indian Residential School.” [IRC-048228-0001]

378.For not finishing lessons, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6436, file 878-1, part 1, Statement of Joseph Fahey, 3 March 1902. [IRC-047092] For bedwetting, see: Spanish school diary, September 1, 1924, quoted in Shanahan, Jesuit Residential School, 145. For talking out of turn, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6436, file 878-1, part 1, Microfilm reel C-8762, 1890–1912, National Archives – Ottawa, Statement of E. Batiste, 3 March 1902. [JOE-060020] For throwing rocks at the school fence, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6436, file 878-1, part 1, Statement, Francis, 3 March 1902. [IRC-047091] For theft, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6267, file 580-1, part 2, J. Waddy to Assistant Deputy and Secretary, Department of Indian Affairs, 27 November 1922. [DRS-000521] For immorality, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6436, file 878-1, part 1, Statement of Reverend Henry Boening, 3 March 1902. [IRC-047093] For refusing to eat meals, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6436, file 878-1, part 1, Microfilm reel C-8762, 1890–1912, Statement of Johnny Sticks, 28 February 1902. [JOE-060004] For speaking their own language, see: TRC, AVS, Jane S. Charlie, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Deline, Northwest Territories, 2 March 2010, Statement Number: 07-NWT-02MR1-002; TRC, AVS, Alfred Nolie, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Alert Bay, British Columbia, 20 October 2011, Statement Number: 2011-3293. For running away with water wagon, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6358, file 758-1, part 1, P. H. Gentleman to Canon Gould, 12 January 1920. [IRC-041335] For neglecting chores, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6332, file 661-1, part 2, W. J. D. Kerley to M. Christianson, 6 March 1943. [IRC-041073] For theft, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada – Ottawa, RG10, volume 6479, file 940-1, part 2, H. C. M. Grant to Superintendent of Indian Affairs, 5 February 1940. [CAR-011309]

379.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6267, file 580-1, part 2, P. Constant to W. M. Graham, 1 October 1925. [DRS-000546] For examples of discipline leading to truancy from Presbyterian school in Kenora, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6187, file 461-1, part 1, The Assistant Deputy and Secretary to J. H. Edmison, 4 August 1917; [CJC-000845] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6187, file 461-1, part 3, Constable E. Stanley, 13 January 1936. [CJC-000720-0001] For Williams Lake, British Columbia, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6436, file 878-1, part 1, Statement Louis, 3 March 1902; [IRC-047088] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6436, file 878-1, part 1, Microfilm reel C-8762, 1890–1912, Statement of Johnny Sticks, 28 February 1902. [JOE-060004]

380.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6436, file 878-1, part 1, A. O’N. Daunt to Assistant Deputy and Secretary, 1 August 1920. [IRC-047108]

381.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6452, file 884-1, part 1, MR C-8773, “Rules and Regulations, Kootenay Industrial School.” [AEMR-011621A]

382.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3675, file 11422-4, “Duties of Assistant as Approved by Department,” 20 February 1888. [PLD-009411]

383.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1885, 77.

384.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1887, 128.

385.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3920, file 116818, H. Reed to Assistant Commissioner, 28 June 1895. [EDM-003376]

386.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6255, file 576-1, part 1, A. E. Forget to John Semmens, 17 April 1896. [BRS-000191]

387.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, file 752-1, part 1, volume 6348, 1894–1936, Duncan Campbell Scott to Reverend J. Riou, 17 January 1922. [IRC-010661]

388.Audette, Report on The Commission.

389.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6200, file 466-1, part 3, R. A. Hoey to H. W. Snell, 3 September 1937. [TAY-003122]

390.Goldsborough, “Robert Alexander Hoey: (1883–1965),” http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/people/hoey_ra.shtml (accessed 26 July 2014).

391.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6422, file 869-1, part 3, Gerald H. Barry to D. M. McKay, 24 June 1940. [IRC-041351-0000]

392.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6355, file 757-1, part 2, Bernard F. Neary for Hoey, 5 February 1947. [IRC-041116]

393.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6355, file 757-1, part 2, 1928–1948, Bernard F. Neary to George Dorey, 6 February 1947. [IRC-048200]

394.TRC, NRA, United Church of Canada/Victoria University Archives, Acc. No. 83.050C, box 110, file 21, Morley IRS – Correspondence 1940–1947/UCC docs Toronto, George Dorey to G. R. Inglis, 10 February 1947. [UCA-081599]

395.TRC, NRA, DIAND, file 501/25-1-067, volume 1, Bernard F. Neary to A. G. Hamilton, 21 February 1949. [AEMR-016158]

396.TRC, NRA, DIAND, Residential Schools Records Office, file 501/25-1-067, volume 1, Joseph Jones to A. G. Hamilton, 28 February 1949. [IRC-041147]

397.Library and Archives Canada, Duncan Campbell Scott to W. J. Roche, 3 December 1913.

398.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6200, file 466-1, part 3, R. A. Hoey to H. H. Craig, 3 September 1937. [MSC-000093-0001]

399.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 8542, file 51/25-1, part 2, Philip Phelan, 14 April 1953. [FAR-000067]

400.TRC, NRA, Document location unknown, document file location unknown, Indian Affairs Field Manual, 1958, section 17.12, page 203 of 330-page portable document file. [AEMR-011711]

401.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 1/25-1-5-2, volume 1, “Regulations with respect to teaching, education, inspection, and discipline for Indian Residential Schools, Made and Established by the Superintendent General of Indian Affairs Pursuant to Paragraph (a) of Section 114 of the Indian Act,” undated; [PAR-001203-0001] TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 1/25-1-5-2, volume 1, H. M. Jones to Deputy Minister, 20 January 1953. [PAR-001203-0000]

402.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3920, file 116818, D. L. Clink to Indian Commissioner, 4 June 1895. [EDM-003380]

403.Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3558, file 64, part 39, David Laird to Superintendent of Indian Affairs, 13 March 1899.

404.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 2771, file 154845, part 1, Martin Benson to Scott, 19 October 1914. [TAY-003547-0000]

405.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6187, file 461-1, part 1, John Semmens to J. D. McLean, 17 August 1914. [CJC-000003]

406.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6191, file 462-1, part 1, Russell T. Ferrier to Mr. Scott, 23 January 1922. [CRS-001009]

407.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6191, file 462-1, part 1, D. C. Scott to George Prewer, 2 February 1922. [CRS-001014-0001]

408.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6267, file 580-1, part 2, J. W. Waddy to W. M. Graham, 1 September 1924. [DRS-000530]

409.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6267, file 580-1, part 2, J. W. Waddy to W. M. Graham, 5 October 1925. [DRS-000543-0001]

410.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file E4874-02016, volume 5, Gordon’s Student Residence, 28-31, Indian Agent to W. M. Graham, 27 September 1928. [IRC-047119]

411.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6342, file 750-1, part 1, Microfilm reel C-8699, “Extract from Letter of Mr. J. E. Pugh, Indian Agent, Cardston, Alta.,” 1 December 1928. [MRY-001614]

412.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6342, file 750-1, part 1, Microfilm reel C-8699, E. J. Smith to D. C. Scott, 23 January 1928; [IRC-048140] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6342, file 750-1, part 1, Microfilm reel C-8699, Report of Sergeant A. Howard, 26 February 1928. [IRC-048148]

413.TRC, NRA, Provincial Archives – Alberta, Acc. 71.220 B54 2278, Author unknown (From University of Ottawa) to Dr. McGill, 1 May 1934. [IRC-049042]

414.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, 773/25-1-003, 05/36–09/70, volume 1, RCAP, Report of J. E. Pugh, 28 February 1937. [SAC-000234-0007]

415.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6187, file 461-1, part 3, E. W. Byers to J. D. Sutherland, 13 January 1936. [CJC-000722]

416.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6187, file 461-1, part 3, Frank Edwards to The Secretary, Indian Affairs Branch, 13 June 1930 [this letter appears to be misdated, correct date 1940]; [CJC-000650] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6187, file 461-1, part 3, E. W. Byers to R. A. Hoey, 14 June 1940. [CJC-000649]

417.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6422, file 869-1, part 3, Cecil Perkins to Indian Commissioner, Vancouver, 20 June [1940]. [IRC-041349]

418.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 10412, Shannon Box 39, part B, 1940–1941, “Edmonton Indian Agency, Report on Investigation Held at Youville Residential School.” [IRC-041324]

419.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 10412, Shannon Box 39, part B, 1940–1941, Philip Phelan to G. C. Laight, 8 February 1941. [IRC-041323]

420.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6187, file 461-1, part 3, R. A. Hoey to A. G. Hamilton, 20 March 1944; [IRC-048098-0000] A. G. Hamilton to Indian Affairs Branch, 4 April 1944. [IRC-048100-0001]

421.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6267, file 580-1, part 2, W. M. Graham to Mr. Scott, 9 September 1924. [DRS-000531]

422.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6267, file 580-1, part 2, J. D. McLean to Dr. Westgate, 16 September 1924. [DRS-000532]

423.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6267, file 580-1, part 2, W. M. Graham to The Secretary, Department of Indian Affairs, 12 October 1925. [DRS-000543-0000]

424.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6267, file 580-1, part 2, T. B. R. Westgate to Duncan C. Scott, 7 December 1925; [DRS-000553] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6267, file 580-1, part 2, W. M. Graham, 7 January 1926. [DRS-000558]

425.In the 1927–28 school year, Bird was the principal of the James Smith Reserve day school in Saskatchewan. See: Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1928, 57.

426.TRC, NRA, Provincial Archives of Alberta, PAA 71.220 B31 1277, Thomas H. M. Tuck to Reverend Father, 16 October 1933. [OGP-060101]

427.TRC, NRA, Provincial Archives of Alberta, PAA 71.220 B29 1130, U. Langlois to Very Reverend Mother Gallant, 13 November 1935. [OGP-100206]

428.TRC, NRA, Provincial Archives of Alberta, Acc. 71.220 B31 1279, Chief Moses, 29 April 1939. [OGP-060159]

429.TRC, NRA, Provincial Archives – Alberta, PAA 71.220 B31 1279, L. Balter to H. Routhier, 31 January 1941. [OGP-060171]

430.TRC, NRA, Provincial Archives of Alberta, PAA 71.220 B32 1301, P. A. Charron to H. Routhier, 14 July 1942. [OGP-070289]

431.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3920, file 116818, D. L. Clink to Indian Commissioner, 4 June 1895. [EDM-003380]

432.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6436, file 878-1, part 1, A. O’N. Daunt to Assistant Deputy and Secretary, 1 August 1920. [IRC-047108]

433.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6436, file 878-1, part 2, J. D. McLean to A. O’N. Daunt, 9 August 1920. [IRC-047109]

434.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6436, file 878-1, part 1, A. O’N. Daunt to Assistant Deputy and Secretary, Department of Indian Affairs, 16 August 1920. [IRC047110]

435.TRC, NRA, Provincial Archives – Alberta, Acc. 71.220 B54 2278, Author unknown (From University of Ottawa) to Dr. McGill, 1 May 1934. [IRC-049042]

436.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6342, file 750-1, part 1, Microfilm reel C-8699, Deputy Superintendent General to J. E. Pugh, 10 May 1934. [MRY-001629]

437.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6422, file 869-1, part 3, Gerald H. Barry to D. M. McKay, 24 June 1940. [IRC-041351-0000]

438.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3920, file 116818, “Report on Investigation of Complaints made by Thos. Ross and Daniel S. Kern, regarding the management of the Red Deer Industrial School, held under the instructions of the Indian Commissioner’s Letter No. 37/47 dated December 26th, 1902,” W. J. Chisholm. [EDM-003971]

439.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6268, file 580-5, part 5, A. G. Hamilton, no date, 7–8. [DRS-000619]

440.Audette, “Report on The Commission,” 15.

441.Audette, “Report on The Commission,” 15.

442.Audette, “Report on The Commission,” 16.

443.TRC, NRA, Provincial Archives Alberta, PAA 71.220 B31 1277, Russell T. Ferrier to U. Langlois, 8 April 1932. [OGP-060088]

444.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6187, file 461-1, part 3, E. W. Byers to J. D. Sutherland, 13 January 1936. [CJC-000722]

445.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6187, file 461-1, part 3, A. F. MacKenzie to Frank Edwards, 30 January 1936. [CJC-000717]

446.United Church of Canada Archives, Winnipeg, Andrew Baird Papers, E 1955–1959, G. G. McLaren to Rev. Baird, 16 November 1892, quoted in Hildebrand, “Staff Perspectives,” 137–138.

447.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6436, file 878-1, part 1, Statement of Reverend Henry Boening, 3 March 1902. [IRC-047093]

448.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, School Files, volume 6358, file 758-1, part 1, 20 August 1919; [OLD-000497] RG10, volume 6358, file 758-1, part 1, “Statement taken by Constable Wright, RNWMP, 27 November 1919”; [RC-041330] Thomas Graham to W. M. Graham, 1 December 1919; [IRC-041328] P. H. Gentleman to Canon Gould, 12 January 1920. [IRC-041335]

449.TRC, NRA, Provincial Archives Alberta, PAA 71.220 B31 1277, Joseph Angin to Rev. Father Provincial, 14 April 1932. [OGP-060091]

450.Audette, “Report on The Commission,” 4–5.

451.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6193, file 462-10, part 1, A. J. Vale to Secretary Indian Affairs, 27 April 1936. [CRS-001254]

452.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6422, file 869-1, part 3, Cecil Perkins to Indian Commissioner, Vancouver, 20 June [1940]. [IRC-041349]

453.For examples of metal rods, see: TRC, NRA, Kelleher, Accession No 705, tape 1, track 1, no date; [OMS-000283] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6436, file 878-1, part 2, R. H. Cairns to A. F. McKenzie, 7 November 1920. [IRC-047116] For an example of caning, see: Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1896, 391. For an example of belts, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6200, file 466-1, part 3, H. H. Craig to H. A. Snell, 29 July 1937. [MSC-000080-0001] For an example of shovel, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6267, file 580-1, part 2, Samuel Lovell to Assistant Deputy and Secretary, Indian Affairs, 26 August 1932. [DRS-000598] For an example of horseshoe, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6187, file 461-1, part 3, A. G. Hamilton to The Secretary, Department of Indian Affairs, 24 February 1936. [CJC-000713] For an example of knotted bootlace, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6197, file 465-1, part 1, Frank Edwards to the Assistant Deputy and Secretary, Indian Affairs, 4 October 1922. [KNR-000674]

454.For handling of the shovel case, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6267, file 580-1, part 2, T. B. R. Westgate to the Secretary, Indian Affairs, 6 September 1932; [IRC-041006-0000] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6267, file 580-1, part 2, T. R. L. MacInnes to T. B. R. Westgate, 21 September 1932. [DRS-000604] For handling of the horseshoe case, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6187, file 461-1, part 3, A. G. Hamilton to The Secretary, Department of Indian Affairs, 24 February 1936. [CJC-000713]

455.For Shubenacadie, see: Audette, “Report on The Commission,” 4–5. For Cluny, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6348, Microfilm reel 8705, file 752-1, part 1, 1894–1936, “Extract from Nurse Ramage’s report, November 1921”; [IRC-047117-0001] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6348, Microfilm reel 8705, file 752-1, part 1, 1894–1936, “Extract from monthly report of Nurse Margaret Jean Ramage, October 1921.” [CFT-000147]

456.For Williams Lake, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6436, file 878-1, part 1, Statement of Augustine, 3 March 1902. [IRC-047087] For The Pas, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6267, file 580-1, part 2, J. W. Waddy to W. M. Graham, 5 October 1925. [DRS-000543-0001]

457.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6436, file 878-1, part 1, Statement of Ellen Charlie, 28 February 1902. [IRC-047081]

458.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6436, file 878-1, part 1, Statement of Sister Euphresia, 3 March 1902. [IRC-047094]

459.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6422, file 869-1, part 3, Cecil Perkins to Indian Commissioner, Vancouver, 20 June [1940]. [IRC-041349]

460.For Brantford, 1914, see: “Damages for Plaintiff in Miller Vs. Ashton Case,” Brantford Expositor, 1 April 1914. For Cluny, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6348, Microfilm reel 8705, file 752-1, part 1, 1894–1936, “Extract from Nurse Ramage’s report, November 1921”; [IRC-047117-0001] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6348, Microfilm reel 8705, file 752-1, part 1, 1894–1936, “Extract from monthly report of Nurse Margaret Jean Ramage, October 1921.” [CFT-000147] For The Pas, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6267, file 580-1, part 2, J. W. Waddy to W. M. Graham, 5 October 1925. [DRS-000543-0001] For Shubenacadie, see: Audette, “Report on The Commission,” 9–10. For Brantford, 1937, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6200, file 466-1, part 3, H. H. Craig to H. A. Snell, 29 July 1937. [MSC-000080-0001]

461.Audette, “Report on The Commission,” 17.

462.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, file 752-1, volume 6348, part 1, 1894–1936, J. Riou to Superintendent General of Indian Affairs, 10 January 1922. [IRC-048217]

463.Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3880, file 92499, Memorandum, Hayter Reed, undated; T. Clarke, “Report of Discharged Pupils,” Sessional Papers, 1894, Paper 13, 103.

464.E. F. Wilson, Autobiographical Journal, 47, quoted in Porter, “The Anglican Church,” 33.

465.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6436, file 878-1, part 1, Statement of Sister Euphresia, 3 March 1902. [IRC-047094]

466.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10 (Red), volume 2771, file 154845, part 1, J. G. Ramsden to J. D. McLean, 23 December 1907. [TAY-003542]

467.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6197, file 465-1, part 1, Minakijikok to D. C. Scott, 30 September 1924; [KNR-000804-0001] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6197, file 465-1, part 1, Frank Edwards to Assistant Deputy and Secretary, Indian Affairs, 8 October 1924. [KNR-000803]

468.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file E 4974-0216, volume 4, Frayling to J. W. Waddy, 6 October 1938. [IRC-047124]

469.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 2771, file 154845, part 1, Kelly and Porter to Superintendent General, Indian Affairs, 29 September 1913. [TAY-001781-0001]

470.TRC, NRA, Anglican Church of Canada, General Synod Archives, MSCC-GS 75-103, series 2-15, box 29, file 10, Anglican Document No. 52.63, Victoria Ketcheson and Patricia Watson, 29 November 1952. [PAR-001992]

471.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6436, file 878-1, part 1, Statement of Christine Haines, 28 February. [IRC-047082]

472.“Damages for Plaintiff in Miller vs. Ashton Case,” Brantford Expositor, 1 April 1914.

473.For Shubenacadie, see: Audette, “Report on The Commission,” 6. For Gordon’s, see: TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file E 4974-0216, volume 4, Frayling to J. W. Waddy, 6 October 1938. [IRC-047124]

474.For hands tied behind back, see: Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3880, file 92499, Memorandum, Hayter Reed, undated; T. Clarke, “Report of Discharged Pupils,” Sessional Papers, 1894, Paper 13, 103. For chaining to benches, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6348, Microfilm reel 8705, file 752-1, part 1, 1894–1936, “Extract from Nurse Ramage’s report, November 1921”; [IRC-047117-0001] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6348, Microfilm reel 8705, file 752-1, part 1, 1894–1936, “Extract from monthly report of Nurse Margaret Jean Ramage, October 1921.” [CFT-000147] For shackled to beds, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, School Files, volume 6358, file 758-1, part 1, 20 August 1919; [OLD-000497] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6358, file 758-1, part 1, “Statement taken by Constable Wright, RNWMP, 27 November 1919”; [IRC-041330] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, Thomas Graham to W. M. Graham, 1 December 1919. [IRC-041328] For chained to each other, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada – Ottawa, RG10, volume 6371, file 764-1, part 1, Assistant Deputy and Secretary to J. W. Tims, 25 January 1911; [PUL-000881] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6369, file 763-1, part 1, PARC, S. Gould to D. C. Scott, 25 November 1920. [CYP-005079-0000] For tying hands and feet together, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6197, file 465-1, part 1, Minakijikok to D. C. Scott, 30 September 1924. [KNR-000804-0001]

475.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6462, file 888-1, part 1, H, L. Laronde to D. S. Scott, 5 January 1921. [GRG-022091]

476.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, volume 6462, file 888-1, part 4, Lytton Agency – St. George’s Residential School – General Administration, 1933–1938, FA 10-17, “Extract From Report of Inspector Barry With Reference to His Visit to St. George’s Indian Residential School on September 26 and 27, and October 25, 1934. Re: Alfred Cecil Batcheler, Boys’ Supervisor.” [GRG-200848]

477.See, for examples: Callahan, “On Our Way to Healing,” 118; “Damages for Plaintiff in Miller vs. Ashton Case,” Brantford Expositor, 1 April 1914; TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6193, file 462-10, part 3, A. J. Vale to Secretary, Welfare and Training Service, Indian Affairs, Branch, 3 September 1939. [CRS-001325-0001]; Audette, “Report on The Commission,” 6; TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada – Ottawa, RG10, volume 6479, file 940-1, part 2, H. C. M. Grant to Superintendent of Indian Affairs, 5 February 1940; [CAR-011309] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG22, volume 1206, file 673/1-1, part 1, T. C. Douglas to J. A. Glen, 14 October 1947; [MRS-003525] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6304, file 651-10, part 3, J. Lemire to W. J. D. Kerley, 26 November 1945. [MRS-003568]

478.See, for examples: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6320, file 658-1, part 1, David Laird to Indian agent, Onion Lake Agency, 28 November 1906; [PAR-000985] TRC, AVS, Jonas Grandjambe, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Fort Good Hope, Northwest Territories, 15 July 2010, Statement Number: 01-NWTJY10-024.

479.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada – Ottawa, RG10, volume 6479, file 940-1, part 2, H. C. M. Grant to Superintendent of Indian Affairs, 5 February 1940. [CAR-011309]

480.TRC, NRA, Anglican Church of Canada, General Synod Archives, MSCC-GS 75-103, series 2-15, box 29, file 10, Anglican Document No. 52.63, Victoria Ketcheson and Patricia Watson, 29 November 1952. [PAR-001992]

481.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6320, file 658-1, part 1, David Laird to Indian agent, Onion Lake Agency, 28 November 1906. [PAR-000985]

482.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6309, file 654-1, part 2, T. R. L. MacInnes to R. W. Frayling, 19 November 1938. [GDC-009302]

483.For Battleford, see: Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3880, file 92499, Memorandum, Hayter Reed, undated; T. Clarke, “Report of Discharged Pupils,” Sessional Papers, 1894, Paper 13, 103. For Sechelt, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6459, file 887-1, part 2, C. C. Perry to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 15 May 1936. [SLT-000540]

484.For examples of various humiliating punishments, see: TRC, AVS, Don Willie, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Alert Bay, British Columbia, 3 August 2011, Statement Number: 2011-3284; TRC, AVS, Helen Kakekayash, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, 5 February 2011, Statement Number: 01-ON-05FE11-002; TRC, AVS, Alfred Nolie, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Alert Bay, British Columbia, 20 October 2011, Statement Number: 2011-3293; TRC, AVS, Louise Large, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, St. Paul, Alberta, 7 January 2011, Statement Number: 01-AB-06JA11-012; TRC, AVS, Josephine Eshkibok, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Little Current, Ontario, 13 May 2011, Statement Number: 2011-2014; TRC, AVS, Wesley Keewatin, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Gambier Island, British Columbia, 28 July 2011, Statement Number: 2011-3276; TRC, AVS, Wendy Lafond, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Batoche, Saskatchewan, 24 July 2010, Statement Number: 01-SK-18-25JY10-015; TRC, AVS, Joseph Ward, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Halifax, Nova Scotia, 28 October 2011, Statement Number: 0211-2872.

485.Shanahan, Jesuit Residential School, 145.

486.TRC, NRA, DIAND, file 487/25-1-014, #63-7, Residential Schools Record Office, R. F. Davey to I. B. Robson, 19 October 1956; [IRC-041204] TRC, NRA, DIAND, file 487/25-1-014, #63-7, Residential Schools Record Office, I. B. Robson to R. F. Davey, 25 October 1956. [IRC-041205]

487.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada – Edmonton, RG10, Acc. E-1996-97/415, file 25-1, box 31/56, J. G. McGilp to Superintendent, 19 June 1965; [IRC-041241] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada – Edmonton, RG10, Acc. E-1996-97/415, file 25-1, box 31/56, K. Kerr to Regional Supervisor, 28 June 1965. [IRC-041243]

488.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 501/25-1-064, volume 1, G. H. Marcoux to Mr. Davis, 21 October 1953; [IRC-041191] TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 501/25-1-064, volume 1, George Spencer to DIAND, 29 September 1953. [BIR-000434-0001]

489.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 501/25-1-064, volume 1, G. H. Marcoux to Mr. Davis, 21 October 1953. [IRC-041191]

490.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 501/25-1-064, volume 1, R. F. Davey to D. A. H. Neild, 19 November 1953. [IRC-041193] For Rusaw in office until 1970, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada – Winnipeg, RG10, Acc. W86-87/083, box 025, file 501/23-26-086, volume 1, Quarterly Return, Student Residences, Birtle Student Residence, 30 June 1970. [BIR-006056]

491.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 675/25-1-018, volume 2, locator 11-10, H. B. Rodine to R. F. Davey, 12 July 1957. [IRC-040041]

492.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, file 118/3-3-8, part 1, 1958–66, 10416, Mr. and Mrs. Matthew Houle, 14 January 1959. [IRC-048104]

493.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, file 118/3-3-8, part 1, 1958–66, 10416, S. C. Knapp to Regional Supervisor, 12 January 1959. [IRC-048103-0000]

494.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, 956/1-13, volume 1, 01/51–05/67, “Complaints Regarding St. George’s Residential School at Lytton, B.C.,” Betty-Marie Barber, 13 December 1957. [IRC-041212]

495.TRC, NRA, Anglican Church of Canada, General Synod Archives, GS 75-103, series 2-15, box 24, Superintendent, “Superintendent’s Conversations with Principal Orman re: Sioux Lookout School, in Winnipeg, Manitoba, December 2, 1961,” 2 December 1961. [PLK-000966]

496.TRC, NRA, DIAND, file 487/25-1-014, #63-7, Residential Schools Record Office, I. B. Robson to R. F. Davey, 25 October 1956. [IRC-041205]

497.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 959/1-13, 05/1951–05/1977, volume 1, John C. Lawrance, undated 1963. [IRC-041250]

498.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 8799, file 487/25-13-014, part 1, G. S. Lapp to Head of the Secretariat, 9 August 1965. [CJC-000011-0000]

499.TRC, NRA, St. Paul’s Archives, series 4, box 10, file 1, “Discipline and Our Children, Father Allan Noonan, Principal, Kamloops Residential School,” no date. Although the speech is undated, Noonan was principal of the Kamloops school from 1964 to 1968, when the school was turned into a residence. [OMI-034228] TRC, NRA, INAC – Main Records Office – Ottawa, 963/16-1, volume 3, Audit Reports – Kamloops Student Residence, 1960–1970, HQ-CR, S. W. Kaiser for R. F. Davey to A. Noonan, 1 September 1964; [KAM-004077] TRC, NRA, “An Era Is Coming to an End at Red Brick Indian School,” (Vancouver) Province, 13 May 1968. [OKM-000773]

500.For Saskatchewan, see: TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 675/25-1-018, volume 2 (locator 11-10), R. F. Davey to H. B. Rodine, 4 July 1957; [IRC-040040] TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 675/25-1-018, volume 2, locator 11-10, H. B. Rodine to R. F. Davey, 12 July 1957; [IRC-040041] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada – Edmonton, RG10, Acc. E-1996-97/415, file 25-1, box 31/56, J. G. McGilp to Superintendent, 19 June 1965. [IRC-041241] For the Yukon, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada – Ottawa, file 801/25-1-940, volume 1, Education – Carcross IRS, 07/1957–02/1962, RG10-151, V1989-90/101, box 36, M. G. Jutras to E. Nielson, 21 January 1959. [YKS-003318] For Québec, see: TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 372/25-13-024, volume 1, C. T. Blouin and L. Poulin, to A. R. Jolicoeur, 13 October 1970. [LTR-001178-0001]

501.For an example from Québec, see: TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 321/25-1-352, Wallace Regis to Mr. Jolicoeur, 10 April 1961; [SIR-000050-0001] TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 321/25-1-352, A. R. Jolicoeur to Léo Laurin, 18 April 1961. [SIR-000050-0000]

502.For an example from Saskatchewan in the 1940s, see: TRC, NRA, Anglican Church of Canada, General Synod Archives, ACC-MSCC-GS 75-103, series 2-15, box 29, file 10, H. G. C. to Charles Fielding, 8 December 1952. [AAC-084476] For examples from Alberta in the 1960s, see: TRC, CAR, Paul Ant. Hudon to Georges-Marie Latour, 30 July 1966; [10a-c900151-d0019-002] TRC, NRA, Federal Records Centre – National Capital Region, file DM6-2-3, volume 5, locator N346-2, Jacqueline Bisson to Deputy Minister, 18 September 1967. [120.07837]

503.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, St. George’s IRS, D.C. 2C11, Lytton St. George’s Sch. #88.44, section 205, “All Saints Residential School Staff Manual,” 1967. [PAR-000233]

504.For the assault, see: TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection 1967. [IRC-044060] For the dismissal, see: TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, GRS Files, box 41, Warner, Albert, 1967, Employment record for Albert Warner. [IRC-044061]

505.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, “Native Mission School Shut Down over Discipline Controversy,” by Margaret Loewen Reimer, Mennonite Reporter, Volume 19, Number 22, 13 November 1989. [PHD-000143]

506.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, “Police Lay No Charges in Poplar Hill Investigation,” Mennonite Reporter, Volume 21, Number 4, 18 February 1991. [PHD-000173]

507.For belittling families, see: TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, GRS Files, box 131, Employee File – [name redacted] “Record of Discussion Be-tween Mr. G. Worth and [name redacted],” 3 June 1970. IRC-047140] For slapping, see: INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, GRS Files, box 131, Employee File – [name redacted] “Record of Discussion Between Mr. G. Worth and [name redacted],” 3 June 1970. [IRC-047140] For banging heads against doors, see TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, GRS Files, box L13, Students Individuals, 86, Anthony Whitehead, Duane Chatsis, 23 May 1986. [IRC-047159] For banging heads against walls, see: TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, GRS Files, box 19, file 13, “Student incident report,” Ron Pratt, 9 December 1987. [IRC-047175-0000] For grabbing by the hair, see: TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, GRS Files, box 19, Students 87-88, “Student incident report,” R. J. Pratt, 1 December 1987. [IRC-047167]

508.For an example from 1991, see: TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, GRS Files, box R2, volume 1, Ronald J. Pratt and Herman Blind to [name redacted], 14 March 1991. [IRC-047201] For an example from 1993, see: TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, GRS Files, box R2, [name redacted], Ronald J. Pratt and Herman Blind to [name redacted], 8 December 1993. [IRC047202-0002]

509.In Alberta, in 1928, the employee was initially convicted, but acquitted on appeal. For conviction, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6342, file 750-1, part 1, Microfilm reel C-8699, E. J. Smith to D. C. Scott, 23 January 1928; [IRC-048140] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6342, file 750-1, part 1, Microfilm reel C-8699, Report of Sergeant A. Howard, 26 February 1928. [IRC-048148] For acquittal, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6342, file 750-1, part 1, Microfilm reel C-8699, A. M. MacDonald, “Judgment of His Honour Judge MacDonald in the case of His Majesty the King and Edwin Smith,” 2 May 1928. [IRC-048164] For Manitoba prosecution in 1931, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6268, file 581-1, part 1, Royal Canadian Mounted Police, “Report on Conclusion of Case: William Shoup,” 3 January 1931. [NHU-000444-0001] For Alberta prosecution in 1944, see: TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 772/25-1-001, volume 1, 05/37–12/72, Royal Canadian Mounted Police Report, 3 October 1944, R. J. Wall. [IRC-047127]

510.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 117/24-4, K. Kerr to Regional Supervisor, 27 May 1995. [IRC-041240]

511.LeBeuf, Role of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, 458.

512.“Damages for Plaintiff in Miller vs. Ashton Case,” Brantford Expositor, 1 April 1914.

513.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6462, file 888-1, part 1, H, J. D. McLean to C. A. Webb, 10 February 1911; [GRG-022008] Daniels, “Legal Context of Indian Education,” 260–261.

514.Criminal Code, 1892, Statutes of Canada 1892, chapter 29, “A History of Canadian Sexual Assault Legislation, 1900–2000,” http://www.constancebackhouse.ca/fileadmin/website/1892.htm#22 (accessed 3 May 2013). Female homosexuality was not formally criminalized in Canada until 1953. See: Warner, Never Going Back, 19.

515.Renke, “Mandatory Reporting of Abuse,” 92–93.

516.TRC, NRA, Anglican Church of Canada, General Synod Archives, ACC-MSCC-GS 75-103, series 2:15, box 25, file 15, H. G. Cook to all Principals, 13 July 1960. [ANG-083789]

517.TRC, NRA, National Archives of Canada, Acc. E1996-97/312, volume 2, file 672/25-1, R. F. Davey to All School Superintendents, 7 May 1968. [120.07885]

518.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada – Burnaby, volume 11500, file 901/1-13, part 1, School Establishment, 1968–1972, FA 10-138, A. H. Friesen to All District School Superintendents, 3 June 1968. [120.07891]

519.TRC, ASAGR, Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada, David Searle to Gordon Robertson, 23 October 1962. [AANDC-886831]

520.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6309, file 654-1, part 3, Royal Canadian Mounted Police, Constable A. Zimmerman, 28 July 1945. [GDC-010369-0001]

521.For 1886 allegation, see: Library and Archives Canada, Hayter Reed Papers, MG29, E 106, volume 18, Personnel H-L, J. W. Tims to Indian Commissioner, 27 October 1891. For earlier concerns, see: Huel, “Jean L’Heureux.”

522.Library and Archives Canada, Hayter Reed Papers, MG29, E 106, volume 18, Personnel H-L, J. W. Tims to Indian Commissioner, L. Vankoughnet to H. Reed, 7 December 1891.

523.TRC, NRA, INAC – Archival Unit – Ottawa, file 772/3-1, volume 2, 10/11-05/66, C. Pant. Schmidt to Harold McGill, 17 August 1944; [IRC-047003] T. R. L. MacInnes to Director, Indian Affairs, 25 August 1944. [IRC-047005]

524.Sarah Elizabeth Brown, “Ex-residential School Student Files Suit,” Whitehorse Star, 21 April 2003; Elizabeth Asp, Jackie McLaren, Jim Sheldon, Michelle Tochacek, Ruby Van Bibber, “Bishop’s comments invalided any apology,” Letter to the Editor, Whitehorse Star, 11 August 1999.

525.“Former Students File Suit Over Sexual, Physical Abuse.” Saskatoon Star-Phoenix, 26 No-vember 1996; Caroline Murray, “Abuse Victims Recall Atrocities,” Whitehorse Daily Star, 25 November 1996; Shea, Institutional Child Abuse, 2. R. v. Maczynski, 1997 CanLII 2491 (BC CA); Lawson, “Yukon and Northwest Territories,” 245.

526.“Man Accused of Child Sex Abuse Dies in Jail,” Vancouver Sun, 2 June 1995; LeBeuf, Role of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, 456.

527.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6309, file 645-1, part 3, R. S. Davis, excerpt from Quarterly Report Ending March, 1945, on Touchwood Agency. [IRC-047128]

528.TRC, ASAGR, Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada, Royal Canadian Mounted Police Report, Western Arctic Division, Division file number 628-626-1, code 0559, re: Martin Houston, 29 August 1962. [AANDC-234684]

529.Library and Archives Canada, Sifton Papers, volume 19, 12129–39, J. H. Fairlie to A. Forget, 23 August 1897.

530.Library and Archives Canada, Sifton Papers, volume 19, 12123, A. Forget to C. Sifton, 30 October 1897.

531.Titley, Indian Commissioners, 162–163.

532.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6211, file 469-1, part 3, B. P. Fuller to Mr. Scott, 14 November 1916; [SWK-001405] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6211, file 469-1, part 3, Duncan C. Scott to B. P. Fuller, 16 November 1916. [SWK001406]

533.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, GRS Files, box 1A, file 22, Head Teacher [Illegible] to My Lord Bishop, 10 January 1956. [IRC-040120]

534.United Church Archives Mission to the Aboriginal Peoples in Manitoba and the Northwest, box 8, file 151, H. Mackay to R. P. Mackay, 1 October 1912, box 7, file 131, P. W. Gibson Ponton to R. P. Mackay, 1 February 1911, quoted in Bush, Western Challenge, 111.

535.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6462, file 888-1, part 1, H, F. Ball, 24 April 1921. [GRG-022130-0000]

536.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6027, file 117-1-1, part 1, W. McWhinney to Dr. Grant, 15 August 1914; [CRW-000053] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6027, file 117-1-1, part 1, W. McWhinney to Dr. Grant, 20 August 1914; [CRW-000356] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6027, file 117-1-1, part 1, W. G. Blewett to the Secretary, Department of Indian Affairs, 25 August 1914. [CRW-000054]

537.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, GRS Files, box 1A, file 22, Head Teacher [Illegible] to My Lord Bishop, 10 January 1956. [IRC-040120]

538.TRC, NRA, United Church of Canada/Victoria University Archives, Acc. No. 8[Illegible].050C, box 112, file 17, Edmonton IRS – Correspondence 1958–60/UCC Docs, Toronto, Dwight Powell to E. E. M. Joblin, 25 November 1960. [UCA-080215].

539.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, GRS Files, box 15A, file 28, J. J. Johnstone to F. C. Jackson, 28 September 1961. [IRC-040043]

540.F.S.M. v. Clarke, 1999 CanLII 9405 (BC SC).

541.R v. Frappier [1990] YJ No 163 (Territorial Court).

542.For details of allegations, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 13356, “Investigation – Kuper Island School 1939, Police report regarding Kuper Island School Investigation,” Constable George Armstrong, 30 January 1939; [IRC-040022] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 13356, “Investigation – Kuper Island School 1939, Police report regarding runaways from Kuper Island School,” 10 January 1939; [IRC-040001] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 13356, “Investigation – Kuper Island School 1939,” Police report, Corporal S. Service to NCO R. Dunn, 13 January 1939. [IRC-040003] For Indian Affairs’ initial hostility to the police reports, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 13356, “Investigation – Kuper Island School 1939, Confidential Notes,” Gerald H. Barry, 13 January 1939. [IRC-040010] For the placing of the school’s reputation ahead of the investigation of charges of abuse, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 13356, “Investigation – Kuper Island School 1939,” G. H. Barry to Major D. M. MacKay, 17 January 1939; [IRC-040014] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 13356, “Investigation – Kuper Island School 1939,” Harold McGill to Major D. M. MacKay, 27 January 1939. [IRC-040021]

543.TRC, ASAGR, Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada, R. F. Davey to G. K. Gooderham, 21 January 1964. [AANDC-694911]

544.TRC, ASAGR, Royal Canadian Mounted Police, Regina vs. Amyot, Keavin Clark, Section 148, Criminal Code x 2 – Indecent Assault, Section 149, Criminal Code x 2 – Gross Indecency, no date, unpaginated, page 16 of 189-page portable document file. [RCMP-564573]

545.TRC, NRA, INAC – Archival Unit – Ottawa, file 6-2-3, volume 5, 1967–1970, Arthur Laing to Stanley Knowles, 30 June 1967. [IRC-040066]

546.TRC, NRA, No document location or source, E. Morriset to R. B. Kohls, 28 October 1974. [OBG-002922]

547.TRC, ASAGR, Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada, Ben Sivertz to Administrator of the Mackenzie, Fort Smith, NWT, 24 August 1962. [AANDC-234693]

548.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, GRS Files, box 3A, Pupils Health & Welfare, 54–60, Albert Southard to Dr. Perth and Miss Meade, 31 January 1956. [IRC-047233]

549.For assessment of abused students, see: TRC, ASAGR, Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada, W. G. Fraser to the Director of the Northern Administration Branch, Department of Northern Affairs and Nat. Resources, 10 October 1962. [AANDC-264032]

550.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, file 117/24-4, K. Kerr to Regional Supervisor, Saskatchewan, 27 May 1965. [SPR-000721]

551.Glenn Taylor, “Arrest in Grollier Hall Sex Case: Former Boys Supervisor Faces 32 Counts of Sexual Assault on His Student,” Northern News Services, 16 June 1997, http://www.nnsl.com/frames/newspapers/1997-06/jun16_97sex.html; Justice J. Vertes, “In the Supreme Court of the Northwest Territories, Between Her Majesty the Queen and Paul Leroux,” 10 August 1998.

552.Dawn Ostrem, “Back to Court: Paul Leroux Challenges Convictions, Sentence,” Northern News Services, 26 June 2000, http://www.nnsl.com/frames/newspapers/2000-06/jun26_00back.html; “Paul Leroux Gets 3 Years for Residential School Abuse,” CBC News, 12 December 2013, http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatoon/paulleroux-gets-3-years-for-residential-school-abuse-1.2461629.

553.The Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement established the Independent Assessment Process (IAP) as a mechanism to compensate former students for sexual and physical assaults experienced at the schools and the harms that arose from the assaults. As of January 31, 2015, the Independent Assessment Process had received 37,951 claims for injuries resulting from physical and sexual abuse at residential schools. By the end of 2014, the IAP had resolved 30,939 of those claims, awarding $2,690,000 in compensation. See: Indian Residential Schools Adjudication Secretariat, Adjudication Secretariat Statistics, from September 19, 2007, to January 31, 2015, http://iap-pei.ca/information/stats-eng.php (accessed 20 February 2015).

554.For examples of criticism from church representatives, see: Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1898, 282, 284, 308; Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1902, 365; Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1913, 578.

555.For an example of a recommendation to cut rations, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 1629, David Laird to Indian Agent, Sarcee Agency, 14 March 1901. [SAR-000397] For examples of threats, see: TRC, NRA, Untitled document, purportedly Chronologie Dépuis Leur Foundations, École Blue Quills (Daily Journal from their Founding, Grey Nuns at Blue Quills), 1931-1936, entry for 1 May 1932; [GNA-000404] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6193, file 462-10, part 1, page 1/1, “Royal Canadian Mounted Police Report,” 11 February 1935, C. Graham; [CRS-001237-0001] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6275, file 583-10, part 1, “Royal Canadian Mounted Police Report, Re: Frank Puckina or Edwards,” 15 September 1939; [PLP-000374] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6379, file 768-10, part 1, N. P. L’Heureux to Jean Baptiste Gambler, 5 July 1938. [MAR-071197] For examples of prosecution, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 1544, J. D. McLean to J. E. Pugh, 11 December 1928; [PUL-000017] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6278, file 584-10, part 1, “RCMP’s Report on Truant,” Constable R. D. Toews, 23 October 1936; [SBR-110630-0001] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6278, file 584-10, part 1, Constable R. D. Toews, 8 May 1937. [SBR-110645-0001]

556.For an Alberta example from 1927, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6371, file 764-1, part 1, M. Christianson to W. M. Graham, 28 October 1927. [PUL-001008]

557.For caution in prosecution, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6302, file 650-10, part 3, R. A. Hoey to J. P. B. Ostrander, 11 September 1942. [BVL-000433] For reluctance to use police, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6204, file 467-10, part 2, R. A. Hoey to Gilbert Thompson, 8 December 1943. [MFI-001277]

558.For an example from the 1940s, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 9148, file 309-11 ACE, C. S. Bell to J. P. B. Ostrander, 1 November 1945. [PAR-000903]

559.See, for example: TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 577/25-2-014, volume 1, D. A. H. Nield to Stella Blackie, 20 October 1965. [BIR-103399]

560.For Manitoba example of injury, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6275, file 583-10, part 2, John W. Kettlewell to Mr. Hamilton, 3 February 1949. [PLP-004356-0001] For Ontario examples, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, volume 1, file 124/25-1-015, N. Paterson to F. Matters, 5 November 1954; [CJC-000273-0000] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, series C-IV-2, Acc. 1984-85/112, box 31, file 401/25-2, volume 1, H. B. Rodine to Director of Education Services, 31 January 1967. [CJC-000271-0001] For an example of a boy who lost a leg, see: TRC, CAR, Kay Blake, file 2010-5007, “Cecilia Jeffrey, Indian Residential School, 1950–1958”; [13c-c000117-d0025-001] TRC, CAR, Kay Blake, “Remembering Cecilia Jeffrey,” Glad Tidings, Volume 61, Number 6, June/July 1985, 10–14. [13c-c001295-d0001-001]

561.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 1/25-1-5-2, volume 1, “Regulations With Respect to Teaching, Education, Inspection, and Discipline for Indian Residential Schools, Made and Established for the Superintendent General of Indian Affairs Pursuant to Paragraph (a) of Section 114 of the Indian Act,” 20 January 1953. [PAR001203-0001]

562.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6436, file 878-1, part 1, Statement of Reverend Henry Boening, 3 March 1902; [IRC-047093] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6436, file 878-1, part 1, Statement of Joseph Fahey, 3 March 1903. [IRC-047092]

563.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6267, file 580-1, part 2, J. Waddy, 24 November 1928. [DRS-000564]

564.St. Boniface Historical Society, Archives Deschatelets, L 541 M27L 266, Brachet to père provincialprovincial, 20 October 1928.

565.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 1543, Indian Agent to W. M. Graham, 14 December 1928. [MRY-010971]

566.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6253, file 575-5, part 5, A. G. Hamilton to Indian Affairs, 4 November 1935. [BIR-000208]

567.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6193, file 462-10, part 2, A. J. Vale to T. J. Godfrey, 8 March 1937. [CRS-001293-0001]

568.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6278, file 584-10, part 2, Police Report, G. N. McRae, 23 April 1940; [SBR-110686-0001] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6278, file 584-10, part 2, Police Report, G. L. Tisdale, 30 April 1940. [SBR-110686-0002]

569.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6259, file 576-10, part 15, Royal Canadian Mounted Police Report, H. B. Lurees, 1 October 1942. [BRS-003599]

570.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6259, file 576-10, part 15, Royal Canadian Mounted Police Report, 12 January 1943. [BRS-000268]

571.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6320, file 657-10, part 2, Royal Canadian Mounted Police Report, J. P. Douglas, 7 October 1944; [MDD-001704] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6320, file 657-10, part 2, T. H. Playford, 10 October 1944. [MDD-002258]

572.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6053, file 260-10, part 1, Royal Canadian Mounted Police Report, 11 September 1941; [SRS-005201-0002] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6053, file 260-10, part 1, Royal Canadian Mounted Police Report, 13 September 1941; [SRS-005201-0001] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6053, file 280-10, part 2, Royal Canadian Mounted Police Report, 10 December 1941; [SRS-008091-0001] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6053, file 260-10, part 2, Royal Canadian Mounted Police Report, 17 April 1942; [SRS-005569-0001] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6053, file 260-10, part 2, Royal Canadian Mounted Police Report, 20 April 1942; [SRS-005569-0002] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6053, file 260-10, part 2, Royal Canadian Mounted Police Report, 21 April 1942; [SRS-005569-0003] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6053, file 260-10, part 2, Royal Canadian Mounted Police Report, 22 April 1942; [SRS-005569-0004] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6053, file 260-10, part 3, Royal Canadian Mounted Police Report, 26 April 1944; [SRS-005058-0002] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6053, file 260-10, part 3, Royal Canadian Mounted Police Report, 5 May 1944; [SRS-005059-0002] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6053, file 260-10, part 3, Royal Canadian Mounted Police Report, 26 November 1944; [SRS-005235-0001] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6053, file 260-10, part 3, Royal Canadian Mounted Police Report, 23 December 1944; [SRS-005240-0001] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6053, file 260-10, part 3, Royal Canadian Mounted Police Report, 15 January 1945; [SRS-005240-0002] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6053, file 260-10, part 3, Royal Canadian Mounted Police Report, 18 February 1945; [SRS-005242-0001] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6053, file 260-10, part 3, Royal Canadian Mounted Police Report, 21 February 1945; [SRS-004327-0002] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives, RG10, volume 6053, file 260-10, part 3, Royal Canadian Mounted Police Report, 24 September 1945; [SRS-008244-0001] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6057, file 265-10, part 3, Royal Canadian Mounted Police Report, 17 February 1946. [SRS-008227-0001]

573.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6275, file 583-10, part 1, Royal Canadian Mounted Police Report, H. K. Greaves, 27 October 1941; [PLP-000399-0001] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6275, file 583-10, part 1, Police Report, W. G. Morley, 1 December 1941; [PLP-000404-0001] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6275, file 583-10, part 1, Police Report, W. G. Morley, 10 December 1941. [PLP000410-0001]

574.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6251, file 575-1, part 3, “Birtle Manitoba Agency,” A. G. Smith, 7 April 1942. [BIR-000262]

575.TRC, NRA, National Capital Regional Service Centre – LAC – Ottawa, file 1/18-24, volume 1 (locator #X-46-4), George Down to Indian Affairs, 25 June 1943. [NCA-014251]

576.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, 774/25-1-016, part 1, 1938–1957, NAC, Philip Phelan to Gerard Labonte, 31 July 1945. [ERM-002063]

577.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, locator 6426, file 875-1, part 4, 04/37–11/47, NAC – Ottawa, S. J. Wickens to Indian Agent, 1 October 1947. [MIK-006514]

578.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6202, file 466-10, part 6, E. P. Randle to Indian Affairs Branch, 11 February 1949. [TAY-000362]

579.TRC, NRA, National Capital Regional Service Centre – LAC – Ottawa, file 487/18-24, volume 1, F. M. Shaw to H. B. Rodine, 7 November 1966. [CJC-002261-0002]

580.TRC, NRA, National Capital Regional Service Centre – LAC – Ottawa, file 1/18-24, volume 1 (locator #X-46-4), George Down to Indian Affairs, 25 June 1943. [NCA-014251]

581.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG22, volume 1209, file 979/1-1, v. 1. G. H. Barry to D. M. MacKay, 8 January 1941. [IRC-049021]

582.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6053, file 260-10, part 2, J. P. Mackey to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 25 April 1942. [SRS-005550]

583.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 128/25-2-575, volume 1, N. M. Rusaw to J. R. Bell, 10 February 1959. [IRC-041311]

584.TRC, NRA, Anglican Church of Canada, General Synod Archives, GS 75-103, series 2-15, box 24, Superintendent, “Superintendent’s Conversations with Principal Oran re: Sioux Lookout School, in Winnipeg, Manitoba, December 2, 1961,” 2 December 1961. [PLK-000966]

585.St. Boniface Historical Society, Archives Deschatelets, L 235 M27L 115, Geelen to Rév. Père, 9 August 1928.

586.St. Boniface Historical Society, Archives Deschatelets, L 541 M27L 266, Brachet to père provincial, 20 October 1928.

587.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6436, file 878-1, part 1, Statement of Reverend Henry Boening, 3 March 1902; [IRC-047093] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6436, file 878-1, part 1, Statement of Joseph Fahey, 3 March 1903. [IRC-047092]

588.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6436, file 878-1, part 1, Statement of Antonio Boitano, 1 March 1902. [IRC-047086]

589.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6267, file 580-1, part 2, W. G. Tweddell to W. M. Graham, 6 May 1931. [DRS-000588]

590.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6332, file 661-1, part 2, Royal Canadian Mounted Police Report, “Re: Percy Ochapowace – Death of, Ochapowace Indian Reserve, Saskatchewan,” H. S. Casswell, 19 January 1935; [RLS-000365-0003] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6332, file 661-1, part 2, J. P. B. Ostrander to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 19 January 1935. [RLS-000365-0001]

591.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6446, file 881-23, part 1, R. H. Moore to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 6 January 1937. [LEJ-004083-0000]

592.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6309, file 654-1, part 2, “Memorandum of an inquiry into the cause and circumstances of the death of Andrew Gordon,” R.W. Frayling, 11 March 1939; [GDC-028479] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10,volume 11553, file 312-11, “Indian Boy Frozen on Bush Trail,” Regina Leader-Post, 16 March 1939. [GDC-009281]

593.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 9151, file 312-11 ACE, “Royal Mounted Police Report, Re Andrew Gordon (Juvenile), Deceased,” 16 March 1939. [GDC-009280-0001]

594.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6278, file 584-10, part 2, Police Report, G. N. McRae, 23 April 1940; [SBR-110686-0001] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6278, file 584-10, part 2, Police Report, G. L. Tisdale, 30 April 1940. [SBR-110686-0002]

595.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6186, file 460-23, part 1, Paul Langlois to Constable Dexter, 14 June 1941. [FTA-000105-0001]

596.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6186, file 460-23, part 1, “Statement of Charles Kioki,” 22 June 1942. [FTA-000116-0013]

597.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6320, file 657-10, part 2, Royal Canadian Mounted Police Report, J. P. Douglas, 7 October 1944; [MDD-001704] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6320, file 657-10, part 2, T. H. Playford, 10 October 1944. [MDD-002258]

598.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6272, file 582-23, part 1, Royal Canadian Mounted Police Report, 9 April 1951. [PCR-000190]

599.TRC, NRA, National Capital Regional Service Centre – LAC – Ottawa, file 487/18-24, volume 1, L. A. Marshall to Indian Affairs, 20 December 1954. [KNR-001380-0003]

600.TRC, NRA, National Capital Regional Service Centre – LAC – Ottawa, file 487/18-24, volume 1, L. A. Marshall to Indian Affairs, 20 December 1954. [KNR-001380-0003]

601.For the reporting to the Ontario Provincial Police, see: TRC, NRA, National Capital Regional Service Centre – LAC – Ottawa, file 494/3-3-3, volume 1, “Provincial Police Report,” G. A. McMonagle, 19 December 1956. [PLK-001205-0001] For the reporting to Indian Affairs, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 8275, file 494/6-1-014, part 5, R. F. Davey to G. Swartman, 13 November 1956. [PLK-000488]

602.Canada, Canada’s Missing, Case Reference: 2006005399, https://secure.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/missing-disparus/case-dossier.jsf?case=2006005399&id=4 (accessed 16 September 2013).

603.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 8275, file 494/6-1-014, part 5, R. F. Davey to G. Swartman, 13 November 1956. [PLK-000488]

604.For date of Barrington’s leaving Sioux Lookout, see: TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 494/25-1-014, volume 2, Eric L. Barrington to R. F. Davey, 22 May 1961. [PLK-000922] For his next appointment, see: TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa 777[131] 6-1-767, volume 4, 12/08/58– 12/28/62, IRSRHFC, Eric Barrington to Superintendent, Lesser Slave Lake Indian Agency, 8 September 1961. [JON-002946]

605.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 961/25-2, volume 15, Admissions and Discharges – Kuper Island Residence, Cowichan Agency, B.C., 01/08/1958–02/07/1966, Ctrl #34-15, IRSRC – Historical Files, J. V. Boys to Indian Commissioner for B.C., 29 January 1959. [KUP-200601] For presumption of death, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, Burnaby File 988/25-2-008, volume 1, Admissions and Discharges – Kuper Island IRS, 1959–1960, FA 10-136, V1984-85/316, Archival box 49, Acting superintendent, Cowichan Agency to Principal Kuper Island I.R.S., 29 September 1959. [KUP-220036]

606.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada – Edmonton, 772/25-1, volume 1, 04/60 –06/70, N. Goater to A. H. Murray, 10 March 1962. [OLD-007287-0005]

607.TRC, NRA, INAC, file 487/18-2, volume 1, “2 Boys Died from Exposure,” Kenora Miner and News, 18 December 1970; [KNR-003158-0002] TRC, NRA, INAC, file 487/18-2, volume 1, P. J. Hare to Indian Affairs, 7 December 1970. [KNR-003168]

608.TRC, NRA, INAC, file 487/18-2, volume 1, “2 Boys Died from Exposure,” Kenora Miner and News, 18 December 1970. [KNR-003158-0002]

609.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6204, file 467-10, part 2, Gilbert Thompson to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 1 December 1943. [MFI-001274]

610.TRC, NRA, The Presbyterian Church in Canada Archives, Toronto, ON, Acc. 1988-7004, box 15, file 3, J. Eldon Andrews to George Land, 30 January 1953. [CJC-007748]

611.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6468, file 890-1, part 1, Father J. A. Bedard to F. Devlin, 14 October 1899. [MIS-001422]

612.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 2771, file 154845, part 1, J. D. McLean to Gordon J. Smith, 21 November 1914. [TAY-003551]

613.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6205, file 468-5, part 1, J. D. McLean to A. R. McDonald, 14 December 1906; [MER-000196] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6206, file 468-5, part 2, Gordon J. Smith to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 5 July 1912. [MER-000433]

614.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6436, file 878-1, part 1, Microfilm reel C-8762, 1890–1912, Statement of H. P. Horan, 4 March 1902. [JOE-060023]

615.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6436, file 878-1, part 1, Microfilm reel C-8762, 1890–1912, “Inquisition,” Inquest report, 28 February 1902. [JOE-060131]

616.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6332, file 661-1, part 2, Royal Canadian Mounted Police Report, “Re: Percy Ochapowace – Death of, Ochapowace Indian Reserve, Saskatchewan,” H. S. Casswell, 19 January 1935; [RLS-000365-0003] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6332, file 661-1, part 2, J. P. B. Ostrander to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 19 January 1935. [RLS-000365-0001]

617.For the Indian agent’s views, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6332, file 661-1, part 2, J. P. B. Ostrander to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 19 January 1935. [RLS-000365-0001] For the opinion of the departmental secretary, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6332, file 661-1, part 2, A. F. MacKenzie to J. P. B. Ostrander, 28 January 1935. [RLS-000365-0004]

618.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6332, file 661-1, part 2, Minister of Justice to Garnett C. Neff, 25 March 1935. [RLS-000376-0001]

619.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6446, file 881-23, part 1, “The Government of British Columbia, Inquisition,” 4 January 1937. [LEJ-004083-0001]

620.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6443, file 881-1, part 2, D. M. MacKay to J. W. McGill, 25 March 1937. [LEJ-000765]

621.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 11553, file 312-11, Thomas Robertson to the Secretary, Indian Affairs, 20 March 1939. [GDC-009282-0000]

622.TRC, NRA, Document location unknown, document file source unknown, R. A. Hoey to R. W. Frayling, 8 April 1939. [GDC-009307]

623.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6309, file 654-1, part 3, M. Christianson to R. A. Hoey, 8 December 1944. [GDC-017334]

624.TRC, NRA, National Archives of Canada, RG10, volume 6186, file 460-23, part 1, Philip Phelan to H. Belleau, 17 July 1941. [AEMR-010811]

625.TRC, NRA, National Capital Regional Service Centre – LAC – Ottawa, file 1/18-24, volume 1 (locator #X-46-4), T. R. L. MacInnes to Inspectors, Indian Agents, Principals of Residential Schools, 6 May 1941. [NCA-014242]

626.TRC, NRA, National Capital Regional Service Centre – LAC – Ottawa, file 1/18-24, volume 1 (locator #X-46-4), Harold W. McGill to Inspectors, Indian Agents, Principals of Residential Schools, 21 June 1943. [NCA-014244]

627.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6254, file 575-10, part 3, A. G. Hamilton to Indian Affairs Branch, 21 March 1945. [BIR-000309]

628.TRC, NRA, Document location to be determined, 988/23-9, 1946–1947, R. H. Moore to D. M. MacKay, 17 July 1946. [KUP-001598]

629.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 7194, file 511/25-1-015, “Report on Truancy, Brandon Residential School,” J. Waite. [IRC-041088]

630.For an example from the 1950s, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada – Ottawa, RG85, Perm. volume 1327, file 530-149, part 4, School Ordinance and Regulations – N.W.T., May 1950–December 1957, FA 85-4, J. D. Cairns to J. V. Jacobson, 17 October 1957. [RCN-005480] For an example from the 1960s, see: TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, file 630-110/32-2, Reports Breynat Hall, Fort Smith, 1957–1959, Archival box 223-1, Archival Acc. G-1979-003, C. Gilles to H. J. Darkes, 1 February 1966. [BTU-000804]

631.For a 1940 example, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6445, file 881-10, part 5, Agent’s Report on Stuart Lake Agency for September, Robert Howe, 2 October 1940. [LEJ-002079] For a 1943 example, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6445, file 881-10, part 6, Report of Corporal L. F. Fielder, 14 October 1943. [LEJ-001389] For a 1946 example, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada – Ottawa, RG10, volume 6443, file 881-1, part 2, R. Howe to Indian Affairs Branch, 12 September 1946. [LEJ-000855]

632.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6374, file 764-10, part 2, PARC, H. A. R. Gagnon to Director, Indian Affairs Branch, 12 October 1945. [PUL-009517-0000]

633.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 1/25-1-5-2, volume 1, “Regulations With Respect to Teaching, Education, Inspection, and Discipline for Indian Residential Schools, Made and Established for the Superintendent General of Indian Affairs Pursuant to Paragraph (a) of Section 114 of the Indian Act,” 20 January 1953. [PAR001203-0001]

634.TRC, NRA, The Presbyterian Church in Canada Archives, Toronto, On., Acc. 1988-7004, box 17, file 4, “Inquest Hears Tragic Tale of Runaway Boy,” Kenora Miner and News, 18 November 1966; [CJC-007909] Coroner’s Statement Upon Issuing His Warrant for Holding An Inquest in the Case of Charles Wenjack, R. Glenn Davidson, 4 November 1966; Report of Post-Mortem Examination, A-258, Charles Wenjack, 23 October 1966, Dr. Peter Pan; Adams, “Lonely Death of Charlie Wenjack,” 30–44.

635.Verdict of Coroner’s Jury, Charles Wenjack, 17 November 1966.

636.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 1/25-13, R. F. Davey to All Regional School Superintendents, 26 January 1967. [SRS-000923]

637.TRC, NRA, The Presbyterian Church in Canada Archives, Toronto, ON, Acc. 1988-7004, box 19, file 9, “To be followed when a student is reported absent without leave [word missing] a hostel or residential school operated under contract with the Indian Affairs Branch by religious body in Ontario,” no date. [NCA-009059-0001]

638.TRC, NRA, DIAND, Residential Schools Records Office, file 901/25-13, volume 4, (156-2), Verdict of Coroner’s Jury, Philip Swain and Roderick Keesick, 17 December 1970. [AE-MR-201297B]

639.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 901/25-13, volume 4 (locator 156-2), J. B. Bergevin to H. B. Cotnam, 1 March 1971. [NCA-012545-0000]

640.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6016, file 1-1-12, part 1, “Burial Expenses,” J. D. McLean, no date. [PAR-008816] For McLean as Indian Affairs secretary in 1897, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada – Ottawa, file 875-5, part 1, Kwawkewlth Agency – Alert Bay Residential School – Building Maintenance – Supplies, 1891–1910, FA 10-17, volume 6427, Microfilm reel C-8756, National Archives of Canada – Ottawa, J. D. McLean to A. W. Vowell, 11 August 1897. [MIK-014065] For McLean as Indian Affairs secretary in 1933, see: TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada – Ottawa RG10, FA 10-17, Perm. volume 6433, file 877-5, part 2, Microfilm reel C-8760, West Coast Agency – Alberni Residential School – Building Maintenance – Supplies – Accounts, 1922–1927, NAC, Ottawa, J. D. McLean to D. W. Warnock, 17 January 1933. [ABR-014873]

641.TRC, CAR, United Church Archives – Winnipeg, Andrew Baird Papers, G-689, Sara Laidlaw to Professor Baird, 24 September 1896. [19f-c000246-d0016-001] For Laidlaw’s position as a teacher, see: TRC, CAR, Baird, The Indian of Western Canada, 21. [13c-c001068-d0001-001] For Laidlaw’s work as a missionary in Sioux village, see: Hildebrand, “Staff Perspectives,” 94.

642.Fraser River Heritage Park, The OMI Cemetery, http://www.heritagepark-mission.ca/omicemetery.html (accessed 4 November 2014).

643.Wasylow, “History of Battleford Industrial School,” 268.

644.TRC, CAR, Anglican Diocese of Saskatoon, List of Burials in Battleford Industrial School Graveyard, no date. [24b-c000001-List_of_burials_in_Battleford_Industrial_School_graveyard_1895–1914]

645.Father Allard’s diary quoted in Cronin, Cross in the Wilderness, 219.

646.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3921, file 116818-1B, J. F. Woodsworth to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 25 November 1918. [EDM-000956]

647.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3921, file 116818-1B, Microfilm reel C-10162, Duncan Campbell Scott to J. F. Woodsworth, 5 December 1918. [EDM-000957]

648.For examples of a paupers’ cemetery at a workhouse in Canada, see: Wellington County, House of Industry Cemetery, http://www.wellington.ca/en/discover/cemeteryhoi.asp#Follow%20link%20to%20the%20House%20of%20Industry%20Cemetery%20page (accessed 5 November 2014); Canada’s Historic Places, York County Municipal Home Cemetery, http://www.lieuxpatrimoniaux.ca/en/rep-reg/place-lieu.aspx?id=13125 (accessed 5 November 2014). For an example of a cemetery with a special section for paupers, see: Canada’s Historic Places, Beechwood Cemetery National Historic Site of Canada, http://www.historicplaces.ca/en/rep-reg/place-lieu.aspx?id=1210 (accessed 5 November 2014). For an example of a hospital with an attached paupers’ cemetery, see: Canada’s Historic Places, Hôpital-Général de Québec Cemetery, National Historic Site of Canada, http://www.historicplaces.ca/en/rep-reg/place-lieu.aspx?id=7873 (accessed 30 April 2015).

649.Patricia Baker, “Learning … the Hard Way; Michael Cachagee Reveals Scars of Residential School Experience,” The Sioux Star, undated, http://archives.algomau.ca/main/sites/default/files/2010-061_007_063.pdf, (accessed 22 January 2015). [2010-061_007_063]

650.Brass, I Walk in Two Worlds, 26.

651.Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6217, file 471-1, part 1, N. Dugas to Dear Sir, 25 August 1913.

652.Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6217, file 471-1, part 1, N. Dugas to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 2 September 1913.

653.Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6217, file 471-1, part 1, N. Dugas to J. D. McLean, 28 August 1913.

654.Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6219, file 471-13, part 2, J. Howitt to the Secretary, Indian Affairs, 20 August 1938.

655.Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6219, file 471-13, part 2, R. A. Hoey to J. Howitt, 23 August 1938.

656.Shanahan, Jesuit Residential School, 96.

657.Tizya, “Comment,” 103–104.

658.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6436, file 877-23, part 1, R. A. Hoey to D. M. MacKay, 17 June 1941. [ABR-001547]

659.TRC, NRA, DIAND Library Main, JL103 C377, 1958, Indian Affairs Branch Field Manual, “Chapter 13 Social Welfare,” section 13.14. [120.08514]

660.TRC, LACAR, Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development, Indian and Inuit Affairs Program, 133619, Yukon Regional Office, Accession 89-476 VFRC, box 7, file volume 1, file number 29-3, J. H. Gordon to Superintendent, Indian Affairs, Yukon, 16 July 1958; [46b-c009024-d0015-001] TRC, LACAR, Department of Health, Medical Services Branch, 193839, Medical Services Branch central registry files, Perm. volume 3387, file volume 1, file number 804-1-4, M. Matas to Gordon Harris, 16 April 1958. [46a-c001040-d0010-005]

661.TRC, LACAR, Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development, Indian and Inuit Affairs Program, 133619, Yukon Regional Office, Accession 89-476 VFRC, box 7, file volume 1, file number 29-3, M. G. Jutras to Indian Commissioner, British Columbia, 26 August 1958. [46b-c009024-d0010-001]

662.TRC, LACAR, Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development, Indian and Inuit Affairs Program, 133619, Yukon Regional Office, Accession 89-476 VFRC, box 7, file volume 1, file number 29-3, Erik Nielsen to Ellen Fairclough, 31 July 1958. [46b-c009024-d0008-001]

663.TRC, LACAR, Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development, Indian and Inuit Affairs Program, 133619, Yukon Regional Office, Accession 89-476 VFRC, box 7, file volume 1, file number 29-3, M. G. Jutras to Indian Commissioner, British Columbia, 26 August 1958. [46b-c009024-d0010-001]

664.TRC, LACAR, Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development, Indian and Inuit Affairs Program, 133619, Yukon Regional Office, Accession 89-476 VFRC, box 7, file volume 1, file number 29-3, Erik Nielsen to Ellen L. Fairclough, 20 October 1958. [46b-c009024-d0007-001]

665.TRC, LACAR, Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development, Indian and Inuit Affairs Program, 133619, Yukon Regional Office, Accession 89-476 VFRC, box 7, file volume 1, file number 29-3, M. G. Jutras to Indian Commissioner for British Columbia, 21 November 1958. [46b-c009024-d0004-001]

666.TRC, NRA, The Presbyterian Church in Canada Archives, Toronto, ON, Acc. 1988-7004, box 17, file 4, Colin Wasacase to Giollo Kelly, 17 November 1966. [CJC-007910] For Wenjack’s age, see: Adams, “Lonely Death of Charlie Wenjack,” 30.

667.TRC, NRA, National Capital Regional Service Centre – LAC – Ottawa, file 486/18-2, volume 2, box V-24-83, 06/26/1946–09/23/1975, M. J. Pierce to Indian Affairs, 23 October 1974; [FTA-001096] Peter Edwards, “‘This Is about Reuniting a Family, Even in Death,’” Toronto Star, 4 March 2011, http://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2011/03/04/this_is_about_reuniting_a_family_even_in_death.html; Peter Edwards, “Star Gets Action: Charlie Hunter Headed Home,” Toronto Star, 24 March 2011, http://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2011/03/24/star_gets_action_charlie_hunter_headed_home.html.

Where are the children buried? Cemeteries and unmarked burials

1.For a discussion of Oblate missions in the Canadian West, see: Huel, Proclaiming the Gospel, 17–24.

2.For information on Battleford cemetery, see: Wasylow, “History of Battleford Industrial School,” 268. For Regina, see: Recommendation to His Worship the Mayor and Members of City Council (Regina), 23 January 2012. Report on file with TRC. For Brandon school cemetery, see: Manitoba Historical Society, Historic Sites of Manitoba: Brandon Indian Residential School Cemetery (RM of Cornwallis), http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/sites/brandonresidential-cemetery.shtml (accessed 21 January 2015).

3.TRC, NRA, INAC – Main Records Office – Ottawa, 709/36-4-001, 1949–1959, volume 1, CR-HQ, F. Barnes to G. S. Lapp, 8 June 1955; [EDM-003850] TRC, NRA, INAC – AB Regional Records Office – Edmonton, 774/36-7, volume 2, 4/61–10/65, ALB-CR, S. C. Knapp to Regional Director, 2 September 1965; [EDM-002423] TRC, NRA, Provincial Archives of Alberta, Accession 97.726, Prov. Archives of Alberta, Elva Taylor to Nellie Cournyea, 25 April 1989. [EDM-011575]

4.Persson, “Blue Quills,” 50–60.

5.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1944, 155.

6.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6317, file 656-5, part 8, R. A. Hoey to G. Brault, 29 August 1947. [PAR-003667]

7.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6317, file 656-5, part 8, R. A. Hoey to C. G. Brault, 29 August 1947. [PAR-003667]

8.TRC, NRA, Anglican Church of Canada, General Synod Archives, ACC-MSCC-GS 75-103, series 2.15, box 21, file 3, Quarterly Report of the Superintendent of the Indian School Administration to the Executive Committee, Missionary Society of the Church of England in Canada, 11 May 1948. [AAC-082727]

9.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 8645, file 651/6-1, part 2, Memorandum to the Deputy Minister, Director [of Indian Affairs], 22 August 1951. [PAR-017615-0000]

10.Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada, St. Eugene Mission Resort: Pride of the Kootenays, https://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1100100021303/1100100021310 (accessed 18 January 2015).

11.Smith et al., “History of the Residential School,” http://www.okmainregion.net/index.php?page=education/secwepemc/section04.inc&menu=education&sub=secwepemc (accessed 23 January 2015).

12.Manitoba Historical Society, Historic Sites of Manitoba: Birtle Indian Residential School (Birtle), http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/sites/birtleresidentialschool.shtml (accessed 22 January 2015).

13.Knockwood and Thomas, Out of the Depths, 129–142.

14.Blue Quills First Nations College, http://www.bluequills.ca/ (accessed 22 January 2015).

15.Chesterfield Inlet Economic Development Office, Journey Through Time, 33.

16.St. Paul’s Indian Residential School – North Vancouver, Indian Residential School Resources, http://irsr.ca/st-pauls-indian-residential-school/ (accessed 18 January 2015).

17.Auger, Indian Residential Schools in Ontario, 99–107.

18.Auger, Indian Residential Schools in Ontario, 63–76.

19.Auger, Indian Residential Schools in Ontario, 53–62.

20.For Mission, see: Fraser River Heritage Park, http://www.heritagepark-mission.ca/mission-heritageassociation.html (accessed 22 January 2015). For Notre Dame des Victoires, see: Canada’s Historic Places, Notre Dame des Victoires / Lac La Biche Mission National Historic Site of Canada, http://www.historicplaces.ca/en/rep-reg/place-lieu.aspx?id=15064 (accessed 22 January 2015). For Morley, see: Canada’s Historic Places, McDougall Memorial United Church, http://www.historicplaces.ca/en/rep-reg/place-lieu.aspx?id=8788 (accessed 22 January 2015).

21.Manitoba Historical Society, Historic Sites of Manitoba: Brandon Old Indian Residential School Cemetery (Brandon), http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/sites/brandonoldresidentialcemetery.shtml (accessed 22 January 2015). For campground information, see: Allison Dowd, “Turtle Crossing Looks for a Little Help from City,” Brandon Sun, 20 February 2011, http://www.brandonsun.com/local/turtle-crossing-looks-for-a-little-help-from-city-116549893.html?viewAllComments=y.

22.Manitoba Historical Society, Historic Sites of Manitoba: Brandon Indian Residential School Cemetery (RM of Cornwallis), http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/sites/brandonresidentialcemetery.shtml (accessed 22 January 2015).

23.Derek Neary, “Providence Graves Located,” Northern New Services, 22 August 2003, http://www.nnsl.com/frames/newspapers/2003-08/aug22_03grav.html.

24.Moorman, Delineation of the “Old” Graveyard, 3, 7.

25.TRC, NRA, INAC – Main Records Office – Ottawa, 774/6-1, volume 1, 1964–1974, CR-HQ, F.L. Short to G. D. Cromb, 2 July 1970; [EDM-009639] TRC, NRA, Provincial Archives of Alberta, Accession 97.726, Elva Taylor to Nellie Cournyea, 25 April 1989; [EDM-011575] TRC, NRA, Provincial Archives of Alberta, Accession 97.726, Elva Taylor to Nellie Cournyea, 29 August 1989; [EDM-011572] Archives Society of Alberta, Alberta on Record, St. Albert’s Aboriginal Cemetery Fonds, http://www.albertaonrecord.ca/st-albert-aboriginal-cemetery-fonds (accessed 1 March 2015).

26.The department official was clearly unaware of the role that Indian Affairs had in the operation of the schools. At the time, he wrote that since the school “was an enterprise conceived by Methodist Missionaries and operated by the Methodist Church organization it is most unlikely the Department of Indian Affairs was connected with the School or, would have any knowledge of a grave site in the locality mentioned.” TRC, NRA, INAC – AB Regional Records Office – Edmonton, Acc. E94-06-14/, box 85, bay 7715, file 772/36-7, volume 1, 08/1954– 03/1974, Cemetery Sites, M. Kartushyn (signed by J. A. Hornett) to Mrs. Foster, 28 August 1974. [OLD-200054-0000]

27.Kalisha Mendonsa, “New Exhibit Honours Lost Industrial School Children,” Red Deer Express, 18 June 2014, http://www.reddeerexpress.com/entertainment/New_exhibit_honours_lost_industrial_school_children__263660851.html?mobile=true.

28.The United Church of Canada, “Red Deer Residential School Students Remembered,” http://www.united-church.ca/communications/news/general/100729 (accessed 23 January 2015); Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Remembering the Children Society, http://www.trc.ca/websites/trcinstitution/File/pdfs/Remembering%20the%20Children%20June%206-8%202013%20Full%20program.pdf.

29.Garcin and Gibson, “Permit 2008-395,” 22–37.

30.The United Church of Canada, “Red Deer Residential School Students Remembered,” http://www.united-church.ca/communications/news/general/100729 (accessed 23 January 2015).

31.The United Church of Canada, “Red Deer Residential School Students Remembered,” press release, 29 July 2010; Milne, “Forgotten Children.”

32.The United Church of Canada, Right Relations Update, 11.

33.The United Church of Canada, Residential Schools Update, 3–4.

34.TRC, NRA, NAC – Resolution Sector–IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, Muscowequan Box 23, file 28, “Muskowekwan Education Centre: Relocation of Buildings,” 23 March 1993. [MDD-006177-0002]

35.Unpublished report dated April 7, 2014, produced for the Regina Municipal Heritage Advisory Committee. Report on file with TRC.

36.McDonald, “Committee Seeking Recognition,” http://metronews.ca/news/regina/576384/committee-seeking-recognition-of-regina-residential-school-cemetery/.

37.Unpublished report dated April 7, 2014, produced for the Regina Municipal Heritage Advisory Committee. Report on file with TRC.

38.On-site evaluation of residential school cemeteries might involve a range of activities that vary widely in cost and required expertise. At a most basic level, it can involve mapping the cemetery and the distribution of visible graves within it. Such graves might be identified by wood, stone, or metal markers or monuments, by picket fences encircling the graves, or perhaps only by depressions that might represent unmarked graves.

Cemetery inspection and mapping can be complicated by previous disturbance and destruction of surface evidence, while overlying vegetation can obscure the grave markers and depressions. The full spatial extent of abandoned and overgrown cemeteries also may not be known, with unmarked graves remaining undetected within and beyond the accepted cemetery limits. Natural undulations in the ground surface can be mistaken for collapsed graves, making it difficult to unequivocally determine the boundaries of the cemetery. Effectively mapping and documenting long-abandoned cemeteries may require implementation of a range of investigation methods that require specialized skills.

In the case of well-maintained cemeteries, relatively straightforward documentation might involve little more than consumer-grade Global Positioning Systems (GPS), cameras, a compass and fifty-metre tapes. This might be sufficient to establish a control grid and map of the distribution of graves in the cemetery. In the case of abandoned cemeteries, where individual graves are no longer marked, are spread out, or are overgrown with vegetation, site verification is more challenging. Mapping might also include aerial photography, using conventional cameras or those capable of recording beyond the visible-light spectrum (such as infrared and ultraviolet). This imagery can document the differential vegetation growth patterns that characterize graves and other ground disturbances. If appropriately referenced and coupled with ground inspection, these images might offer sufficient map resolution to confirm the observed patterns. This high-resolution image collection might include satellite imagery, or that collected with conventional aircraft or unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs or “drones”). Choosing the appropriate methodology involves considering the required scale of resolution (based on the minimum size of feature to be detected), the nature of vegetation cover, the degree of ground disturbance, and the available budget. Another airborne remote sensing method that might become more cost-effective in the future is Lidar surveying (the name comes from a combination of “light” and “radar”). This involves high-resolution relief mapping using laser beams that can penetrate vegetation canopies to map the ground surface. It can permit non-invasive, high-resolution mapping of surface features such as collapsed graves that might not be readily detected through ground inspection.

Cemetery mapping can also involve ground-penetrating radar (GPR), electrical resistivity or conductivity, and magnetic gradiometer surveys (known as “near-surface geophysical techniques”). Each of these approaches involves systematic evaluation of the survey area, using a control grid. Each type of instrument measures some characteristic of the ground at locations defined by a coordinate system. Changes in these characteristics might reflect normal and natural variation in the sediment, or, alternatively, human modification of the sediment. Under the right conditions, these techniques can detect unmarked graves. However, these methods often require supplemental evaluation. The survey methodology must be designed after considering the size/scale of the features being sought, and also the site circumstances. The results obtained by these methods must be subjected to post-survey testing (“ground truthing”).

Ground-penetrating radar survey involves transmitting a radar beam into the earth, and measuring the time interval before those beams are reflected back to the instrument. The greater the time interval before the radar beam returns, the greater the depth of the detected unconformity. These returns might reflect natural changes in sedimentary texture, or, alternatively, culturally derived unconformities, obstructions, or voids. Under ideal conditions, plotting the spatial pattern of these unconformities permits detection and interpretation of buried features.

Earth placed into a grave will be distinct from the surrounding undisturbed sediment. As a result, it may vary in its ability to conduct electric current from the surrounding ground. This variation can be detected by electrical conductivity and resistivity surveys that measure the flow of electricity through the earth. The analyst seeks to map patterned variations in the amount of electricity flowing through the ground.

Graves may contain sediment with magnetic characteristics that differ from the surrounding natural sediment. These differences may be detected through magnetic gradiometer surveys that measure localized differences in the earth’s magnetic field.

All these techniques require specialized expertise to design the survey, operate the equipment, and differentiate between natural versus human-induced patterns. Experience with geophysical prospection at the scale required to detect graves might not be found in geological exploration or engineering firms. Instead, archaeologists with the appropriate experience might be required, particularly to do the ground truthing necessary to interpret the detected anomalies.

The findings of a near-surface geophysical survey are seldom obvious or self-evident. The detected unconformities can derive from diverse sources, and can be affected by subsequent disturbance, variable sediment texture and moisture regimes, surface or subsurface bedrock or glacial till deposits, surface trash (specifically, metallic objects), and magnetic interference from fences, hydroelectric lines, buried electrical lines, or water supply trenches. Survey results can also be affected by instrument or operator error, daily variations in the earth’s magnetic field, or other factors. Effective archaeological interpretation of data acquired through these processes depends upon post-survey inspection of the ground surface, supplemental investigation with a metal detector or soil probe, or test excavation. Given the special circumstances of cemetery investigations, subsurface ground truthing is often not possible. This might require a precautionary approach whereby protective buffers are established to encompass possible graves. One alternative approach, which was employed at the Red Deer cemetery, involved the removal of the top few centimetres of topsoil in a block excavation to the point that rectangular grave shafts became evident in contrast to the undisturbed subsoil surrounding them. Once the location, arrangement, and size of these graves were documented, excavation was discontinued and the block was refilled and restored. Such shallow sub-surface testing might be employed, particularly in an effort to evaluate isolated or irregular surface features that might be either graves or natural surface undulations.

Appendix 1: Canada’s residential schools

1.Aboriginal and Northern Affairs Canada, List of Recognized Institutions, https://www.aadncaandc.gc.ca/eng/1100100015606/1100100015611 (accessed 3 March 2015).

2.TRC, NRA, Deschatelets Archives, Oblates of Mary Immaculate, Ottawa, HR 6796.C73R 2, Oblates of Mary Immaculate to Indian Affairs, 15 November 1923. [SPR-000436]

3.TRC, NRA, Headquarters, 775/25-1-006, 01/39–08/72, volume 2, HQ., Calgary, L. Beuglet to G. H. Gooderham, 1 February 1951. [AMP-006646]

4.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, 775/6-1-GHC, volume 1, 05/1973–06/1975, RCAP, E. W. Robinson to Don McBride, 27 April 1973. [AMP010378]

5.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada – Ottawa, RG10, volume 3834, file 65138, part 4, E. M. Legal to Indian Commissioner, Regina, 30 March 1887. [SAC-000211-0001]

6.TRC, NRA, Deschatelets Archives Ottawa, HR 6103.C73R 4, Report of the Indian Affairs Branch for the Year ended 31 March 1962, 31. [OMI-030380]

7.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1891, 62.

8.TRC, NRA, Deschatelets Archives Ottawa, HR 6103.C73R 4, Report of the Indian Affairs Branch for the Year ended 31 March 1962, 31. [OMI-030380]

9.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1908, xxxiv.

10.TRC, NRA, Deschatelets Archives Ottawa, HR 6103.C73R 4, Report of the Indian Affairs Branch for the Year ended 31 March 1962, 31. [OMI-030380]

11.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1898, 444.

12.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada – Edmonton, 4700-10-435, volume 1, 9/87–12/88, NAC, Edmonton, Sheila Carr-Stewart to Jim Twigg, 14 January 1988. [MRY-008208]

13.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1890, 82; Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1891, 180.

14.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, 773/6-1-, 04/66–07/75, volume 3, RCAP, E. J. Dosdall to Regional Advisor, Engineering and Architecture, 3 July 1975. [PUL-002529]

15.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1900, 343–344.

16.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, NAC, file 772/6-1-001, 01/67–10/69, “Cluny Indian School Closing,” by Don Peacock [Calgary Albertan], 20 December 1969. [CFT-002237]

17.Indian Residential Schools of the Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement 2011, IRS School Chart – INAC 2011, document provided to the TRC by Aboriginal and Northern Affairs Canada, 29 September 2011. Indian Affairs began funding the school in 1902. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1903, 241, 387–388.

18.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, 775/6-1, 03/72–08/76, volume 3, RCAP, E. J. Dosdall to G. K. Gooderham, 26 June 1973. [MAR-001983]

19.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1924, 13.

20.TRC, NRA, INAC – AB Regional Records Office – Edmonton, 774/1-13, volume 2, 07/1968– 07/1975, CR – ALB, [Illegible] for W. Evan Armstrong to Churchman, 21 May 1968. [EDM009699]

21.McCarthy, From the Great River, 160; Carney, “Grey Nuns and Children,” 291; Duchaussois, Grey Nuns, 148.

22.TRC, NRA, INAC – Main Records Office – Ottawa, 701/25-20-1, 1965–1975, volume 1, CR HQ, E. J. Dosdall to Chief, Student Residence Services, Ottawa, 6 March 1974. [RCA-001185]

23.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada – Ottawa, RG10, volume 3952, file 134858, Indian Affairs, Public Archives – Archives Publiques Canada, Indian Affairs, “Minutes,” 5 August 1900. [AGL-000570]

24.TRC, NRA, INAC – Main Records Office – Ottawa, 775/6-1-005, Jan/64–Feb/73, volume 5, DIAND, Central Records – HQ, R. F. Davey to Henri Routhier, 23 August 1968. [FTV-0067220000]

25.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1887, 178.

26.TRC, NRA, INAC – Main Records Office – Ottawa, 772/16-2-002, 1966–1971, volume 2, CRHQ, H. W. Allen to Mr. D. P. Nigra, 20 April 1971. [OLD-000209]

27.Brandak, “A Study of Missionary Activity,” 108.

28.Indian Residential Schools of the Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement 2011, IRS School Chart – INAC 2011, document provided to the TRC by Aboriginal and Northern Affairs Canada, 29 September 2011.

29.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1884, 76.

30.TRC, NRA, Provincial Archives of Alberta, PAA 71.220 B92 3866, W. M. Graham to Principal, Ermineskin Roman Catholic Boarding School, 28 October 1922. [OGP-030045]

31.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1895, 131.

32.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, E4974-2021, 1975–1980, volume 2, RCAP, K. W. Johnson to D. W. Simpson, 4 September 1975. [ERM002507-0000]

33.TRC, NRA, Headquarters, 777/25-1-007, 02/13–03/65, volume 1, HQ., D. C. Scott to Frank Pedley, 9 April 1913. [GRU-002710]

34.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1969–1970, 128.

35.Persson, “Blue Quills,” 50.

36.Persson, “Blue Quills,” 51.

37.Brandak, “A Study of Missionary Activity,” 37.

38.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6380, file 769-1, part 1, A. F. MacKenzie to Dr. T. B. R. Westgate, 8 August 1932. [WFL-000246]

39.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada – Ottawa, 757-1, part 1, volume 6355, 1886–1927, NAC, J. D. McLean to E. H. Yeomans, 28 December 1922. [MOR-004751-0001]

40.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1969–1970, 128.

41.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1894, 91.

42.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6350, file 753-1, part 1, J. F. Woodsworth to James Endicott, 5 June 1919. [EDM-000242]

43.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6345, file 751-5, part 1, 1896–1902, Microfilm reel C-8701, Lumber list for erecting Indian Boarding School Building, 1 August 1898; [BQL-007304] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6345, file 751-5, part 1, 1896–1902, Microfilm reel C-8701, H. Leduc to A. E. Forget, 4 September 1898. [BQL007314]

44.Indian Residential Schools of the Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement 2011, IRS School Chart – INAC 2011, document provided to the TRC by Aboriginal and Northern Affairs Canada, 29 September 2011. In 1987, Indian Affairs informed the Blue Quills administration that it would not provide funding for the high school program after June 1988. The decision was driven, at least in part, by the desire of other local First Nations to develop their own high school programs. Indian Affairs continued to fund post-secondary programs at Blue Quills. The high school program and associated residence closed in June 1988. That year, seventysix Grade Twelve students graduated from the school: the largest graduating class in the high school’s twelve-year history. TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file E4974-2020, volume 3 (Ctrl #7-7), D. Wattie to G. P. Kerr, 17 March 1988; [NCA-007261-0000] Blue Quills First Nations College, Pimohteskanaw, 14.

45.The St. Albert Mission was founded in 1861. Choquette, The Oblate Assault, 86. The Grey Nuns arrived in 1863 and established a school in that year. Côté, “St. Albert,” 33.

46.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada – Ottawa, RG10, volume 6364, file 760-1, part 2, 1936–1948, Microfilm reel C-8717 PAC, R. A. Hoey to Deputy Minister, 3 September 1948. [SAL-000283]

47.Canada’s Historic Places, St. Augustine’s Roman Catholic Mission, http://www.historicplaces.ca/en/rep-reg/place-lieu.aspx?id=11611 (accessed 23 February 2015).

48.The Smoky River school is included in the 1908 Indian Affairs annual report list of Alberta boarding schools (Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1908, 2:56), but not in the 1909 report (Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1909, 2:20).

49.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1893, 292–293.

50.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1922, 18.

51.Brandak, “A Study of Missionary Activity,” 37.

52.TRC, NRA, INAC – Main Records Office – Ottawa, 777/16-2-009, 1966–1967, volume 2, CRHQ, L. E. Wrag for R. F. Davey to Chief Treasury Officer, 15 March 1966. [JON-001035]

53.Brandak, “A Study of Missionary Activity,” 83.

54.TRC, NRA, INAC – AB Regional Records Office – Edmonton, 777/6-1-769, 01/05–09/50, CRAB, [Illegible], Director to L. A. Dixon, 10 June 1950. [WFL-000753]

55.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1905, 249–250.

56.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1940, 186.

57.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1894, 158.

58.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, 978/25-13, volume 1, Student Residence – Gen. 10/05/1973–11/15/1979, Control No. 449-80, IRSRC – Historical Files, Larry Wight to District Supervisor, 2 October 1974. [MIK-008346-0005]

59.Indian Residential Schools of the Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement 2011, IRS School Chart – INAC 2011, document provided to the TRC by Aboriginal and Northern Affairs Canada, 29 September 2011.

60.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada – Burnaby, RG10, FA 10-147, V1985-86/476, box 16 [18], file 989/25-8, volume 6, Indian Education – Educational Assist. – Gen., [dates illegible] 1976–77, NAC Burnaby, Smith to Cahoose, 19 July 1977. [JOE-014593]

61.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1894, 203.

62.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1941, 165.

63.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1890, xi.

64.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada – Burnaby, RG10, FA 10-138, volume 13464, file 964/25-1, part 1, Education – General, 05/1969–12/1970, NAC Burnaby, R. M. Hall to G. D. Cromb, 21 May 1970; [EGN-002451] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada – Burnaby, RG10, FA 10-189, Acc. v96-97/816, file 6-1, box 4, 1972 Contract Documents [Kamloops Indian Residential School], NAC – Burnaby, G. D. Cromb to W. L. Fraser, 26 May 1970. [EGN-011708]

65.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1922, 18.

66.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada – Burnaby, file 965/6-1-012, part 22, Lejac Residential School, 1973–1976, FA 10-138, Acc. V1985-86/397, box 2 [502381], National Archives of Canada – Burnaby, Friesen to E. Korchinski, 9 July 1976. [LEJ-009413]

67.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1890, xi.

68.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada – Burnaby, RG10, FA 10-145, Acc. v85-86/496, file 963/25-1, Perm. volume 1, Education 1974–78, NAC – Burnaby, R. G. Lyon to K. W. Manuel, 4 July 1978. [KAM-009590]

69.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1906, 482.

70.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada – Ottawa, file 883-1, part 2, Bella Coola Agency – Kitamaat, Residential School – General Administration, 1933–1950, FA 10-17, Perm. volume 6451, Microfilm reel C-8773, Library and Archives Canada – Ottawa, George Dorey to Harold W. McGill, 21 April 1941. [KMT-095750]

71.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1890, xi.

72.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, GARDD, V1985-86/397, 901/25-13-1, box 502381, volume 1, 1973–1975, R. Evans to Regional Supervisor, 7 July 1975. [SLT-002387]

73.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, file 942-5, part 4, 1950–51, volume 6482, Microfilm reel C-8796, A. H. Fleury to B. H. Neary, 22 January 1951. [LOW-000506]

74.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, box 66, Acc. 1988-1989/057, General Correspondence Lower Post Students Residence, 1965–1978, G. K. Gooderham to Department Secretariat, 2 May 1975. [LOW-041388]

75.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1903, 437.

76.TRC, NRA, No document location, no document file source, E-4974-2030 V.1, I. R. Shand to J. Epp, 23 August 1979. [GRG-022833]

77.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1900, 281.

78.TRC, NRA, British Columbia Archives – Victoria, Vertical Files – Christie IRS, Microfilm reel 28, frame 1988, B.C. Archives, George Nicholson, “Indian Children Give up Their School in the Forest,” Vancouver Sun, 15 June 1971. [CST-800006]

79.Gresko, “Paul Durieu,” http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/durieu_paul_12E.html (accessed 31 August 2014). McNally gives the opening as 1862: McNally, Lord’s Distant Vineyard, 67; TRC, NRA, The British Columbian, 11 May 1865, page 3; [OMS-000291] TRC, NRA, Mission Community Archives, file 660.6, L. Fouquet to J. Douglas, 23 May 1867. [MIS-005038]

80.TRC, NRA, INAC – BC Regional Records Office – Vancouver BC-CR, V87-395, box: 87-09-D40/42-009, E4974-2031, volume 3, 04/83–07/84, C. E. Van Alstyne to Joe Aleck, 25 June 1984. [MIS-000494]

81.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1900, 420.

82.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada – Ottawa, RG10, FA 10-379, 1999-01431-6, box 405, 987/25-1-013, part 1, Indian Education – Fraser District – St. Paul’s School, 1959–1968, NAC – Ottawa, W. S. Arneil to R. F. Davey, 16 February 1959. [SQU-000672]

83.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1894, 165.

84.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, 6-1-2032, Alberni Indian Residential School, Control No. 303-13, 11/1970–12/1978, IRSRHF, W. R. Cooke to Regional Director, 9 August 1973. [ABR-021977-0000]

85.Bolt, Thomas Crosby and the Tsimshian, 63.

86.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, file 886-1, part 3, Skeena River Agency – Port Simpson Girls Residential School, 1894–1950, FA 10-17, Perm. volume 6458, Eva Middleton to Superintendent Indian Education, 27 September 1948. [PSM-200706]

87.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1905, 217.

88.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada – Burnaby, RG10, FA 10-137 v86-87/243, volume 4 [501374], 987/25-13-1 School Closures – Sechelt, part 1, 1975–1977, NAC – Burnaby, J. M. Neely to B. Banner, 7 July 1975. [MIS-007429]

89.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1890, 248.

90.TRC, NRA, Agness Jack, “New Use for St. Joseph’s Mission: Now Adult Education Centre,” Williams Lake Tribune, 10 September 1981. [WLM-000627]

91.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1888, xii.

92.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 1/25-1-7-3, volume 2 (Ctrl #14-21), J. B. Bergevin to Mrs. Gordon Long, 2 July 1970. [NCA-001847]

93.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1895, 203.

94.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada – Winnipeg, RG10, Acc. 2001-01035-4, box 015, file 501/25-13-082G, volume 1, Soulodre, J. P. to Manitoba Telephone System, 7 June 1972. [BRS006834]

95.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, R776-0-5 (RG55), volume 290, T.B. #626127, May 14, 1964, Department of Northern Affairs and National Resources to Treasury Board, “Details of request to the Honourable the Treasury Board,” 20 April 1964. [120.10656A]

96.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, file 380/6-2-007, volume 1, C. L’Heureux to W.J. McGuire, 22 March 1972; [PHQ-005693] INAC – Archival Unit – Ottawa, file 5150/C6-1, volume 1, D. Davidson to the Secretary-Treasurer, “Junior HIgh School – Hearne Hall,” 27 March 1973. [CVC-000615-0000]

97.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1912, 351.

98.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1969–1970, 128.

99.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, Acc. 88-89/57, file 501/25-2, volume 1, R. D. Ragan to DIAND, 20 June 1957. [DRS-122339-0003]

100.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file E4974-2012, volume 3, G. R. Maxwell to W. Wright, 25 September 1987. [DRS-000170]

101.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1889, 58.

102.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3925, file 116, 823-1A, Martin Benson to D. C. Scott, 4 March 1918. [ELK-000250]

103.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1924, 13.

104.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6263, file 578-9, part 2, D. M. MacKay to Deputy Minister, 9 August 1949. [ELK-000162]

105.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1899, xxiii.

106.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1969–1970, 128.

107.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1890, 1:94.

108.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1969–1970, 128.

109.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1906, xxxii.

110.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 1/25-13, volume 15, R. F. Davey to Assistant Deputy Minister, Indian and Eskimo Affairs, 18 August 1969. [NCA-011279]

111.Canada, Annual Report of the Department Indian Affairs, 1891, 99.

112.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, Winnipeg, RG10, Acc. W86-87/083, box 001, file 501/25-1, volume 2A, J. Malcolm to Friends, 25 May 1975. [PLP-100300]

113.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1906, xxxii.

114.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 1/25-13, volume 15, R. F. Davey to Assistant Deputy Minister, Indian and Eskimo Affairs, 18 August 1969. [NCA-011279]

115.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1915, xxvi–xxv.

116.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6267, file 580-1, part. 2, A. F. MacKenzie to Reverend T. B. R. Westgate, 24 April 1933. [DRS-000616]

117.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 8638, file 511/6-1-038, part 1, R. S. Davis to Indian Affairs Branch, 15 December 1952. [GUY-000164]

118.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file E4974-2011, volume 1, Jake Epp to Henry Wilson, 30 August 1979. [GUY-000606]

119.City of Winnipeg, Historical Buildings Committees, “611 Academy – Former Julia Clark School,” August 1997, 1–3, 9–10; TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 6-21-7, volume 1 (Ctrl #25-7), H. M. Jones to Deputy Minister, 4 July 1958. [NCA-011600-0000]

120.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 1/25-13, volume 20, D. Hueston to A. Akehurst, 4 July 1973. [PLK-001019]

121.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1927, 14.

122.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1958–1959, 106; Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1959–1960, 96.

123.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1937, 208.

124.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1958–1959, 106; Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1959–1960, 96.

125.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada – Ottawa, RG85, file 632-108-1, volume 1, box 22, Quarterly Attendance Report/Fort Franklin – NWT, 09/1967–12/1968, “Pupil Residence Quarterly Return, Fort Franklin,” 30 September 1967. [FFS-000001-0001]

126.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories – Education, Culture and Employment, file 73-600-303, volume 2, School Services – Fort Franklin, 01/72–09/73, Transfer No. 0330, box 9,J. A. Coady to N. Macpherson, 22 March 1973. [FFS-000018]

127.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1958–1959, 106.

128.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories – Education, Culture and Employment, file 73-500-402, volume 2, Fort McPherson Hostel [Anglican] – Quarterly Returns [Fort McPherson], 01/72–12/76, Transfer No. 0330, box 8-21, N. J. Macpherson to Member of the Executive for Education, 21 April 1976. [FHU-002403]

129.McCarthy, From the Great River, 159.

130.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, file 600-1-1, part 4, School Policy [and Hostels], 1959–1961, Archival box 202-1, Archival Acc. G-1979-003, Department of Northern Affairs and National Resources, “Historic Names for Northern Schools and Residences,” news release, 2 March 1961. [RCN-010612-0002]

131.Carney, “Relations in Education,” 60.

132.TRC, NRA, INAC – Departmental Library – Ottawa, “Farewell to St. Joseph’s School, Fort Resolution, N.W.T.,” Indian Record, volume XX, number 5, May 1957. [IMR-000160]

133.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, file 602, Provincial Schools and Education Systems, 1960–1961, Archival box 211-1, Archival Acc. G-1979-003, Administrator of the Mackenzie to Director, 12 December 1960. [FNU-001695]

134.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories – Education, Culture and Employment, Miscellaneous Hostel Reports, RIMS ID# 1209, box 9, Student Enrolment in Hostels, 1967–1975. [RCN-007181]

135.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, file 602, Provincial Schools and Education Systems, 1960–1961, Archival box 211-1, Archival Acc. G-1979-003, Administrator of the Mackenzie to Director, 12 December 1960. [FNU-001695]

136.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories – Education, Culture and Employment, Miscellaneous Hostel Reports, RIMS ID #1209, box 9, Student Enrolment in Hostels, 1967–1975. [RCN-007181]

137.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, Pupil Residence – General, 1973–1978, Archival box 4-2, Archival Acc. G1995-004, R. L. Julyan to R. W. Halifax, 28 December 1977. [LHU-000685-0001]

138.Thompson, “Dehcho Hall to Close its Doors,” Northern News Services online, 26 January 2009, http://www.nnsl.com/frames/newspapers/2009-01/jan26_09h.html.

139.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1958–1959, 106.

140.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories – Education, Culture and Employment, Miscellaneous Hostel Reports, RIMS ID #1209, box 9, Student Enrolment in Hostels, 1967–1975. [RCN-007181]

141.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, file 600-1-1, part 1A, Education, Schools – General Policy, 1962–1969, Archival box 202-4, Archival Acc. G-1979-003, P. Piché to R. J. Orange, 27 May 1964. [GCU-000178]

142.TRC, NRA, Diocese of Mackenzie – Yellowknife, NWT, Grandin College – Administration Files, Miscellaneous Papers, Letter Sent on Behalf of Bishop P. Piché and his Diocesan Council, 4 June 1985. [GCU-800247]

143.TRC, NRA, Anglican Church of Canada, General Synod Archives, ACC-MSCC-GS 75-103, series 2.15, box 27, file 8, St. Peter’s Mission, Hay River, Diocese of Mackenzie River, Parish History, n.d.; [AAC-087477] Hay River Slides, Alf. J. Vale, n.d. [AAC-087480]

144.The Hay River residential school is listed in the 1937–38 Indian Affairs annual report (Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1938, 231), but not in the 1938–39 annual report (Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1939, 265).

145.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1958–1959, 106; Canada, AnnualReport of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1959–1960, 96.

146.TRC, NRA, No document location, no document file source, B. Pusharenko, Inuvik, NWT, “Demolition of Former Residential School Called for to Put Bad Memories to Rest,” Edmonton Journal, 13 August 1998. [GNN-000298-0026]

147.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1958–1959, 106; Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1959–1960, 96.

148.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories – Education, Culture and Employment, ECE [02330-6, 004508], Government of NWT, Yellowknife, NWT, Peter L. McKlusky to Territorial Auditor, 17 December 1975. [SHU-000074-0000]

149.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1958–1959, 106.

150.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories – Education, Culture and Employment, Misc. Correspondence, 1991–1994, Transfer No. 1531, box 5, C. McLean to J. Stad, 24 June 1994. [AHU-004085]

151.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6054, file 265-1, part 1, Chas Stewart to A. E. MacLean, 22 May 1930. [SRS-000300]

152.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 211/6-1010, volume 6, R. F. Davey to Michael Kearney, 12 June 1967. [SRS-000175]

153.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, file A-630/153-11, part 1, Education Facilities – Schools Small Hostels – Eskimo Point, 1961–1966, Archival box 247-12, Archival Acc. G-1979-003, Pupil Residence Quarterly Return, Eskimo Point Student Hostel, 31 March 1962. [EPS-000343]

154.Indian Residential Schools of the Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement 2011, IRS School Chart – INAC 2011, document provided to the TRC by Aboriginal and Northern Affairs Canada, 29 September 2011.

155.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, file 630-150/12-1,2,3, Cambridge Bay Cottage Hostel General, Reports, 1963–1964, Archival box 247-10, Archival Acc. G-1979-003, Pupil Residence Quarterly Return, Cambridge Bay Federal Hostel, 31 March 1964. [CBS-000002-0001]

156.TRC, NRA, CGS Records Warehouse, Iqaluit, Government of Nunavut, Resid – Correspondence – Kitikmeot, 1991–1992, Kitikmeot Region [Kugluktuk] – box 102, CGS Records Warehouse, Iqaluit, Government of Nunavut, List to Kitikmeot Divisional Education Council, Student Accommodation Information – September 30, 1996, 18 October 1996. [CPU001700-0002]

157.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, volume 711, file 630/158-1, part 5, Government School – Chesterfield Inlet N.W.T., 1956–1957, “Boarding Schools for Eskimos – Chesterfield Inlet,” 8 August 1958. [CIU-000485]

158.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, CR# 71-602-000, Pupil Residence– General, 04/1968–12/71, Archival box 266, Archival Acc. G1999-046, G. Devitt to Director of Education, 5 December 1969. [CIU-001807]

159.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, file 630-145/22-2, Reports and Returns, Coppermine Tent Hostel School, 1954–1956, Archival box 247-3, Archival Acc. G-1979-003, “Report on the Coppermine Experimental Tent Hostel,” David S. Wilson, undated report. [CPU-001206-0002]

160.TRC, NRA Library and Archives Canada – Ottawa, RG85, Perm. volume 644, file 630/145-2, part 7, Anglican Schools – Coppermine, N.W.T. [Incl. Tent Hostel] November 1957–December 1959, FA 85-1, Director to Administrator of the Mackenzie, Fort Smith, N.W.T., 26 September 1959. [CPU-000436]

161.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, file A-600-1-6-1, part 2, Small Hostel, N.W.T, 1962–1965, Archival box 205-4, Archival Acc. G-1979-003, [Illegible] Director to Administrator of the Arctic, 10 January 1962. [IGS-000239]

162.Indian Residential Schools of the Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement 2011, IRS School Chart – INAC 2011, document provided to the TRC by Aboriginal and Northern Affairs Canada, 29 September 2011.

163.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories – Education, Culture and Employment, Schools Registers and Hostels Forms 1961–1974 [Ukkivik Hostel], Transfer No. 0274, box 4-23, “Student Residence Quarterly Return,” September 1971. [FBS-000001]

164.TRC, NRA, No document location, no document file source, B. Pusharenko, Inuvik, NWT, “Demolition of Former Residential School Called for to Put Bad Memories to Rest,” Edmonton Journal, 13 August 1998. [GNN-000298-0026]

165.Indian Residential Schools of the Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement 2011, IRS School Chart – INAC 2011, document provided to the TRC by Aboriginal and Northern Affairs Canada, 29 September 2011.

166.Indian Residential Schools of the Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement 2011, IRS School Chart – INAC 2011, document provided to the TRC by Aboriginal and Northern Affairs Canada, 29 September 2011.

167.Indian Residential Schools of the Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement 2011, IRS School Chart – INAC 2011, document provided to the TRC by Aboriginal and Northern Affairs Canada, 29 September 2011.

168.Indian Residential Schools of the Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement 2011, IRS School Chart – INAC 2011, document provided to the TRC by Aboriginal and Northern Affairs Canada, 29 September 2011.

169.Indian Residential Schools of the Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement 2011, IRS School Chart – INAC 2011, document provided to the TRC by Aboriginal and Northern Affairs Canada, 29 September 2011.

170.Indian Residential Schools of the Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement 2011, IRS School Chart – INAC 2011, document provided to the TRC by Aboriginal and Northern Affairs Canada, 29 September 2011.

171.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, file A-630/170-1, part 1, Education Facilities – Schools Pangnirtung, N.W.T., 1959–1966, Archival box 249-10, Archival Acc. G1979-003, R. L. Kennedy to Regional Administrator, 14 July 1964. [PAS-000083]

172.Indian Residential Schools of the Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement 2011, IRS School Chart – INAC 2011, document provided to the TRC by Aboriginal and Northern Affairs Canada, 29 September 2011.

173.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, file A-630/159-1, part 1, Education Facilities – School Small Hostels – Baker Lake, 1961–1966, Archival box 248-8, Archival Acc. G-1979-003, M. E. Gordon to Department of Northern Affairs and National Resources, 21 January 1961. [BLS-000320]

174.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 600-1-6, volume 10, Hostel Management – N.W.T. [General and Policy], Aug. 1967–Sept. 1968, W. Ivan Mouat, to J. B. Gunn to Regional Administrator to Administrator of the Arctic, 30 January 1968. [RCN-002847]

175.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, file A-630/1023-11, volume 1, Small Hostels Broughton Island, 1962–1966, Archival box 251-12, Archival Acc. G-1979-003, Broughton Island Federal School Hostel Quarterly Report, 31 December 1962. [BIS-000001]

176.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, file A-630/1023-11, part 1, Small Hostels Broughton Island, 1962–1966, Archival box 251-12, Archival Acc. G-1979-003, Service Agreement of Hostel Mother, Ada Atagoojuk, Broughton Island Hostel, 1 April 1966. [BIS000097]

177.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, file AQR 630/174-11, volume 1, Education Facilities – Small Hostels – Belcher Islands, 1963–1968, Archival box 250-4, Archival Acc. G-1979-003, Peter H. Zacharias to Northern Administration Branch, 31 March 1964. [BES-000002]

178.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, file AQR 630/174-1, part 1, Education Facilities – School Belcher Islands, 1960–1969, Archival box 250-3, Archival Acc. G1979-003, H. Helbecque to Northern Administrator, Great Whale River, 24 November 1964. [BES-000036]

179.Graham, Mush Hole, 7.

180.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, Acc. 1984-85/112, box 47, file 451/25-1, Newspaper article, “Mohawk Institute May Close after 139 Years,” no date; [TAY-001133] TRC, NRA, Diocese of Huron Archives, Anglican Church of Canada, Huron University College, London, ON, Luxton Papers, box 27, Indian Reserves, Richard Isaac, Six Nations Council To Whom It May Concern, 13 March 1970; [TAY-001432] TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 479/25-13-001, volume 3, G. D. Cromb to Deputy Minister, 20 March 1970. [TAY-003053-0001]

181.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1908, 289.

182.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 11091, Shannon File, 1948, Letters to Indian Affairs Branch, J. L. Whitney to Philip Phelan, 31 July 1948. [CRS-002092]

183.TRC, ASAGR, Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada, letter received 27 July 1976. [AANDC-01471]

184.Auger, Indian Residential Schools in Ontario, 193.

185.Taylor, “Northern Algonquians,” 350.

186.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 486/25-13-1, H. B. Rodine to All Program/Section Heads District Supervisor, 8 April 1976. [FTA-000510-0000]

187.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1906, xxxii.

188.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 1/1-8, volume 3 (Ctrl #123-HQ-7), M. Rehaluk to G. K. Gooderham, 11 March 1974. [NCA-0165510000]

189.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6196, file 464-1, part 1, Report on “Fort William Orphanage,” March 1899. [SJS-000153]

190.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 11630, file 492/25-2, M. Ouimet to A. F. McWhinnie, 6 August 1968. [SJS-001351]

191.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada – Ottawa, RG10, volume 6468, file 890-1, part 1, Microfilm reel C-8786, A. W. Vowell to Deputy Superintendent General of Indian Affairs, 5 July 1897. [MIS-004738]

192.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 487/1-18, volume 1, W. McKim to A. Lacerte, 22, undated. [KNR-000214]

193.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1902, 103.

194.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 486/25-13-1, H. B. Rodine to Program/Section Heads, 8 April 1976, [Program/Section Heads]; TRC, NRA, Ontario Regional Service Centre – LAC – Toronto, file 487/25-1, volume 3, Fred Kelly to Erik Weigeldt, 18 November 1976. [CJC-001887]

195.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1926, 17.

196.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1969–1970, 128.

197.General Synod of the Anglican Church of Canada, “Bishop Horden Memorial School.”

198.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 486/25-13-1, H. B. Rodine to All Program/Section Heads District Supervisor, 8 April 1976. [FTA-000510-0000]

199.Report of the Special Commissioners 1858, n.p.

200.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6205, file 468-1, part 3, R. A. Hoey to Dr. McGill, 9 November 1942; [MER-000498] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6205, file 468-1, part 1, M. Benson to Deputy Superintendent General of Indian Affairs, 28 November 1902; [MER-000328] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6205, file 468-1, part 3, R. A. Hoey to Dr. McGill, 9 November 1942; [MER-000498] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6205, file 468-1, part 3, R. A. Hoey to George Dorey, 16 June 1944; [MER-000532] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, file 468-1, volume 6205, part 3, R. A. Hoey to George Dorey, 12 June 1943; [IRC-041082] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, file 468-1, volume 6205, part 3, George Dorey to R.A. Hoey, 10 June 1943; [MER-000505] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6210, file 468-10, part 5, Samuel Devlin to Indian Affairs, 20 May 1946; [MER-003806-0001] Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1969–1970, 128.

201.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 11447, file 494/25-2, part 1, Irwin Schantz to D. B. MacBeth, 29 August 1962. [PHD-000451-0000]

202.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, Margaret Reimer, “Native Mission School Shut Down over Discipline Controversy,” Mennonite Reporter, volume 19, number 22, 13 November 1989. [PHD-000143]

203.Wilson, Missionary Work, 129, 130–131.

204.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, Acc. 86-87/347, file 411/25-2, volume 1, A. F. McWhinnie to District Superintendent of Education, Sudbury Agency, 8 June 1970. [SWK007859]

205.Wilson, Missionary Work, 215.

206.From 1895 onwards, Indian Affairs stopped reporting on the Wawanosh school separately, apparently including the former school’s statistics with those for the Shingwauk school. The same principal was responsible for both Anglican schools, which were located in Sault Ste. Marie. Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1895, 19, 330.

207.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1927, 18.

208.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file E-4974-2008, volume 1, V. Gran to J. R. Wright, 29 August 1978. [PLK-000315-0000]

209.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1914, xxii.

210.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 11359, file 13/25-2-471, part 3, Reverend Wm. Kearns to Parents and Guardians, 4 July 1958; [NCA-013327] TRC, NRA, The Archives of the Jesuits of Upper Canada, Regis College, Toronto, ON, Jesuit Fathers of Upper Canada Archives, “Parish Announcement,” Father E. Dowling, 6 July 1958. [AGA-000812]

211.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1914, xxii.

212.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, Acc. 84-85/112, box 51, file 471/25-2, F.L. Hall to Regional Supervisor, 21 June 1962. [AGA-004741] TRC, NRA, United Church of Canada/Victoria University Archives, Acc. No. 83.050C, box 111, file 2, Morley IRS –Correspondence 1961–62, UCC Docs, Toronto, R. F. Davey, Rev. E. E. M. Joblin, 17 August 1962. [UCA-081423]

213.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, Acc. 1984-85/112, box 101, file 494/25-1, part 3, I. L. Howes to Assistant Regional Director, 10 January 1973. [PHD-000215]

214.Fontaine v. Canada (Attorney General), 2011 CanLII 4938 (ON SC), 6.

215.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 7187, file 371/25-1-021, H. M. Jones to Deputy Minister, 22 September 1955. [NCA-005273]

216.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 1/25-13, volume 20, D. Hueston to A. Akehurst, 4 July 1973. [PLK-001019]

217.TRC, NRA, Anglican Church of Canada, General Synod Archives, Triennial Report of the Board of Management to the Board of Missions, M.S.C.C. 07/1934, Accession GS 75-2A, Archibald [Fleming], Bishop of the Arctic, “The Arctic,” in S. Gould, General Secretary, Board of Management, M.S.C.C., “Triennial Report of the Board of Management, M.S.C.C.,” 4 July 1934, 353. [AGS-000185]

218.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 371/6-1-019, G. K. Gooderham to E. T. Parker, 27 February 1975. [HFG-000035-0008]

219.TRC, NRA, Anglican Church of Canada, General Synod Archives, ACC-MSCC-GS 75-103, series 3:2, box 55, file 6, S. Gould to D. C. Scott, 18 December 1931. [AAC-090271]

220.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 372/25-13-019, volume 1, Laurent Faucher, Director, Financial and Equipment Services, Cree School Board to Jean-Marie St. Jacques, Assistant Director of Finance, Education Department, 2 August 1978. [FTG-000171]

221.Aboriginal and Northern Affairs Canada, List of Recognized Institutions, https://www.aadncaandc.gc.ca/eng/1100100015606/1100100015611 (accessed 3 March 2015).

222.Aboriginal and Northern Affairs Canada, List of Recognized Institutions, https://www.aadncaandc.gc.ca/eng/1100100015606/1100100015611 (accessed 3 March 2015).

223.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 630/304-11, volume 2, T. B. Golding to DIAND, 11 January 1960. [PHQ-005752]

224.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, file 380/6-2-007, volume 1, C. L’Heureux to W. J. McGuire, 22 March 1970. [PHQ-005693]

225.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, Perm. volume 1435, file 600-14, part 1, Seasonal Schools N.W.T.–General, 1959–1964, FA 85-4, Memorandum from Bishop, R. A., A/Chief, Education Division, Northern Administration Branch, Northern Affairs and National Resources, Ottawa to Director, 9 February 1960. [FGR-000012]

226.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, 2003-0196-4, box 19, file AQR-630/314-1, “George River Seasonal School Report,” November 1960. [FGR-000015-0001]

227.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, Acc. 2003-00196-4, file AQR630/313-1, box 19, volume 1, W. G. Devitt to Administrator of the Arctic, Engineering Section, 21 June 1960. [PBH-000107]

228.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, Acc. 2003-00196-4, box 19, file AQR630/313-11, volume 1, page 3 of 3, Enrolment form from Meldrum to Regional Superintendent of Schools, Department of Northern Affairs and National Resources, 1 April 1962. [PBH-000121]

229.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, volume 1290, file 303/302, part 2, “Great Whale Housing,” 21 September 1960. [GWR-000068]

230.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, Acc. 2003-00196-4, box 12, file AQR, R. G. Armstrong to Y. Gosselin, 22 December 1970. [GWR-000251]

231.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 21/6-1-355, volume 2, Rev. J. E. DeWolf to C. E. Reynolds, 27 March 1963. [LTR-000338-0002]

232.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG55, Acc. 1989-90/143, box 74, file 7878-01, part 1, Status of closed residences as of June 1977. [HFG-000024-0002]

233.Fontaine v. Canada (Attorney General), 2013 CanLII 1293 (QC CS).

234.Fontaine v. Canada (Attorney General), 2013 CanLII 1293 (QC CS).

235.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 21/25-1-354, Pointe Bleue Indian Agency, “Confirmation de l’appel téléphonique à Monsieur Jolicoeur du 7 octobre 1960 date de l’ouverture des classes,” 12 October 1960. [PTB-000301]

236.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file E-4974/076, volume NC 3, Rene Carriere to Rejean Perron, 22 April 1991. [BAX-000905-0001]

237.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 321/25-1-352 (Ctrl #407-Q-195), Philip Phelan to J. D’Astous, 16 July 1952; [NPC-400716 ] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, Acc. 1999-01431-6, box 125, file 379/16-2-009, part 1, K. A. Cameron to W. Lauchlan, 6 September 1952. [SIR-000504-0000]

238.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 379/25-1-009, volume 2 (Ctrl #14-25), G. Cromb to Regional Director, 10 March 1971; [NCA-015502] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG55, Acc. 1989-90/143, box 74, file 7878-01, part 1, Status of closed residences as of June 1977; [HFG-000024-0002] TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 379/25-1-009, volume 2, A. Gill to G. Cromb, 23 June 1971. [NCA-001483]

239.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1889, 60.

240.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6307, file 653-1, part 2, Director [to Deputy Minister], 22 June 1949. [FHR-000356]

241.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1884, 154.

242.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1915, xxvi.

243.Foran, “‘Les Gens de cette place,’” 59.

244.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file E4965-2013, volume 3, Beauval Residential School, box 1, file 1-5, Memorandum of Understanding and Agreement Re: The Beauval Indian Education Centre, 6 June 1995. [BVL-001306]

245.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1901, xxx.

246.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 8756, file 671/25-1-010, “The Fire at the Thunderchild Residential School,” J. B. Cabana, January 1948. [THR-000266-0003]

247.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1894, 76.

248.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file E4974-10474, volume 2, Ray Gamracy to Dana Commercial Credit Canada, 6 June 1996. [SMD-000651-0000]

249.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1888, xii.

250.Gordon’s School, Anglican Indian and Eskimo Residential Schools, Anglican Church of Canada, www.anglican.ca/relationships/histories/gordons-school-punnichy, http://www.anglican.ca/relationships/histories/gordons-school-punnichy  (accessed 5 May 2014).

251.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1899, 323.

252.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file E4971-361, volume 3, Myler Savill to Lionel Sparvier, 21 July 1997. [MRS-000002-0001]

253.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6281, file 604-1, part 1, W. McWhinney to E. A. W. R. McKenzie, 10 October 1928. [CTS-000418-0001]

254.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6282, file 604-5, part 7, Philip Phelan to L. J. Bryant, 6 September 1940. [CTS-000474]

255.Canada, Annual Report for the Department of Indian Affairs, 1889, 258.

256.TRA, NRA, Library and Archives Canada – Ottawa, RG10, volume 6281, file 604-1, part 1, Rev. W. McWhinney to Secretary, 27 July 1915. [CRW-000208]

257.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1928, 17.

258.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1969–1970, 128.

259.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1907, 119.

260.TRC, NRA, Provincial Archives of Alberta, Anglican Diocese of Athabasca Fonds, Edmonton, AB, Acc. PR1970.0387/1641, box 41, Anglican Diocese of Athabasca Fonds, file A320/572, Indian Schools – General, Official Correspondence of Bishop Sovereign, 1941–1947, Report of Fire at All Saints’ School, Lac la Ronge, Sask., 2 February 1947; [PAR-123539] TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6317, file 656-5, part 8, R. A. Hoey to C. G. Brault, 29 August 1947. [PAR-003667]

261.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1884, 161.

262.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file E4974-6-02017, Irvin Starblanket to Roy Bird, 1 October 1997; [PLD-009978-0002] LaRose, “Wrecker’s ball Claims White Calf Collegiate”; TRC, NRA, Talking points for the media on the closure of White Calf Collegiate in Lebret, Sask., Andrew Bemister to Media, 26 June 1998; [PLD-014223] TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file E4974-6-02017, volume 1, Huck Andrews to INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection– Ottawa, file E4974-6-02017, volume 1, 23 July 1998. [PLD-009201-0001]

263.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1889, 260.

264.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, Muskowekwan Residential School, box 67, file 1, Muskowekwan Education Centre Board of Directors, Minutes 16 July 1997. [MDD-007310-0001]

265.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1893, 75.

266.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1944, 155.

267.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1893, 75.

268.TRC, NRA, National Capital Regional Service Centre – LAC – Ottawa, file 671/6-2-025, volume 4, Onion Lake Band Council Resolution, 31 July 1974. [ORC-008733-0002]

269.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 8645, file 651/6-1, part 2, Memorandum to the Deputy Minister, Director [of Indian Affairs], 22 August 1951. [PAR017615-0000]

270.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file E4974-1355, volume 8, “Education Centre Set  to Reopen,” Prince Albert Herald, Carrie Hunter, 15 October 1997. [PAR-003103-0001]

271.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1944, 155.

272.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 8645, file 651/6-1, part 2, Memorandum to the Deputy Minister, Director [of Indian Affairs], 22 August 1951. [PAR017615-0000]

273.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1890, xii.

274.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1911, xxvi.

275.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1893, 246.

276.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 11539, file 677/25-2, James D. Ormiston to Indian Agent, Kamsack, 31 August 1950. [RLS-001087]

277.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1927, 14.

278.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 8638, file 511/6-1-038, part 1, E. S. Jones to J. P. B. Ostrander, 6 September 1952. [GUY-000148]

279.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada – Ottawa, RG10, volume 6479, file 940-1, part 1, “The Chooutla Indian School,” Northern Lights, volume XV, number 1, February 1927. [CAR-011225]

280.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1969–1970, 128.

281.Peake, Bishop Who Ate His Boots, 108; TRC, NRA, Anglican Church of Canada, General Synod Archives Northern Lights, Anglican Church of Canada, Newsletter, “St. Paul’s Hostel Dawson,” page 8, November 1920. [DYK-201331]

282.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives of Canada, RG10, volume 8762, file 906/25-1-001, R. J. Meek to Indian Affairs Branch, 4 February 1954. [YKS-000750]

283.Johns, “A History of St Peter’s Mission,” 22; TRC, NRA Anglican Church of Canada, General Synod Archives, Northern Lights, August 1929, “Eskimo Residential School,” 16. [DYK-201365]

284.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada – Ottawa, RG85, Perm. volume 1881, file 630/119-2, part 1, Aklavik Area Residential School September 1936–April 1943, FA 85-8, Field Secretary to R. A. Gibson, 11 August 1936. [RCN-004646-0001]

285.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 853/25-1, volume 2 (Ctrl #49-5), “Report to the Chief of the Education Division, Indian Affairs Branch, On the Experiment With Integration of Indian Students (R.C.) Into Whitehorse Schools, 1960–1961,” E. Cullinane, 1961. [NCA-009389-0001]

286.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, volume 2, 04/71–02/80, Student Residence, PARC, I.P. Kirkby to G. D. Cromb, 24 November 1971. [YKS-002862, 25-13]

287.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada – Ottawa, file 921-1, part 1, Yukon Agency – Whitehorse Day School – General Admin., 1911–1949, FA 10-17, volume 6477, Microfilm reel C-8793, R. J. Meek to Unknown, 14 October 1946; [BAP-000307-0001] M. Hackett to P. E. Moore, 24 January 1947. [BAP-000315]

288.TRC, NRA, National Capital Regional Service Centre – LAC – Ottawa, file 1/25-1, volume 15 (locator #H4-77), Yukon, G. R. Cameron to E. A. Côté, 26 May 1966. [NCA-001030]

289.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, 853/25-1, 1956–1968, volume 2, H. M. Jones to Deputy Minister Attention, 18 August 1960. [YHU-090021-0001]

290.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1984–1985, 54; TRC, NRA, INAC– Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, E4974-1, volume 1, 10/1979– 10/1987, W. F. Lamont to Director, 6 June, 1985. [YKS-005140]

Appendix 2: Schools destroyed by fire: 1867 to 1997

1.Foran, “Les Gens de Cette Place,” 72–73.

2.Wilson, Missionary Work, 129, 130–131.

3.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1885, 21; Shanahan, Jesuit Residential School, 28.

4.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6422, file 869-1, part 1, Microfilm reel C-8754, Hayter Reed to T. Mayne Daly, 10 November 1893. [COQ-000277]

5.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6324, file 659-5, part 1, Acting Superintendent General, Indian Affairs to Assistant Indian Commissioner, 12 March 1894. [ORC-008088]

6.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6196, file 464-5, part 1, “Disastrous Fire: St. Joseph’s Convent, Orphanage and Catholic Church Destroyed,” Fort William Daily Journal, 10 April 1895. [SJS-000078-0001]

7.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1896, 317.

8.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 2771, file 154845, part 1, “Blaze at Brantford: The Mohawk Institute Totally Destroyed,” in The Globe, story datelined 19 April 1903; [TAY-003519] Martin Benson to Deputy Superintendent General, Indian Affairs, 21 April 1903. [TAY-003521]

9.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6378, file 767-5, part 1, Martin Benson to Deputy Superintendent General, 4 February 1904. [JON-000079]

10.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6328, file 660-5, part 1, Frank Pedley to David Laird, 11 January 1904. [PLD-000665]

11.Stanley, “Alberta’s Half-Breed Reserve,” 96–98.

12.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, file 883-1, part 1, Bella Coola Agency – Kitamaat Boarding School – General Administration, 1906–1932, FA Perm. volume 6451, Microfilm reel C-8773, Green to F. Pedley, 22 May 1909, 6. [KMT-095620]

13.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1906, 191.

14.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1911, 527.

15.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6270, file 581-9, part 1, Martin Benson to Mr. Scott, 18 August 1915. [NHU-000001]

16.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6376, file 766-5, part 1, Martin Benson to Duncan Scott, 10 November 1914. [FTV-000003]

17.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6431, file 877-1, part 1, Microfilm reel C-8759, W. E. Ditchburn to D. C. Scott, 15 June 1917. [ABR-000682]

18.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6431, file 877-1, part 1, R. H. Cairns to J. D. McLean, 6 June 1917. [SLT-003478]

19.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6431, file 877-1, part 1, R. H. Cairns to J. D. McLean, 6 June 1917. [SLT-003478]

20.“Chateau Saint-Jean,” part 1, http://www.jkcc.com/robes.html (accessed 1 January 2012).

21.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 8754, file 651/25-1, part 1, C. F. Hives to R. A. Hoey, 9 February 1947. [PAR-009212]

22.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6422, file 869-1, part 2, C. E. Manning, 20 October 1921. [PSM-200026-0001]

23.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6367, file 762-5, part 1, J. D. McLean to Harold Laird, 8 January 1924. [JRD-003064]

24.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6446, file 882-1, part 2, Sister Mary Gabriel to D. Scott, 26 October 1927. [KAM-000186]

25.“Chateau Saint-Jean,” part 1, http://www.jkcc.com/robes.html (accessed 1 January 2012).

26.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6300, file 650-1, part 1, Louis Mederic Adam to Indian Affairs, 22 September 1927. [BVL-000879]

27.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6300, file 650-1, part 1, O. Charlebois to Duncan Scott, 21 September 1927; [BVL-000874] Louis Mederic Adam to Indian Affairs, 22 September 1927. [BVL-000879]

28.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, School Files, volume 6358, file 758-1, part 1, T. B. R. Westgate to Duncan C. Scott, 4 July 1928. [OLD-000312]

29.TRC, NRA, Provincial Archives of Alberta, Acc. 93.281/26, Stephans to Reverendes Soeurs de l’Assomption de la Sainte Vierge, Nicolet, P.Q., 22 May 1928. [ORC-000796]

30.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6309, file 654-1, part 1, S. S. Moore to W. M. Graham, 4 February 1929. [GDC-006542-0001]

31.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6260, file 577-1, part 1, J. L. Fuller to A. McNamara, 8 March 1930; [CLD-000933-0000] William Gordon to Assistant Deputy and Secretary, Indian Affairs, 10 March 1930. [CLD-000934]

32.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6328, file 660-5, part 3, H. W. McGill to Thomas G. Murphy, 18 November 1932. [PLD-000027]

33.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6041, file 160-5, part 1, Joseph Guy to Harold McGill, 25 March 1933. [AEMR-254347]

34.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6267, file 580-1, part 2, Samuel Lovell to Dr. McGill, 20 March 1933. [DRS-000611-0000]

35.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6433, file 877-5, part 5, W. L. Healey to Fire Marshal, 24 February 1937. [ABR-006601-0001]

36.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6480, file 940-5, part 6, T. B. Caulkin to Commissioner Royal Canadian Mounted Police, 18 April 1939. [CAR-015059-0001]

37.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6185, file 460-5, part 2, H. McGill to Henri Belleau, 24 August 1939. [FTA-000625]

38.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1940, 186.

39.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1940, 186.

40.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1941, 166.

41.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6308, file 653-5, part 6, E. S. Jones to The Secretary, Indian Affairs Branch, Department of Mines and Resources, 10 April 1942. [FHR-000252]

42.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6112, file 350-5, part 1, Thomas Or-ford to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 3 February 1943. [FGA-001026]

43.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 155.

44.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6378, file 767-5, part 3, H. A. Alderwood to R. A. Hoey, 3 January 1945; [JON-003675] Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs 1945, 169.

45.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6268, file 581-1, part 2, R. A. Hoey Acting Deputy Minister, 29 May 1946.[ NHU-000117]

46.TRC, NRA, Provincial Archives of Alberta, Anglican Diocese of Athabasca Fonds, Edmonton, AB, Acc. PR1970.0387/1641, box 41, Anglican Diocese of Athabasca Fonds, file A320/572, Indian Schools – General, Official Correspondence of Bishop Sovereign, 1941–1947, Report of Fire at All Saints’ School, Lac la Ronge, Sask., 2 February 1947. [PAR-123539]

47.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 8756, file 671/25-1-010, J. P. B. Os-trander to Indian Affairs Branch, 19 January 1948. [THR-000266-0001]

48.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, volume 224, file 630/111-1, part 1A, Government School – Fort Simpson – N.W.T., 1950, Director to LeCapelain, 14 February 1950. [FNU-000211]

49.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 8638, file 511/6-1-038, part 1, E. S. Jones to J. P. B. Ostrander, 6 September 1952. [GUY-000148]

50.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 446/6-1-494, J. Lemire to R. F. Davey, 24 March 1965; [MCI-004409] INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 494/6-1-015, volume 8, G. S. Lapp to Indian Affairs, 26 March 1965. [MCI-006379]

51.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories – Education, Culture and Employment, Ilihakvik School, 1972–1985, Transfer No. 0341, box 5, H. R. Cram to Hodgson, 22 March 1973. [CBS-000260]

52.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, Pupil Residence – General, 1974–1978, Archival box 3-3, Archival Acc. G1995-004, J. Milligen to Department of Education, 15 October 1974. [CBS-000211-0001]

53.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 371/6-1-019, volume 8, Michael Shiner to A. Kroeger, 15 May 1975. [HFG-000061-0003]

54.TRC, NRA, No document location, no document fire source, Keith Branston, “Fire Claims 3^rd Floor of Breynat Hall,” The Journal, Volume 4, Number 19, 16 October 1980. [GNN-000383]

Appendix 3: Outbuildings destroyed by fire: 1867 to 1997

1.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1889, 19.

2.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1894, 150.

3.TRC, NRA, Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1896, 317. [ELK-000436]

4.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3928, file 117004-1, Magnus Begg to Indian Commissioner, 19 October 1896. [OLD-008079]

5.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6470, file 890-5, part 1, Extract of a letter of the Principal of the St. Mary’s Mission School, dated 22 May 1896. [MIS-000001]

6.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1902, 422.

7.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 2771, file 154845, part 1, E. D. Cameron to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 15 May 1903. [TAY-003524]

8.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 2771, file 154845, part 1, E. D. Cameron to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 22 June 1903. [TAY-003528]

9.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1904, 424.

10.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1907, 415.

11.Canada,Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1908, 399.

12.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6205, file 468-5, part 1, J. D. McLean to T. T. George, 22 November 1907. [MER-000199]

13.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 8451, file 652/23-5, part 1, “Agent’s Report respecting Duck Lake Boarding School for the Month of September 1913.” [SMD001451]

14.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6206, file 468-5, part 3, S. R. McVitty to Duncan Campbell Scott, 4 June 1915. [MER-000635]

15.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6358, file 758-1, part 1, P. H. Gentleman to Dr. Westgate, 2 April 1921. [OLD-000468]

16.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6333, file 661-6, part 1, W. M. Graham to Indian Affairs, 11 December 1923. [RLS-000196-0000]

17.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6369, file 763-5, part 2, T. B. R. Westgate to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 15 December 1925. [CYP-000544]

18.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6191, file 462-5, part 2, T. B. R. Westgate to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 30 June 1926; [CRS-001190-0000] RG10, volume 6306, file 652-5, part 3, W. M. Graham to Duncan C. Scott, 5 May 1926. [SMD-001611]

19.Greyeyes, “St. Michael’s Indian residential school,” 147.

20.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6345, file 751-5, part 2, 1922–1930, W.E. Gullion to Duncan C. Scott, 17 September 1928. [BQL-006674]

21.Jansen, “Power, Resistance,” 118.

22.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6318, file 657-5, part 2, J. W. Waddy to W. M. Graham, 29 July 1931. [MDD-006063-0001]

23.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6318, file 657-1, part 1, A. F. MacKenzie to J. Poulet, 13 August 1931. [MDD-000859]

24.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, Perm. volume 1883, file 630/219-2, part 2, Shingle Point Anglican School 1932, FA 85-8, A. L. Fleming to Chairman, Dominion Lands Board, 18 January 1934. [SPU-000206]

25.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6316, file 656-5, part 5, T. B. R. Westgate to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 29 March 1934. [PAR-008946]

26.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6252, file 575-5, part 4, P. G. Lazenby to Secretary Indian Affairs, 23 April 1934. [BIR-000200]

27.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, volume 6307, file 653-5, part 4, A. F. McKenzie to G.A. Dodds, 15 March 1935. [FHR-001336]

28.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6444, file 881-5, part 5, 1933–1938, Microfilm reel C-8768, R. H. Moore to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 21 October 1935. [LEJ-0046380000]

29.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6475, file 916-5, part 1, G. Breynat to H. McGill, 31 January 1936. [FRU-010052]

30.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6475, file 916-5, part 1, Extract from Radiotelegram from Dr. Bourget, Resolution, N.W.T., 27 December 1935. [FRU-010048]

31.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6113, file 351-5, part 1, J. O. Plourde, 2 November 1938. [FTG-000548]

32.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6198, file 465-5, part 7, Frank Ed-wards to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 29 December 1938. [KNR-000859]

33.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6322, file 658-5, part 7, J. T. Hill to Secretary Indian Affairs, 28 February 1939. [PAR-001067-0000]

34.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6198, file 465-5, part 7, Frank Ed-wards, 5 January 1939. [KNR-000866]

35.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6445, file 881-10, part 5, Lejac Residential School General Report, 31 March 1940. [LEJ-002066]

36.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6444, file 881-5, part 6, 1938–1941, Microfilm reel C-8768, R. Howe to D. M. MacKay, 24 October 1940. [LEJ-003150]

37.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6453, file 884-5, part 5, 1936–1941, Kootenay Agency – Kootenay Residential School – Building Maintenance – Supplies – Ac-counts, FA 10-17, Microfilm reel C-8775, NAC, Ottawa, D. M. MacKay to Secretary Indian Affairs, 21 May 1941. [EGN-004992]

38.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6443, file 881-1, part 2, R. Howe to Sir, 2 December 1942. [LEJ-000814]

39.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6033, file 150-61, part 1, Philip Phelan to Mr. Hoey, 1 May 1945. [NRD-001525]

40.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6370, file 763-5, part 6, Director to Acting Deputy Minister, 24 October 1946. [CYP-000862]

41.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6278, file 584-5, part 13, J. Waite to Indian Affairs, 14 February 1948. [SBR-001426]

42.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6319, file 657-5, part 8, R. S. Davis to Indian Affairs, 17 May 1948. [MDD-006126]

43.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6333, file 661-5, part 6, W. J. D. Kerley to Indian Affairs, 21 May 1949. [RLS-000493]

44.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6333, file 661-5, part 6, W. J. D. Kerley to J. P. B. Ostrander, 20 October 1950. [RLS-000533-0001]

45.TRC, NRA, The Presbyterian Church in Canada Archives, Toronto, ON. Acc. 1988-7004, box 14, file 10, T. C. Ross to Norman Paterson, 6 February 1951. [CJC-007763]

46.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 8252, file 479/6-1-001, part 4, J. Stallwood to Indian Affairs, 27 January 1955. [TAY-003768]

47.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 8275, file 494/6-1-014, part 5, Eric L. Barrington to G. Swartman, 23 February 1957. [PLK-000496-0002]

48.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 74/6-1-353, volume 2, H. Lariviere to R. F. Davey, 7 February 1956. [AIR-000121]

49.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 8709, file 965/6-1, part 8, 1959, Mi-crofilm reel C-14168, G. F. Kelly to W. E. Grant, 3 March 1959. [LEJ-004875-0001]

50.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, volume 1295, file 311/111-B, part 4, School Buildings – Fort Simpson, N.W.T. [Construction and Maintenance], 1959–1961, P. Templeton to S. Lesage, 31 July 1959. [FNU-001033]

51.Provincial Archives of Alberta, Oblate Accession, 71.220, Tome II, box 7, 22 November 1963, cited in Persson, “Blue Quills,” 184.

52.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 672/6-1-007, volume 3, Fire Loss Report, P. A. Residential School, D. Lawson, 23 June 1967. [PAR-003379-0001]

53.TRC, NRA, INAC – Main Records Office – Ottawa, file 989/40-3-2, volume 1, Fire Losses – Individual Cases – Williams Lake District, 01/1958–12/1970, locator H77, DIAND, HQ Central Registry, R. G. Cooper to Indian Commissioner, British Columbia, 19 October 1967. [JOE019175-0000]

Appendix 4: Additional reported fires that did not destroy buildings: 1867 to 1997

1.Wasylow, “History of Battleford Industrial School,” 68.

2.Shanahan, Jesuit Residential School, 28.

3.E. F. Wilson, Autobiographical Journal, 47, quoted in Porter, “Anglican Church,” 33.

4.Miller, Shingwauk’s Vision, 368–369.

5.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1896, 386.

6.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1899, 405.

7.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3920, file 116818, Public Archives, David Laird to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 28 December 1899; [EDM-009798] RG18, volume 295, file 271-05, 1900–1905, NAC, J. R. Huddle to Officer Commanding, 19 July 1900. [EDM-002395]

8.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6251, file 575-1, part 1, G. H. Wheatley to David Laird, 13 March 1901. [BIR-000015]

9.Titley, “Industrial Education,” 397–398.

10.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6206, file 468-5, part 2, T. T. George to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 29 June 1906. [MER-000395]

11.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 3925, file 116823-1A, Principal Wilson to David Laird, 19 March 1908. [ELK-000217]

12.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6206, file 468-5, part 2, Secretary, Indian Affairs to T. T. George, 30 January 1908. [MER-000394]

13.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6027, file 117-1-1, part 1, S. Spencer Page to The Secretary, Department of Indian Affairs, 25 March 1913. [CRW-000045]

14.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6431, file 877-1, part 1, Agent’s Report For Month of November 1913, Chas. A. Cox, 3 December 1913. [ABR-006993]

15.Marceau-Kozicki, “Onion Lake,” 129.

16.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6327, file 660-1, part 1, W. M. Graham to Secretary Indian Affairs, 8 June 1914. [PLD-007452]

17.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6364, file 760-1, part 1, 1892–1936, Microfilm reel C-8717, George H. Race to the Secretary, 18 January 1917. [SAL-000088]

18.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6305, file 652-1, part 1, P. Schmidt to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 17 September 1917. [SMD-001235]

19.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6426, file 875-1, part 2, W. E. Ditchburn to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 22 January 1918. [MIK-002569]

20.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6206, file 468-5, part 4, S. R. McVitty to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 14 July 1922. [MER-000674]

21.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6444, file 881-5, part 2, 1922–1924, Microfilm reel C-8767, N. Coccola to McAllan, 6 August 1923. [LEJ-003744-0001]

22.TRC, NRA, English Language Summary of the Fort Resolution Chronicles, volume 1, 1903– 1942, 38. [GNN-000077-0001]

23.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6426, file 875-1, part 2, J. D. McLean to W. M. Halliday, 3 October 1924. [MIK-002612]

24.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6252, file 575-5, part 2, “Extract from Agent’s Report on the Birtle Residential School, for the month of February, 1925,” P. G. Lazenby. [BIR-000070]

25.TRC, NRA, Deschatelets Archives, Oblates of Mary Immaculate, Ottawa, file L1027.M27L 121, Principal Cowessess Indian Residential School, to Russell T. Ferrier, 16 March 1926. [MRS006020]

26.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6219, file 472-5, part 2, Russell Ferrier to Dr. Scott, 9 June 1927. [MCI-000243]

27.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6355, file 757-1, part 1, 1886–1927, Indian Agent, Department of Indian Affairs, Morley to Russell T. Ferrier, 1 November 1927. [MOR-005523]

28.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6321, file 658-5, part 4, “Statement of George Peechow, Age 17 Years in connection with an outbreak of fire at the Anglican Indian School, Onion Lake Sask., on Friday evening at 8 o’clock p.m. Feb. 10th 1928.” [PAR-0170080001]

29.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada – Ottawa, RG10, volume 6468, file 890-1, part 1, J. D. McLean to A. O’N. Daunt, 6 October 1928. [MIS-001505]

30.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6267, file 580-5, part 4, W. M. Graham to Secretary Indian Affairs, 24 December 1929. [DRS-000572-0000]

31.TRC, NRA, English Language Summary of the Fort Resolution Chronicles, volume 1, 1903– 1942, 56. [GNN-000077-0001]

32.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6345, file 751-1, part 1, Microfilm reel C-8701, W. M. Graham to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 27 September 1929. [BQL-001728]

33.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6270, file 582-5, part 3, Report Re Fire at Camperville, Manitoba, Thomas Baird, 24 November 1930. [PCR-000124]

34.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6322, file 658-5, part 5, T. B. R. Westgate to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 28 August 1930. [PAR-015011-0000]

35.TRC, NRA, Anglican Church of Canada, General Synod Archives, Minutes of the Meetings of Indian Residential School Commission MSCC, 01/1930–11/1932, Accession GS 75-103, series 2:15[a], box 18, “Minutes of Meeting of Indian Residential School Commission, MSCC, Held on Tuesday, April 7, 1931,” 5. [AGS-000145]

36.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6346, file 751-5, part 4, 1932–1933, NAC, W. E. Gullion to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 3 December 1932. [BQL-006214-0000]

37.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6366, file 761-5, part 2, Bishop Guy to Harold W. McGill, 11 December 1933. [FVD-000726-0000]

38.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6366, file 761-5, part 2, Bishop Guy to Harold W. McGill, 11 December 1933. [FVD-000726-0000]

39.TRC, NRA, English Language Summary of the Fort Resolution Chronicles, volume 1, 1903– 1942, 66. [GNN-000077-0001]

40.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 10413, Shannon File, box 45, M. Christianson to G. C. Laight, 26 September 1933. [CFT-004504]

41.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6357, file 757-5, part 4, 1935–1938, NAC, [Illegible] for T. R. L. MacInnes, to M. Christianson, 15 October 1935. [MOR-0044480000]

42.TRC, NRA, Minutes of the Meetings of Indian Residential School Commission MSCC, 02/35– 05/38, pg. 1902-2256, Accession GS 75-103, series 2:15[a], box 19, Minutes of Meeting of Indian Residential School Commission, MSCC, held on Tuesday, May 14, 1935. [AGS-000529]

43.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6055, file 265-5, part 4, J. P. Mackey, 20 November 1936. [SRS-001501]

44.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6215, file 470-5, part 3, H. McGill to Superintendent General, Indian Affairs, 6 October 1936. [PLK-000124]

45.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6357, file 757-5, part 4, 1935–1938, NAC, W. Barr Murray to C. Pant. Schmidt, 25 July 1938. [MOR-004509-0001]

46.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6444, file 881-5, part 6, 1938–1941, A.R. Simpson to D. M. MacKay, 25 September 1939. [LEJ-002960-0001]

47.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, Kwawkewlth Agency – Alert Bay Residential School – Building Maintenance – Supplies and Accounts, 1937–1939, FA 10-17, volume 6428, file 875-5, part 6, National Archives of Canada – Ottawa, M. S. Todd to Secretary, Department of Indian Affairs, 14 June 1939. [MIK-013732]

48.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6444, file 881-5, part 6, 1938–1941, Microfilm reel C-8768, J. H. F. Lacey to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 26 September 1939. [LEJ002940]

49.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6266, file 579-5, part 9, E. McPherson to Indian Affairs, 5 November 1941. [FAR-000024]

50.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, volume 6303, file 653-5, part 6, E. S. Jones to The Secretary, Indian Affairs Branch, Department of Mines and Resources, 10 April 1942. [FHR000252]

51.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 10752, Shannon File, 1944, Misc. Outgoing Correspondence, F. Matters to Indian Affairs, 2 February 1944. [CRS-001610]

52.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6033, file 150-61, part 1, Memorandum to Mr. Hoey, Philip Phelan, 1 May 1945. [NRD-001525]

53.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 10759, Shannon File, 1946–1947, Incoming Correspondence re Education, H. A. Alderwood to F. Matters, 7 March 1947; [CRS-001655] Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6192, file 462-5, part 8, F. Matters to Indian Affairs, 5 March 1947. [CRS-001947]

54.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, [110]774/6-1-753, volume 1, 09/45–12/53, NAC, E. A. Robertson to Indian Affairs, 1 November 1948. [EDM-004918]

55.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6192, file 462-5, part 9, Henry Cook to B. F. Neary, 4 March 1948. [CRS-001978-0001]

56.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 8634, file 511/6-1-025, part 1, J. H. Staunton to R. S. Davis, 21 December 1951. [PCR-004748-0001]

57.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada – Winnipeg, RG10, Acc. W84-85/402, box 13662, file 511/23-5-082, volume 1, Lachlan McLean to J. Rayson, 21 September 1951. [PLP-100733]

58.TRC, NRA, No document location, no document file source, Dennis Shea to F. O’Grady, 27 March 1954. [OBG-003722]

59.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 8659, file 658/6-1, part 2, J. R. Bell to E. S. Jones, 7 April 1956. [BVL-000669-0001]

60.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, 103/6-1-764, 01/58–06/59, volume 5, RCAP, J. E. DeWolf to K. R. Brown, 7 April 1958. [PUL-001821]

61.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, file 630-145/10-2, part 3, Reports and Returns – Federal School Coppermine, N.W.T., 1958–1961, Archival box 246-9, Archival Acc. G-1979-003, T. K. Brady to Mr. Booth, 25 May 1959. [CPU-001435]

62.TRC, NRA, INAC – Main Records Office – Ottawa, 779/6-1-011, volume 2, 1957–1971, CR-HQ, R. G. Whatmough for R. A. W. Switzer to Paul Deziel, 11 May 1960; [AGL-002253] Library and Archives Canada, 779[134]/6-726, volume 2, 10/59–08/61, NAC, J. W. Stewart to L. C. Hunter, 11 April 1960. [AGL-001337]

63.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 675/6-2-018, volume 2, D. Greyeyes to Indian Affairs, Fire Loss Report, 22 June 1968. [GDC-005571]

64.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG85, Perm. volume 1438, file 630/100-1, part 11, Govt. School Fort Smith, N.W.T. [Joseph Burr Tyrrell School] October 1962–November 1964, FA 85-4, R. G. Whatmough to B. Thorsteinsson, 29 April 1964. [FSU-001460-0000]

65.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, file 801/6-1-011, volume 12, Carcross IRS, 01/1966– 06/1969, RG10-151, V1989-90/101, M. C. F. Gibbs to A. E. Fry, 6 June 1966. [CAR-011275-0000]

66.TRC, NRA, Prairies – Northwest Regional Service Centre – LAC – Edmonton, Acc. E1996/97-046, box 7, file 674/25-2, W. Karashowsky to J. Bourbonnais, 31 October 1966. [BVL-002314-0000]

67.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, file 630.012, part 2, volume 2, Hostel Facilities – Churchill, 1965, Archival box 37-3, Archival Acc. M1994-009, R. L. Graves to Regional Superintendent of Schools, 31 January 1967. [CVC-002785-0000]

68.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, Acc. N1994-009, box 37-3, file 631.012, part 2, Statistics Fort Churchill, 1965, R. A. Page to Principal, Churchill Vocational Centre, 28 May 1967. [CVC-003198-0002]

69.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada – Burnaby, file 801/6-1-011, volume 12, Carcross IRS, 01/1966–06/1969, RG10-151, V1989-90/101, M. L. Lintick to G. S. Swanson, 6 March 1968. [CAR-011277-0003]

70.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada – Edmonton, RG10, Acc. E1996-97/415, box 36, file 25-2-029, Jan. 1967–Jan. 1969, E. Turenne to Walter Karawshowski, 6 May 1968. [SPR-003247]

71.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada – Winnipeg, RG10, Acc. 2001-01035-4, box 015, file 501/25-13-082G, volume 1, J. P. Malcolm to K. Baksh, 12 September 1974; [PLP-100393] Library and Archives Canada – Winnipeg, RG10, Acc. 2001-01035-4, box 015, file 501/25-13-082G, volume 1, J. P. Malcolm to K. Baksh, 12 September 1974. [PLP-100393]

72.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, School – Fort Smith, 1972–1978, Archival box 2-17, Archival Acc. G1995-004, H. J. Darkes to H. Michaud, 17 October 1974. [BTU-001619]

73.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, 773/6-1-003, volume 5, 09/74–01/80, E. A. Fontana to R. J. Carney, 26 April 1976. [MRY-002243-0000]

74.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 675/25-13-1-019, volume 2, Paul Poitras to Indian Affairs, 25 March 1977; [PLD-009229] Paul Poitras to Indian Affairs, 24 April 1977; [PLD-009231] Charles Bellegarde to Indian Affairs, 7 May 1977; [PLD-009233] Paul Poitras to Indian Affairs, 25 June 1977; [PLD-009239] Ann Bellegarde to Indian Affairs, 15 September 1977; [PLD-009237] Allan Dickie, 19 April 1978. [ PLD-009245]

75.TRC, NRA, Government of Northwest Territories Archives, Pupil Residence – General, 1974–1978, Archival box 3-3, Archival Acc. G1995-004, Marvin Marykuca to R. K. Toutant, 1 November 1977. [AHU-003894]

76.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada – Edmonton, Acc. E1996-97/270, box 8, file 675/25-13, volume 1, Joe Gerencser to David Seesequasis, 9 March 1979. [SMD-012138]

77.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada – Burnaby, RG10, FA 10-137, v92-93/201, box 2 [10486], file 987/40-6-19, volume 1, Fire Safety Reports – St. Mary’s, 09/75–10/80, NAC – Burnaby, L. MacKay to J. Allon, 31 October 1980. [MIS-010104]

78.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, GRS Files, box 140, file 3, Ronald J. Pratt, 24 October 1986. [GDC-005182-0001]

79.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, Muscowequan Box 23, file 23, Statement of Susan Start, 12 January 1993; [MDD-003931] Statement of [name redacted], 14 January 1993. [MDD-003932]

80.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, Muscowequan Box 23, file 23, Elaine Pelletier, 1 November 1993. [MDD-003933]

Appendix 5: School fires that were suspected or proven to be deliberately set: 1867 to 1997

1.Wilson, Missionary Work, 130–131, 142.

2.Shanahan, Jesuit Residential School, 28.

3.E. F. Wilson, Autobiographical Journal, 47, quoted in Porter, “Anglican Church,” 33.

4.Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1896, 386.

5.Miller, Shingwauk’s Vision, 368–369.

6.Miller, Shingwauk’s Vision, 368.

7.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 2771, file 154845, part 1, “Blaze at Brantford: The Mohawk Institute Totally Destroyed,” in The Globe, story datelined 19 April 1903; [TAY-003519] Martin Benson to Deputy Superintendent General, Indian Affairs, 21 April 1903. [TAY-003521]

8.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 2771, file 154845, part 1, E. D. Cameron to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 15 May 1903. [TAY-003524]

9.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 2771, file 154845, part 1, E. D. Cameron to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 22 June 1903. [TAY-003528]

10.Stanley, “Alberta’s Half-Breed Reserve,” 96–98.

11.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6206, file 468-5, part 2, Secretary, Indian Affairs to T. T. George, 30 January 1908. [MER-000394]

12.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6027, file 117-1-1, part 1, S. Spencer Page to The Secretary, Department of Indian Affairs, 25 March 1913. [CRW-000045]

13.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6305, file 652-1, part 1, P. Schmidt to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 17 September 1917. [SMD-001235]

14.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6426, file 875-1, part 2, W. E. Ditchburn to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 22 January 1918. [MIK-002569]

15.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6364, file 760-1, part 1, 1892–1936, Microfilm reel C-8717, George H. Race to the Secretary, 18 January 1917. [SAL-000088]

16.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6426, file 875-1, part 2, W. M. Halliday to Ditchburn, 17 January 1918. [MIK-000274]

17.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6426, file 875-1, part 2, J. D. McLean to W. M. Halliday, 3 October 1924. [MIK-002612]

18.TRC, NRA, Deschatelets Archives, Oblates of Mary Immaculate, Ottawa, file L1027.M27L 121, Principal Cowessess Indian Residential School, to Russell T. Ferrier, 16 March 1926. [MRS006020]

19.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives, Canada, RG10, volume 6355, file 757-1, part 1, 1886–1927, Indian Agent, Department of Indian Affairs, Morley to Russell T. Ferrier, 1 November 1927. [MOR-005523]

20.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6321, file 658-5, part 4, “Statement of George Peechow, Age 17 Years in connection with an outbreak of fire at the Anglican Indian School, Onion Lake Sask., on Friday evening at 8 o’clock p.m. Feb. 10th 1928.” [PAR-0170080001]

21.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada – Ottawa, RG10, volume 6468, file 890-1, part 1, J. D. McLean to A. O’N. Daunt, 6 October 1928. [MIS-001505]

22.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6345, file 751-1, part 1, Microfilm reel C-8701, W. M. Graham to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 27 September 1929. [BQL-001728]

23.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6270, file 582-5, part 3, “Report Re Fire at Camperville, Manitoba,” Thomas Baird, 24 November 1930. [PCR-000124]

24.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6260, file 577-1, part 1, J. L. Fuller to A. MacNamara, 8 March 1930; [CLD-000933-0000] William Gordon to Assistant Deputy and Secretary, Indian Affairs, 10 March 1930; [CLD-000934] RG10, volume 6260, file 577-1, part 1, “Crime Report: Re: George Paynter, Treaty Indian Cross Lake, Man. Arson, 28 October 1931.” [CLD-004089]

25.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 10413, Shannon File, box 45, M. Christianson to G. C. Laight, 26 September 1933. [CFT-004504]

26.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6357, file 757-5, part 4, 1935–1938, NAC, [Illegible] for T. R. L. MacInnes, to M. Christianson, 15 October 1935. [MOR-0044480000]

27.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6307, file 653-1, part 2, M. Christianson to Secretary, Indian Affairs, 17 April 1942. [FHR-000585]

28.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 8754, file 651/25-1, part 1, J. P. B. Ostrander to Indian Affairs, 28 April 1947; [PAR-009230] R. A. Hoey to Deputy Minister, 2 June 1947. [PAR-009238]

29.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6337, file 663-5, part 4, Royal Canadian Mounted Police Investigation, 24 January 1948. [THR-003033]

30.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6333, file 661-5, part 6, W. J. D. Kerley to Indian Affairs, 21 May 1949. [RLS-000493]

31.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 8634, file 511/6-1-025, part 1, “In-vestigation Re Fire – Girls Dormitory, Pine Creek Indian Residential School, Camperville, Manitoba, 19 December 1951.” [PCR-004752-0001]

32.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 8659, file 658/6-1, part 2, J. R. Bell to E. S. Jones, 7 April 1956. [BVL-000669-0001]

33.TRC, NRA, Prairies – Northwest Regional Service Centre – LAC – Edmonton, Acc. E1996/97-046, box 7, file 674/25-2, J. Bourbonnais to R. T. Smith, 21 October 1966. [BVL-002314-0001]

34.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada – Edmonton, RG10, Acc. E1996-97/415, box 36, file 25-2-029, Jan. 1967–Jan. 1969, E. Turenne to Walter Karawshowski, 6 May 1968. [SPR-003247]

35.TRC, NRA, Library and Archives Canada, 773/6-1-003, volume 5, 09/74–01/80, E. A. Fontana to R. J. Carney, 26 April 1976. [MRY-002243-0000]

36.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector–IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 675/25-13-1-019, volume 2, Paul Poitras to Indian Affairs, 25 March 1977; [PLD-009229] Paul Poitras to Indian Affairs, 24 April 1977; [PLD-009231] Charles Bellegarde to Indian Affairs, 7 May 1977; [PLD-009233] Paul Poitras to Indian Affairs, 25 June 1977; [PLD-009239] Ann Bellegarde to Indian Affairs, 15 September 1977; [PLD-009237] Allan Dickie, 19 April 1978. [PLD-009245]

37.TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, Muscowequan Box 23, file 23, Statement of [Name redacted], 12 January 1993; [MDD-003931] TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, Muscowequan Box 23, file 23, Statement of [Name redacted], 14 January 1993. [MDD-003932]