INDEX
abortion, 83, 185, 186, 244. See also reproduction
accidents, 1, 115, 134, 156, 213, 244; and Austin, 86–87; and responsibility, 86–87, 91. See also fortune; luck
act-utilitarianism, critique of, 99
Adams, Brooks, 10
affirmative action, 107, 109, 135, 136–37, 138, 261
affluence, 21, 26, 51, 105, 116, 125, 140, 173, 177, 203, 232; age of, 19, 240, 264; end of, 204, 205; and internationalism, 142, 146; postwar, 199, 274
affluent society, 21, 29, 105; and poor people, 29, 38, 105, 110
African Americans, 62, 63, 90, 136–37, 185, 273; and civil disobedience, 60; and civil rights movement, 66–67; and draft, 51; militancy of, 42; and Nagel, 137; and poverty, 26; and Rawls, 10, 26, 47, 51, 60, 66–67, 133, 261; and reparations, 133–34; and slavery, 261; and state authority, 61; and Walzer, 58, 59; and War on Poverty, 110
agency, xiv, xvii, 33, 54, 69, 74, 98, 103, 202, 208, 239, 249, 262, 266, 273; and basic structure, 130; and capitalism, 279; and G. A. Cohen, 216, 223; collective, 107, 137, 141, 163, 170, 268; and communitarianism, 258; corporate, 256; and Davidson, 83; and dirty hands, 99–101, 102; and distribution, 43, 101, 206; and institutions, 165; linguistic analysis of, 102; and Marxism, 215, 216; and New Left, 252; pluralist group, 258; and Pogge, 170, 171; and Sandel, 255; and SELF, 41; and Taylor, 253, 254, 255; and war, 75; and Williams, 243
agents, x, 13, 32, 33, 36, 71, 74, 83, 84, 87, 89, 92, 97, 98, 102, 124, 190, 206, 217, 221, 242, 243, 245, 263–64
aid, foreign, 142, 143, 144, 145, 154–55, 157–58, 159, 160, 162–63, 192
Albritton, Rogers, 78
alienation, 21, 26, 54, 55, 58, 79, 217, 218, 243, 252, 257, 259, 263, 264
Althusser, Louis, 216
altruism, 11, 23, 106, 110, 111–12, 113, 114, 116, 119, 120, 122, 123, 127, 129, 141, 143, 156, 177, 202, 214, 228, 232, 233, 234. See also compassion; philanthropy
American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), 52, 60, 61–62, 68
American Economics Association (AEA), 117
American Philosophical Association, 41, 46
American Political Science Association, 53
American Society for Political and Legal Philosophy, 44, 215
analytical ethics, 2, 21, 44, 84, 108, 141. See also morality/ethics
animals, 173, 174, 199. See also ecology; environment
Anscombe, Elizabeth, 9, 21, 31, 82, 85; Intention, 83; lectures on Wittgenstein, 18
anthropology, 28, 143, 248, 249, 250, 252
anticolonialism, xvi, 56, 141, 151, 154, 185, 205, 239, 261, 275; and African Americans, 62, 133; and Barry, 165; and Beitz, 149; and civil rights movement, 67; and dependency theory, 144, 145, 165; and development, 143, 144; and international justice theory, 165–66; and liberal egalitarianism, 225; and New Left, 57; and NIEO, 146, 155; and reparations, 160. See also colonialism
anti-statism, xii, xiii, xix, 2, 4, 14, 15, 20, 82. See also state
anti-totalitarianism, 4, 7, 15, 20, 106, 169, 273. See also totalitarianism
antiwar movement, xiv, 40, 41, 54, 56, 58, 61, 62, 72, 73, 77, 78, 80, 93, 94, 106, 118–19. See also Vietnam War; war
applied ethics, xvi, 73, 98, 101, 102, 141, 167, 173, 184; origins of, xxi; and war, 74–75, 82. See also morality/ethics
Arab-Israeli war of 1967, 80
Arendt, Hannah, xviii, 59, 76, 89, 90, 91, 241
Arneson, Richard, 219
Arrow, Kenneth, 111, 112, 120, 179, 180, 205, 208
associations, 15, 17, 18, 39, 118, 231, 256; community, 112, 268; and difference principle, 117; moral education in, 28, 36, 121; small, 11, 28, 33, 36, 121; and Tocqueville, 10. See also churches; communities; families
Austin, J. L., 8, 18, 31, 99; “A Plea for Excuses,” 86–87
authoritarianism, 6, 7, 8, 170, 250, 257
autonomy, 48, 57, 246, 254; of collectivities, 165; and communitarianism, 258; and distributive justice, 165; of individual conscience, 48; of individuals, 212; of persons, x, 113, 122, 165, 253; of states, 146, 159, 162, 163, 165
Baier, Kurt, 8
Balibar, Étienne, 216
Bangladesh, 140, 142, 147, 160
Barry, Brian, xv, 110–11, 114–15, 121, 122, 123, 126, 140, 141, 147, 152, 159–64, 167, 196–201, 203, 262, 264, 275; and capitalism, 166, 197; and collectivities, 163–64, 165, 233–34, 255; and ecology, 196–99; and entitlements, 162, 164, 166; and future, 196–98, 199–200; and Hart, 89, 162, 196; and individuals, 163–64, 165, 233; and investment, 197, 198; and justice, 159, 164, 198, 200; and liberal egalitarianism, 161, 163; and libertarianism, 161, 197, 233; and NIEO, 161, 164–65; and population, 186, 196, 200; and reparations, 160, 162; and socialism, 233, 234
basic structure, xiii, xx, 3, 32–34, 35, 38, 51, 68, 73, 126, 136, 147, 148, 161, 226, 230–31, 273, 275, 276; and agency, 130; and civil disobedience, 65; and civil rights movement, 67; conflict outside, 150; and constitutive rules, 33; and egalitarian justice, 132; and equality, 207; and game analogy, 33; and gender, 237; global, 169; institutional scope of, 129–30, 148; institutions of as nonvoluntary, 33, 148; and international politics, 120, 140, 166; and justice, 33, 129, 207, 223, 237; justification and evaluation of, 33; and Nagel, 157; and Nozick, 127, 128, 130; and obligations, 44; and Okin, 225; as practice, 32, 33; and practices, 44, 46; and pre-institutional property rights, 225; and property rights, 206; and public choice theorists, 108; and race, 237; regulation of, 117; stability of, 130
Bayles, Michael D., Ethics and Population, 188
Bedau, Hugo, 46, 52, 56, 59, 64, 133, 134, 157
Beer, Samuel, 53
behavioral sciences, 5, 189, 201, 249
behaviorism, 48, 241, 242, 248
Beitz, Charles, xv, 141, 146–54, 168, 264; and anticolonialism, 149; and cosmopolitanism, 152, 153, 167; and dependency, 154; and distributive justice, 151, 152; and egalitarianism, 153–54, 158, 163; and global trade, 149, 154, 164; and history, 150–51, 152; and human rights, 167; and inequality, 150, 151, 158; and internationalism, 166; and international organizations, 164; and justice, 159, 160, 167; and NIEO, 150, 151, 152–53; and obligation, 146, 148, 149, 150; and persons, 152; and poverty, 158; and redistribution, 146, 148, 152, 153, 154, 162; and resources, 148, 152, 162; and Walzer, 148
Bentham, Jeremy, 12
Berkeley Free Speech Movement (FSM), 48
Berkeley School, 48
Berle, Adolf, 19
Berlin, Isaiah, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 41
Bevanites, 20
Biafra, 141
Black, Max, 8–9
Black Atlantic, 145
black nationalism, 59, 67, 133.
Black Panthers, 60
Bloom, Allan, 118
Bowles, Samuel, 51
Boxill, Bernard, 133, 134, 138
Brandt, Richard B., 8, 44, 98; War and Moral Responsibility, 73
Brandt Report on International Development (1980), 146, 165, 194
Braverman, Harry, Labor and Monopoly Capital, 217
Brierly, J. L., The Law of Nations, 79
Briggs v. Duke Power, 135
Britain, xiii, xix, 18–19, 23, 26, 29, 45, 106, 111–12, 122, 172, 196, 199; collapse of affluence in, 205; and equality, 207, 219; neoliberalism in, 219; and social democracy, 20, 119, 219, 220; and socialism, 207, 219; welfare state in, 110, 208, 232
British Journal of Political Science, 89
British Labour Party, 207, 219–20, 263; and R. Dworkin, 209; and industrial democracy and public ownership, 205; and Oxford, 20; and Rawls, xiii, 3, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 110, 118, 124, 219, 272; and revisionism, 20, 23, 24, 25, 110, 118, 124, 272; and social justice, 3; split of, 219
Brown, Peter, 141
Brown v. Board of Education, 67
Buchanan, James, 108–9, 123, 161, 233
Bundy, McGeorge, 97
bureaucracy/bureaucracies, 21, 48, 56, 96, 97, 108, 109, 212, 220, 221, 223–24, 229, 231, 236, 237, 240, 250, 252, 256–57; and Goodin, 231; and Knight, 13; and New Left, 257; and public choice theory, 204; and Rawls, 10, 13, 37, 75, 116, 118, 240; and utilitarianism, 82; and war, 75
Burnham, James, The Managerial Revolution, 19, 20
Calabresi, Guido, 212
Callahan, Daniel, 184
“A Call to Resist Illegitimate Authority” petition, 76
The Call to the March on Washington for Peace in Vietnam, 77
Cambridge New Left Club, 54
Cambridge School, 259
Camus, Albert, 100
Canada, 270
capabilities approach, 208, 219
capital, 7, 16, 39, 132, 146, 236, 267
capital accumulation, 178
capitalism, 50, 115, 132, 150, 151, 167, 175, 192, 197, 206, 215, 220, 223, 226, 228, 229, 237, 252, 254, 267, 279; and analytical Marxists, 216; and asset appreciation, 219; corporate, 19, 21, 125; and democracy, 205; financialized, 274; and Knight, 12; and Mill, 202; and New Left, 257; and Nielsen, 166; and NIEO, 146; and Nozick, 131; and Pogge, 169–70; and public choice theory, 109; and Rawls, 10, 12, 27, 29–30, 106, 109, 118, 123–24, 125, 126, 170, 202, 254, 271; and Roemer, 217–18, 224; socialism vs., 20, 29–30; and state, 19, 203; world system of, 144, 215
capital ownership, socialized, 221
cartelization, 161
Carter administration, 157
Catholicism, 79
Cavell, Stanley, 31, 51, 239, 246, 263; The Claim of Reason, 245
Center for the Study of Public Choice, 108
centralization, 10, 11, 15, 20, 32, 38, 108, 109, 118, 218. See also decentralization;
character, xii, 136, 240, 255, 256, 273
charity, 111, 112, 142, 155, 156, 157, 227, 229
Chile, 170
choice, xvii, xix, 74, 75, 91, 92, 98, 101–2, 129, 143, 205, 206, 224, 227, 237; and affirmative action, 136; and Barry, 233, 255; and G. A. Cohen, 222, 223; and communitarianism, 257; and R. Dworkin, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 221, 222, 226; and egalitarianism, 253, 255, 257; and impartial spectator device, 189; intertemporal, 201; and original position, 121, 255; and Rawls, x, xiii, 1, 5, 15, 18, 22, 35–36, 85, 105, 116, 119, 120, 121, 176, 189, 201, 207, 208, 212, 214; and Sandel, 255; and Shklar, 245, 246, 263; and Taylor, 253, 254; and Walzer, 56, 99, 101. See also rational choice theory; voluntariness
choice situations, 34, 36, 101, 120
Christians, 228
churches, 11, 268. See also associations
citizens, ix, 42, 54, 55, 57, 58, 62–63, 65, 77, 78, 79, 80, 92, 94–95, 100, 101, 105, 110, 111, 148, 152, 157, 202, 203, 210, 211, 214, 228, 229, 234, 235, 250
citizenship, 23, 41, 111, 252, 256; American, 260; civil disobedience as duty of, 60; and constitutional system, 61; equal, 67, 262; exclusion from, 264; and reparations, 133; state as guarantor of, 42; and war, 74
civil disobedience, xxi, 40, 44, 46, 56–71, 74, 97, 100, 101, 142; and ACLU, 52; as appeal vs. threat, 66; and Bedau, 52; and Buchanan, 109; and civil rights movement, 62; and M. Cohen, 64; and consensus, 42, 64, 70; and Constitution, 66; and cooperative scheme of society, 65; and democracy, 58, 64; and difference principle, 179; and draft, 51, 52; and equality principle, 67; and fair play, 62; as fidelity to law, 53; and Jacobson, 49; and justice, 67, 70; and obligation, 42, 62; and punishment, 60–61, 62, 64, 66, 100; and Rawls, xiv, 41–42, 43, 47, 52–53, 59, 60, 64–71, 78, 104, 118–19, 126, 168, 179; and stability, 60, 61, 65, 71; and Walzer, 56–59; and workers’ movements, 57. See also disobedience; dissent; protests
civilians, 79, 92, 95–96, 246. See also noncombatants; war
civil libertarianism, 43, 45, 51, 52, 56, 61, 68, 95, 109, 272. See also libertarianism
civil liberties, 57, 68, 106, 122
civil rights, xiv, xv, 42, 44, 58, 68, 157. See also rights
Civil Rights Act of 1964, 50, 66
civil rights movement, xiv, xxi, 26, 46, 52, 66–67, 100, 105, 106, 109, 252; and civil disobedience, 56, 59, 60, 61, 62; and obligation, 44, 47; and Rawls, 40, 41, 42, 43, 47, 59, 60, 66–67, 118–19, 260–61; and stability, 43; and state, 42; and Walzer, 59
civil society, xii, 120, 170, 225, 239, 250, 255
class, 7, 18, 70, 123, 124, 138, 215, 216, 217–18, 219, 222, 254, 261
Clergy and Laymen Concerned about Vietnam, In the Name of America, 80
Club of Rome, The Limits to Growth, 172
Coase, Ronald, 211–12
Cohen, G. A., xvi, 101, 129, 206, 215, 216–17, 218, 219, 221–23, 225; and choice, 222, 223; and determinism, 216, 223; and R. Dworkin, 222; and egalitarianism, 222, 223, 226, 237; and equality, 222–23; and exploitation, 217, 222; and free will, 223; and historical materialism, 216; and justice, 222–23; Karl Marx’s Theory of History: A Defence, 216; and libertarians, 222; and Marx, 223; and Nozick, 216; and ownership of actions, 222; at Oxford, 220; and paternalism, 223; and responsibility, 222, 223; and socialism, 222, 223
Cohen, Joshua, 236
Cohen, Marshall, 40, 41, 59, 64, 81, 119; War and Moral Responsibility, 73
Cold War, xi, xiii, xviii, xviii, xxi, 3, 5, 18, 20, 27, 42, 117, 140, 169, 175, 205, 224, 237, 240, 267, 270, 272; and algorithmic rationality, 242; and Barry, 152, 159; and Lockean contract theories, 49; and Shklar, 264; and Vietnam War, 73, 80; and Walzer, 263
Cole, G.D.H., 18
collective action/agency, xix, 107, 124, 137, 141, 163, 215, 256, 268
collective bargaining, 10, 209
collective responsibility, 75
collectivities, 163–64, 165, 175, 189, 201, 224, 233–34, 236, 255
colonialism, 73, 134, 135, 146, 150, 151, 156, 169, 276. See also anticolonialism; decolonization
Columbia University, 58
Committee on Non-Market Decision-Making, 108
commodification, 143, 252, 260, 275
common law, 212, 213, 246. See also law(s)
common man, 7, 36, 54–55. See also individual(s)
communitarianism, xii, 9, 68, 121, 175, 255, 256–59, 260, 261, 266, 267, 268, 269, 273, 275; and liberalism, 241, 252–53; and Walzer, 196–97; and Wittgenstein, 101, 258, 268
community/communities, xii, xvii, xix, 56, 79, 90, 94, 100, 111, 164, 181, 197, 218, 239, 253, 261, 270, 273; and associations, 112, 268; and culture, 256; decline of, 257; and democracy, 62, 64, 259; and R. Dworkin, 62, 63, 251; and future, 175, 195, 201; global, 174; and identity, 252, 256; and individuals, 256, 262–63; and morality, 5, 9, 17, 37, 55, 63, 64, 65, 71, 74, 112, 113, 152, 174, 195, 259; and nation, 147, 256; and New Left, 257; and obligation, 195, 196; and original position, 120; of principle, 107, 119; and Rawls, 5, 9, 17, 37, 55, 64, 65, 69, 101, 106, 107, 112, 113, 116, 118, 119, 120, 134, 147, 148–49, 152, 170, 231, 241, 251, 258, 259, 268; and reparations, 134; and rights, 63, 195; and Rorty, 249; and self, 252, 256, 258; and Shklar, 264; and state, 55, 259; universal, 152; and utilitarianism, 37; value of, 240, 257; and Walzer, 249, 250, 260. See also associations
compassion, 9, 35, 190. See also altruism
compensation, 210–11, 212, 213. See also reparations
competition, 29, 134, 150, 274
concentrated power, 2, 4, 10, 11, 13, 16, 19, 26, 108, 110, 116, 118, 163, 271
conscience, 46, 47, 48, 50, 52, 53, 54, 56, 59, 65, 66, 76, 78, 94
conscientious objection, 51, 118–19, 246, 264
conscientious objection, selective (SCO), 52, 77, 78
conscientious objector (CO), 52, 56, 76
conscription/draft, xiv, xiv, 41, 50–53, 59, 63, 73–74, 75; and Bedau, 56; and collective political responsibility, 95; end of, 94, 96; justifications for refusal of, 80; refusal of, 76, 79, 92; and responsibility, 92; and Walzer, 55–57; and war criminality, 92. See also military; soldiers
consensus, xii, xiv, xx–xxi, 3, 18, 43, 47, 49, 69–70, 225, 235, 240, 250, 263, 272, 274, 277; and Beitz, 150; and civil disobedience, 42, 64, 70; and democracy, 6, 21, 42; and morality, 64, 274; and NIEO, 146; overlapping, xiii, 69, 70; and Rorty, 251; and ruling class hegemony, 48; and Shklar, 246; and stability, 45, 70; and technocracy, 252; through discussion, 6, 8; and United States, 261; vision of, 38, 39, 43
consent, 45, 49, 54–55, 56, 109, 127, 129, 148, 211, 234, 246
consequentialism, 73, 81–82, 83, 102
constitutionalism, 5, 10, 32, 42, 68, 73, 109, 116, 124, 234, 261
constitutional law, xiv, xvi, 42–43, 59, 119, 239. See also law(s)
constitution(s), 17, 42, 61, 64, 70, 106, 108, 135, 231, 259; and civil disobedience, 53; principles of, 66, 109; and stability, 46–47; theories of, xii, 116, 122, 212
consumerism, 19, 48, 143, 196, 202, 240, 260
consumer(s), 12, 15, 22, 141, 143
contingency/contingencies, 1, 17, 24, 25, 26, 39, 51, 87, 116, 222–23, 248, 253, 266, 267
contract(s), 12, 14, 36, 37, 45, 49, 54, 127, 131, 160, 186, 206, 212, 243, 257, 258, 263
contract theory, 54, 85–86, 108, 176, 178, 246, 258
cooperation, 119, 127, 166, 167
cooperative scheme(s), 124, 130, 147, 192; and civil disobedience, 65; conflict as beyond, 149–50; and global economy, 149; and mutual advantage, 1, 147, 150, 151; and reciprocity, 176; world as constituting, 167
corporations, 11, 19, 20, 21, 22, 57–59, 125, 141, 145, 149, 194, 268, 273, 276
Corwin, Edward, 10
Coser, Lewis, 53
cosmopolitanism, 151, 152, 153, 166, 167, 170, 192, 193, 226, 230, 262, 270, 273
courts, 10, 44, 129, 230, 231, 251, 261. See also judiciary; law(s)
critical legal theorists, 212
critical race theory, 225, 275
Crosland, Anthony, 19, 20, 23; The Future of Socialism, 22
Crossman, Richard, 20
culture(s), 167–68, 170, 241, 249, 259; and communitarianism, 256; and identity, 252, 256; interpretation of, 250; and nationalism, 262; and poverty, 26; and values, 28, 167; and Walzer, 260; and Winch, 248
Daly, Herman, 191
Daniels, Norman, 136
Davidson, Donald, 83
Davis, Angela, 61
decentralization, 17, 20, 21, 28, 221. See also centralization
decision-making, xiii, 28, 58, 59, 84; and applied ethics, 101; and future, 175–76; and impartial spectator device, 189; judicial, 42–43; market forms of, 108, 252; moral, 97, 98; nonmarket forms of, 204; public, 101; under risk, 120, 122; and subjective expected utility theory, 175; under uncertainty, 108, 120, 122
decisions, 40, 56, 96, 97, 99, 114, 163, 164, 253, 274, 277; and autonomy, 165; and bureaucracies, 231, 240; and class, 261; and collectivities, 175, 201; and democracy, 207, 208; and distribution and killing, 193, 194; and double effect, 85; and future, 175, 176, 178, 187–88, 201, 275; and Hampshire, 242, 247; and individuals, 74, 85, 201; and Rawls, x, xiii, 6, 11, 22, 31, 33, 34, 35, 36, 43, 47, 85, 106, 138, 201, 251, 261; and Shklar, 245, 263, 264; and Supreme Court, 63; and technocracy, 240, 252; and war, 74, 85, 88
decolonization, xix, 46, 79, 80, 140, 141, 143. See also colonialism
democracy, 95–96, 105, 117, 119, 170, 224, 240, 241, 267, 275; agonistic theories of, 270; and Brown v. Board of Education, 67; and communitarianism, 253, 259; and community, 62, 64, 259; consensus in, 6, 21, 42; constitutional, 39, 42, 266; and control, 227; and decisions, 207, 208; deliberative, xiii, 207, 235, 236, 237, 258, 270; discussion in, 6, 36, 37; economic, 220, 236; and egalitarians, 231; experiential vision of, 250; and future, 175, 179; governability of, 172; and Habermas, 235; and ideal proceduralism, 237; industrial, 57–58, 205, 218; and inflation, 204, 233; and morals, 4, 5, 7; and neoliberalism, 271; and objectivity, 252; participatory, 37, 118, 236; pluralist, 220; property-owning, x, xiii, 3, 16–17, 24, 29, 118, 220, 271; and public choice theory, 108; and Rawls, x, xiii, xiii, 3, 5, 6, 7, 10, 16–17, 21, 24, 29, 32, 36, 37, 39; representative, 118; and Rorty, 249, 251; stakeholder, 237; and state, 55, 58, 172, 210; and technocracy, 252; and Tocqueville, 10; and totalitarianism, 4, 5; and town meetings, 236; and United States, 260–61; value-free theories of, 4; and Walzer, 54–55, 56–58, 249, 250, 260; and welfare state, 232; workplace, 236
democracy (journal), 250
democratic socialism, 53, 124, 208
dependency, 144, 150, 151, 154, 262; and exploitation, 229–30; and welfare state, 224, 228–29
dependency theory, 144, 145, 146, 149, 150; anticolonialism of, 165; and Barry, 160; and NIEO, 146; and rich vs. poor countries, 150–51
desert, xvii, 23, 110, 115, 122, 128, 148, 207, 214, 226–27, 256; and affirmative action, 136, 137; and communitarianism, 255; and distribution, 87, 107, 114–16; institutional and pre-institutional notions of, 132, 136, 214; irrelevance of, 34; and Knight, 24; and Rawls, 24, 34, 38; and responsibility, 114, 136
desert island thought experiment, 209, 219
determinism, 216, 223, 254, 266
Detroit, disorders in, 58
developed countries, 146
development, 143–44, 149, 150, 152–54, 155
development economists, 141, 143, 150, 155
Devlin, Patrick, 45
difference principle, xiii, 1, 26, 109, 117, 122, 123, 128, 135, 136, 138, 147, 148, 149, 179, 186, 195, 256
dirty hands, dilemma of, 75, 98, 99–101, 102, 231, 245–46
disobedience, 41, 42, 44, 45, 46, 47, 56, 57, 66, 141. See also civil disobedience
dissent, 41, 42, 43, 44, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 62, 67. See also civil disobedience
distribution, xv, xviii, 22–23, 48, 104, 106, 108, 109, 116, 119, 194, 206, 207, 232, 239, 240, 255, 262, 263, 270, 272, 274, 277; and Barry, 111, 159, 163, 164; and Beitz, 146, 147; and choice, 226; and G. A. Cohen, 217, 223; and J. Cohen, 236; and community, 74; and competitive markets, 211; and cooperative schemes, 147; democratic control of, 207; and desert, 87, 107, 114–16; and R. Dworkin, 208–9; and egalitarianism, 141, 231; and equality, 38, 267; and fairness, 17, 128, 211, 213, 219; and history, 131; of incomes, 136; initial, 211, 212, 213, 219; international ethics of, 73, 158, 163; and liberalism of fear, 267; and luck-egalitarians, 226; and market socialism, 216, 218; and merit, 24; and morality, 24, 111; and Nagel, 156; of natural resources, 147–49; and needs, 113, 115; and Nozick, 128, 131, 193, 213; and O’Neill, 194; of opportunities, 136; and original position, 35, 36; overextension of paradigm of, 195; and ownership, 237; and Pogge, 169, 170; and politics, 163, 164; of powers and resources, 17; and production, 123; of property, 275; of property rights, 211, 212; and public reason, 235; and responsibility, 87; and Roemer, 218; and Sen, 155; and social institutions, 128; and socialism, 224; and stability, 268; of talents, 148; and technocracy, 252; and utilitarianism, 37; and Walzer, 247; and Williams, 267
distributive justice, ix, x, xvi, 20, 25, 38, 48, 109, 135, 152, 165, 194, 223, 255–56, 258, 262, 264, 268; and analytical Marxists, 218; and future, 114, 200; and history, 131, 137, 151; and humanitarianism, 166; and human rights, 157, 158; and individual ethics and action, 226; international, 144, 146, 163, 170–71, 270; and morality, 20, 44, 115; and Nagel, 137, 155, 156; and Nozick, 127, 128, 131; and reparations, 134; and war, 74. See also justice
diversity, 35, 135, 138, 170, 260, 267, 270
domination, 125, 225, 229, 230, 260, 261, 273, 276; and Goodin, 230; and recognition theories, 262; and Roemer, 217
double effect, 82–83, 84–85, 87, 89, 93, 193, 244
draft. See conscription/draft
duty/duties, 46, 65, 69, 79, 85, 143, 147, 154, 156, 159, 170, 171, 176, 194; natural, 65, 69, 79, 147. See also obligation(s); responsibility
Dworkin, Gerald, 40
Dworkin, Ronald, xiv, xvi, 40, 41, 59, 62–64, 101, 109, 206, 208–14, 252, 255; and British Labour Party, 209; and choice, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 221, 222; and citizens, 210, 211, 214; and class, 222; and community, 62, 63, 251; and compensation, 210–11, 213; and egalitarianism, 130, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 219; and equality, 208–11, 213, 222; and fortune, 210–11, 214; and games, 62, 63; and individuals, 209, 222; and initial endowments, 209; and insurance market, 209–10, 213; and interpretation, 251; and legal realism, 62; and luck, 210, 211, 213, 214; and markets, 209, 210, 211, 213, 214; “The Model of Rules,” 62; and morality, 62–63, 212, 226, 251; and New Deal, 130; “On Not Prosecuting Civil Disobedience,” 62; at Oxford, 220; and public affairs, 133; and public morality, 102; and rationalism, 251; and resources, 208–11, 213, 219; and responsibility, 210, 211, 213, 221, 226; and rights, 62, 63, 208, 212, 213; and risks, 210, 211; and talents, 209, 210, 222; and Vietnam War, 130
earth, 172, 174, 191–92, 199. See also ecology; environment
The Ecologist, “Blueprint for Survival,” 172
ecology, 173–74, 184, 191, 194, 195, 196–99. See also animals; earth; environment
Economic Commission for Latin America (CEPAL), 145
economics, xv, 2, 8, 12, 27, 34, 67, 68, 109, 110, 112, 116, 117, 119, 122, 129, 145, 167, 213, 253; antigrowth, ecological, 191, 192; behavioral, 189, 201; and distributive justice, 20, 67, 68; and egalitarianism, 237; and ethics, 20–21; and humanitarianism, 155, 157–58; neoclassical, 175, 176, 178, 189, 218–19; and public choice theory, 108; supply-side, 204, 228. See also growth; welfare economics
economy, x, 15, 151, 169, 179, 195, 197, 204, 216; American, 180; financial and monetary institutions of, 149; and future generations, 178; global, 146, 149; and justice, 147; and just savings principle, 177; and liberty, 153; market, 19, 156, 213, 220; mixed, 105, 124; and politics, 236, 274; and sovereignty, 141; stable vs. planned, xii; and state, 3–4, 14, 129, 206, 271–72; in steady state, 177, 178, 179, 202–3; world, 147, 149, 156
education, 7, 19, 27, 28, 36, 49, 51, 94, 110, 127, 133, 136, 169, 205, 232, 233, 250, 252, 271
effective altruism movement, 143
efficiency, 176, 210, 211–12, 218, 224, 228
egalitarianism, ix, x, xix, 18, 20, 103, 107, 129, 133, 139, 141, 153–54, 158, 165, 166, 167, 203, 206, 207, 226–27, 231, 235, 236, 239, 253, 273, 275; and affirmative action, 136; and Anderson, 226; and G. A. Cohen, 222, 223, 226, 237; and communitarianism, 257; and difference principle, 122, 123, 135; and R. Dworkin, 130, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 219; global, 170; and history, 132; and humanitarianism, 155; and institutions, 202, 261, 270; and market, 213, 221, 259; and ownership, 255, 257; and predistribution, 271; relational, 125; and reparation and rectification, 134; and Roemer, 224; and scarcity, 200–201; and Sen, 219; and social democracy, 205; and socialism, 233; sufficiency alternatives to, 124–25; and survivalism, 195; without planning, 272. See also liberal egalitarianism
Ehrenreich, Barbara, 257
Ehrlich, Paul, 195
Ehrlich, Paul and Anne Ehrlich, The Population Bomb, 172, 181
Eichmann, Adolf, 76
Eisenhower, Dwight, 79
Ely, Richard T., 10
Emmanuel, Arghiri, 162; Unequal Exchange, 160
empire/imperialism, 80, 135, 145, 146, 150, 151, 166, 267
empiricism, 120, 168, 170, 199, 201, 247, 250
employment, 14, 19, 29, 109, 133, 169. See also work
Employment Act of 1946, 14
energy policy, 201
English, Jane, 121
Enlightenment, 7, 248, 265, 266
entitlements, 115, 130, 228; and Barry, 162, 164, 166; and Nagel, 137, 156; and Nozick, 129, 131, 132, 134, 166, 255; original, 129; and Sen, 155, 161
entrepreneurs, 15, 17, 27, 176, 228
environment, xxi, 107, 133, 194, 196, 225; and Barry, 200; and climate change, 201, 270; crisis of, 172, 174; and ethics, 188; and sustainability, 201. See also animals; earth; ecology
Environmental Ethics, 173
environmentalism, xvi, 172, 201
envy, 27–28, 36, 38. See also humiliation
equality, ix, x, xiii, xix, 18, 23, 24, 35, 107, 115, 136, 158, 217, 219, 225, 235, 274, 278; and access to advantage, 219; and analytical Marxists, 226; and Barry, 161, 162, 196–99, 200; and Beitz, 167; and British Labour Party, 3, 19; and citizenship, 67, 262; and civil disobedience, 67, 68; and civil rights movement, 26; and G. A. Cohen, 222–23; common ownership vs., 21; and dependency, 151; and difference principle, 1, 26, 117, 128; and distribution, 38, 267; and R. Dworkin, 208–11, 213, 222; and exchange, 150; and fairness, 68; and impartiality, 213; of income, 22, 25, 224; and institutions, 38; and justice, 68, 113–14, 130; of liberties, 68, 109; and luck-egalitarians, 226; in managerial societies, 21; and market, 210, 220, 224; and market socialism, 216, 218; and Nagel, 137; and NIEO, 145; and O’Neill, 194; of outcome, 21; and poverty, 267; and primary social goods, 208; and private ownership, 220; and public choice theorists, 109; and race, 138; and rationality, 213; of resources, 208–11, 213, 219; and Roemer, 224; and self-ownership, 221; and Sen, 155, 208; and socialism, 20, 124, 207, 219; of starting places, 16, 17, 28; state as guarantor of, 42; and United States, 130, 261; and Walzer, 252; and welfare, 210, 219; and welfare state, 113–14. See also inequality
equality, of opportunity, 1, 15, 22, 23–24, 26, 27, 38, 39, 109, 117, 122, 219; and Berlin, 23; debates over, 15, 21–23; and future, 200; and historical injustice, 137; and natural resources, 162; and primary social goods, 208; and social contingencies, 25–26; as substantive vs. formal, 136
Equality and Preferential Treatment, 137
equality principle, 24–25, 33, 37, 39, 43, 67
ethnocentrism, 260
Eurocentrism, 143
European Community, 169
euthanasia, 185
exchange, 112, 131, 132, 156, 212; and Barry, 160, 161; and exploitation, 217, 230; justice as fair, 160–61; and Roemer, 217, 218; unequal, 144, 150
experience, 17, 74, 84–85, 187, 232, 240, 252, 263; and Barry, 124; and Hampshire, 242, 247; of inequality, 28, 34; and interpretation, 253; lived, 266; and morality, 9, 247; and objectivity, 250; and Shklar, 245, 246, 247; and Walzer, 100, 101, 250, 260
exploitation, 216–18, 229, 267, 276; and G. A. Cohen, 217, 222; and dependency, 229–30; and Goodin, 229–30, 231; and Roemer, 217–18, 219; as taking unfair advantage, 217
Fabianism, 21
Fabian Society, 220
fairness/fair play, 131, 243; across generations, 179; and civil disobedience, 62; and civil rights movement, 67; and competition, 134; and cooperation, 167; and distribution, 17, 128, 211, 213, 219; and draft, 51; duty of, 46, 47; and R. Dworkin, 209, 211, 213, 214; and equality of opportunity, 1, 25, 39, 109, 117, 122, 138; and Goodin, 230; and Hart, 45; and international justice, 152, 160, 161, 162; and justice, 1, 22, 68, 70, 152, 160, 161, 162, 201; and market, 19, 213; and Nagel, 137–38, 190; and obligation, 46, 47, 65, 69; and opportunity, 1, 25, 39, 109, 117, 122, 138; and punishment, 60, 64; and Rawls, 1, 6, 17, 22, 25, 27, 33, 35, 39; and reciprocity, 33, 167; and starting places of players, 23; and Supreme Court, 42; and unjust laws, 58; and Walzer, 54, 58
Falk, Richard, 78, 89, 93, 94, 194
family/families, 117, 268, 276; and Barry, 163, 164; and communitarianism, 253, 256, 258; and feminism, 275; and future, 36, 201; and Goodin, 229, 230; as households, 11; meaning, education, and development in, 36; and morality, 9, 51, 121; and motivation, 198; as naturalized association, 38; and New Right, 228; and Okin, 225; and original position, 120, 177–78; and personal, 102; and pluralism, 55; and poverty, 26; and Rawls, 8, 9, 11, 17, 26, 28, 33, 36, 38. See also associations
famine, xxi, 140, 142, 143, 154, 155, 160, 161, 172, 173, 181, 191, 192–93, 194, 197. See also food
fascism, 15
federal constitutionalism, 270
Federal Reserve, 109
feminism, 216, 223, 239, 276; and communitarianism, 258; and Enlightenment liberalism, 248; and eugenics, 191; and experience, 247; and family, 121; and liberal egalitarianism, 225, 273, 275; and New Left, 57; and paternal supremacy, 36; and personal as political, 247; and private action, 102; and Rawls, 36, 102, 121; and sterilization, 185; and welfare state, 229. See also gender; women
financial crisis of 2007–2008, 276, 277
food, 140, 155–56, 158, 191, 192, 194. See also famine
Foot, Philippa, 9, 82, 87; “The Problem of Abortion and the Doctrine of Double Effect,” 83, 84
Fortas, Abe, 61
fortune, 39, 51, 90, 168, 226, 230; arbitrariness of, 256; and G. A. Cohen, 223; and desert, 136; and R. Dworkin, 210–11, 214; and maximin, 117, 178; and original position, 176; and Rawls, 27, 28, 35, 36, 70, 87, 115, 117, 123, 176, 214, 256; and Williams, 244. See also accidents; luck
Foucault, Michel, 264
Frank, Andre Gunder, 144, 149, 150
Free Speech Movement, 49
Friedmann, Wolfgang, 46
French socialists, 263
Freud, Sigmund, 9
Friedman, Milton, 52, 108, 109, 204, 228
Full Employment Bill of 1945, 14
Fuller, Lon, 44
future, xv, xvii, 76, 88, 94, 172–203, 274, 275; and Barry, 196–98, 199–200; and communities, 175, 195, 201; and democracy, 175, 179; discounting of, 179, 270; and economic rationality, 189; and economics, 175, 176; and equality of opportunity, 137; and families, 36, 201; and government, 178, 179; and immediate posterity, 194; and individuals, 175, 201; and institutions, 175, 176, 201; and justice, 114, 174, 200, 201; and Keynesianism, 176; obligations to, 188, 201; and original position, 176, 177–78, 180, 186; and Parfit, 187, 189–90; and planning, 175, 194, 195; and Rawls, 36; and reciprocity, 176; and redistribution, 179, 180, 195; and society as game, 174–75; and state, 175; and uncertainty, 176, 194–95; and utilitarianism, 175, 182; value of, 173, 175, 177, 178, 179, 180; and welfare, 182
future generations, 14, 36, 91, 175, 178, 179, 180, 184, 196–98, 199, 200; obligations to, 173, 176, 185–86; and Parfit, 187, 188; present vs., 176–78; and savings principle, 195, 196. See also intergenerational justice
G-77, 145
Galbraith, John Kenneth, 28
game(s), 11–13, 22, 31, 105, 122; analogy with institutions, 12, 17, 33; and basic structure, 32, 33; and civil disobedience, 60, 61, 64; and civil rights movement, 67; and R. Dworkin, 62, 63; and economic debates, 121; fair, 109; and future, 176; international, 149; and morality, 245; society as, 17, 35, 39, 45, 116, 130, 176; and stability, 60, 69; starting places in, 16, 17, 23, 25, 28, 32, 35, 136, 271; and umpires, 12; and veil of ignorance, 35; and Walzer, 58. See also initial endowments
Gandhi, M. K., 53
Geertz, Clifford, 12, 248, 250
gender, 45, 74, 121, 180, 225–26, 237, 261, 272. See also feminism; women
general equilibrium, 12, 34, 117
generations. See future generations
geopolitics, 140
Germany, 90, 91, 94, 170. See also Nuremberg Trials
Gilder, George, Wealth and Poverty, 228
global justice, xv, xx, 141, 157, 168–69, 170, 171, 262, 264
global realm, xix, 135, 141, 147, 148, 149, 207, 270; and basic structure, 169; and capital markets, 204; and economics, 140, 149; moral community of, 174; and Nagel, 157; and O’Neill, 192; and Pogge, 168–69, 170; and Shklar, 264. See also international realm
Goldwater, Barry, 52
Goodin, Robert, 153, 227–28, 229–30, 231, 232–33, 234; Reasons for Welfare, 229
Goodman, Paul, 76
Gould, Bryan, Socialism and Freedom, 220
governance, 37, 164, 204, 241, 274
government, 14–15, 28, 29, 52, 53, 64, 78, 94, 117, 142, 143, 169–70, 204, 205, 233; and accountability for war, 72, 94, 96, 97; aid to foreign, 157; antiinterventionist commitment to small, 17; and anti-statists, 4; branches of, 109; and citizens, 63, 235; and consent, 49, 54, 234; and draft protests, 77; and economy, 14, 15; and expertise, 72; and federal bureaucracy, 10; and future, 178, 179, 201; intervention by, 14, 29, 109, 179, 212; limits on, 13–14, 38; and O’Neill, 193, 194; and property-owning democracy, 16–17; and public choice theory, 109, 110; and public reason, 235; regulation by, 11, 212; resentment toward, 252; resistance to, 50; and Sunstein, 234; technocratic theory of, 181; and Walzer, 57; and World War II, 3. See also state(s)
Gramsci, Antonio, 48
Great Depression, xii, 3, 271, 278
Great Society, xiii, xv, 3, 41, 42, 68, 105, 106, 130, 274
Griswold, Erwin, 61
growth, 106, 144, 146, 172, 173, 178, 198, 201, 272; critiques of, 196, 202; and Rawls, 29, 140; and stationary state, 202–3; and steady state, 202; without redistribution, 153. See also economics
growth theory, xiv; and Barry, 197; evolutionary and stadial view of, 153; and morality, 180; and population, 182; and Rawls, 153, 180, 202–3
guilt, 9, 75, 90, 91, 97, 99, 100, 101, 244
Habermas, Jürgen, xv, 215, 235, 241
Hampshire, Stuart, 18, 72, 82, 104, 122, 175, 242, 247
Hardin, Garrett, 191, 193, 194, 195; Explaining a New Ethic for Survival, 192; “The Tragedy of the Commons,” 192
Hare, Richard, 18, 98, 142, 186
Harman, Gilbert, 84
Harrington, Michael, 77; The Other America, 105
Hart, H.L.A., 12, 20, 21, 22, 32, 46, 62, 93, 114, 245; and Barry, 89, 162, 196; The Concept of Law, 18, 45; and moral vs. legal responsibility, 90–91; and obligation, 44–45
Hartz, Louis, 53
Harvard School, 53
Harvard University, 50–51, 58, 220
Hastings Institute of Society, Ethics, and the Life Sciences, 84, 184, 194
Hayek, Friedrich, 14, 20, 108, 110, 112, 205, 219, 228; The Road to Serfdom, 4
Hegel, G.W.F., xvii, xxii, 2, 3, 29, 215, 249, 258
Hegelianism, 9, 253, 258, 262, 263
Heilbroner, Robert, 189
Hersh, Seymour, 80
historical materialism, 216, 217, 266. See also materialism
history, ix, xvii, xix, 2, 120, 139, 153, 200, 201, 240, 248, 249, 271, 274, 276; arguments from, 169, 176; and Beitz, 150–51, 152; and Cambridge School, 259; of capital, 267; and communitarians, 266; and context, 131; and contingency, 266; determinist views of, 266; elimination of, 151; of empire, 267; end of, 277; and horrors of twentieth century, 265–66; and identity, 151, 256; and justice, 131, 137, 151, 275; and liberal egalitarianism, 131–32, 161, 225, 266; and morality, 265, 266; and Nagel, 137–38; and Nozick, 131, 221; and original position, 131; and origins of liberalism, 267; and reparations, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137; and Rorty, 266; and Shklar, 247; and Walzer, 100, 247, 260; of war, 266; and Williams, 266
Hobbes, Thomas, 196
Hobson, J. A., 110
Hoffmann, Stanley, 51, 156, 158
Hollis, Martin, 189
Honoré, Tony, 90
Howe, Irving, 53
humanitarianism, 85, 142, 191, 202, 240, 264, 273; and Barry, 159; and distributive justice, 166; and ecology, 174; and Goodin, 230; and human rights, 157–58; and intervention, 265, 266, 270; and justice, 158, 159, 166; and Nagel, 157; and O’Neill, 192, 193; and Pogge, 168; and politics, 141; and self, 268; and Shklar, 263; and P. Singer, 143, 144, 147, 158; and suffering, 194; and welfare, 124, 125; and welfare state, 113–14
humanity, xvi, 115, 141, 159, 170, 198, 240, 265, 267
human race, extinction of, 198–99
human rights, xvi, 47, 107, 141, 148, 157–58, 165, 167, 169, 170, 192, 264, 273
Hume, David, xvii, xxii, 2, 12, 27, 34, 105, 112, 167, 196, 199
Humean tradition, 112, 263, 265
humiliation, 27, 28, 36. See also envy
Huntington, Samuel, 152
hypothetical agreement, 131, 167, 207
hypothetical assent, 199–200
hypothetical choice, xiii, 199
hypothetical consensus, 207
hypothetical contract, 167
identity, 110, 120, 148, 201, 239, 249, 261, 270, 273; and affirmative action, 136; and associations, 256; as attachment to be discovered, 258; and communitarianism, 257, 268; and community, 252, 256; and evaluation, 253; and history, 151; and MacIntyre, 256; and Parfit, 187, 188, 189; and poststructuralism, 253; and race and ethnicity, 138, 252; and Taylor, 253–54, 262; and Williams, 243, 263
ideology, 3, 8, 18, 119, 121, 273
impartiality, 34, 177, 189; and equality, 213; and Goodin, 231; and morality, 174, 188, 190, 201; of rules, 17–18; and P. Singer, 143
Impossibility Theorem, 111
incentives, 17, 24, 25, 114, 115, 122, 123, 125, 127, 205, 223
income, 13, 17, 29, 153, 178, 217, 220, 223, 234; and difference principle, 117; distribution of, 25, 26, 110, 136; earned and unearned, 115; equality of, 22, 25, 224; Nixon’s guaranteed plan of, 228; and postwar debates, 23; primary social goods vs., 208; tax on, 47, 163
India, Emergency of 1975–1977 in, 185
indigenous peoples, 262
individualism, 226, 233; and communitarians, 253; methodological, 248; neo-Kantian, x; and original position, 121; possessive, 258; and Rawls, x, 13; rights-based forms of, xi; and social sciences, 248; and Taylor, 253; and utilitarianism, 259; and Walzer, 54; and welfarism, 276
individual(s), ix, 43, 107, 110, 111, 113, 115, 122, 125, 128, 137–38, 139, 216, 221, 226, 233, 235, 253, 261, 273, 274; autonomous, 165, 212; and community, 256, 262–63; conscience of, 46, 48, 56; and decisions, 74, 85, 201; duties of, 143, 194; and R. Dworkin, 130, 209, 210, 211, 213, 214, 222; fragility of, 267, 268, 269; and future, 174, 175, 176, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 187, 189, 192, 193, 198, 201; importance of actions of, 65, 69, 70; and institutions, 117, 207, 254; and international ethics, 141, 143, 148, 153, 154–55, 157, 158, 159, 162, 163–64, 165, 168, 170, 171; and Nozick, 127, 128, 131, 132; and original position, 121; and Parfit, 187, 189; persons as, 92; and Pogge, 168, 170, 171; and population, 181, 182, 192; protection of, 127, 132, 240, 264, 265; and public morality, 101–2; and Rawls, x, xii, xiii, 1, 2, 3, 5, 11, 13, 15, 24, 30, 31, 33, 34, 37, 38; responsibility of, 74, 80, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 92, 94, 96, 97, 114, 136, 142, 223, 244; and Shklar, 263, 264; social formation of, 215; social holism vs., 248; and socialism, 205, 206; and starting-gate theory, 225; and state, 45, 57, 106, 116; and totalitarianism, 241; and utilitarianism, 259; and war, 75, 80, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 92, 94, 96; and Williams, 242, 265; and Wittgenstein, 31. See also common man; person(s)
“Individuals against the Crime of Silence” petition, 76
industrial associations, 118
industrial capitalism, 10
industrial democracy, 57–58, 205, 218
industrialization, 35, 143, 144
industrialized nations, 144
industrial pluralism, 55
industrial sector, 28
industrial society, 48
inequality, 13, 16, 34, 36, 50, 51, 67, 73, 105, 109, 111, 115, 116, 117, 120, 122, 145, 169, 195, 196, 205, 208, 210, 217, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 231, 252; of American society, 261, 272; between classes, 125; and difference principle, 1, 110, 117, 128; global, 144, 146, 149, 150, 151, 152, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 165, 168, 179, 194; and history, 132, 134, 160; and human rights and basic needs, 165; and least-advantaged people, 28, 125, 126, 128, 148; and liberal egalitarianism, 272, 276, 278; limitation of, 17, 20, 23, 26, 117, 122, 130, 158; as psychologically acceptable, 27–28; racial, 133, 138, 279; from talent and effort, 23, 25; of wealth and income, 25. See also equality
inflation, 172, 204, 205, 228, 233
inheritance laws, 16, 17, 271. See also law(s)
initial endowments, 132, 161, 209, 211, 213, 219, 224, 235, 237. See also game(s)
injustice, 145, 150, 151, 161, 171, 264, 265; and civil disobedience, 64–65, 67, 70; and cultural diversity, 170; and distribution, 115, 127; and equality of opportunity, 137; gender, 225–26, 237; global, 166; historical, 133, 134, 135, 137–38, 160, 275, 276; and race, 47, 133, 134, 225–26; racial, 41, 47, 48, 51, 133, 237; and Rawlsianism, 138; and war, 78, 79, 80
Institute for Philosophy and Public Policy, 141, 157, 168
institutional distributive theory, 75
institutions, ix, xvi, 8, 40, 74, 87, 131, 132–33, 147, 155, 159, 179, 264, 273, 274; and agency, 102, 165; and basic structure, 33–34, 132, 226; and Beitz, 146; and Cavell, 245; and G. A. Cohen, 223; and J. Cohen, 236; and desert, 114; duty to just, 176; and R. Dworkin, 62, 226; and egalitarianism, 202, 261, 270; evaluation of, 6, 32; formative role of, 207; and future, 175, 176, 201; and games, 22; and Goodin, 231; and individuals, 117, 207, 254; interpersonal relations vs., 102; and justice, xiv, 107, 201; justification of, 32; and liberal egalitarianism, 165, 225; morality of, 4, 70, 78, 129; natural duties outside of, 69; and neoliberalism, 271; neutrality of, 207, 241, 249; and Nozick, 127; and Okin, 225; and persons, 226; and Pogge, 168, 170; and power, 268; as practices, cooperative schemes, and background contexts, 101, 161, 165; preferences as given vs. created by, 125–26; and property rights, 128; public, democratic, 105; and Rawls, xii, xiii, xv, 2, 3, 6, 10, 11, 12, 17, 18, 22, 25, 28, 29–30, 31, 32, 33–34, 36, 38; and reciprocity, 199; and rules, 132, 139, 231–32; and SELF, 41; and Shklar, 263; and P. Singer, 143; and state, 225; and Taylor, 254; and uncertainty, xvii; utilitarian, 127; and war, 75
insurance, 19, 27, 175, 226. See also social insurance
insurance markets, 209–10, 213, 227
intentions, 23, 74, 83, 84, 85, 86, 89, 93, 98, 102
intergenerational justice, xv, 173, 174, 179, 180, 200. See also future generations
International Conference for the Study of Political Thought, 241
internationalism, xv; and Beitz, 166; and humanitarianism, 240; and justice, 196, 199; and liberal egalitarianism, 141, 166, 171; and morality, 191; neoliberal, 154; and Nielsen, 166; and Pogge, 168, 169
international justice, 150, 151, 152, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 176, 196, 199. See also justice
International Labor Organization, 144, 155
international law, 76, 86, 93–94, 142, 145; and just war theory, 77–78; and morality of war, 78–79; and war, 73, 80, 81, 92. See also law(s)
International Military Tribunals, 72
international organizations, 79, 141, 164
international politics, 140, 141, 142, 155, 167, 225
international realm/order, xv, xvii, 67, 72, 74, 94, 95, 96, 140–71, 270; and Barry, 164; and class politics, 145; conflict in, 149–50; and cooperative schemes, 147, 150; and developing world, 144; and difference principle, 147, 148, 149; and division of labor, 218; economic hierarchies in, 144; and ethics, 78, 159, 171, 174, 193; and humanitarianism, 141; inequality in, xvi; and justice, 141, 159; and liberal egalitarianism, 144; and market economy, 156; and morality of war, 78; and Nagel, 156; and NIEO, 145, 146; and O’Neill, 192; and original position, 120; and Pogge, 169, 170; and Rawls, xvi, xx, 73, 78–79, 81, 85, 86, 107, 120; and Shklar, 264; and P. Singer, 142–43; subversions of, 145; and trade reform, 157; and values, 169, 170; as voluntary sphere, 148; and working-class solidarity, 160. See also distributive justice; global realm
International War Crimes Tribunal, 72, 80
interpretation, 240, 247, 249–51, 252, 258; and R. Dworkin, 251; and Rorty, 249; and Taylor, 255; and Walzer, 249–50, 260
intuitionism, 6, 22, 37, 38, 41, 59, 84, 98, 119
Iraq War, 270
Italy, 152
Jacobson, Norman, 48–49
Japan, atomic bombing of, 82–83
Jaspers, Karl, 90
Jefferson, Thomas, 10, 17, 271
Jenkins, Roy, 205
Johnson, Lyndon, 105
Johnson administration, 60
joint-ownership, 224
judiciary, xiv, 10, 33, 42, 43, 44, 59, 62, 93, 109, 125, 234, 251. See also courts; law(s)
jurisprudence, 2, 42, 44, 105, 137. See also law(s)
justice, 12, 21, 104, 110, 153, 165, 174, 278; after World War II, x; agreement on principles of, 70; and altruism, 112; altruism vs. self in, 113; and American values, 70; and analytical Marxists, 226; and Anglophone political theorists, x; as artificial virtue of institutions, 112; background conditions for, 38, 199; and Barry, 159–60, 164, 198, 200; and basic structure, 33, 129, 207, 223; and Beitz, 159, 160; and beneficence, 160; and capitalism, 118, 202; circumstances of, 35, 194; and civil disobedience, 70; and civil rights movement, 26; and G. A. Cohen, 222–23; compensatory, 138; and constitutional principles, 66; and contingency, 266; and contract, 160; and democracy, 236; and desert, 255; and R. Dworkin, 219; and ecology, 195; and efficiency, 68; empirical circumstances of, 166–68; and equality, 113–14, 130; and equality principle, 24–25; and equal liberties, 68; and experience, 250; as fairness, 1, 22, 68, 70, 152, 160, 161, 162, 201; as fidelity, 160; and future generations, 176, 199, 201; and Goodin, 230; as ground of rights, liberties, and principles, 59; and growth, 203; and history, 131, 275; and humanitarianism, 158, 159, 166; and humanity, 130; hypothetical account of, 201; hypothetical justification of, 200; ideal theories of, 74; and institutions, xiv, 85, 107, 115, 201; intergenerational, 202, 270; and international organizations, 164; and international politics, 141, 159; and intuitionism, 37; and liberal egalitarianism, 130–31; and liberty principle, 24–25; and markets, 115, 220; and Marx, 215; maxims of, 22; and merit, 255; and morality, ix, 59, 69, 114, 167; as mutual aid, 160; and Nagel, 157; natural disposition to, 34–35; natural duty of, 65, 170; and natural law, 59; and natural resources, 162; and needs, 114; and Nielsen, 166; and O’Neill, 192, 194; and original position, 35, 120; and Pogge, 168, 169, 170; and political problems, 59; and population, 182, 191; principles of, 119–20, 159; and property, 199; and punishment, 60; and race, 133, 225–26; and rational choice, 35; and Rawls, x, xii, xiii, xv, xix, xx, 1, 3, 18, 22, 24–25, 27, 29, 30, 33, 34–36, 37, 38–39; and reciprocity, 33, 34, 115, 159–60, 161, 166–67, 199; and redistribution, 207; as requital or fair exchange, 160–61; and responsibility, 255; retributive, 87, 255; and reward for contributions to common advantage, 25; and savings rate, 179; and scarcity, 199; and Sen, 208, 219; sense of, 232; and Shklar, 264; and P. Singer, 160; and socialism, 118; and state, 113–14, 157, 165; and stationary state, 202; as universal hypothetical assent, 199; and USA, 126; and utilitarianism, 37; and war, 73; and wealth, 212; and Williams, 243; and workers, 124; and world economic system, 147. See also distributive justice; international justice
just savings principle, 176–77, 178, 179, 180, 195, 196, 197, 200, 202
just war theory, xiv, 52, 73, 76–78, 79–80, 81, 142, 246
Kahn, Herman, 195
Kant, Immanuel, xvii, xxii, 2, 3, 8, 18, 105, 165, 167, 168
Kantianism, 38, 102, 113, 121, 122, 191, 199, 226, 235, 240, 243, 253, 258, 262, 265. See also neo-Kantianism
Kavka, Gregory, 199
Kelsen, Hans, 44
Kennedy, Robert, 58
Kennedy administration, 60
Keynes, John Maynard, 18, 19, 27, 195
Keynesianism, xii, 4, 14, 19, 109, 129, 169, 176, 195, 204. See also neo-Keynesianism; post-Keynesianism
killing, 84, 192, 193. See also war
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 58, 59, 60; “Letter from Birmingham Jail,” 53, 67
Kissinger, Henry, 97
Klein, Melanie, 9
Knight, Frank, 12–13, 16, 22, 24, 27, 108, 109, 112; The Ethics of Competition, 13
Krouse, Richard, 220
Kuhn, Thomas, 248
labor, xii, xx, 4, 17, 48, 228; and collective bargaining, 7; domestic, 57; international division of, 149; opposition to radical, 3; organized, 10; Ricardian theories in, 23; slave, 134; and socialism, 206; and value, 23, 131, 132, 216, 217, 218. See also unions; work; workers
labor market, 33, 204, 217–18, 276
labor theory of value, 23, 216, 217
labor unions, 60
laissez-faire, 23, 169, 189, 204
Lasswell, Harold, 4; “Garrison State,” 95
“Law Enforcement and Racial Cultural Tensions” conference, 48–49
law(s), xii, 10, 14, 30, 66, 90, 114, 211, 223, 231, 246, 247, 251, 264; allegiance to, 62–63; and applied ethics, 74; civil disobedience with fidelity to, 53, 65; constitutional, xiv, xvi, 42–43, 59, 119, 239; criminal, 93, 212, 213; in democracies, 6; and discrimination, 195; and Hart, 44–45; inheritance, 16, 17, 271; international, 73, 92, 93–94; invalid, 61, 62; and King, 60; and Michelman, 125; and morality, 44–45, 59, 62–63, 97, 212; neo-Marxist and critical view of, 124; and Nozick, 213; obligation to obey, 55; and Pitkin, 49, 50; and politics, 94, 135, 212; process theorists of, 42; and property, 124, 212; and rational discussion, 6–7; tort, 7, 212, 213; unconstitutional, 61, 62, 63; unjust, 46–47, 58, 61, 64, 65, 67, 71; of war, 78, 81, 92, 93, 97. See also common law; constitutional law; courts; inheritance laws; international law; judiciary; legalism; legal proceduralism; legal realism
Layard, Richard, 220
least-advantaged persons, 1, 27, 28, 29, 38, 123, 125, 126, 128, 135, 148, 178
least-well-off persons, 38, 105, 120, 123, 149, 150, 152, 279. See also poor people
legalism, 56, 76, 77, 241, 245–46, 263. See also law(s)
legal proceduralism, 250
legal process theory, 59
legal realism, 42, 44, 62, 64, 212
Lévi-Strauss, Claude, 9
Lewis, Arthur, Principles of Economic Planning, 19
liability, 89, 91, 92, 115, 213
liberal egalitarianism, ix, xviii, xxii, 154, 155, 158, 172, 207, 230, 239, 240, 241; and affirmative action, 136–37; and analytical Marxism, 215; and anticolonialism, 225; and communitarians, 253; construction of, xi, xv–xvi, xxi, 41; and contingency, 266; cooperative core of, 160; deliberative rationality of, 263; and environmental crises, 174; features of, 107; and feminism, 225, 273, 275; global, 141, 151–52; and history, 131–32, 161, 225, 266; as individualist, 163; and individual moral persons, 189; and institutions, 161, 165, 225; and internationalism, 141, 144, 166, 171; and justice, 130–31; and liberalism of fear, 264; and libertarianism, 127; nonhistorical, 161; and Nozick, 130, 161, 213, 221; and Parfit, 186, 189; and Pogge, 168, 169; and politics, 257; and pre-institutional property rights, 161; and procedural republic, 250; and property, 224; and public affairs, 138; and race, 138; and Rawls, xiii, xv–xvi, xix; and republicanism, 236; and Shklar, 264; and socialism, 208; and survivalism, 174; and Taylor, 254; and Walzer, 249; and wars of religion, 267. See also egalitarianism; Rawlsians/Rawlsianism
liberalism of fear, 264–65, 267
libertarianism, xvi, 96, 106, 150, 181, 225, 273; Austrian-inspired, 204; and Barry, 161, 197, 233; and G. A. Cohen, 222; and communitarianism, 257; economic, 129; and liberal egalitarianism, 127; and markets, 220; and Nozick, 128. See also civil libertarianism
liberty/liberties, x, 1, 12, 16, 21, 22, 25, 41, 42, 57, 67, 68, 108, 109, 110, 117, 118, 119, 123, 125, 127, 128, 152–54, 157, 158, 170, 175, 182, 210, 218, 220, 221, 235, 253, 254, 255, 259–60
liberty principle, 24–25, 33, 37, 39, 43, 68, 122, 123
linguistic analysis, 9, 18, 41, 82, 102
linguistic philosophy, 45, 49, 87, 90. See also ordinary language philosophy; philosophy
Lippmann, Walter, 7; The Good Society, 14
literature, 240, 245, 247, 249
Little, Ian, 20–21
Locke, John, 47, 49, 123, 127, 132, 161. See also neo-Lockean theory
logical positivism, 4
London Charter, 76
London School of Economics, 220
luck, xxi, 24, 134, 147, 223, 237, 270; and Anderson, 226; and G. A. Cohen, 222; and democracy, 266; and R. Dworkin, 210, 211, 213, 214; and egalitarianism, 255; inequalities caused by, 115; and Knight, 13; and morality, xvii; and original position, 1; protection from, 116; and Rawls, 1, 13, 16, 17, 35, 39; and talents, 221; and veil of ignorance, 35; and Williams, 244. See also accidents; fortune
luck-egalitarianism, xxi, 226, 255, 270
Lynd, Robert, 10
Lyons, David, 134
Maastricht Treaty, 270
Macdonald, Dwight, 90
Machiavellian actor, 100
MacIntyre, Alasdair, 21, 82, 239, 245, 256, 258
Macpherson, C. B., 254
majority, 45, 47, 63, 64, 65–66, 78
Malcolm, Norman, 8–9
Malthusianism, 182, 195. See also neo-Malthusianism
managers/managerialism, 19, 20, 21, 27, 48, 121, 124
Mansbridge, Jane, 236
Mansfield, Harvey, 51
many hands, problem of, 231
market economy, 19, 156, 213, 220
market liberalism, 106, 121, 209
market(s), xvi, xix, 25, 33, 106, 107, 109, 123, 129, 167, 175, 195, 237, 238, 239, 267, 275, 276; and Barry, 233; and basic structure, 207; and bureaucracy, 236; and G. A. Cohen, 217; and decision-making, 204, 252; and R. Dworkin, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214; and efficiency, 176, 211–12, 228; and egalitarianism, 213, 221, 259; and Elster, 235; and equality, 210, 220, 224; and everyday life, 261; and exploitation, 218; and fairness, 19, 213; and Goodin, 227, 230; and goods and services, 221; and Gray, 221; and Hayek, 20; and history, 151; and individual preferences, 201; and initial endowments, 213, 219; and justice, 115, 220; and Knight, 13, 24; and Miller, 220, 221, 232; and monopoly, 220; and morality, 112, 213; and Nagel, 156; and needs, 113; and neoliberalism, 231, 252; neutrality in, 241; and New Left, 126, 257; and NIEO, 146; perfect equilibrium vs. real-life, 121; and Pogge, 169, 170, 171; as practice, 32; preconditions of, 228; and prices, 220; private insurance, 227; and property rights, 212; and public choice theory, 108; and public reason, 235; regulation of, 112, 117; and Roemer, 217, 218, 224; and Sandel, 255; self-interest in, 112; and P. Singer, 143, 158; and social life, 111, 205, 240; and state, 19, 112, 206, 236; and uncertainty, 252; and universal social insurance, 23; and Walzer, 252; and welfare economists, 119; and welfare state, 227, 228. See also labor market
market socialism, 118, 124, 216, 218, 220–21, 224, 233
Marshall, T. H., 23
Marx, Karl, 143, 214, 223, 252; Capital, 216; Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts, 21
Marxism, xvi, xxi, 10, 20, 21, 48, 117, 123, 129, 132, 145, 146, 160, 161, 166, 203, 205, 206, 207, 208, 215, 216, 217, 218–19, 224, 226, 229, 230, 233, 235, 236, 237, 247, 256, 268, 273, 275, 276. See also neo-Marxism; post-Marxism
Mason, Alpheus, 10
materialism, 169, 189, 196, 254. See also historical materialism
maximin principle, 117, 120, 125, 178, 180
McNamara, Robert, 97, 144, 155
McWilliams, Wilson Carey, 56
Meade, James, 118, 208, 220; Liberty, Equality, and Efficiency, 16; Planning and the Price Mechanism, 19
Means, Gardiner, 19
medicine, 74, 184–85, 189, 232
Menzeli, Paul T., Moral Argument and the War in Vietnam, 73
merit, xvii, 5, 24, 25, 38, 87, 136, 215, 255, 256
meritocracy, 25, 110, 122, 133, 136, 137, 162, 256
Michelman, Frank, 40, 59, 109, 125, 234
military, 56, 79, 95–96, 97, 133; refusal of service in, 51, 56, 57, 63, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 92, 96. See also conscription/draft; war
Mill, John Stuart, 202–3
Miller, David, 113, 122, 206, 220–21, 232
minorities, 26, 37, 47, 58, 63, 64, 67, 133, 135, 192, 261
Mitchell, David Henry, 76
modernization, xiv, 5, 143–44, 149, 152, 153, 173, 179
monopoly/monopolies, 27, 109, 211, 220, 230, 252, 257
Monthly Review, 214
Moody-Adams, Michele, 138
Moore, Barrington, Jr., 53
moral absolutism, 73, 79, 81, 87–89, 97, 98, 100, 101
moral dilemmas, 74, 75, 84, 85, 101
morality/ethics, xvii, xx, 66, 105, 109, 123, 132, 147, 175, 180, 225, 234, 235, 239, 252, 256, 257, 258, 260, 268, 269, 273; and Barry, 164, 196–97, 198, 200; as basis of society, 70–71; and Cavell, 245, 246; and character, 255; of citizens, 65, 80; and civil disobedience, 61, 64–65; and civil rights movement, 46, 61; and community, 5, 9, 17, 55, 63, 64, 65, 71, 74, 112, 113, 152, 174, 195, 197, 259; computational, 242; and consensus, 64, 274; and decisions, 40, 59, 98, 101; and dirty hands, 99–101, 102; discovery of, 251; and distribution, 101, 111, 115, 163, 206; and distributive justice, 20, 44, 115; and R. Dworkin, 62–63, 212, 226, 251; and economics, xv, 20–21, 110, 116; education in, 28, 36; evaluation of, 2–3, 30, 50; and families, 11, 51, 121; and feelings, 9; and future, 173, 183–84, 188, 201; and games, 245; and global poverty, 155; and Goodin, 227, 229, 231; and Hampshire, 242, 247; and history, 265, 266; humanitarian, 191; and humanitarian crises, 155; impartial, 174, 188, 190, 201, 243; individual, 69, 111, 207; and inductive reasoning, 9; institutional, 78, 129, 207; and interests, 198–99; international, 73, 85, 146, 191; interpersonal, 5, 9, 37, 102, 152, 274; and interpretation, 249; and justice, ix, 59, 69, 114, 167; and justification for actions, 30–31; justification of, 6; Kantian, 199; and Knight, 12–13; and law, 44–45, 59, 62–63, 97, 212; and lived experience, 247; of majority, 64; and markets, 112, 213; and medicine, 74, 84, 184–85; and moral psychology, 8; and murder, 87; and Nagel, 87–89, 98, 156, 157, 190; objective, 5, 8, 34, 40, 43, 59, 104, 116, 240; and objectivity, 8, 34, 40, 43, 59, 104, 116, 240, 241, 251, 267; and obligation, 43, 46, 98–99, 195; and Parfit, 187, 189, 196; personal vs. institutional, 116; and persons, xii, xiii, 5, 148; and Pogge, 168, 169, 170, 171; and politics, 97–98, 99–100, 102, 135; and population, 181, 182–83, 188–89; principles of, ix, 9, 59, 62–63, 64, 71, 75, 76, 81, 85, 87, 88, 98, 129, 196, 197, 251; private, 45, 75, 101, 102; procedures for evaluation of, 2–3, 8; public, 73, 75, 96, 98, 101, 102, 223; and Rawls, x, xii, xiii, xiv, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 17, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26–27, 28, 30, 31–32, 33, 34, 35, 37, 38, 39; and responsibility, 41, 74, 81, 87, 170, 193; and SELF, 41; and Shklar, 245–46, 266; and P. Singer, 142–43; social origins of, 65, 104; and state, 4, 42, 55, 73, 112, 114; and talents, 221, 222; and Taylor, 253, 254, 255; universal, 9, 240; and utilitarianism, 37, 82; and Vietnam War, 72; and Walzer, 100, 101, 249, 251; of war, 73, 74–103, 140, 267; and Williams, 243–44. See also analytical ethics; applied ethics; psychology, moral
moral point of view, 34, 106, 115, 116, 121, 123, 148
Morgenthau, Hans, 89
Moskos, Charles, 95
motivation, 8, 20, 83, 93, 120, 121, 156, 162, 177, 178, 180, 184, 189, 198, 223, 232, 235, 236, 256
Moynihan Report, 51
multiculturalism, 262, 267, 270
Murray, Charles, Losing Ground, 228
Musgrave, Richard, 109
mutual advantage, and cooperative schemes, 1, 147, 150, 151
mutual aid, 111
mutual benefit societies, 233
mutual protection, 196
mutual self-interest, 180
My Lai Massacre, 72, 80, 89, 92, 93
Nagel, Thomas, xiv, 40, 72, 141, 155–57, 190, 252; and charity, 157; and colonialism, 156; and distributive justice, 137, 155, 156, 157; and historical injustice, 137–38; and intention, 84; and international market economy, 156, 157; and moral absolutism, 87–89, 98; and Philosophy and Public Affairs, 41; and politics, 88, 157; The Possibility of Altruism, 113; and preferential treatment, 137; and public vs. private morality, 102; and state, 157; and utilitarianism, 88, 98; and war, 73, 84, 98; “War and Massacre,” 87–89, 98–99
Narveson, Jan, 182–83, 187, 188, 189
National Advisory Commission on Selective Service, In Pursuit of Equity, 52
National Conference on the Draft, 52
National Health Service, 19, 113
national minimum, 23
national resources, 145
national self-determination, 141, 152
national self-sufficiency, 148
National Student Association, 52
nation-state, 270
natural law, 4, 44, 45, 59, 63
Nazis, 72
needs, 23, 110, 114, 115, 123, 124, 125, 141, 143, 208, 214, 230, 232. See also subsistence
needs, basic, xxi, 144, 155, 156, 158, 165, 227, 228. See also poverty
neoclassical economics, 105, 175, 176, 178, 189, 204, 218–19
neoconservatism, 61, 228, 256–57
neo-imperialism, 95
neo-Kantianism, x, 193, 243, 262. See also Kantianism
neo-Keynesianism, 29, 109. See also Keynesianism
neoliberalism, xiii, xxii, 109, 129, 167, 204, 206, 240, 271–72, 273–74; in Britain, 219; and democratic state institutions, 271; and family, 228; and future, 175; and Goodin, 231, 232–33; and internationalism, 154; and international law, 77–78; and liberal vs. planned state, 14; and market, 231, 252; and NIEO, 161; and public choice theory, 108; rise of, xi; and uncertainty, 195; and welfare state, xvi
neo-Lockean theory, 127, 132, 133, 134. See also Locke, John
neo-Malthusianism, 173, 182, 191. See also Malthusianism
neo-Marxism, 124, 144, 212. See also Marxism
Neumann, Franz, 46
Neumann, John von and Oskar Morgenstern, Theory of Games and Economic Behavior, 12
Newark, disorders in, 58
New Deal, xii, xix, 2, 3–4, 42, 106, 130–31, 169, 233
New England townships, 10
New German Critique, 214
New International Economic Order (NIEO), xxi, 145–47, 166, 275; and Barry, 159, 161, 164–65; and basic needs, 155; and Beitz, 150, 151, 152–53; and Pogge, 169, 170
New Left, xiv, xviii, 41, 52, 69, 241; and Althusser, 216; anticapitalism of, 132, 252; antimilitarism of, 95; anti-statism of, 82; British, 21, 216; and civil disobedience, 44; and communitarianism, 257; and crisis of authority, 56; and critiques of liberalism, 57, 126; and Marcuse, 214; and Third World, 146; and Walzer, 53, 59; and working class, 57
New Right, xix, xxi, 271; and British socialism, 219; and liberal egalitarianism, 161; liberal response to, 205, 207, 219, 227, 238, 239; racism and authoritarianism of, 257; and reproductive rights, 191; rise of, xvi, 204
New York Review of Books, 62
Nielsen, Kai, 46, 60, 80, 141, 166
Nietzsche, Friedrich, 264
noncombatants, 79–80, 81, 83, 84, 86, 88, 92. See also civilians; war
non-identity problem, 187, 188, 270
North, global, 144, 145, 154, 169, 185
Nozick, Robert, xiv, xv, 40, 99, 107, 160, 206, 216; Anarchy, State, and Utopia, 127; and basic structure, 130; and distribution, 128, 131, 193, 213; and distributive justice, 127, 128, 131; and entitlements, 129, 131, 132, 134, 166, 255; and liberal egalitarianism, 130, 161, 213, 221; and libertarianism, 128, 273; and nonhistorical principles, 156; and property, 128, 129, 131, 132, 197; and reparations, 133–34; and rights, 127, 255; and self, 255, 256; and state, 127–28; and Walzer, 127
nuclear energy, 201
Nuremberg Principles, 72, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 92
Nuremberg Trials, 81, 93, 94, 96, 100
Nussbaum, Martha, 219
objectivity, 216, 242, 249, 250, 251, 252, 254, 260, 264; and morality, 8, 34, 40, 43, 59, 104, 116, 240, 241, 267; and social sciences, 215, 248; and standards for judgment, 5, 8, 38
obligation(s), xiv, xxi, 41, 64, 127, 156, 158, 171, 192, 194, 231, 246; and Barry, 160, 196–97, 198, 200; and Bedau, 56; and Beitz, 146, 148, 149, 150; and benefits, 54, 55; of citizens, ix, 44; and civil disobedience, 42, 62; and civil rights movement, 44, 47; and colonialism, 150, 160; and community, 195, 196; and consent, 49, 54; and constitutional principles, 43; and duties, 55, 65; and fairness, 46, 47, 65, 69; to future, 173, 176, 184, 185, 188, 191, 192, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201; and Hart, 44–45; of individuals vs. collectivities, 71; and international realm, 141, 154, 170, 199; interpersonal, 55; and Jacobson, 49; and morality, 43, 46, 98–99, 195; and mutual protection, 196; and Pitkin, 49–50; to play by rules, 60; and P. Singer, 143, 154; of state, 77; and voluntary acceptance of benefits, 45, 46, 47; and Walzer, 53–59, 196–97; and war, 77, 78, 94, 108; and Williams, 98–99, 243–44. See also duty/duties; responsibility
oil, 140, 141, 145, 146, 161, 165
Okin, Susan Moller, 121; Justice, Gender, and the Family, 225
O’Neill, Onora, “Lifeboat Earth,” 191–94
ordinary language philosophy, 8, 22, 83, 187, 245. See also linguistic analysis; philosophy
ordoliberalism, 14
Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), 140, 145
original position, xiii, 3, 35–36, 116, 209, 235; and agreement, 35; and Arrow and Harsanyi, 120; and choice, 255; and future, 176, 177–78, 180, 186; and global principles, 168; and history, 131; and human nature, 120–22; and international realm, 147; and just savings principle, 177; and mutual hypothetical assent, 199–200; parties in, 35, 36, 120, 121, 147, 168, 176, 177, 180, 198; and Pogge, 168; and present time of entry, 177, 186; priority rules chosen in, 85–86; and race, 138; and rationality, 254; and reflective equilibrium, 38; and risk and uncertainty, 120; and social contract tradition, 1; and war and international realm, 78, 148
ownership, 207, 215, 219, 225, 274; and G. A. Cohen, 222; and J. Cohen, 236; common, xix, 21, 29, 206; and communitarianism, 257; decentralized, 21; and distribution, 237; and egalitarianism, 231, 255, 257; and equality, 21, 220; joint, 206, 222; and Nozick, 128; and objectivity, 216; of personal actions, 221; and power, 29; private, 17, 206, 220; and productivity, 123–24; public, 19, 25, 205, 224, 236–37; redistribution of, 220; and Roemer, 217; and socialism, 224, 236; transhistorical rights of, 134. See also property
Oxford University, 20, 22, 84, 89, 219, 220
pacifism, 52, 57, 73, 77, 78, 81, 83, 85
Pareto efficiency, 116
Parfit, Derek, xxi, 173, 186–90, 201, 220, 226, 253; Reasons and Persons, 187
Parijs, Philippe Van, 215, 224
Pentagon Papers, 93
person-affecting theories, 188, 190, 201
personhood, xvii, 9, 87, 95, 173, 185, 186, 187, 253, 256, 262
person(s), xiii, 38, 43, 69, 147–48, 168, 221, 231; attributes and constituents of, 256; as autonomous, x, 113, 122, 165, 253; basic liberties of, 153, 154; and basic structure, 226; as basic unit of ethics, 5; and Beitz, 152; characteristics of, 65; and civil disobedience, 65; and collective agency, 107; and community, 9, 152, 249, 258, 259; corporate, 175; and cosmopolitanism, 152, 170, 262; future, 177, 183–84, 185, 186, 187, 188, 190, 199, 202; and human rights, 158; and Hume, 34; and individuals vs. collectives, 107; inviolability of, 37, 113; as inviolable, 113; Kantian, 199, 265; and liberal equality, 130; and maximin, 117; and mental states, 187; moral, xii, xiii, 9, 38, 43, 48, 65, 69, 87, 107, 113, 117, 122, 130, 147–48, 152, 158, 165, 170, 199, 253, 262; and Nagel, 87, 88; natural, 34; naturalistic understanding of, 9; natural tendencies of, 48; and original position, 1, 177, 198; and Parfit, 189; partiality of, 7, 17; plurality of relations of, 37; protection of, 116; and Protestantism, xii; and public choice theory, 109; and reciprocity, 125, 130; recognition of, 5, 9, 33, 34–35, 37, 46, 66, 105; representative, 34; respect for, 167; and responsibility, 87; restricted knowledge of, 176; and Sandel, 256; separateness of, 189; and social rules, 48; in society, 11, 36, 70–71; and Taylor, 253–54, 255, 262; unborn, 184–85; and war, 85, 86; and Williams, 267; and Wittgenstein, 9. See also individualism; individual(s); self
Pettit, Philip, 230
Phelps, Edmund, 178
phenomenology, 249
philanthropy, 111, 143. See also altruism
philosophy, 239; analytical, 104, 215, 216, 240, 241, 249; and politics, xv–xvi, xviii–xix; radicalization of, 205; and Rawls, xix, 2, 5, 6, 7, 9, 22, 25, 31, 38–39; and Rorty, 249. See also linguistic philosophy; ordinary language philosophy
Philosophy and Public Affairs (PPA), 41, 64, 73, 84, 98, 112, 137, 185
Pitkin, Hanna Fenichel, 48; “Obligation and Consent,” 49–50
Plamenatz, John, 22
pluralism, xii, xiii, xiv, 2, 10, 15, 20, 33, 38, 170, 189, 258, 261, 267–68; antiinterventionist, 33; and civil society, 105; and community, 259; and family, church, and firm, 55; industrial, 55; and original position, 35; and Walzer, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58–59
Pogge, Thomas, 141, 168–71; sexual harassment charges against, 327n9
“Political Obligation” conference (1967), 55
political philosophy, analytical, 101, 225, 240
Political Theory, 241
politics, ix, xvii, xx–xxi, 3, 6, 43, 75, 101, 119, 124, 129, 147, 166, 176, 231, 239, 267, 270, 278; and Barry, 196, 233, 255; borderless, 151; class, 7; and G. A. Cohen, 223; collective, 237, 265; and communitarianism, 257; and consensus, 274; and control, 268; and decisions, 274; and deliberation, 273; and dirty hands, 99–101, 102; and distribution, 163, 164; and R. Dworkin, 209; and ecology, 196, 197; and economy, 236, 274; emergency, 88, 265; and ground rules of society, 32; and humanitarian crises, 155; international, 140, 141, 142, 155, 167, 225; and law, 94, 135; minimalist, 264; and morality, 97–98, 99–100, 135; and Nagel, 88, 157; and necessity, 99; and philosophy, xv–xvi, xviii–xix; and Pogge, 170, 171; and population, 183, 191; and public affairs, 190; and publicity, 234–35; and Rawls, xi, xii, xiii, xv, xx, 2, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13–14, 15, 17, 21, 22, 23, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 37, 38, 39; and realism, 268; and responsibility, 99, 100; and Rorty, 251; and Sandel, 257; and Shklar, 263, 264; and socialism and equality, 219; solutions to vs. refuge from, 190–91; technocratic administrative, 235; and Walzer, 247, 250, 260; of war, 88; and Williams, 265
poor countries, 149, 150–51, 162, 164, 192. See also poverty; South, global; Third World
poor people, 26–29, 51, 110, 122, 123, 127, 147, 154, 156, 179, 229; and affluent society, 29, 38; neglect of, 124–25; responsibility of, 224; undeserving, 114, 115. See also least-well-off persons; poverty
Popper, Karl, 12
population, xvi, xxi, 153, 173–74, 181–96, 275; and arguments from uncertainty, 195; and Barry, 196, 200; control of, 155, 173, 185, 189, 192, 194, 195; growth in, 154, 172, 173; and Hardin, 192; and O’Neill, 191, 192, 193; and Parfit, 186–90, 191, 196; and Rawls, 181–82, 184, 186, 188–89, 190, 202; and stationary state, 202
population ethics, xxi, 183–84, 188–89, 191
Posner, Richard, 212
postcolonial states, 141, 151–52, 153
post-Keynesianism, 22. See also Keynesianism
post-Marxism, xv, xviii, xviii, 239, 241, 250. See also Marxism
postmodernity, 167
poststructuralism, xv, 189, 239, 247, 248, 253, 273
Pound, Roscoe, 115
poverty, 23, 105, 110, 127, 156, 158, 169, 208, 228–29; American discourses of, xiii; and civil rights movement, 26; culture of, 26, 51; and entrepreneurial culture, 228; and equality, 267; and family, 26; and foreign assistance, 143; global, 143, 144, 155; and liberal egalitarianism, 155; measurement of, 144, 155; and modernization theory, 143; and neoconservatism, 257; and racism, 228; and Rawls, xiii, 26, 38, 51, 67; and welfare, 124; and welfare rights, 125. See also needs, basic; poor countries; poor people
practice(s), 51, 62, 65, 151, 167, 170, 191, 194, 199, 245, 248, 254; of basic structure, 32, 33, 129, 166; of community, 55, 63, 67, 101; fair, 46, 47; and Hart, 45, 46; institutional, 101; institutions and states as, 165; and international justice, 160; judgment and justification of, 31, 32; and justice, 129, 130; morality in, 251; noncomparability of, 255–56; and obligation, 44; and Pitkin, 49, 50; and Rawls, xiii, 31–33; society as, 45, 47, 225; United States as just system of, 48; world as, 166
prices, 12, 28, 34, 145, 160, 161, 193, 210, 220
prisoners/incarceration, 79, 274
private vs. public, 33, 234, 258
privatization, xvi, 204, 208, 226, 227, 228, 273
proceduralism, 108, 237, 240, 245, 250, 252, 273
procedural republic, 250
production, 13, 123, 131, 132, 196, 223, 224, 229, 271
productive assets, 212, 217–18, 220, 224, 271
productivity, 13, 23, 24, 118, 123–24, 196, 202, 203, 209, 216, 250
promise(s), 12, 30, 44, 45, 49, 50, 245, 246
property, 21, 215, 219, 225, 226, 275; and analytical Marxists, 218–19; and Barry, 123, 198; and J. Cohen, 236; and Crosland, 20; and R. Dworkin, 210, 211; and Goodin, 229; and Hume, 199; and Jefferson, 17; and justice, 199; and law, 58, 124; and liberalism, 224; and Locke, 123; and markets, 219; and Meade, 220; and Nagel, 156; natural rights to, 197; and NIEO, 146, 154; and Nozick, 127, 128, 129, 131, 132, 197; and O’Neill, 194; ownership of, 19, 271; politics of, 219; and Rawls, x, xiii, 3, 16–17, 23–24, 29, 32, 36; regimes of, 118, 119, 161; and Roemer, 217, 218; and self-ownership, 221; and Sen, 155; and socialism, 20, 218; and subsistence, 194; taxes on, 219; and Tocqueville, 16; transhistorical rights of, 134; violence to private, 66; wide distribution of, 16. See also ownership
property-owning democracy, x, xiii, 3, 16–17, 24, 29, 118, 220, 271
property rights, 128, 129, 146, 148, 161–62, 194, 206, 211, 212, 213, 214, 218, 219, 224, 227; pre-institutional, 161, 206, 207
protests, xiv, 42, 43, 51, 59, 67. See also civil disobedience
Przeworski, Adam, 215
psychoanalysis, 28, 245, 247, 263
psychologies, special, 27, 28, 36, 38
psychology, xvi, 53, 99, 122, 175, 187, 231, 265, 268, 269; and Hampshire, 247; moral, 3, 8, 22, 26–27, 34, 38, 43, 113, 120, 177, 202, 263; and original position, 35; philosophical, 9, 74; and Rawls, 3, 9, 12, 22, 26–27, 28, 30; and Shklar, 264, 266
public affairs, xi, xiv, xviii, xxi, xxii, 40, 42, 73, 104, 128, 129, 133, 135, 138, 141, 173, 174, 190, 241, 243, 274
Public Choice, 108
public choice theory, 108–10, 204, 216
public goods, 64, 109, 131, 198, 201, 205, 212, 227
punishment, 60–61, 64, 66, 90, 97, 100, 114
Putnam, Hilary, 51
race, 228, 272, 275, 276; and basic structure, 237; and desegregation, 41, 66–67, 109, 133, 137; and discrimination, 47, 51; and draft, 51; and economic inequality, 133, 138; and identity, 138, 252; and injustice, 47, 133, 225–26; and integration, 51; and liberal egalitarianism, 138, 225; and neoconservatism, 257; and Rawls, xiv, 7, 26, 47, 48, 51, 66, 67, 109, 133, 138; and segregation, 42, 44, 47, 48, 54, 63, 66–67; and United States, 261
race soul, 7
racial domination, 74
racial justice/injustice, 47–48, 138, 225–26
racism, 169, 173; American values and, 47, 261; and culture of poverty thesis, 110, 228; and eugenics, 191; and Hardin, 192; institutional, 138; of New Right, 257; and public choice theory, 109; and welfare, 228, 257
Ramsey, Frank, “A Mathematical Theory of Savings,” 178
Ramsey, Paul, 86; The Just War, 77
Raphael, D. D., 22
rational choice, 35, 36, 121, 216
rational choice theory, 5, 105, 216. See also choice
rational discussion, 6–7, 8, 235
rational economic man, 189
rational egoists, 17
rational expectations, 176, 204
rational fool, 189
rationality, x, 113, 122, 189, 213, 216, 242, 243, 251, 253, 254, 255–56, 266. See also reason/reasoning
Rawls, John: and anti-statism, xiii, xix, 2, 14, 15; and basic structure, xiii, xx, 3, 32–34, 35, 38; and civil disobedience, xiv, 41–42, 59; and civil rights movement, xiv, 40, 41, 43; and constitutional law, xiv, 43; and desegregation, 41, 66–67, 133; and difference principle, xiii, 1, 26; and equality of opportunity, 1, 15, 21, 22, 23–24, 25–26, 27, 38, 39; and games, 11–13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 22, 25, 27, 28, 31, 32, 33, 35, 37, 39; and just war theory, 77–78, 81; and Frank Knight, 12–13, 16, 22, 24, 27, 108, 109; and Labour Party, xiii, 3, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25; and New Left, xiv, xviii, 21, 41, 44, 48; and original position, xiii, 1, 3, 35–36, 38; and practices, 31, 32, 33; and property-owning democracy, x, xiii, 3, 16–17, 24, 29, 118; and Protestantism, xii; and racial liberalism, xiv–xv, 7–8, 51, 66–67; and republicanism, 10, 17; and rules, xiii, 6, 11, 12, 13–14, 15, 16, 17–18, 22, 29, 30–31, 32, 33, 38, 39; and socialism, xvi, xix, 13, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 27, 29–30, 35; and state, xii, xiii, xx, xxii, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 13–14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 37, 38; and 2-S deferments, 50–51; and Vietnam War, xi, xxi, xxii, 40; and welfare, 18–19, 23; and welfare economics, xvi, 3, 12; and welfare state, x, xi, xxii, 10–11; and Ludwig Wittgenstein, xiii, 2, 8–9, 12, 17, 18, 26, 29, 31, 32
Rawls, John, career of: and AEA meeting in 1973, 125; at American Political Science Association (APSA) annual meeting (1973), 117–18; and American Society for Political and Legal Philosophy, 44; army service of, 2; birth of, 5; at Cornell, 8, 21; graduate studies of, 2, 5, 6; at Harvard, 26, 38–39, 111; on John Stuart Mill (1985), 202; and “Law and Philosophy” symposium, 46; at MIT, 26; and Mont Pelerin Society, 109, 110; at Oxford, 3, 8, 18, 19, 21, 22; at Princeton, 2, 5, 10, 12; and SELF, 40; talk at American Economics Association (AEA) (1973), 117; undergraduate studies of, 5
Rawls, John, works of: “Justice as Fairness,” 104; Justice as Fairness: A Restatement, 220, 271; “The Law of Peoples,” 270; “Liberalism and the New Politics,” 126; “Moral Problems: Nations and War” course, 78; Political Liberalism, xiii, 235, 259, 271; “The Independence of Moral Theory,” 186; A Theory of Justice, x, xiii, xiv, 1, 2, 3, 36, 103, 104–7, 116, 117, 123, 130, 142, 180, 182, 186, 202, 213, 225, 234, 258, 259; “Two Concepts of Rules,” 31, 104; “Wittgenstein Lexicon,” 9
Rawlsians/Rawlsianism, 256, 274, 276, 277; acceptance of, xv; and affirmative action, 136, 137; and basic structure, 129; and Cavell, 245; and G. A. Cohen, 217, 223, 237; and communitarianism, 258, 261, 269; and community, 241; and cosmopolitanism, 152, 226; and democracy, 241, 250, 251; and democratic control, 237; and development, 153; and distribution, 163, 235; and ecology, 174; and equality, 130, 133, 136, 206, 223, 237; and feminism, 275; and future, 172, 174, 192; and Habermas, 235; and history, 132, 267; and human rights, 165; and ideal vs. non-ideal theory, 136; and individualism, 253, 254, 261; and institutions, 254; and international regime, 152, 153, 158, 160, 163, 166, 174; and Marxism., 216, 217, 226; and Michelman, 125; and minimalist liberalism, 262–63; and neoliberalism, xvi; and Nozick, 206; and objectivity, 249, 251; and Okin, 225; and Parfit, 190; and political philosophy, xviii, 133, 139; and racial injustice, 138; and rationality, 251, 253; and realism, 268, 269; and reciprocity, 150; and redistribution, 128; and reparations, 134; and response to Nozick, 129, 130, 132; and rule-bound moralities, 242, 243; and social insurance, 233; and socialism, 205, 216; as statist and procedural, 273; and survivalism, 174, 175, 193; and Third Way, 270; and welfare state, 232. See also liberal egalitarianism
Raz, Joseph, 220
Reagan, Ronald, 205
Reagan administration, 204, 228
reason/reasoning, 27, 234, 238, 240, 242, 243; alternative forms and critiques of, 243, 244, 247, 248, 254; Kantian pursuit of, 264; and law, 6, 7; practical, 242; public, 66, 207, 235, 237, 259, 270, 273. See also rationality
reciprocity, xix, 45, 48, 105, 111, 113, 125, 130, 143, 150, 151, 162, 176, 197; and justice, 115, 166–67, 199; justice as, 159–60, 161; and Rawls, 33, 34, 37, 47, 70; and trade, 150, 160; and welfare state, 115
recognition theory, 262. See also persons, recognition of
redistribution, 2, 13, 15, 19, 21, 25, 29, 130, 156, 169, 207, 210, 222, 224, 227, 228, 262, 264, 268; and anticolonialism, 145; and Barry, 164, 233; and Beitz, 146, 148, 152, 153, 154, 162; constant, 123; and decolonization, xix; and difference principle, 109, 122, 149, 179, 195; as disconnected from agency, 43; and fair starting places, 214; and foreign assistance, 143; and future, 179, 180, 195; global/international, 141, 154, 164, 194; and global politics, 205; growth without, 153; and history, 134; inheritance laws vs., 17; lawbreaking in name of, 68; and Nozick, 127, 128; and property-owning democracy, 220; and special psychologies, 28; and state, 4, 157; and War on Poverty, 110; and welfare state, 105, 107
reflective equilibrium, xiii, 38, 235
religion, 7, 33, 47, 52, 57, 67, 267
reparations, 133–35, 200, 275, 276; and anticolonialism, 160; and Barry, 160, 162; and colonialism, 150, 151, 156; and history, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137; for slavery, 151, 160. See also compensation
reproduction, 173, 185, 191, 193. See also abortion
republicanism, 234, 236, 259–60
Repugnant Conclusion, 187
resources, 147–49, 195, 225; allocation of, 146, 178; and Barry, 163–64, 196, 197, 200; and Beitz’s redistribution principle, 148, 152, 162; and G. A. Cohen, 222; concentration of, 16; conservation of, 14, 175, 197; control of, 161, 162, 200; cultural, 167, 168–69; depletion of, 172, 188, 196, 200; direct allocation of, 146; and R. Dworkin, 208–11, 213, 219; equality of, 200, 208–11, 213, 219; equalization of, 222, 224; ownership of, 132, 222; recipients of, 208–9; scarcity of, 174
responsibility, xiv, xvii, 7, 114, 128, 233, 263; and accidents, 86–87, 91; and affirmative action, 136, 137; and blameworthiness, 91; bureaucratic, 97; and circumstances of choices, 87, 91; of citizens, 89, 90, 92, 94–95; and G. A. Cohen, 222, 223; collective, 89–90, 91, 92, 94–95; and communitarianism, 256, 257; and conscription, 92; corporate, 92, 97, 121, 143, 276; deflationary views of, 86, 90, 214; dispersed, 97; distribution of, 90, 101; and R. Dworkin, 210, 211, 213, 221, 226; and egalitarianism, 226–27, 253; and equality, 237; family, 228; and fault vs. liability, 91; and foresight, 93; and future, 184, 189; and global inequalities, 144, 146, 162, 170, 171; and Goodin, 227, 229, 231; group, 91–92; individual, 90, 92, 97, 136, 142, 221, 223, 244; and killing vs. letting die, 193; and law-breaking, 60; linguistic analysis of, 102; and Marxism, 215; moral vs. legal, 90–91; of nation, 90; and New Right, xix; and Pogge, 171; political, 89, 90, 99, 100, 101; of poor, 224; and property rights, 206, 207; and punishment, 91; of rich, 224; and state, 125, 205, 211; and Taylor, 253, 254, 255; tort conception of, 213; and utilitarianism, 82, 90; and war, 72, 73, 74, 75, 80, 81–82, 84, 86–87, 89–103, 108; of white community, 90; and Williams, 243, 244. See also duty/duties; obligation(s)
The Responsive Community, 257
reward(s), 23, 28; and affirmative action, 136; and Rawls, 1, 17, 24, 25, 34, 123, 136
rich countries, 146, 149, 150–51, 157, 162, 164
rich people, 122, 123, 125, 213; and Beitz, 154; and G. A. Cohen, 223; and R. Dworkin, 212; enrichment of, 223; responsibility of, 224; and socialism, 223; wealth accumulation by, 179. See also wealth
Riesman, David, 19
right(s), xiv, xvi, 1, 37, 41, 44, 45, 106, 107, 109, 119, 134, 135, 169, 170, 184, 185, 193, 195, 207, 254, 259, 264; basic, 157–58, 194; and R. Dworkin, 62, 63, 208, 212, 213; and Nozick, 127, 255; and O’Neill, 192, 194; special vs. general, 45, 162. See also civil rights; human rights
risk(s), 27, 108, 111, 120, 121, 122, 176, 210, 211, 228
Rockefeller Foundation, 44
Roemer, John, 206, 215, 216, 217–18, 219, 224
Roe v. Wade (1973), 185
Rogin, Michael, 48
Rorty, Richard, 251, 252, 260, 264, 265, 266; Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature, 249
Rostow, Walt, 152; The Stages of Economic Growth, 143
Rothschild, Emma, 155
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 10, 18, 27, 36; Émile, 9
Rubin, Barry, Human Rights and US Foreign Policy, 157
rule(s), xiii, 12, 13–14, 16, 41, 43, 44, 45, 62, 107, 129, 134, 135, 148, 170, 240, 242, 244, 247; and basic structure, 32, 33; and civil disobedience, 64; common, 29; constitutive, 31; fair, 46; and global practice, 168–69; and Goodin, 231; ground, 32, 63, 109, 110, 168–69, 212, 231; impartial, 17–18; and moral justification, 30–31; obligation to play by, 60; and particular applications, 245; of war, 100
Runciman, W. G., 122–23
Samuelson, Paul, 179
Sandel, Michael, xvi, 239, 255–56, 257, 258
Sartre, Jean-Paul, 72
savings rates, 176–77, 178, 179, 182, 201. See also just savings principle
Scanlon, T. M., xiv, 40, 41, 73, 143, 147, 156, 216, 222, 234
scarcity, 167, 192, 193, 194, 199, 200–201, 202
Scheffler, Samuel, 154
Schell, Jonathan, 90
Schumacher, E. F., Small Is Beautiful, 196
Searle, John, 31
self, 190; atomistic, 255; authentic, 253, 254; and communitarianism, 253, 258, 268; and community, 252, 256, 258; constitutive, 253–54, 260; decision-making, 263; emotivist, 256; intersubjective vs. unencumbered, 256, 258; and MacIntyre, 256; nature of, 239, 240; and New Left, 257; and Nozick, 255, 256; and Parfit, 187, 253; and poststructuralism, 253; and Rawls, 113, 120, 122; and Sandel, 255–56; and Shklar, 263; social, 252, 256, 257, 262, 265, 268; and Taylor, 253–54, 255; and Walzer, 260; and Williams, 263; and Wollheim, 263. See also person(s)
self-determination, 144, 145, 166
self-interest, x, 112, 119, 122, 129, 141, 143, 175, 177, 189, 192, 196, 198, 232, 233
self-interpretation, 167, 253, 262
Sen, Amartya, 111, 118, 161, 179, 189, 219, 220; Equality of What?, 208; Poverty and Famines, 155
Shelby, Tommie, 138
Sherman, William, 81
Shklar, Judith, xvi, 19, 36, 51, 53, 76, 81, 239, 245–46, 263–64, 265, 266; and Nuremberg Trials, 93, 94; Ordinary Vices, 247
Shue, Henry, 141, 153, 157–58, 168, 194
Sidgwick, Henry, xxii, 181; The Method of Ethics, 104
Sikora, Richard I. and Brian M. Barry, Obligations to Future Generations, 188
Simon, Julian, 195
Singer, Hans, 144
Singer, Peter, 69, 112, 129, 147, 151, 154, 156, 158, 160, 183, 187, 194, 215; Animal Liberation, 173; “Famine, Affluence, and Morality,” 142–43, 144
sit-down strikes, 57
Skinner, Quentin, 230, 248, 259
slavery, 34, 133, 134, 145, 151, 160, 261
Smith, Adam, xvii, 12, 27, 112
social choice theory, 111, 112
social contract, 1, 5, 86, 115, 134, 225
social democracy, xiii, xiv–xv, 3, 96, 105, 107, 127, 165, 203, 221, 223, 229, 266; in Britain, 20, 23, 119, 219–20; defense of, 111–12, 113, 169; and distribution, 116, 211; and R. Dworkin, 209, 219; and egalitarianism, 205; and Great Society, 130; and socialism, 219; and Williams, 243, 265
Social Democratic Party (SDP), 205, 219, 220, 263
social insurance, 23, 87, 111, 127, 227–28, 232–34. See also insurance; welfare; welfare state
socialism, xvi, 18, 52, 107, 111, 116, 117, 122, 127, 134, 145, 146, 169–70, 205, 215, 225, 235, 237, 239, 273, 277; American, 106, 214; and analytical Marxists, 216; and Anderson, 226; and Arrow, 112; and Barry, 233, 234; in Britain, 219; bureaucratic, 252; capitalism vs., 20, 29–30; and G. A. Cohen, 222, 223; and J. Cohen, 236; and collective control of life conditions, 233; and common ownership, 236; and communitarianism, 257; coupon, 219, 224; decentralized, 221; democratic, 53, 124, 208; and equality, xix, 20, 124, 130, 207, 219, 231; and exploitation, 217; and feminism, 229; justice in, 35, 118; and Knight, 13, 24; and liberal egalitarianism, 208; and liberalism, 224, 267; market, 118, 124, 216, 218, 220–21, 224, 233; and Nozick, 131, 132; and ownership, 20, 206, 224; and Rawls, xv, 13, 21, 24, 27, 29–30, 35, 106; Ricardian theories of, 23; and Roemer, 218, 219, 224; and Shklar, 263; and Williams, 265; and Yugoslavia, 153
Socialist Philosophy Group, 220
social justice, 3, 19, 29, 38, 67, 108, 110, 112, 123, 124, 132, 153, 205, 232, 236, 246
social liberalism, x, xi, 42, 45, 48, 175
social minimum, 27, 28, 29, 125, 158, 177
social sciences, xiv, xv, 5, 120, 215, 242, 255; interpretivist, 248; and objectivity, 215, 248; philosophers of, 247, 248; possibility of, 248; and social systems, xii; and totalitarianism, 5; value-free realism of, 72
society, 2, 8, 10, 22, 30, 34, 46, 107, 111, 115, 166, 172, 176, 189, 191, 221, 243, 246, 249–50, 254, 255, 260; as cooperative practice, 1, 47, 65; and future, 174–75; as game, 11–13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 25, 27, 37, 42, 45, 116, 127, 130, 174–75; laissez-faire, 15; moral basis of, 70, 71; persons in, 36, 70–71; and Pogge, 170; post-industrial, 21, 38, 124, 173, 271; as practices, 45, 47, 225; prenez-garde, 15; and price system, 17; reciprocity view of, 48; and self, 256, 262, 265, 268; and state, 43, 272–73. See also affluent society
Society for Ethical and Legal Philosophy (SELF), 40–41, 53, 59, 64, 73, 81, 84, 137, 147, 234, 247
Society for Philosophy and Public Affairs, 41, 60, 78, 80, 81
sociology, 2, 3, 21, 42, 216, 247, 248
Socrates, 53
soldiers, 57, 79, 80, 81, 85, 92, 93, 246. See also conscription/draft; military; war
solidarity, 111, 112, 123, 232, 251, 260, 270
Sontag, Susan, 76
South, American, 44, 47, 54, 90
South, global, 141, 142, 144, 145, 154, 160–61, 165, 169, 185. See also poor countries
sovereignty, 141, 145, 151–52, 154
stability, xiii, 1, 17, 19, 28–29, 42, 43, 86, 108, 173, 271, 275; and civil disobedience, 60, 61, 65; and consensus, 45, 70; constitutional, 46–47; and distribution, 268; and envy, 27; and game, 45, 60; and Hart, 45; independent duty to, 65; and natural duties, 65, 69; for right reasons, 70; survival vs., 198; and United States, 261
Stace, Walter, 5
state(s), xix, 5, 20, 30, 31, 41, 62, 68, 79, 96, 106, 108, 109, 133, 151, 152, 169, 170, 172, 175, 195, 218, 220, 221, 224, 225, 233, 240, 259, 261; and abuses of power, 268; administrative, xii, 2, 4, 10, 29, 32, 37, 38, 88, 166, 212, 231, 237; as agents, 32, 33, 165; and associational life, 141; autonomy of, 146, 159, 162, 163, 165; and basic structure, 33, 148; and capitalism, 19, 50, 203; carceral functions of, 273; and democracy, 6, 55, 58, 172, 210; and economy, 3–4, 14, 129, 206, 271–72; garrison, 95; and Goodin, 227, 229, 230, 231; and individuals, 45, 57, 116; as information-and knowledge-collecting entity, 204; interdependence of, 148–49; and international economic relations, 148–49; intervention by, xii, 2, 3–4, 17, 37, 105, 110, 129, 130, 213, 222, 267, 268, 271–72; and justice, 157, 165; and just war theory, 77–78; and laissez-faire, 15; liberal vs. planned, 14; and markets, 19, 112, 206, 236; minimal night-watchman, 128; and morality, 4, 42, 55, 73, 112, 114; and neutrality, 213, 260; New Deal, 130; and NIEO, 146, 165; and Nozick, 127–28; and planning, xii, 2, 19; postcolonial, 143–44; powers of taxation of, 109; as practices, 32, 165; prenez-garde, 16, 271; and privatization, 208, 226; procedural, 252, 260; and redistribution, 4, 157, 206; repression by, 42, 57–58, 257; responsibilities of, 125, 205, 211; skepticism of, xii, xiii, 129, 272–73; and society, 43, 272–73; sovereignty of, 146, 164–65; and totalitarianism, 10, 11, 268; and utilitarianism, 37, 82; and Walzer, 54, 55, 56, 57–58; and war, 3, 42, 55, 56, 75, 82; welfare functions of, 256; and Williams, 267. See also anti-statism; government; welfare state
states’ rights, 42
Stevenson, Adlai, 191
Stigler, George, 108
Strauss, Leo, xviii
Strawson, Peter F., 87; Individuals, 18
strikes, 57–58
Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), 77
subject, 249, 254, 256, 259, 266; and choice, 255; and communitarianism, 252, 258; discursive, regulated, 258; liberal, 252, 253; and Sandel, 255
subsistence, 157, 158, 193, 194. See also needs
suffering, 7, 91, 100, 113, 142, 159, 171, 183, 185, 194, 214, 248
sufficiency, 264; and Barry, 196, 234; egalitarianism vs., 124–25; minimalist ethic of, 193; and O’Neill, 192; rights to, 200; and Shue, 158
Sunstein, Cass, 234
survival, 193, 194, 195, 198, 264
survivalism, 174, 189, 193, 194, 195, 200, 201, 264, 275
sympathy, 9, 12, 27, 35, 177. See also altruism
talents, 219; and affirmative action, 136; as collective assets, 214; and desert, 128, 136; and R. Dworkin, 209, 210, 222; and equality of opportunity, 26; and humiliation, 28; and Jefferson, 17; and Knight, 13; and Knight vs. Labour revisionists, 24; as morally arbitrary, 115, 221, 222; and Nagel, 156; natural distribution of, 117; and Rawls, 17, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28, 35, 115, 117, 125, 136, 148; rewards for, 24, 25; and veil of ignorance, 35
Tanner, Michael, 85
Tawney, R. H., 22, 23, 119, 122, 252, 263; Equality, 21
taxation, 19, 22, 23, 47, 67, 109, 117, 125, 163, 210, 219, 220, 230
Taylor, Charles, xvi, 21, 239, 249, 253–56, 258, 259, 262
technocracy, xviii, 7, 37, 48, 56, 95, 181, 215, 235, 240, 252, 256, 259, 261, 273, 277
Telos, 214
Thatcher, Margaret, 205, 209, 219, 271
Thatcherism, 233
theory: ideal, 167–68, 227, 250; ideal and non-ideal, xiii, 74, 135–36, 168
Theory and Society, 214
Third Way, 237, 257, 270, 271, 278
Third World, 119, 146, 157, 165. See also poor countries; South, global
Thomas, Laurence, 138
Thompson, Dennis, 231
Thompson, E. P., 216
Thomson, Judith Jarvis, 40, 84, 135, 185
thought experiments, 83–84, 101, 185, 187, 192, 209
Thurow, Lester, 51
Titmuss, Richard, 26, 110, 112, 114, 119, 122, 143; The Gift Relationship, 111
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 2, 16, 22, 26, 36, 56, 235, 258, 259; Democracy in America, 10
totalitarianism, xii, 4, 5, 10, 20, 48, 113, 170, 241, 263, 264, 266, 267, 268, 269. See also anti-totalitarianism
town hall meetings, 36, 235–36, 258
trade, global, 151, 167; and Beitz, 149, 154, 164; and colonialism, 156; and dependency framework, 145; and natural resources, 161; and NIEO, 145; and Pogge, 169; and politics of aid, 157; and politics of food, 155; and Prebisch, 144; and reciprocity, 150, 160
Trilateral Commission, 145
trolley problem, 83, 84, 101, 142, 173
Tullock, Gordon, 108, 123, 179
uncertainty, xvii, 27, 28, 63, 85, 89, 108, 121, 197, 199, 232, 234, 252, 266; decision-making under, 108, 120, 122; and future, 175, 176, 185, 194, 195, 197, 199; and insurance, 227, 232
unions, 11, 55, 68, 135, 204, 209, 233, 257, 272, 273, 276. See also labor
United Nations, 141; General Assembly, 145, 162
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), 144
United States, 90, 111, 122, 144, 166, 169, 205, 219; and administrative state, 32; and Bangladesh, 160; and Barry, 197; civil rights movement in, 26; and democracy, 260–61; and exceptionalism, 261; foreign policy intellectuals in, 143; foreign policy of, 141, 192; history of, 261; inequalities of, 261; and just society, 48, 126; post-Word War II, x, 3–4, 199; poverty in, 26, 228; and racism, 261; and right to privacy, 45; and social democratic liberalism, 20; values of, 47, 67, 70, 261; and Vietnam War, 72; and Walzer, 260. See also South, American
United States Constitution, 4, 7, 62, 66, 67, 109, 119, 125, 137, 231, 234
United States Information Agency, 153
United States Supreme Court, 7, 42–43, 62, 63, 66, 109
United States v. Mitchell, 76
United States v. Seeger (1965), 52
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 169
universalism, 168, 170, 253, 259, 260, 265
universal principles, 240
Universities and Left Review, 21, 53
University of Maryland, 141
University of Virginia, Thomas Jefferson Center, 108
utilitarianism, 6, 38, 47, 87, 90, 98, 99, 110, 116, 122, 127, 191, 230, 250; absolutism vs., 88; act vs. rule, 30; and administration, 259; and Anscombe, 83, 84; and bureaucratic ideology, 82; and Cavell, 245; and community, 37; and cost-benefit analysis, 82; and distinction between persons, 37, 189; and double effect, 83, 84, 85; of extremity, 100; and Foot, 83; and future, 175, 182; as global in application, 143; individualizing tendency of, 259; and institutional design, 12; interpersonal ethics vs., 88; justice as alternative to, 37; and population, 181, 182–84, 186; and P. Singer, 142–43, 154; statist species of, 37; and Taylor, 253, 254, 255; temporally neutral, 195; timeless, 197; total, 181, 182, 186, 187, 190; and war, 73, 81, 82, 97; and welfare maximization, 208; and Williams, 242–43
utility, 12, 30, 37, 81, 82, 85, 88, 111, 120, 128, 175, 179, 186, 208–9, 243
Van der Veen, Robert, 224
Vatican II, Declaration on Religious Freedom, 77
veil of ignorance, xiii, 35, 36, 120; and contingency, 1; and R. Dworkin, 209; and just savings principle, 177; and morality of war, 78; and race, 138; and social contract tradition, 1
Vietnam War, xi, xiv, xv, xxi, xxii, 60, 62, 72, 76, 77, 79, 82, 105, 135, 142, 168, 173, 194, 223, 246; and R. Dworkin, 130, 133; era of, 106, 107, 108, 146, 190; escalation of, 40, 50; and Falk, 78; and genocide, 86; and Hampshire, 242; and Rawls, 40, 51; and war crimes, 80, 94, 96–98. See also antiwar movement; conscription/draft; war
Viner, Jacob, 12
Virginia Tech, 108
voluntarist social theory, 217
voluntary action, 33, 243, 244, 246, 263. See also choice
voluntary principle, 111, 112, 114, 202
Voting Rights Act of 1965, 50, 66
Wallerstein, Immanuel, 149, 215
Walzer, Michael, xiv, 40, 50, 72, 121, 127, 148, 196–97, 236, 239, 247, 258, 259, 260, 262; and civil disobedience, 56–59, 68; and interpretation, 249–50; Just and Unjust Wars, 73, 101; and obligation, 41, 53–59; “Political Action: The Problem of Dirty Hands,” 99–101; The Revolution of the Saints, 79; and SELF, 53; Spheres of Justice, 220, 252; and war, 73, 79–81; and welfare state, 229
war, xiv, 64, 72–103, 104, 108, 150, 169, 192, 232, 234, 265; and absolutism, 80, 87; and all-volunteer army, 94; and collective responsibility, 82–83; and conscientious objectors, 52; and double effect, 82–83, 84–85; history and memory of, 266; and jus ad bellum, 77; and jus in bello, 77, 79, 94; killing in, 82–83, 92; laws of, 78, 81, 92, 93, 97; leaders in time of, 72, 75, 80, 89, 90, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96–98; morality of, 73, 74–103, 140, 267; murder in, 72, 73, 82–83, 85, 88; and Nagel, 73, 84; and necessity, 73, 74–75, 79, 85, 97, 98, 99–100; nuclear, 76, 77, 82; and Rawls, 2, 15, 78–79, 81, 84–85, 86, 87, 88, 96; responsibility in, 86–87, 89–103; rules of, 73, 100; and SELF, 41; and Shklar, 246; and state, 3, 42, 55, 56, 75, 82; unjust, 95, 100; and Walzer, 56–57. See also antiwar movement; conscription/draft; just war theory; military; soldiers; Vietnam War
“War and National Responsibility” conference, 89–90, 93, 95
war crimes, 72, 76, 79, 80, 81, 91, 92, 94, 96–98
Warnock, Geoffrey, 18
War on Poverty, 110
Warren Court, xiv, 42, 109, 233, 234
Wasserstrom, Richard, 47, 81, 92, 93, 94, 97; War and Morality, 73
wealth, 7, 24, 25, 26, 29, 110, 115, 156, 208, 212, 219. See also rich countries; rich people
Wechsler, Herbert, 46
welfare, 18–19, 23, 73, 111, 116, 124, 125, 143, 156, 178, 181, 182, 184, 195, 204, 206, 208, 210, 212, 219, 228, 257, 272. See also social insurance
welfare capitalism, 252
welfare economics, xvi, 3, 12, 105, 111, 112, 119, 182, 201, 208, 211, 219
welfare state, ix, x, xi, xvi, xxii, 29, 87, 105, 116, 117, 118, 122, 123, 124, 158, 203, 206, 214, 220, 237, 240, 246, 262; and altruism, 111, 112, 232; and Anderson, 226; British, 106, 110, 155, 208, 232; contributory principles in, 227; and decommodification, 230; and dependency, 224, 228–29; and difference principle, 123; encroachments of, 10–11; and equality, 113–14; and Goodin, 227–30, 231, 232; historical circumstances of, 232; and humanitarianism, 113–14; and justice, 113–14; and liberal atomism, 115; and markets, 227, 228; and Miller, 232; as mutual insurance scheme, 232; and needs, 112, 115, 232; and property-owning democracy, 271; as social insurance, 227–28; and social solidarity, 232; and Titmuss, 26; and values, 227, 228; and vulnerability vs. fairness, 230; and Walzer, 55, 58, 229, 260. See also social insurance
West, 153
Western Europe, 169
White, Morton, 51
whiteness, 252
Williams, Bernard, xvi, 85, 220, 239, 242–45, 258, 264–65, 267; and contingency, 266; and equality, 113; Ethics and the Limits of Philosophy, 243; and history, 266; and identity, 187, 243, 263; and luck, 244; and morality, 243–44; and obligation, 98–99, 243–44; and responsibility, 81–82, 243, 244; and self, 242, 263, 265; and social democracy, 243, 265; and utilitarianism, 81, 242–43; and voluntariness, 243, 244
Winch, Peter, 248; The Idea of a Social Science and Its Relation to Philosophy, 248
Wittgenstein, Ludwig, xiii, 2, 8–9, 17, 26, 29, 31, 32, 84–85, 112, 245, 247; and communitarianism, 101, 258, 268; and games, 12; Philosophical Investigations, 8, 18; and Pitkin, 49; and Rawls, xiii, 2, 8–9, 12, 17, 18, 26, 29, 31, 32; and Rorty, 251; and Walzer, 250
Wolfendon Report (on criminalization of homosexuality), 45
Wolff, Robert Paul, 214
Wolin, Sheldon, xviii, 19–20, 48, 215, 241, 250
Wollheim, Richard, 21, 22; The Thread of Life, 263
women, xvii, 57, 137, 185. See also feminism; gender
women’s liberation movement, 69, 185, 247, 252, 261
work, 124, 202, 229, 279. See also employment; labor
workers, 21, 57, 124, 217, 218, 220–21, 236. See also labor
workmen’s compensation, 115
World Bank, 144
world-systems theory, 149
World War II, x, xii, xiii, xxii, 2, 3, 5, 32, 40, 42, 73, 76, 90, 270, 271, 278
Wright, Erik Olin, 215
Yugoslav War, 270
Zero Population Growth, 193
Zinn, Howard, 61
Zionism, 54