ABBREVIATIONS
PROLOGUE
1 “I consider him” : Charles T. Menoher, efficiency report on Douglas MacArthur, August 28, 1919, OMPF of Douglas MacArthur, NPRC.
1 Gen. Douglas MacArthur walked: MacArthur, Reminiscences, pp. 141–43.
1 The toll: Ibid., p. 142; Romulo, Fall of the Philippines, p. 100.
1 a pressed uniform: Manchester, American Caesar, pp. 232–33.
2 A patrol-torpedo boat: Commandant, Sixteenth Naval District to Commander, Motor Torpedo Boat Squadron Three, Operation Order, March 10, 1942, PT Boat File, MMAL.
2 Just as he had told: Sayre, Glad Adventure, p. 241; Elizabeth E. Sayre, “Submarine Saga: Elizabeth Sayre Tells of Escape from Corregidor,” St. Petersburg Times, September 17, 1942, p. 8.
2 “I want you to” : Wainwright, Wainwright’s Story, pp. 3–4.
3 “Jean” : Douglas MacArthur, “ ‘They Died Hard—Those Savage Men,’ ” Life, July 10, 1974, p. 74.
3 the capital’s bank vaults: “Sixth Annual Report of the United States High Commissioner to the Philippine Islands,” February 15, 1943 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1943), pp. 49–57; Sayre, Glad Adventure, p. 227.
3 luxurious home: Huff and Morris, My Fifteen Years, pp. 37–38; Jean MacArthur, oral history transcript no. 5, Box 15, RG 13, Papers of Jean MacArthur, MMAL.
3 “Malaria and malnutrition” : Frank Hewlett, “Inhuman Agony Finally Forces Heroes of Bataan to Surrender,” Pittsburgh Press, April 12, 1945, p. 3B.
3 “More frequently” : Mellnik, Philippine Diary, p. 78.
4 “Victory” : Manchester, American Caesar, p. 237.
4 “Sir, you are well” : MacArthur, Reminiscences, p. 129.
4 “You’re out on the end” : Mellnik, Philippine Diary, p. 92.
4 “In the name of fair play” : Survey of Intelligence Materials no. 10, February 16, 1942, Microfilm Roll #23, President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Office Files, 1933–44, pt. 4: Subject Files, Thomas Cooper Library, University of South Carolina, Columbia, S.C.
4 “Dugout Doug MacArthur” : Norman and Norman, Tears in Darkness, p. 121.
4 “He removed his droopy” : Mellnik, Philippine Diary, p. 3.
5 “Good-bye and God bless you” : Ibid., p. 4.
5 “George” : Beck, MacArthur and Wainwright, p. 144.
5 “Gone was the vivid” : MacArthur, Reminiscences, p. 142.
6 “The smell of filth” : Ibid., p. 143.
6 “He was just heart broken” : Jean MacArthur, oral history transcript no. 6, Box 15, RG 13, Papers of Jean MacArthur, MMAL.
6 “What’s his chance” : MacArthur, Reminiscences, p. 143.
6 “You may cast off” : Ibid.
6 “Aye, sir” : Sloan, Undefeated, p. 145.
6 “I shall return” : MacArthur, Reminiscences, p. 145.
PART I
7 “America’s army” : Entry for January 9, 1945, in Lichauco, “Dear Mother Putnam,” p. 198.
CHAPTER 1
9 “In conducting war” : Affairs in the Philippine Islands, Hearings before the Committee on the Philippines of the United States Senate, 57th Cong., 1st sess., Senate Doc. no. 331, pt. 2 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1902), p. 871.
9 paced the deck: Entry for January 8, 1945, in W. M. Downes to Ernest King, “War Diary of U.S.S. Boise for January 1945,” February 5, 1945; MacArthur, Reminiscences, pp. 239–41.
9 In advance of the landings: Potter, Bull Halsey, p. 324.
10 threat from suicide planes: Howard L. Young to Chief of the Bureau of Ships, “War Damage Report of U.S.S. Ommaney Bay (CVE 79),” February 3, 1945.
10 “A tremendous explosion” : Drury, History of Chaplain Corps, p. 2:196.
10 “Intensity of fire” : Young to Chief of the Bureau of Ships, “War Damage Report.”
10 pilots tore into: Morison, Liberation of Philippines, pp. 104–11; Rielly, Kamikaze Attacks, p. 158.
10 “The action was so fast” : William Chickering to Audry Chickering, January 5, 1945, copy courtesy of Doral Chenoweth.
10 The ferocious kamikazes: Smith, Triumph in Philippines, p. 66.
11 “If the Lord” : Bonner Fellers to Dorothy Fellers, January 8, 1945, Box 2, RG 44a, Papers of Brig. Gen. Bonner F. Fellers, MMAL.
11 “Always Bataan” : Rogers, MacArthur and Sutherland, p. 1:218.
11 “Bataan” : Ibid.
11 “Bataan is like a child” : “MacArthur Marks Fall of Bataan by New Vow to Retake Philippines,” New York Times, April 9, 1943, p. 1.
11 “fleeing general” : Manchester, American Caesar, p. 275.
11 “coward” : Ibid.
11 “deserter” : Ibid.
11 “A foul trick” : Brougher, South to Bataan, p. 32.
11 “I am going” : James, Years of MacArthur, p. 3:126.
12 “This action was taken” : Beck, MacArthur and Wainwright, p. 273.
12 “because he knew of a man” : Luvaas, Dear Miss Em, p. 76.
12 had enlisted housewives: Beatrice Oppenheim, “Grandmothers Take War Jobs,” New York Times, June 6, 1943, p. X10; Herman, Freedom’s Forge, p. 283.
12 American B-29 bombers: Warren Moscow, “51 Square Miles Burned Out in Six B-29 Attacks on Tokyo,” New York Times, May 30, 1945, p. 1.
12 “We must be careful” : George Marshall to MacArthur, June 24, 1944, in Bland, “Aggressive and Determined,” p. 494.
13 “Mr. President” : “Political Point for a Politician,” Life, August 15, 1955, p. 52.
13 “In fact” : Manchester, American Caesar, p. 369.
13 “Every battle action” : Willoughby and Chamberlain, MacArthur, p. 209.
13 “both a refuge” : Rogers, MacArthur and Sutherland, p. 1:135.
13 “One by one” : MacArthur, Reminiscences, p. 240.
14 MacArthur drew confidence: “Text of Morgenthau’s Speech Here,” New York Times, April 13, 1943, p. 18.
14 A convoy: “Life Aboard the Transports,” undated public affairs narrative, Box 8605, RG 407, Records of the Adjutant General’s Office, WWII Operations Reports, 1940–48, 37th Infantry Division, NARA.
14 “They never come” : MacArthur, Reminiscences, p. 240.
14 “I had a warm” : Ibid.
14 The son of a Wisconsin: Ibid., pp. 4–14; James, Years of MacArthur, pp. 1:8–16.
14 “Boy Colonel” : MacArthur, Reminiscences, p. 14; Manchester, American Caesar, p. 16.
15 “It was here” : MacArthur, Reminiscences, p. 15.
15 “Washington was different” : Ibid., p. 16.
15 “Arthur MacArthur was” : Manchester, American Caesar, p. 30.
15 “Your indomitable courage—” : “MacArthur Drops Dead as He Talks,” Milwaukee Sentinel, September 6, 1912, p. 1.
16 “Comrades” : Ibid.
16 “Already his face” : Ibid.
16 “Our commander” : Ibid.
16 “Our father” : Ibid.
16 “He died the death” : “Widow Prostrated at Husband’s Death,” Milwaukee Sentinel, September 6, 1912, p. 2.
16 “My whole world” : MacArthur, Reminiscences, p. 36.
16 Mary Pinkney Hardy: Ibid., pp. 13–14.
17 “Our teaching” : Ibid., p. 15.
17 “You must grow up” : Manchester, American Caesar, p. 41.
17 To help secure: James, Years of MacArthur, p. 1:63.
17 “Doug, you’ll win” : MacArthur, Reminiscences, p. 18.
17 MacArthur scored 93.3: James, Years of MacArthur, p. 1:66.
18 “The dead were so thick” : MacArthur, Reminiscences, p. 60.
18 “On a field” : C.A.F. Flagler to Commander in Chief, American Expeditionary Forces, Recommendation of Brig. Gen. Douglas MacArthur for the Award of Medal of Honor, December 18, 1918, OMPF of Douglas MacArthur, NPRC.
18 “He alone made victory” : Reginald H. Weller, 1st Lt., Infantry, U.S.A., statement to Accompany Recommendation of Brig. Gen. Douglas MacArthur for Medal of Honor, December 12, 1918, ibid.
18 “Won’t you be real good” : James, Years of MacArthur, p. 1:304.
18 “I entered into matrimony” : MacArthur, Reminiscences, p. 83.
18 “It was an interfering” : James, Years of MacArthur, p. 1:323.
19 “My mother put too” : Manchester, American Caesar, p. 702.
19 “A brilliant, young officer” : G. W. Read, Efficiency Report on Brig. Gen. Douglas MacArthur, July 1, 1923, OMPF of Douglas MacArthur, NPRC.
19 “One of the most efficient” : Chas. T. Menoher, Efficiency Report on Douglas MacArthur, August 28, 1919, ibid.
19 “Well fitted” : Douglas MacArthur, “Summary of Efficiency Reports,” 1915, ibid.
19 At thirty-eight: Donald Brannon, “Story of the Fighting MacArthurs,” St. Louis Post-Dispatch, March 18, 1942, p. 1C.
19 “My first inclination” : MacArthur, Reminiscences, p. 89.
19 “She said my father” : Ibid.
20 “If only your father” : Manchester, American Caesar, p. 144.
20 He prided himself: For background on MacArthur’s personality and intellect, see the oral histories of Frederic S. Marquardt (September 5, 1971), Clovis E. Byers (June 24, 1971), John A. Elmore (June 25, 1971), Roger O. Egeberg (June 30, 1971, and September 23, 1982), Gaetano Faillace (August 31, 1971), George C. Kenney (July 16, 1971), Arthur D. Struble (June 22, 1971), Charles A. Willoughby (August 28, 1967), Dwight D. Eisenhower (August 29, 1967), and Armel Dyer (June 14, 1966), all on file at MMAL.
20 “His mind was” : La Follette, Adventure in Politics, p. 269.
20 “He was a brilliant man” : Richard J. Marshall, oral history by D. Clayton James, July 27, 1971, MMAL.
20 “He was a genius” : Bonner F. Fellers, oral history by D. Clayton James, June 26, 1971, MMAL.
20 “I never in all my life” : Jean MacArthur to Angie McCarthy, undated, Box 5, RG 13, Papers of Jean MacArthur, MMAL.
20 “The sensation” : Eisenhower, At Ease, p. 214.
20 “ ‘Discuss’ is hardly” : Ibid.
20 “Always it was” : Carl Mydans, American Caesar, master transcript, undated, MMAL.
20 “Has an exalted” : John J. Pershing, Efficiency Report on Douglas MacArthur, July 1, 1922, OMPF of Douglas MacArthur, NPRC.
21 “MacArthur is the type” : Entry for July 27, 1933, Ickes diary, Reel 1, Harold L. Ickes Papers, LOC.
21 “MacArthur could never see” : D’Este, Eisenhower, pp. 226.
21 “He talks in a voice” : Tugwell, Brains Trust, p. 434.
21 “My son” : MacArthur, Reminiscences, p. 19.
22 “I could not have told” : H.H. Kohlsaat, “From McKinley to Harding,” Saturday Evening Post, June 24, 1922, p. 16.
22 “We have about” : Karnow, In Our Image, p. 138.
22 “No imperial designs” : MacArthur, Reminiscences, pp. 19–20.
22 “There was nothing” : Dower, Cultures of War, p. 80.
22 “niggers” : Storey and Codman, Secretary Root’s Record, p. 67.
22 “injuns” : Miller, Benevolent Assimilation, p. 179.
22 “savages” : Storey and Codman, Secretary Root’s Record, p. 57.
23 “The country won’t” : Miller, Benevolent Assimilation, p. 179.
23 “The only good Filipino” : Ibid., p. 180.
23 “No cruelty” : Anti-Imperialist League, Soldiers’ Letters: Being Materials for the History of a War of Criminal Aggression (Boston: Anti-Imperialist League, 1899), p. 3.
23 “These people are” : Robert Hughes testimony, February 28, 1902, Affairs in the Philippine Islands, Hearings before the Committee on the Philippines of the United States Senate, 57th Cong., 1st sess., Senate Doc. no. 331, pt. 1 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1902), p. 559.
23 “Millions of ants” : Worcester, Philippines, p. 384.
23 Soldiers waterboarded: For various examples, see the testimonies of Robert Hughes (March 3, 1902), Charles S. Riley (April 14, 1902), William Lewis Smith (April 14, 1902), Edward J. Davis (April 17, 1902), Grover Flint (April 21, 1902), Richard T. O’Brien (May 19, 1902), Fred McDonald (May 26, 1902), and Arthur L. Wagner (May 29, 1902), all in Affairs in the Philippine Islands, Hearings before the Committee on the Philippines of the United States Senate, 57th Cong., 1st sess., Senate Doc. no. 331, pts. 1–3 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1902), pp. 558–59, 1529–41, 1727–28, 1765–68, 2544–45, 2752–54, 2847.
23 “You know what ‘black paint’ is” : Stirling, Sea Duty, p. 76.
23 “After we finished” : Ibid., p. 79.
23 “I want no prisoners” : Karnow, In Our Image, p 191.
24 The fight dragged: Life, May 22, 1902, cover.
24 The conflict ultimately: Karnow, In Our Image, p. 194.
24 “The Filipino soldier” : Arthur MacArthur testimony, April 8, 1902, in Affairs in the Philippine Islands, Hearings before the Committee on the Philippines of the United States Senate, pt. 2, p. 894.
24 “If old Dewey” : Kohlsaat, “From McKinley to Harding,” p. 16.
24 “The U.S. conquest” : Karnow, In Our Image, p. 198.
24 “The educational work” : MacArthur, Reminiscences, p. 24.
25 “almost stopped perspiring” : Taft, Recollections of Full Years, p. 81.
25 “small man” : William Taft to Elihu Root, January 9, 1901, in Rowland T. Berthoff, “Taft and MacArthur, 1900–1901: A Study in Civil-Military Relations,” World Politics 5, no. 2 (1953): 206.
25 “military martinet” : William Taft to C. P. Taft (ca. October) 1900, ibid., p. 204.
25 “When he died” : Petillo, Douglas MacArthur, p. 95.
25 “The Philippines charmed” : MacArthur, Reminiscences, p. 29.
25 “Like all frontiersmen” : Ibid.
26 “The archipelago” : Arthur MacArthur testimony, April 8, 1902, in Affairs in the Philippine Islands, Hearings before the Committee on the Philippines of the United States Senate, pt. 2, p. 867.
26 “color line” : Ibid., p. 877; Manchester, American Caesar, p. 30.
26 “I have never” : Arthur MacArthur testimony, April 8, 1902, in Affairs in the Philippine Islands, Hearings before the Committee on the Philippines of the United States Senate, pt. 2, p. 877.
26 “Attitudes die hard” : MacArthur, Reminiscences, p. 84.
26 “Daddy” : Manchester, American Caesar, pp. 144–45; Perret, Old Soldiers, pp. 147–49.
27 “For Douglas MacArthur” : Petillo, Douglas MacArthur, p. xvii.
27 “Do you think” : Quezon, Good Fight, p. 153.
28 “Mother’s death” : Petillo, Douglas MacArthur, p. 176.
28 “My loss” : Ibid.
28 “This is going” : Huff and Morris, My Fifteen Years, p. 23.
28 “With my little family” : MacArthur, Reminiscences, p. 107.
29 “Maybe when” : Huff and Morris, My Fifteen Years, p. 38.
30 “Behind us Manila” : Rogers, MacArthur and Sutherland, p. 1:120.
30 “poor man’s war” : Willoughby and Chamberlain, MacArthur, p. 84.
30 “Operation Shoe String” : Ibid.
30 “the Cinderella war” : Ibid.
30 “die on the vine” : Ibid., p. 107. See also Clyde D. Eddleman, oral history by Lowell G. Smith and Murray G. Swindler, January 28, 1975, Box 2, Clyde D. Eddleman Papers, USAHEC.
30 “The jungle” : Manchester, American Caesar, p. 337.
30 “road to Manila” : Willoughby and Chamberlain, MacArthur, p. 87.
30 “I’m going to meet” : Clyde D. Eddleman, oral history by D. Clayton James, June 29, 1971, MMAL.
CHAPTER 2
31 “There is no weapon” : Entry for January 6, 1945, in Pestaño-Jacinto, Living with the Enemy, p. 270.
31 Gen. Yamashita: Background on Yamashita is drawn from three biographies: Potter, Life and Death; Swinson, Four Samurai; and Barker, Yamashita.
31 Built like a bear: Akashi Yoji, “General Tomoyuki Yamashita: Commander of the Twenty-Fifth Army,” in Farrell and Hunter, Sixty Years On, p. 188.
31 “Old Potato Face” : Bob MacMillan, “Yamashita Gives Up,” Yank, October 12, 1945, pp. 3.
31 “a florid, pig-faced” : Yamashita Interrogations, Box 7, RG 44a, Papers of Brig. Gen. Bonner F. Fellers, MMAL.
32 The lack of oil: U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey, Oil in Japan’s War (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1946), pp. 6, 86.
32 Hungry residents: Parillo, Japanese Merchant Marine, p. 219; U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey, Medical Division, The Effects of Bombing on Health and Medical Services in Japan (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1947), pp. 75–77.
32 “The fate” : Yoji, “General Tomoyuki Yamashita: Commander of the Twenty-Fifth Army,” in Farrell and Hunter, Sixty Years On, p. 201.
32 “This was a guiding” : Ibid., p. 205.
33 “If I had only been” : Potter, Life and Death, p. 16.
33 “If Japan ever” : Ibid., p. 21.
33 “For a regular officer” : Ibid., p. 22.
34 “Before Vienna” : Ibid.
34 “When I was posted” : Ibid., p. 30.
34 “My life” : Ibid., p. 39.
34 “ruthless and forceful” : Hideki Tojo, interview notes by Edmund Bodine at Sugamo Prison, undated (ca. March 1946), copy courtesy Michel Paradis.
34 “I have nothing” : Swinson, Four Samurai, p. 82.
35 “If you say anything” : Potter, The Life and Death, p. 32.
35 “He may be” : Ibid., p. 33.
35 “All our secrets” : Ibid.
35 “There were several” : Ibid.
35 “My country” : Ibid.
35 “I visited my friend” : Ibid., p. 36.
35 “You know the results” : Ibid., p. 38.
36 The Malay Peninsula snakes: Leasor, Singapore, pp. 124–25.
36 Malaya produced: Swinson, Defeat in Malaya, p. 28.
36 “the bolt” : Theodore H. White, “Singapore: City and Base,” Life, March 17, 1941, p. 17.
36 Construction of the base: “Britain in the Pacific,” Glasgow Herald, February 14, 1938, p. 10; “Singapore Stormed,” New York Times, February 15, 1945, p. E1; Leasor, Singapore, pp. 122–23.
37 “The naval base” : White, “Singapore: City and Base,” p. 18.
37 “I pray” : Potter, Life and Death, p. 45.
37 “On the day” : “On Sailing for Hainan to Invade Malaya,” December 4, 1941, in Potter, Life and Death, p. 183.
37 “Gibraltar of the Orient” : “Britain Opens Asia Fortress,” Los Angeles Times, February 15, 1938, p. 1.
37 “empty shell:” Peter Edsen, “Singapore Seen as ‘Empty Shell,’ ” Independent, October 8, 1940, p. 9.
37 “Your American fleet” : Ibid.
38 “With the infantry” : Tsuji, Singapore, pp. 183–84.
38 “The majority” : Chapman, Jungle Is Neutral, p. 21.
38 “Here come the tanks” : Tsuji, Singapore, p. 182.
38 “Well” : Swinson, Defeat in Malaya, p. 52.
39 “I don’t want them” : Yoji, “General Tomoyuki Yamashita,” in Farrell and Hunter, Sixty Years On, p. 193.
39 “bicycle blitzkrieg” : Bayly and Harper, Forgotten Armies, p. 116.
39 “Singapore’s back door” : “Invaders Pay Dearly,” Courier-Mail, February 12, 1942, p. 1.
39 “The possibility” : Churchill, Second World War, p. 4:49.
39 “The entire male” : Prime Minister to General Ismay, for COS Committee, January 19, 1942, ibid., p. 4:51.
39 In barely eight weeks: Tsuji, Singapore, p. 213.
39 “The Singapore” : Ibid., p. 221.
39 “It is a good” : Toland, Rising Sun, p. 271.
39 Conditions inside: Leasor, Singapore, pp. 2, 231–33, 243–48; “Witness Describes Fort’s Final Days,” New York Times, February 16, 1942, p. 4.
39 “The whole island” : Harold Guard, “Writer Escapes to Describe Blazing Hell of Singapore,” Tucson Daily Citizen, February 16, 1942, p. 12.
40 “I am sure” : C. Yates McDaniel, “Smoke Hides Sun in Singapore as War Waxes on City’s Outskirts,” New York Times, February 11, 1942, p. 4.
40 “There must” : Prime Minister to General Wavell, February 10, 1942, in Churchill, Second World War, p. 4:100.
40 “It is unlikely” : General Percival to General Wavell, February 13, 1942, ibid., p. 4:104.
40 “So long as you” : General Wavell to General Percival, February 15, 1942, ibid., p. 4:106.
40 “Owing to losses” : Ibid.
40 Shortly before six p.m.: Percival, War in Malaya, pp. 291–93; Leasor, Singapore, pp. 251–55; Tsuji, Singapore, pp. 267–68; Swinson, Defeat in Malaya, p. 149.
41 “Exhausted” : “With White Flag,” Osaka Mainichi, February 17, 1942, p. 3.
41 “The faces” : Tsuji, Singapore, p. 268.
41 “Yamashita wanted” : Leasor, Singapore, p. 4.
41 “My attack” : Potter, Life and Death, p. 80.
41 “I want your replies” : “Enemy Commander Unyielding in Interview with Defender, Tokyo’s Version of the Final Conference Discloses,” New York Times, February 17, 1942, p. 6. See also “Gen. Yamashita Dominates Percival in Dramatic Surrender Negotiations,” Osaka Mainichi, February 17, 1942, p. 3.
42 “We were” : Entry for February 13, 1942, in Pownall, Chief of Staff, p. 2:85.
42 “With the fall” : “An Era of Empire Ends at Singapore,” Life, February 23, 1942, p. 17.
42 Yamashita’s stunning: Bayly and Harper, Forgotten Armies, p. 129; Smith, Singapore Burning, pp. 388–97, 536–39.
42 “severe disposal” : Bayly and Harper, Forgotten Armies, p. 211.
43 Members of the House: “Representatives Cheer Singapore Fall,” Japan Times and Advertiser, February 17, 1942, p. 2; “Tokyo Celebrates Singapore Victory,” Japan Times and Advertiser, February 17, 1942, p. 1; Japan Times and Advertiser’s special twelve-page “Victory Supplement,” published February 17, 1942.
43 “Singapore has fallen” : “The Historic Victory of Singapore,” Japan Times and Advertiser, “Victory Supplement,” February 17, 1942, p. 1.
43 “The ruin” : “Collapse of British Empire,” Chugai, in “Today’s Press Comments,” ibid., p. 2.
43 “The downfall” : “Singapore’s Doom and Its Worldwide Effect,” Osaka Mainichi, February 15, 1942, p. 4.
43 “I am not a Tiger” : Yoji, “General Tomoyuki Yamashita: Commander of the Twenty-Fifth Army,” in Farrell and Hunter, Sixty Years On, p. 205.
43 “the worst disaster” : Churchill, Second World War, p. 4:92.
43 “fate of the English-speaking” : “Foe Says City’s Surrender Also Menaces India,” Chicago Daily Tribune, February 16, 1942, p. 1.
43 “There can now” : Hanson W. Baldwin, “10 Weeks of Pacific War Show Japan Unchecked,” New York Times, February 15, 1942, p. E4.
44 “I know they want” : Potter, Life and Death, p. 96.
44 “I suspect things” : Ibid., p. 98.
44 “Hell is on us” : Interrogation of Fleet Adm. Osami Nagano, November 20, 1946, in U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey [Pacific], Naval Analysis Division, Interrogations of Japanese Officials (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1946), p. 2:356.
45 “So it’s come” : Swinson, Four Samurai, p. 190.
45 “This is our final” : Pu Yi, Last Manchu, p. 200.
45 “You’d better die” : Swinson, Four Samurai, p. 191.
45 “When he went” : Potter, Life and Death, p. 100.
45 “Perhaps you are tired” : Ibid., pp. 102–3.
46 “If you can crush” : Swinson, Four Samurai, p. 191.
46 “Do your best” : Ibid., p. 192.
46 “As he caught” : Ibid.
46 American planes: Various dates are given for Yamashita’s arrival in the Philippines. I have used the date he testified to under oath in his war crimes trial.
47 “I have been told” : Potter, Life and Death, p. 104.
47 “Anyone who fights” : Swinson, Four Samurai, p. 196.
47 The fifty-one-year-old: “Statement of Lt. Gen. Muto, Akira,” December 27, 1945, Box 1907, RG 331, SCAP, Legal Section, Manila Branch, 201 File, 1945–49, WWII, NARA; Department of State, Interim Research and Intelligence Service, Research and Analysis Branch, Biographical Report, BR-J#42, October 4, 1945, ibid.
47 “There is no general” : Potter, Life and Death, p. 104.
47 “It is a good thing” : Akira Muto testimony, November 21, 1945, YTT, p. 2998.
48 “Have a bath” : Akira Muto, “The Truth of the Philippines Campaign: Unpublished Memoirs of Lt. Gen. Muto, Akira, Chief of Staff, Fourteenth Area Army,” June 17, 1947, Box 59, RG 554, Records of General Headquarters, Far East Command, Supreme Commander Allied Powers, and United Nations Command, NARA.
48 “Don’t worry” : Swinson, Four Samurai, p. 199.
48 “We were all” : Akira Muto testimony, November 21, 1945, YTT, p. 3000.
48 “You have far” : Swinson, Four Samurai, p. 197.
48 “Rice” : Akira Muto testimony, November 21, 1945, YTT, p. 3028.
48 “They will accomplish” : Potter, Life and Death, p. 106.
49 “Where is Leyte” : Ibid., p. 110.
49 “a precise, steady” : Report of Interrogations of Tomoyuki Yamashita and Akira Muto, September 4–6, 1945, Box 7, RG 44a, Papers of Brig. Gen. Bonner F. Fellers, MMAL.
49 “This is an order” : Potter, Life and Death, p. 110.
49 “The waters of the sea” : Martin, GI War, p. 312.
49 “I am exhausted” : Biennial Reports of the Chief of Staff of the United States Army to the Secretary of War, 1 July 1939–30 June 1945 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Army Center of Military History, 1996), p. 173.
50 “I fully understand” : Potter, Life and Death, p. 113.
50 “The old man” : Ibid.
50 “We shall seek” : Swinson, Four Samurai, p. 203.
51 “After our losses” : Potter, Life and Death, p. 124.
51 “Our defeat at Leyte” : Mitsumasa Yonai interrogation, November 17, 1945 in U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey [Pacific], Naval Analysis Division, Interrogations of Japanese Officials, p. 2:331.
51 “The completeness” : “The Texts of the Day’s Communiqués on the Fighting in Various War Zones,” New York Times, December 26, 1944, p. 2.
51 “I was absorbed” : Tomoyuki Yamashita testimony, November 28, 1945, YTT, p. 3557.
51 The general anticipated: “Summary of Interrogations of General Yamashita and Other Responsible Commanders and Staff Officers,” n.d., Box 8640, RG 407, Records of the Adjutant General’s Office, WWII Operations Reports, 1940–48, NARA; Tomoyuki Yamashita testimony, November 28, 1945, YTT, pp. 3526–28; Muto, “Truth of the Philippines Campaign,” pp. 8–22.
52 “Persistent fighter attacks” : Muto, “Truth of the Philippines Campaign,” p. 12.
52 “Supply shortages” : Ibid., p. 11.
53 “I know the real state” : Potter, Life and Death, p. 129.
53 “When you return” : Ibid.
53 “When the Americans land” : Swinson, Four Samurai, p. 207.
54 “Our general” : Ibid, p. 205.
54 “Your Excellency snored” : Muto, “Truth of the Philippines Campaign,” p. 22.
54 “Your orders” : Swinson, Four Samurai, p. 208.
CHAPTER 3
55 “It is cheaper” : Jaime H. Manzano, Intelligence Summary NR-15, U.S. Philippine Island Forces, Headquarters Kalayaan Command, “General Conditions in Manila,” August 31, 1944, copy courtesy of Lou Jurika.
55 “Hunger, privation” : Entry for December 10, 1944, in Lichauco, “Dear Mother Putnam,” p. 193.
56 “Three words” : Entry for May 10, 1942, in Pestaño-Jacinto, Living with the Enemy, p. 40.
56 “The dive” : Daniel Burnham to Charles Moore, March 13, 1905, in Moore, Daniel H. Burnham, p. 1:245.
56 “The fortress-city” : Stephen L. Garay, “The Breach of Intramuros,” May 1, 1948, Instructor Training Division, General Instruction Department, Armored School, Fort Knox, Ky.
56 “Possessing the bay” : D. H. Burnham, “Report on Proposed Improvements at Manila,” June 28, 1905, in 59th Cong., 1st Session, December 4, 1905–June 30, 1906, House Documents, vol. 11 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1906), pp. 627–635.
57 In the four decades: Background on Manila is drawn from Terrain Handbook 41A, Manila City, December 6, 1944, Box 1344, RG 331, Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, Legal Section, Administrative Division, Misc. File, 1939–49, NARA; “Map of Manila,” YMCA, Manila Branch Army & Navy, 1940, Box 3, RG 112, MMAL; Roderick Hall, interview by author, February 25, 2015; James Litton, interview by author, September 17, 2015.
57 Workers likewise: Details on Philippine General Hospital come from John E. Snodgrass, comp., History and Description of the Philippine General Hospital: Manila, Philippine Islands, 1900 to 1911 (Manila: Department of the Interior / Bureau of Health / Bureau of Printing, 1912), pp. 29–50.
57 “Manila is by far” : Russell Owen, “East Is East,” New York Times, October 16, 1932, p. SM8.
57 City life: Day, Manila Hotel, pp. 1–42.
57 “Manila Hotel” : Ibid., p. 17.
57 Streetcars operated: Terrain Handbook 41A, Manila City, December 6, 1944, pp. 43–46.
58 “Air conditioned” : “America Looks at Heacocks,” American Chamber of Commerce Journal 20, no. 4 (1940): 31.
58 Recreation proved: “Map of Manila,” YMCA, Manila Branch Army & Navy, 1940; Hall interview; Litton interview.
58 Despite the amenities: Day, Manila Hotel, pp. 18, 24–26.
60 “squaw men” : Karnow, In Our Image, p. 214.
60 “What are those” : Day, Manila Hotel, p. 25.
60 “It rains continually” : Storey and Codman, Secretary Root’s Record, p. 92.
60 “The city was” : Mellnik, Philippine Diary, p. 5.
60 “To live in Manila” : Dunn, Pacific Microphone, p. 20.
61 Over Manila hung: Chang, The Rape of Nanking, pp. 4–8.
61 “Now danger” : Entry for December 31, 1941, in Pestaño-Jacinto, Living with the Enemy, p. 13.
61 “Oh, God” : Russell Brines, “How the Japanese Took Over Manila,” Tuscaloosa News, November 5, 1944, p. 4.
61 “They came” : Mydans, More Than Meets, p. 68.
61 “Grim yellow faces” : Entry for January 4, 1942, in Pestaño-Jacinto, Living with the Enemy, p. 14.
61 “Manila, for forty-three” : “U.S. Forces Still Resisting Stubbornly from New Positions After Manila Falls,” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, January 3, 1942, p. 1.
62 “Mere lieutenants” : Buenafe, Wartime Philippines, p. 84.
62 “They live like princes” : Entry for January 20, 1942, in Pestaño-Jacinto, Living with the Enemy, pp. 17–18.
62 “The favorite procedure” : Buenafe, Wartime Philippines, p. 84.
62 “It has been picked clean” : Entry for February 2, 1942, in Pestaño-Jacinto, Living with the Enemy, p. 19.
62 “What kind of an Army” : Entry for September 26, 1944, in Buencamino, Memoirs and Diaries, p. 149.
62 Dewey Boulevard and Taft: Entry for May 18, 1942, in Lichauco, “Dear Mother Putnam,” p. 42.
62 “But the Japanese” : Entry for February 27, 1942, in Pestaño-Jacinto, Living with the Enemy, p. 24.
63 “Everybody knows” : Ibid.
63 “The new currency” : Garcia, It Took Four Years, p. 45.
63 “Failure to do so” : Entry for February 1, 1942, in Lichauco, “Dear Mother Putnam,” p. 21.
63 “I have summoned” : Entry for March 22, 1942, ibid., pp. 29–30.
63 “As the leopard” : Karnow, In Our Image, p. 308.
64 “Such is the kind” : Entry for March 22, 1942, in Lichauco, “Dear Mother Putnam,” p. 30.
64 “I think every Japanese” : Entry for January 4, 1942, in Pestaño-Jacinto, Living with the Enemy, p. 15.
64 “War changes everything” : Entry for November 1, 1943, ibid., p. 188.
64 “It is a very good propaganda” : Entry for May 15, 1942, in Lichauco, “Dear Mother Putnam,” p. 42.
64 “Not a single handclap” : Entry for December 21, 1942, ibid., p. 71.
65 “It was an unforgettable” : Entry for May 24, 1942, ibid., p. 43.
65 “Save for the sound” : Mañalac, Manila, p. 23.
65 “Filipinos stood” : Joaquin, Manila, My Manila, pp. 291–92.
65 “City life has” : Entry for June 2, 1942, in Labrador, Diary of Japanese Occupation, p. 106.
66 “No one is” : Entry for February 28, 1942, in Lichauco, “Dear Mother Putnam,” p. 26.
66 “The repertoire” : Entry for March 12, 1942, in Labrador, Diary of Japanese Occupation, pp. 76–77.
66 “My mother” : Bernard L. M. Karganilla, “Witness,” in Constantino, Under Japanese Rule, p. 222.
66 “The lot of traitors” : Monaghan, Under Red Sun, p. 165.
66 “A few innocent” : Entry for December 10, 1944, in Lichauco, “Dear Mother Putnam,” p. 110.
66 “The number of killings” : Ibid., p. 109.
67 In 1928, when: Joaquin, Mr. F.E.U., pp. 7–8.
67 “S-t-a-r-light, S-t-a-r bright” : Montinola, Breaking the Silence, p. 25.
68 “The door opened” : Garcia, It Took Four Years, p. 43.
68 Roasted rice: Agoncillo, Fateful Years, p. 2:581.
68 “So common” : Ibid.
68 Carmen Berlanga Brady: Joyce Velde, interview by author, February 19, 2015.
68 Hospitals likewise: Entries for May 29, 1943, and August 31, 1944, in Lichauco, “Dear Mother Putnam,” pp. 98, 178.
68 Some dispensaries: Picornell, Remedios Hospital, p. 32.
68 “War, the ultimate leveler” : Orendain, “Children of War,” in Constantino, Under Japanese Rule, p. 66.
69 “Our next door neighbor” : Entry for July 30, 1943, in Pestaño-Jacinto, Living with the Enemy, pp. 167–68.
69 “I know of persons” : Entry for January 18, 1942, in Labrador, Diary of Japanese Occupation, p. 49.
69 “They might take” : Entry for November 7, 1944, in Buencamino, Memoirs and Diaries, p. 168.
69 “One couldn’t hang” : Mañalac, Manila, p. 86.
69 “The women” : Entry for May 30, 1944, in Pestaño-Jacinto, Living with the Enemy, p. 215.
69 “If I happened” : Mañalac, Manila, p. 86.
70 Even the dead: Leon O. Ty, “Ghouls Desecrate Thousands of City Graves with Help of Jap Sentries,” Free Philippines, May 31, 1945, p. 3.
70 “This has never happened” : Entry for December 9, 1943, in Pestaño-Jacinto, Living with the Enemy, p. 195.
70 The stolen goods: F. M. Caliwag, “Buy and Sell,” Sunday Times Magazine (Manila), April 16, 1967, p. 58.
70 “Here was the last-chance” : Mañalac, Manila, p. 87.
70 “In such places” : Agoncillo, Fateful Years, p. 2:578.
71 “This is necessary” : Entry for February 25, 1944, in Lichauco, “Dear Mother Putnam,” p. 155.
71 “Plant in order to live” : Agoncillo, Fateful Years, p. 2:550.
71 “The farm” : Rodolfo G. Tupas, “The Glory behind the Shame,” Sunday Times Magazine (Manila), April 16, 1967, p. 14.
71 “The backyard plot” : Jean Pope, “A Time of Utter Dislocation,” Sunday Times Magazine (Manila), April 16, 1967, p. 44.
71 “In pushcarts” : Entry for October 17, 1944, in Pestaño-Jacinto, Living with the Enemy, p. 237.
71 “Manila” : Entry for December 20, 1944, in Labrador, Diary of Japanese Occupation, p. 245.
71 “Food prices” : Entry for November 16, 1944, in Lichauco, “Dear Mother Putnam,” p. 192.
71 “It is a common” : Jaime H. Manzano, Intelligence Summary NR-15, U.S. Philippine Island Forces, Headquarters Kalayaan Command, “General Conditions in Manila,” August 31, 1944.
71 “Milagros’s bloated” : Montinola, Breaking the Silence, p. 10.
72 “We have sold” : Edward B. Bennett to the commandant, May 4, 1944, University of Santo Tomas Archives, Manila.
72 “The shelters” : Orendain, “Children of War,” in Constantino, Under Japanese Rule, p. 67.
72 “Dad was a shattered” : Garcia, It Took Four Years, p. 84.
72 “We traded it” : Velde interview.
72 “There was a sickening” : Agoncillo, Fateful Years, p. 2:548.
72 “Many of these” : Mañalac, Manila, p. 83.
73 Doctors at San Lazaro: Entry for December 21, 1944, in Buencamino, Jr., Memoirs and Diaries, p. 186.
73 “Along the vast stretches” : Agoncillo, Fateful Years, p. 2:548.
73 “Every morning” : Entry for December 10, 1944, in Lichauco, “Dear Mother Putnam,” p. 193.
73 “Today” : Ibid.
73 “Food problem very acute” : Message no. 205, December 15, 1944, “Extracts from Daily Philippines Messages Sheets,” Box 310, RG 496, Records of General Headquarters, Southwest Pacific Area and U.S. Army Forces, Pacific, MIS Administrative Section, General Correspondence, 1942–46, NARA.
73 “Japs in Manila” : Message no. 212, December 22, 1944, ibid.
73 “Mortality from starvation” : Message no. 221, January 1, 1945, ibid.
73 “No Japanese looks starved” : Entry for September 18, 1944, in Pestaño-Jacinto, Living with the Enemy, p. 226.
73 “By dawn” : Montinola, Breaking the Silence, p. 18.
74 “Take anything” : Joaquin, Mr. F.E.U., p. 158.
74 “A strange parade” : Montinola, Breaking the Silence, pp. 18–19.
74 “Don’t touch her” : Velde interview.
74 “We heard her yells” : Ibid.
74 “When she was brought” : William C. Brady, “War Is Hell,” unpublished narrative, Memorare Manila 1945 Foundation Collection, FHL.
74 “Morality cowered” : Agoncillo, Fateful Years, p. 2:586.
74 “We survived” : Carmen Guerrero Nakpil, “The Watershed,” Sunday Times Magazine (Manila), April 16, 1967, p. 11.
75 “The end is near” : Garcia, It Took Four Years, p. 95.
CHAPTER 4
76 “The Japanese” : Erlinda Querubin testimony, June 30, 1945, in Report no. 61, “Investigation of the Rape of Forty Civilian Women and the Attempted Rape of Thirty-Six Civilian Women, of Various Nationalities, in Ermita, Manila, Philippine Islands, During the Period 9–13 February 1945,” Box 1113, RG 331, SCAP, Legal Section, Administrative Division, War Crimes File, 1946–50, NARA.
76 His task force: OPNS Narrative, Hist., M-1 OPN, Luzon Campaign, drafts, 37th Infantry Division, October 11–December 11, 1944, Box 8603, RG 407, Records of the Adjutant General’s Office, WWII Operations Reports, 1940–48, 37th Infantry Division, NARA; Potter, Nimitz, p. 352.
76 MacArthur could not: “Aerology and Amphibious Warfare: Amphibious Landings in Lingayen Gulf,” Chief of Naval Operations, Aerology Section, July 1945, NARA.
76 “On the dark” : William Dunn, broadcast transcript, January 10, 1945, RG 52, Papers of William J. Dunn, MMAL.
76 Lingayen counted: Thomas C. Kinkaid to Commander in Chief, U.S. Fleet, “Action Report—Luzon Attack Force, Lingayen Gulf—Musketeer Mike One Operation,” May 15, 1945; Terrain Study no. 93, Lingayen, October 4, 1944, Box 1930, RG 331, SCAP, Legal Section, Administrative Division, Manila Branch, Terrain Study, 1944–45, NARA; General Headquarters, SWPA, Military Intelligence Section, General Staff, G-2 Estimate of the Enemy Situation with Respect to an Operation against Lingayen Gulf and the Central Plain of Luzon, November 22, 1944, MMAL.
77 “hottest reception” : Krueger, From Down Under, p. 224.
77 “The Luzon campaign” : Bonner Fellers to Dorothy Fellers, January 8, 1945, Box 2, RG 44a, Papers of Brig. Gen. Bonner F. Fellers, MMAL.
77 “Both forces ashore” : MacArthur, Reminiscences, p. 238.
79 “I knew that many” : Ibid., p. 246.
79 MacArthur’s worst fears: Report no. 49, “Investigation of the Alleged Atrocities Committed at Camp 10 A, Puerto Princesa, Palawan, Philippine Islands, against American Prisoners of War between 1 August and 14 December 1944,” August 18, 1945, Box 1111, RG 331, SCAP, Legal Section, Administrative Division, War Crimes File, 1946–50, NARA; V. W. Dyer Jr., “Palawan Massacre,” March 15, 1948, Box 1276, RG 331, SCAP, Legal Section, Administrative Division, Documents & Maps, 1945–48, NARA. All testimony and documents cited below, unless otherwise noted, come from Report no. 49.
79 “He just split” : Eugene Nielsen, oral history by George Burlage, December 11, 1989, UNT.
79 “My God” : Glenn McDole, oral history by William J. Alexander, October 10, 1996, UNT.
79 “You could see” : Ibid.
79 “Shoot them” : Tomisaburo Sawa testimony, July 31, 1947, Box 1276, RG 331, SCAP, Legal Section, Administrative Division, Documents & Maps, 1945–48, NARA.
79 “As the men” : Douglas W. Bogue testimony before the International Military Tribunal for the Far East, excerpts of which are included in Dyer, “Palawan Massacre.”
80 “Dozo” : Glenn McDole, oral history by William J. Alexander, October 10, 1996.
80 “There was an explosion” : Sworn Statement of William J. Bachus et al., March 16, 1945, copy courtesy of Stephen Moore.
80 “We could feel” : Glenn Weddell McDole, statement, January 24, 1945.
80 “Many of the men” : Agent 2257, “Interrogation of Escapees from Bataan and Corregidor,” January 7, 1945.
80 “The water” : Eugene Nielsen, oral history by George Burlage, December 11, 1989.
80 “I took refuge” : Douglas W. Bogue, statement, January 23, 1945.
80 “The American knew” : Glen Weddell McDole, statement, January 24, 1945.
81 “banzai” : Nielsen oral history.
81 “The Japanese were cheering” : Ibid.
81 “In two dugouts” : Charles W. Simms, “Report on Re-Internment of American Prisoners of War, APOW #10, Puerto Princesa, Palawan, P.I.,” n.d.
81 “Although they were” : Entry for December 15, 1944, captured Japanese diary (neither owner nor unit listed).
81 “The prisoners of war” : Entry for January 9, 1945, ibid.
81 “We must move fast” : Mydans, More Than Meets, p. 183.
82 “You could almost” : Langone, Star in the Window, p. 128.
82 In addition: OPNS Narrative, Hist., M-1 OPN, Luzon Campaign, drafts, 37th Infantry Division, October 11–December 22, 1944.
82 Buried in the bowels: Ibid.
82 “In point of the number” : Ibid.
82 Reveille this morning: “Life Aboard the Transports,” undated public affairs narrative.
83 “It was potent” : Ibid.
83 “These little trees” : Ibid.
83 General Griswold confessed: Entry for January 6, 1945, Oscar Griswold diary, Box 1, Oscar W. Griswold Papers, 1917–45, USAHEC.
83 “It is one” : Entry for January 8, 1945, ibid.
83 “It has been” : Douglas MacArthur to Jean MacArthur, January 8, 1945, RG 10, General Douglas MacArthur’s Private Correspondence, 1848–1964, MMAL.
83 The propeller: John T. Warren to Commander in Chief, U.S. Fleet, “Action Report, Bombardment and Close Covering in Support of the Assault and Occupation of Beachheads on the Shores of Lingayen Gulf, Luzon, P.I., 3–18 January 1945,” USS New Mexico, January 18, 1945.
83 Such attacks: A snapshot of the varying wounds caused by kamikaze attacks can be found in “Luzon Operation, Lingayen Gulf, January 9, 1945” by the Medical Department of the USS Harris. That report is included with Marion Emerson Murphy to Commander in Chief, U.S. Fleet, “Report of Action—Amphibious Attack on Lingayen Gulf,” USS Harris, January 19, 1945.
83 An orange-sized: Ibid.
83 “The penis” : Ibid.
84 “Men were most” : OPNS Narrative, Hist., M-1 OPN, Luzon Campaign, drafts, 37th Infantry Division, October 11–December 22, 1944.
84 “Everybody’s dreaming” : Dos Passos, Tour of Duty, p. 124.
84 “As the sun sank” : “Life Aboard the Transports,” undated public affairs narrative.
84 Sixty-five minesweepers: Thomas C. Kinkaid to Commander in Chief, U.S. Fleet, “Action Report—Luzon Attack Force, Lingayen Gulf—Musketeer Mike One Operation,” May 15, 1945.
84 “As I swam” : Entry for January 7, 1945, Joseph Moretti diary, in Patric, To War in a Tin Can, p. 150.
84 A lack of charts: Thomas C. Kinkaid to Commander in Chief, U.S. Fleet, “Action Report—Luzon Attack Force, Lingayen Gulf—Musketeer Mike One Operation,” May 15, 1945.
85 American warships: After Action Report, XIV Corps, M-1 Operation, July 29, 1945, Box 1475, RG 407, Records of the Adjutant General’s Office, Philippine Archives Collection, Liberation/Post-War, NARA.
85 Navy fighters: Thomas C. Kinkaid to Commander in Chief, U.S. Fleet, “Action Report—Luzon Attack Force, Lingayen Gulf—Musketeer Mike One Operation,” May 15, 1945.
85 “These sketches” : Ibid.
85 “a naval bombardment” : Sixth Army, Report of the Luzon Campaign, January 9–June 30, 1945, p. 1:17.
85 In sickbays: Drury, History of Chaplain Corps, p. 2:197; Ingram C. Sowell to Commander in Chief, U.S. Fleet, “Action Report, Bombardment of and Fire Support for Landings, Lingayen Gulf, Luzon Island, Philippine Islands, 1 January 1945 to 18 January 1945, Inclusive,” Battleship Division Four, January 29, 1945.
85 “At the height” : Patric, To War in a Tin Can, pp. 151–52.
85 “The sun came up” : After Action Report, XIV Corps, M-1 Operation, July 29, 1945.
85 A twin-engine: “Revised Form for Reporting A.A. Action by Surface Ships,” USS Hodges, January 9, 1945.
85 At seven-forty-five: “Revised Form for Reporting A.A. Action by Surface Ships,” USS Columbia, January 9, 1945.
85 The Boise: “Revised Form for Reporting A.A. Action by Surface Ships,” USS Boise, January 9, 1945.
86 “Most of the wounded” : Drury, History of Chaplain Corps, p. 2:197.
86 “Now hear this” : Mathias, GI Jive, p. 111.
86 “Well, here we go” : Ozzie St. George, “Return to Luzon,” Yank, February 16, 1945, p. 4.
86 “It sounded” : Robert J. Conrad, “Regiment Played Big Role during Invasion of Luzon,” Hartford Courant, January 8, 1945, p. 1.
86 Included this morning: Thomas C. Kinkaid to Commander in Chief, U.S. Fleet, “Action Report—Luzon Attack Force, Lingayen Gulf—Musketeer Mike One Operation,” May 15, 1945.
86 “Our troops” : Fahey, Pacific War Diary, p. 264.
86 “It is one” : Courtney Whitney to Evelyn Whitney, January 8, 1945, Box 10, RG 16, Papers of Maj. Gen. Courtney Whitney, MMAL.
87 “My heart was sad” : Entry for January 8, 1945, Griswold diary.
87 “Only the tops” : St. George, “Return to Luzon,” p. 4.
87 “Shells whirred” : Ibid.
87 “He had given” : Ibid.
87 “Gun fire on beach” : Thomas C. Kinkaid to Commander in Chief, U.S. Fleet, “Action Report—Luzon Attack Force, Lingayen Gulf—Musketeer Mike One Operation,” May 15, 1945.
87 “The bombardment” : Patric, To War in a Tin Can, p. 152.
87 “Boys are on the beach” : Walter S. Macaulay to Commander in Chief, U.S. Fleet, “Action Report, Lingayen Gulf Operation, Luzon Island, Philippine Islands, 1 January 1945 to 18 January 1945, Inclusive,” USS Colorado, February 2, 1945.
88 “The first wave” : Ibid.
88 “No apparent” : Spencer Davis, “Luzon Invasion Step by Step during First Hour Described,” Joplin (Missouri) News Herald, January 10, 1945, p. 1.
88 “There is no” : Ibid.
88 “No enemy movement” : Ibid.
88 “When I came” : Letter dated January 13, 1945, in Stroup, Letters from the Pacific, p. 180.
88 “He left Luzon” : Yates McDaniel, “General at Rail of Warship as Bomb Drops Near-by,” Chicago Daily Tribune, January 10, 1945, p. 1.
88 “Many 2½-ton trucks” : I Corps, History of Luzon Campaign, Philippine Islands 1945.
88 Kamikazes returned: Herman J. Redfield to Commander in Chief, U.S. Fleet, “Action Report—Bombardment Operations in Lingayen Gulf, Luzon, Philippine Islands During Period 6–9 January 1945 and Including Collateral Supporting Actions and Operations During Period 3–18 January 1945,” USS Mississippi, January 30, 1945.
89 Seconds later: John M. Armstrong to Commodore Commanding Australian Squadron, “Action Report—Mike 1 Operation,” HMAS Australia, January 22, 1945.
89 “The Australia” : Ingram C. Sowell to Commander in Chief, U.S. Fleet, “War Diary for the Month of January, 1945—Transmittal of,” Battleship Division Four, February 7, 1945.
89 A little more: Entry for January 9, 1945, Douglas MacArthur diary, Box 66, RG 5, Records of General Headquarters, SCAP, 1941–51, MMAL; Willard M. Downes to Commander in Chief, U.S. Fleet, “War Diary of USS Boise for January 1945,” February 21, 1945.
89 “On our way” : Egeberg, General, p. 105.
89 “We won’t be seeing” : Ibid.
89 “All of these” : MacArthur, Reminiscences, p. 241.
90 “I slept well” : William C. Dickinson, “On Fifteen-Mile Beachhead,” New York Times, January 10, 1945, p. 1.
90 “The Jap” : Ibid.
90 “Our troops” : “Krueger Men Plan Gift of Manila for Birthday,” New York Times, January 11, 1945, p. 3.
90 “Ignoring the fine” : Dunn, Pacific Microphone, p. 277.
90 “I’ve taken part” : Dunn broadcast transcript, January 10, 1945.
90 “In a series” : MacArthur, Reminiscences, p. 241.
90 “We’ll bury him” : William Dunn, broadcast transcript, January 15, 1945, RG 52, Papers of William J. Dunn, MMAL.
91 MacArthur climbed: Willard M. Downes to Commander in Chief, U.S. Fleet, “War Diary of USS Boise for January 1945,” February 21, 1945.
91 “His back door” : “ ‘We Are Now at the Japs’ Rear; Back Door Shut,’ ” Chicago Daily Tribune, January 10, 1945, p. 1.
91 “It is Mac’s” : Bonner Fellers to Dorothy Fellers, January 9, 1945, Box 2, RG 44a, Papers of Brig. Gen. Bonner F. Fellers, MMAL.
91 “We expected rice” : Potter, Life and Death, p. 130.
91 “The American army” : Ibid., p. 132.
92 “He has the air” : Ibid.
92 “Here on these islands” : Ibid.
92 “It is easy” : Ibid., p. 131.
92 Japanese Rear Adm.: Ricardo Trota Jose, “Postscript: Here Lies ‘The Butcher of Manila,’ ” Philippines Daily Inquirer, February 16, 2005, p. A1.
92 During the late night: Hornfischer, Neptune’s Inferno, pp. 353–66.
94 Until late December: Denshichi Okochi testimony, November 16, 1945, YTT, pp. 2532–56.
94 Despite the army’s plan: See the statements of Kenichiro Asano (February 20, 1950), Shigeichi Yamamoto (December 16, 1949), Yorio Ishikawa (December 1, 1949), and Koichi Kayashima (December 10, 1949, and March 8, 1950), all found in General Headquarters, Far East Command, Military Intelligence Section, Historical Division, “Statements of Japanese Officials on World War II,” LOC.
95 In addition to Manila: Shizuo Yokoyama testimony, November 4, 1945, Box 1905, RG 331, SCAP, Legal Section, Manila Branch, Statements & Affidavits, Alphabetical File, 1945–49, NARA.
95 To defend it: Smith, Triumph in Philippines, p. 244.
95 “The repair work” : Manila Naval Defense Opn Order no. 39, February 2, 1945, Box 1276, RG 331, SCAP, Legal Section, Administrative Division, Documents & Maps, 1945–48, NARA.
95 Iwabuchi divided: Military History Section, Headquarters, Army Forces Far East, “Philippine Area Naval Operations,” pt. IV, January–August 1945, Japanese Monograph no. 114, pp. 9–10, Roderick Hall Collection, FHL; Smith, Triumph in Philippines, pp. 244–46. Various documents contain different spellings for Takesue Furuse. I have used the spelling of his name as it appears in his war crimes trial records.
95 “Hold Manila City” : Manila Naval Defense Force Opn Order no. 17, January 21, 1945, Box 1276, RG 331, SCAP, Legal Section, Administrative Division, Documents & Maps, 1945–48, NARA.
95 Iwabuchi’s battle plan: Details of the Japanese fortification of Manila come from “Combat in Manila,” April 21, 1945, Box 1957, RG 407, Records of the Adjutant General’s Office, WWII Operations Reports, 1940–48, NARA. A modified version of this report was later released as “Japanese Defense of Cities as Exemplified by the Battle for Manila,” July 1, 1945, Box 1997, RG 407, Records of the Adjutant General’s Office, WWII Operations Reports, 1940–48, NARA.
99 “All Manila highways” : Serial no. 1378, January 31, 1945, G-2 Journal, Box 8624, RG 407, Records of the Adjutant General’s Office, WWII Operations Reports, 1940–48, 37th Infantry Division, NARA.
99 “All main bridges” : General Headquarters, SWPA, Military Intelligence Section, General Staff, “Report on the Destruction of Manila and Japanese Atrocities,” February 1945, Box 1116, RG 331, SCAP, Legal Section, Administrative Division, War Crimes Files, 1946–50, NARA.
99 “Defensive preparation” : Ibid.
100 “People began to disappear” : Garcia, It Took Four Years, p. 98.
100 “It looks” : Entry for January 18, 1945, in Lichauco, “Dear Mother Putnam,” p. 200.
100 “The Japanese were” : Garcia, It Took Four Years, p. 95.
100 “Big fighting” : Ibid., p. 100.
100 “I know” : Entry for October 29, 1942, in Labrador, Diary of Japanese Occupation, p. 234.
100 “We shall fight” : Monaghan, Under Red Sun, p. 230.
101 “Very few of you” : “Fires Are Still Burning in Manila,” New York Times, February 8, 1945, p. 3.
101 “Defeat is a bitter” : Entry for October 21, 1944, in Pestaño-Jacinto, Living with the Enemy, p. 238.
CHAPTER 5
102 “Hunger had become” : Entry for January 26, 1945, in Cates, Drainpipe Diary, p. 242.
102 Abram Hartendorp: Background on Hartendorp’s personal life is drawn from vols. 1–3 of his unpublished memoirs, I Have Lived, which can be found in Box 1 of his personal papers at the Library of Congress.
103 “Three deaths” : Hartendorp, Japanese Occupation, p. 2:502, 512–13.
103 Conditions at Santo Tomas: An invaluable resource in learning about the experience of internees at Santo Tomas can be found in Report no. 91, “Mis-Treatment and Imprisonment Under Improper Conditions of Civilian Internees at Santo Tomas University, Manila, P.I., by the Japanese During the Period January 1942 to February 1945,” November 22, 1945, Box 1118, RG 331, SCAP, Legal Section, Administrative Division, War Crimes File, 1946–50, NARA. All testimony below, unless otherwise noted, comes from this report or the folders marked as containing “excess materials.”
103 Founded in 1611: Hartendorp, Japanese Occupation, pp. 1:8–9.
103 “Santo Tomas was never” : Eunice J. Young and Frank J. Taylor, “Three Years Outside This World,” Saturday Evening Post, May 5, 1945, p. 89.
103 Americans comprised: Hartendorp, Japanese Occupation, p. 1:11.
103 “You had bankers” : Terry Meyers Johnson, oral history by Elizabeth Norman, July 5, 1992, RG 135, Papers of Drs. Michael and Elizabeth Norman, MMLA.
103 “The rich” : Young and Taylor, “Three Years Outside This World,” p. 89.
104 The Japanese made: Earl Carroll, “How 3 Brave Captives Were Murdered by Japs,” San Francisco Examiner, August 14, 1945, p. 12.
104 “I’ll die” : Earl Carroll, “Brutal Japs Execute Three British Martyrs,” San Francisco Examiner, August 15, 1945, p. 22.
104 “Then the Japs stood” : Ibid.
104 “The lesson” : Entry for April 19, 1943, in Vaughan, Ordeal of Elizabeth Vaughan, p. 208.
104 “Two things” : Mydans, More Than Meets, p. 73.
104 A nine-person: Stevens, Santo Tomas Internment Camp, pp. 12–21; Hartendorp, Japanese Occupation, pp. 1:12–42.
104 “We had offices” : Earl Carroll, “The Secret War of Santo Tomas,” San Francisco Examiner, August 13, 1945, p. 8.
104 The Japanese did not: Hartendorp, Japanese Occupation, pp. 1:17–20; A.V.H. Hartendorp testimony, August 16–18, 20–22, 1945.
105 William Hoffman spent: William John Hoffman testimony, December 4, 1945.
105 “Leading members” : Hartendorp, Japanese Occupation, pp. 1:18–19.
105 Internees converted: Marie Adams, “Conditions at Santo Tomas,” June 7, 1945, Box 222, RG 112, Surgeon General’s Office, Operations Service, Mobilization and Overseas Operations Division, Inspection Branch, Interviews with Officers Visiting S.G.O. Installations, 1943–45, NARA; Emmet F. Pearson, “Morbidity and Mortality in Santo Tomas Internment Camp,” Annals of Internal Medicine, 24, no. 6 (1946): 988–1013; Hartendorp, Japanese Occupation, pp. 1:28–30; Stevens, Santo Tomas Internment Camp, pp. 109–34.
105 An army of six hundred: Hartendorp, Japanese Occupation, pp. 1:26–34; Pearson, “Morbidity and Mortality in Santo Tomas Internment Camp,” pp. 993–94; Stevens, Santo Tomas Internment Camp, pp. 102–5, 263.
106 “The cluttered rooms” : Hartendorp, Japanese Occupation, p. 1:43.
106 Internees planted thirty: Ibid., pp. 1:33–34; Hartendorp testimony, August 16–18, 20–22, 1945.
106 “A bucket” : Sams, Forbidden Family, p. 97.
106 “One could have” : Mydans, More Than Meets, p. 74.
106 To relieve crowding: Hartendorp testimony, August 16–18, 20–22, 1945.
106 Residents nicknamed: Young, “Three Years Outside This World,” p. 90.
106 “Though such a shanty” : Hartendorp, Japanese Occupation, p. 1:42.
106 “The shanties were private” : Williams, To the Angels, p. 166.
107 The adults set out: Don H. Holter to Any Educational Official Concerned, January 17, 1945, included with the above-referenced Report no. 91; Hartendorp, Japanese Occupation, pp. 1:34–36.
107 Students even received: Caroline Jane Bailey, Academic Record, 1942–43, Box 1, RG 98, Papers of Fay C. Bailey and Family, MMLA.
107 “While every pupil” : Don H. Holter to Any Educational Official Concerned, January 17, 1945.
107 “Previous to that” : Hartendorp, Japanese Occupation, p. 1:114.
107 “If you want privacy” : Ibid., p. 44.
107 “There seemed to be no” : Adams, “Conditions at Santo Tomas,” June 7, 1945.
108 To distract internees: Hartendorp, Japanese Occupation, p. 1:38.
108 The captives went so far: Baseball Schedule at Santo Tomas Internment Camp, February 17, 1943, Box 1, RG 98, Papers of Fay C. Bailey and Family, MMLA.
108 Internee Archie Taylor: Boxing Program, March 12, 1943, ibid.
108 “Once in a while” : Helen M. Nestor, oral history by Thomas Beeman, April 9, 1983, RG 135, Papers of Drs. Michael and Elizabeth Norman, MMLA.
108 “Santa Claus came” : Madeline M. Ullom, “Army Nurse Corps in the Philippines,” n.d., Box 41, RG 15, Materials Donated by the General Public, MMLA.
108 “The Little Theater under the Stars” : Stevens, Santo Tomas Internment Camp, p. 192.
108 “Independent, Curt, Concise” : Hartendorp, Japanese Occupation, p. 1:373.
108 “We lived in the past” : Inez Moore, oral history by Colonel Slewitzke, n.d., RG 135, Papers of Drs. Michael and Elizabeth Norman, MMLA.
110 “Beer-bellies” : Hartendorp, Japanese Occupation, p. 1:112.
110 Many had no concept: Frank Hewlett, “66 Children from Santo Tomas Take Long, Hungry Look at U.S.,” Racine (Wisconsin) Journal Times, March 31, 1945, p. 2.
110 “To many of these” : Entry for September 20, 1944, in Cates, Drainpipe Diary, p. 218.
110 “She worked to earn money” : Entry for April 21, 1943, ibid., p. 161.
110 “It used to aggravate” : Wygle, Surviving, p. 81.
111 “I am in very bad need” : Hartendorp, I Have Lived, p. 3:458.
111 “I want only” : Ibid., p. 3:459.
111 “I have been picturing” : Entry for July 27, 1942, Abram Hartendorp diary, ibid., pp. 3:462–463.
112 “The typed note” : Entry for July 10, 1943, in Vaughan, Ordeal of Elizabeth Vaughan, p. 234.
112 “Oh, Jim, Jim” : Ibid.
112 Popular Manila radio: Don Bell, “Wrong Story,” Life, May 21, 1945, pp. 4, 6.
112 “When the Americans entered” : Young, “Three Years Outside This World,” p. 90.
112 “Our ration decreased” : Adams, “Conditions at Santo Tomas,” June 7, 1945.
112 “Paunches, of course” : Hartendorp, Japanese Occupation, p. 2:48.
113 One hundred eighty-five: Peter C. Richards, “The Liberation Bulletin of Philippine Internment Camp no. 1 at Santo Tomas University, Manila, Philippines,” February 3, 1945, copies of which can be found with Report no. 91, the Santo Tomas papers at LOC, and in the Wisconsin Veterans Museum.
113 “Each day as I climbed” : Prising, Manila, Goodbye, p. 147.
113 “There was a tension” : Adams, “Conditions at Santo Tomas,” June 7, 1945.
113 “Each day, we examined” : Entry for August 2, 1944, in Cates, Drainpipe Diary, pp. 212–13.
114 “If MacArthur doesn’t” : Entry for August 14, 1944, ibid., p. 214.
114 “It seemed every time” : Frank Eugene Long testimony, July 3, 1945.
114 “As I waited” : Prising, Manila, Goodbye, p. 161.
114 “That’s a rather dangerous” : Hartendorp, Japanese Occupation, p. 2:364.
114 “That’s a real fight” : Ibid.
114 To the amazement: Potter, Bull Halsey, p. 278.
114 “Men, women, and children” : Entry for September 21, 1944, in Cates, Drainpipe Diary, p. 218.
115 “This is a raid” : Prising, Manila, Goodbye, p. 148.
115 “They’re here” : Ibid.
115 “Look at that one dive” : Entry for September 21, 1944, in Cates, Drainpipe Diary, p. 219.
115 “We pounded” : Ibid.
115 Elizabeth Vaughan celebrated: Entry for September 21, 1944, in Vaughan, Ordeal of Elizabeth Vaughan, p. 296.
115 “For an hour or more” : Entry for September 21, 1944, in Cates, Drainpipe Diary, p. 218.
115 “Blood plasma” : Entry for September 23, 1944, ibid., p. 220.
115 “We have no deaths” : Entry for November 14, 1944, Albert Holland diary, Watkinson Library, Trinity College, Hartford, Conn.
115 The Japanese guards: Hartendorp testimony, August 16–18, 20–22, 1945; entry for November 4, 1944, in Cates, Drainpipe Diary, p. 225.
115 “We reached a point” : Margaret Gillooly, oral history by Richard W. Byrd, March 18, 1995, UNT.
115 “Pennies from Heaven” : Hartendorp, Japanese Occupation, p. 2:367.
116 “Lover, Come Back to Me” : Entry for September 27, 1944, in Cates, Drainpipe Diary, p. 220.
116 “The body” : Gillooly oral history.
116 “Many people complained” : Hartendorp, Japanese Occupation, p. 2:452.
116 Caroline Bailey’s parents: Undated photo caption of Caroline Bailey Pratt and her stuffed animals on file at the MMAL.
116 Children picked: Fernie Naylor testimony, June 12, 1945.
116 “Such a wonderful” : Elsa Colquhoun note, January 18, 1945, in Robert Colquhoun, “Santo Tomas: A War Memoir, 1941–1945,” unpublished manuscript, Roderick Hall Collection, FHL, p. 30.
116 Medical officer Maj.: Adams, “Conditions at Santo Tomas,” June 7, 1945; Naylor testimony.
116 Even rats: Entry for December 23, 1944, Anne Louise Goldthorpe diary, Archives of the Episcopal Church, Austin, Tex.
116 “One man” : Nixon, Delayed Manila, p. 66. A copy of this diary is at MMAL.
116 “How was it” : Entry for November 15, 1944, in Cates, Drainpipe Diary, p. 230.
116 “Dogs or old tomcats” : Prising, Manila, Goodbye, pp. 150–51.
117 “I was fond” : Colquhoun, “Santo Tomas,” p. 14.
117 “The poor splendid” : Hartendorp, Japanese Occupation, p. 2:464.
117 Internees likewise ate: Ibid., pp. 2:435–36; entry for November 20, 1944, in Cates, Drainpipe Diary, pp. 230–31; Entry for December 6, 1944, Goldthorpe diary.
117 One of those was: Entry for December 6, 1944, Goldthorpe diary.
117 “It must again” : Hartendorp, Japanese Occupation, p. 2:436.
117 “Our hunger” : Entry for December 15, 1944, in Cates, Drainpipe Diary, p. 234.
117 The Japanese, in contrast: Entries for January 20 and February 2, 1945, in Cates, Drainpipe Diary, pp. 241, 245.
117 “Just as soon” : Entry for February 1, 1945, ibid., p. 244.
117 Another forty-three: Richards, “The Liberation Bulletin of Philippine Internment Camp no. 1 at Santo Tomas University, Manila, Philippines,” February 3, 1945.
118 A kilo of sugar: Pearson, “Morbidity and Mortality in Santo Tomas Internment Camp,” p. 1001.
118 “The money lenders” : “Internees Stole Food from Pigs at Jap Camp, Says S. M. Letter,” San Mateo Times, March 2, 1945, p. 7.
118 “There is as much” : Entry for December 5, 1944, Holland diary.
118 “I weighed 92 lbs today” : Entry for December 23, 1944, Goldthorpe diary.
118 “I weigh 110 today” : Entry for November 17, 1944, Holland diary.
118 “I’m hungry” : Fernie Naylor testimony, June 12, 1945.
118 “The tremendously active” : Entry for January 17, 1945, in Cates, Drainpipe Diary, p. 241.
118 “Starvation is taking” : Prising, Manila, Goodbye, p. 168.
118 “Even the vomit” : Ibid.
118 “It is hard” : Entry for December 11, 1944, Goldthorpe diary.
119 “When I went to bed” : Adams, “Conditions at Santo Tomas,” June 7, 1945.
119 The average caloric intake: Pearson, “Morbidity and Mortality in Santo Tomas Internment Camp,” p. 1000; Hartendorp testimony.
119 “I was worried” : Entry for January 5, 1945, Goldthorpe diary, in Neil Henry, “A Journal of Human Endurance,” Washington Post, March 20, 1983, p. A1.
119 As much as 90 percent: Pearson, “Morbidity and Mortality in Santo Tomas Internment Camp,” p. 1003.
119 Army nurse Gwendolyn Henshaw: Gwendolyn Henshaw Deiss, oral history by Esther Jane McNeil, March 7, 1984, RG 135, Papers of Drs. Michael and Elizabeth Norman, MMLA.
119 “When I’d stand up” : Sally Blaine Millett, oral history by Elizabeth Norman, September 20, 1990, ibid.
119 “Many of us believed” : Entry for December 20, 1944, in Cates, Drainpipe Diary, p. 235.
119 A mass mania: These recipes come from a journal on file in Box 1, RG 98, Papers of Fay C. Bailey and Family, MMLA.
119 “People would be” : Anna Williams Clark, oral history by Mary Ellen Condon, September 1, 1983, RG 135, Papers of Drs. Michael and Elizabeth Norman, MMLA.
120 “What made the mania” : Entry for December 10, 1944, in Cates, Drainpipe Diary, p. 233.
120 “Many prisoners” : Prising, Manila, Goodbye, p. 168, 19, 169.
120 “Every waking hour” : Bertha Dworsky Henderson, oral history by Mary Horan, n.d., RG 135, Papers of Drs. Michael and Elizabeth Norman, MMLA.
121 “Food is getting” : Entry for January 15, 1945, Goldthorpe diary.
121 “Some stayed” : Entry for January 1, 1945, in Cates, Drainpipe Diary, p. 239.
121 “This place is a living” : Elsa Colquhoun note, January 1, 1945, in Colquhoun, “Santo Tomas,” p. 22.
121 Even then desperate internees: Millett oral history.
121 “I saw many cases” : Adams, “Conditions at Santo Tomas,” June 7, 1945.
121 “What bothered me” : Raymond E. Abbitt, oral history by Ronald E. Marcello, February 25, 1975, UNT.
121 The camp’s doctors: Hartendorp, Japanese Occupation, pp. 2:406–7.
121 “If there were any milk” : Ibid., p. 2:407.
122 “The aged and infirm” : Lemuel Earl Carroll testimony, August 9, 13, 14–15, 1945.
122 “In the last year” : Ray Perez, “4 Decades Later, Civilian POWS Reunite to Remember,” Los Angeles Times, February 14, 1986, p. 1.
122 “Day in, day out” : Entry for December 26, 1944, Holland diary.
122 The Japanese often left: Madeline M. Ullom testimony, June 11, 1945.
122 “As I watched” : Entry for October 31, 1944, in Cates, Drainpipe Diary, p. 224.
122 “What a pitiful” : Entry for December 6, 1944, Goldthorpe diary.
122 The January 21 passing: Hartendorp, Japanese Occupation, pp. 2:499–500.
122 “Uncle John Shaw” : Prising, Manila, Goodbye, p. 171.
123 Chairman of the internee: Earl Carroll, Memorandum to All Camp Doctors, January 31, 1945.
123 “He was” : Carroll testimony.
123 “There were twenty-three” : Adams, “Conditions at Santo Tomas,” June 7, 1945.
123 “For the last week” : Entry for January 10, 1945, in Cates, Drainpipe Diary, p. 240.
123 “Still here, still waiting” : Letter dated February 1, 1945, in Cary, Letters from Internment Camp, p. 118.
123 “In the anguish” : Prising, Manila, Goodbye, p. 172.
123 “We survived” : Carroll testimony.
PART II
125 “The stage was now” : Sixth Army, Report of the Luzon Campaign, January 9–June 30, 1945, p. 1:36.
CHAPTER 6
127 “No one will ever know” : Milton Sandberg, December 5, 1945, YTT, p. 3913.
127 “Go to Manila” : Chase, Front Line General, p. 80.
128 “I still cannot” : Robert Eichelberger to Emma Eichelberger, January 16, 1945, in Luvaas, Dear Miss Em, p. 195.
128 “I do not” : Entry for January 14, 1945, Griswold diary.
128 “Bunk!” : Clyde D. Eddleman, oral history by Lowell G. Smith and Murray G. Swindler, February 11, 1975, Box 2, Clyde D. Eddleman Papers, USAHEC.
128 “Mac has made” : Bonner Fellers to Dorothy Fellers, January 16, 1945, Box 2, RG 44a, Papers of Brig. Gen. Bonner F. Fellers, MMAL.
128 “If I were commanding” : Dunn, Pacific Microphone, p. 279.
129 “The next twenty minutes” : Henry A. Mucci, “We Swore We’d Die or Do it,” Saturday Evening Post, April 7, 1945, p. 110.
129 “What a barbaric” : Bonner Fellers to Dorothy Fellers, January 29, 1945, Box 2, RG 44a, Papers of Brig. Gen. Bonner F. Fellers, MMAL.
129 “I know there are” : William Dunn, broadcast transcript, January 23, 1945, RG 52, Papers of William J. Dunn, MMAL.
129 “I presume” : Douglas MacArthur to AGWAR, January 27, 1945, Box 2, RG 3, Records of Headquarters, SWPA, 1942–45, MMAL.
129 “best clerk” : Manchester, American Caesar, p. 166.
129 “Eisenhower’s curve” : Luvaas, Dear Miss Em, p. 251.
130 He did so: Rogers, MacArthur and Sutherland, pp. 1:262–66.
130 Out of the 142: Manchester, American Caesar, p. 230.
130 In a sign: “Stadium Now MacArthur Field,” New York Times, March 17, 1942, p. 27; “Capital Street Named MacArthur,” New York Times, March 6, 1942, p. 6; “Bridge Named for MacArthur,” New York Times, February 19, 1942, p. 4.
130 Couples had danced: “MacArthur Glide Is New Dance,” New York Times, March 16, 1942, p. 9; “The Wave of Fame,” New York Times, March 23, 1942, p. 12; “Babies, Highways and Parks Are Being Named for MacArthur,” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette Daily Magazine, April 2, 1942, p. 1.
130 So confident: R. K. Sutherland, “Plan for Entry of the Commander-in-Chief and Official Party into the City of Manila,” February 2, 1945, and “Draft of Proposed Jeep Assignments for Formal Entry into Manila,” February (n.d.), 1945, both in Box 14, RG 3, Records of Headquarters, SWPA, 1942–45, MMAL.
130 “It would be” : McCallus, MacArthur Highway, p. 128.
130 “He is” : Entry for February 4, 1945, Griswold diary.
131 “We’re the battling bastards” : Wainwright, General Wainwright’s Story, p. 54.
131 “She insisted” : Frank Hewlett, “Reporter Finds Wife Among 3700 Rescued in Jap Camp at Manila,” Pittsburgh Press, February 5, 1945, p. 1.
131 “Under the stress” : Mydans, More Than Meets, p. 116.
132 “Santo Tomas was his last” : Dunn, Pacific Microphone, p. 297.
132 “Everything will be stripped” : Serial no. 1, January 31, 1945, S-2–3 Journal, Box 13367, RG 407, WWII Operations Reports, 1941–48, First Cavalry Division, NARA.
133 “Mudge’s plan” : Chase, Front Line General, p. 81.
133 Guerrilla reports reflected: “Extracts from Daily Philippines Messages Sheets,” Box 310, RG 496, Records of General Headquarters, SWPA and U.S. Army Forces, Pacific, MIS Administrative Section, General Correspondence, 1942–46, NARA.
133 “Nips moving out” : Message no. 218, December 28, 1944, ibid.
133 “Nips bored holes” : Message no. 232, January 12, 1945, ibid.
133 “Barricades constructed” : Message no. 234, January 14, 1945, ibid.
133 “I don’t see how” : Robert Eichelberger to Emma Eichelberger, January 23, 1945, in Luvaas, Dear Miss Em, p. 198.
133 “We still do not know” : Robert Eichelberger to Emma Eichelberger, January 29, 1945, ibid., p. 204.
134 American forces had: Max Myers to Commanding General, XXIV Corps, “Atrocities,” January 17, 1945, Box 1060, RG 331, SCAP, Legal Section, Administrative Division, Closed Case Files, 1945–46, NARA.
134 “The head, arms” : Burdette L. Andrews, affidavit, February 22, 1945, ibid.
134 “I don’t know when” : Dunn, Pacific Microphone, p. 290.
134 “It was impossible” : Ibid.
134 “Your jeep” : Mydans, More Than Meets, p. 186.
135 “Again we insisted” : Dunn, Pacific Microphone, p. 292.
135 “We’re traveling light” : Mydans, More Than Meets, p. 186.
135 “It had been” : Dunn, Pacific Microphone, p. 292.
135 “Behind stretched” : Mydans, More Than Meets, p. 186.
135 “Morning came” : Ibid., pp. 186–87.
135 “Almost all” : Ibid., p. 187.
136 “the greatest ovation” : William Dunn, broadcast transcript, February 2, 1945, RG 52, Papers of William J. Dunn, MMAL.
136 “Thousands of people” : Ibid.
136 “The whole column” : Chase, Front Line General, p. 84.
136 “Mabuhay” : Mydans, More Than Meets, p. 187.
136 “God bless you” : Ibid.
136 “I was more moved” : Carl Mydans, “ ‘My God! It’s Carl Mydans,’ ” Life, February 19, 1945, p. 21.
136 “Any member” : Dunn, Pacific Microphone, p. 294.
136 “As our column” : Historical Record, Fifth Cavalry, Luzon Campaign, July 12, 1945, Box 13367, RG 407, WWII Operations Reports, 1941–48, First Cavalry Division, NARA.
136 “Evidence all along” : Ibid.
137 “No football team” : Mydans, “ ‘My God! It’s Carl Mydans,’ ” p. 21.
137 “Our pauses” : Dunn, Pacific Microphone, p. 295.
137 “Suddenly,” Dunn recalled: Dunn, Pacific Microphone, p. 297.
137 “Bill, this has” : Ibid.
137 “I had no information” : Ibid.
137 “Let’s go” : Mydans, More Than Meets, p. 187.
137 “The Japanese had mined” : Mydans, “ ‘My God! It’s Carl Mydans,’ ” p. 22.
138 “Many Japs” : Serial no. 1483, February 3, 1945, G-2 Journal, Box 8624, RG 407, Records of the Adjutant General’s Office, WWII Operations Reports, 1940–48, 37th Infantry Division, NARA.
138 “Be alert” : Mydans, “ ‘My God! It’s Carl Mydans,’ ” p. 22.
138 “There was not a rifle” : Ibid.
138 “We were entering Manila” : Historical Record, Fifth Cavalry, Luzon Campaign, July 12, 1945.
138 “God Bless America” : Buenafe, Wartime Philippines, p. 254.
138 “Tell me you think” : Mydans, More Than Meets, p. 188.
138 “I think I will have” : “Captain Colayco Was First Casualty at Santo Tomas,” Free Philippines, February 13, 1945, p. 2.
139 “We’re there” : Mydans, More Than Meets, p. 188.
139 “I felt a flush” : Mydans, “ ‘My God! It’s Carl Mydans,’ ” p. 96.
139 “Fires were burning” : Ibid.
139 “Maybe they’ve gone” : Mydans, More Than Meets, p. 188.
139 “I’m sure the Japs” : Mydans, “ ‘My God! It’s Carl Mydans,’ ” p. 96.
139 “We lay there” : Ibid.
140 “You all right” : Mydans, More Than Meets, p. 189.
140 “I want two men” : Ibid.
140 “Grenade” : Mydans, “ ‘My God! It’s Carl Mydans,’ ” p. 98.
140 “Run that tank” : Ibid.
140 “The snorting tank” : Dean Schedler and Fred Hampson, “Liberation of Americans at Santo Tomas Described,” Tuscaloosa News, February 5, 1945, p. 3.
140 “Any Americans” : Mydans, “ ‘My God! It’s Carl Mydans,’ ” p. 98.
140 “I’m an American” : Mydans, More Than Meets, p. 189.
140 “You Americans” : Mydans, “ ‘My God! It’s Carl Mydans,’ ” p. 98.
140 “Thanks, Mac” : Mydans, More Than Meets, p. 189.
140 “That’s the Main Building” : Ibid.
141 “I’m going in across” : Mydans, “ ‘My God! It’s Carl Mydans,’ ” p. 98.
141 “I tripped once” : Ibid.
141 “Thank God” : Ibid.
141 “Crowds pressed” : Ibid.
141 “Who are you” : Mydans, More Than Meets, p. 189.
141 “Carl Mydans” : Mydans, “ ‘My God! It’s Carl Mydans,’ ” p. 98; Bruce Montgomery, “Widow Recalls Terror, Hunger of War Camp,” Sarasota Herald-Tribune, December 27, 1977, p. 2B.
141 “I was unable” : Mydans, “ ‘My God! It’s Carl Mydans,’ ” p. 98.
142 “No, darling, no” : Ibid.
142 “God Bless America” : Ibid.
142 “I found a little girl” : Hewlett, “Reporter Finds Wife among 3700 Rescued,” p. 1.
142 “He’s gone” : Lucas, Prisoners of Santo Tomas, p. 121.
142 In recent months: Rita G. Palmer as told to Adna N. Hayes, “Three Years in a Prison Camp,” Hampton Union, May 10, 1945, p. 1.
142 “Where’s my wife” : Young, “Three Years Outside This World,” p. 92.
142 “I found her there” : Hewlett, “Reporter Finds Wife among 3700 Rescued,” p. 1.
142 “I found her” : Dunn, Pacific Microphone, p. 301.
143 “Frank grabbed me” : Ibid.
143 “Your skin prickled” : Margaret Gillooly, oral history by Richard W. Byrd, March 18, 1995.
143 “The Americans are coming” : Ibid.
143 “They came so close” : Entry for February 3, 1945, in Cates, Drainpipe Diary, p. 245. Various accounts differ slightly on how many planes buzzed Santo Tomas that afternoon as well as precisely what was written in the note that was dropped.
143 “We always thought” : Minnie Bresse Stubbs, oral history by Peg Baskfield, April 9, 1983, RG 135, Papers of Drs. Michael and Elizabeth Norman, MMLA.
144 “Each day may” : Frank Cary letter, February 3, 1945, in Cary, Letters from Internment Camp, p. 120.
144 “Not bombers” : Prising, Manila, Goodbye, p. 179–82.
144 “From our windows” : Alice R. Clarke, “Thirty-Seven Months as Prisoners of War,” American Journal of Nursing 45, no. 5 (1945): 344.
145 “Many stayed up” : Hartendorp, Santo Tomas Story, p. 405.
145 “We watched” : Entry for February 3, 1945, in Cates, Drainpipe Diary, pp. 245–46.
145 “Turn right” : Clarke, “Thirty-Seven Months as Prisoners of War,” p. 345.
145 “Honey, they’re here” : Entry for February 3, 1945, in Cates, Drainpipe Diary, p. 246.
145 “Well, this is it” : Raymond E. Abbitt, oral history by Ronald E. Marcello, February 25, 1975.
145 “Mama, Mama” : Entry for February 3, 1945, Goldthorpe diary.
145 “The Americans” : Ibid.
146 “As in a dream” : Entry for February 3, 1945, in Cates, Drainpipe Diary, p. 246.
146 “Over here” : Entry for February 3, 1945, Margaret Bayer (Pittam) diary, Box 2, RG 112, Santo Tomas Internment Camp Papers, MMAL.
146 “This way” : Ibid.
146 “It was then” : Entry for February 3, 1945, in Cates, Drainpipe Diary, p. 246.
146 “There was a sea” : Gillooly oral history.
146 “Like the last day” : Entry for February 3, 1945, in Cates, Drainpipe Diary, pp. 246–47.
147 “This was liberation” : William Dunn, broadcast transcript, February 4, 1945, RG 52, Papers of William J. Dunn, MMAL.
147 “Come on, now” : Williams, To the Angels, p. 204.
147 “It makes me sick” : Ibid., p. 205.
147 “I only wanted” : Ibid.
148 “They’re here” : Prising, Manila, Goodbye, p. 183–84.
148 “Look what I found” : David Boguslav, “Internee Describes Liberation Eve,” Hope Star, February 4, 1947, p. 6. The byline mistakenly spells his surname Goguslav.
148 “My land” : Rose Meier, oral history by Margaret Lauer, March 12, 1984, RG 135, Papers of Drs. Michael and Elizabeth Norman, MMLA.
149 “My God” : Gwendolyn Henshaw Deiss, oral history by Esther Jane McNeil, March 7, 1984, RG 135, Papers of Drs. Michael and Elizabeth Norman, MMLA.
149 “It was just” : Bertha Dworsky Henderson, oral history by Mary Horan, n.d., RG 135, Papers of Drs. Michael and Elizabeth Norman, MMLA.
149 “Where are the Japs” : Entry for February 3, 1945, in Cates, Drainpipe Diary, p. 246.
149 “Let us out” : Hartendorp, Japanese Occupation, p. 2:524.
150 “Kill them” : Ibid., p. 2:525.
150 “Why do you wear” : Ibid.
150 “When I got over” : Wygle, Surviving, p. 132.
150 “Here, take that” : Prising, Manila, Goodbye, p. 184–85.
151 “Enough, ladies” : Williams, To the Angels, p. 208–10.
152 “I went and looked” : Sally Blaine Millett, oral history by Elizabeth Norman, September 20, 1990.
152 “Dead” : Prising, Manila, Goodbye, p. 185.
153 “To us” : Entry for February 4, 1945, in Cates, Drainpipe Diary, pp. 248–49.
CHAPTER 7
154 “Food and freedom” : “Four Internees Express Joy at Liberation,” Salt Lake Tribune, February 6, 1945, p. 4.
154 “We forced” : Robert Yelton Robb, “Nightmare in Santo Tomas,” Collier’s, February 5, 1949, p. 64–65.
155 “The only reason” : Percy H. Ripka testimony, June 2, 1945, in Report no. 91.
155 “The Commandant” : Frank Cary letter, dated February 11, 1945, in Cary, Letters from Internment Camp, p. 123.
155 “We’ll give you” : Robb, “Nightmare in Santo Tomas,” p. 65.
156 “The machine-gun fire” : Wilkinson, Surviving, p. 154.
157 “Mommy” : Robb, “Nightmare in Santo Tomas,” p. 65.
157 “A very little” : Stevens, Santo Tomas Internment Camp, p. 363.
157 “American machine-gun” : Rupert Wilkinson, “Standoff at Santo Tomas,” World War II, March–April 2014, p. 63.
157 “Take it easy” : Robb, “Nightmare in Santo Tomas,” p. 65.
158 “No sleep tonight” : Diary entry for February 3, 1945, in Wygle, Surviving, pp. 130–31.
158 “Blackout regulations” : Entry for February 3, 1944, in Cates, Drainpipe Diary, p. 247.
158 “One of the unforgettable” : Frank Robertson, “Pure Joy Fills Camp,” San Antonio Light, February 5, 1945, p. 1.
159 “Don’t you know” : “Little Girl Would Save Her Candy to Give Her Sick Daddy,” Corsicana Daily Sun, February 9, 1945, p. 4.
159 “The old army chow” : Van Sickle, Iron Gates, p. 320.
159 “Oh, can I” : Rose Meier, oral history by Margaret Lauer, March 12, 1984.
159 “Sat up all night” : Diary entry for February 4, 1945, in Wygle, Surviving, p. 133.
159 “I remember the first” :” Rita James, oral history by Patricia Murphy, June 5–6, 1984, RG 135, Papers of Drs. Michael and Elizabeth Norman, MMLA.
159 “The fascination” : Robertson, “Pure Joy Fills Camp,” p. 1.
160 “It sure is good” : Van Sickle, Iron Gates, p. 318.
160 “We kept the poor” : Entry for February 3, 1945, Bayer diary.
160 “What in the world” : Entry for February 3, 1945, in Cates, Drainpipe Diary, pp. 247–48.
160 “This is a new” : Ibid., p. 248.
160 Despite the celebration: Chase, Front Line General, p. 88.
160 “The internees” : Francis J. McCarthy, “Internees in Manila in Deplorable Condition,” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, February 5, 1945, p. 2.
161 “We had civilians killed” : Helen M. Nestor, oral history by Thomas Beeman, April 9, 1983.
161 “What’s wrong” : Minnie Bresse Stubbs, oral history by Peg Baskfield, April 9, 1983.
161 “We worked that night” : Ibid.
161 “You may be needed” : Williams, To the Angels, p. 210.
161 “The heck with it” : Eleanor Garen, oral history by Elizabeth Norman, October 15, 1990, RG 135, Papers of Drs. Michael and Elizabeth Norman, MMLA.
161 “You’re not supposed” : Ibid.
161 “I walked up” : Sally Blaine Millett, oral history by Patricia Rikli, April 9, 1983, RG 135, Papers of Drs. Michael and Elizabeth Norman, MMLA.
161 “You have no idea” : Ibid.
161 “I’m free” : Williams, To the Angels, p. 210.
162 “Call your Mother” : Garcia, It Took Four Years, p. 104.
162 “From every section” : Entry for February 3, 1945, in Lichauco, “Dear Mother Putnam,” p. 204.
162 The room: Details on the tower room come from Montinola, Breaking the Silence, pp. 28–32.
163 “By evening” : Ibid., pp. 67–68.
163 “by the rich odor” : Prising, Manila, Goodbye, p. 186–87.
163 General Chase: Chase, Front Line General, p. 88.
164 “Steadily through the night” : Prising, Manila, Goodbye, p. 187.
164 “On Sunday” : Williams, To the Angels, p. 210.
164 “With the dawn” : “Liberated Manila Returns to the Air,” Broadcasting, February 12, 1945, p. 14.
164 “Complete with fielders’ ” : Boguslav, “Internee Describes Liberation Eve,” p. 6.
164 “Hey Prising” : Prising, Manila, Goodbye, p. 187.
164 “You had sort of” : Millett oral history.
165 “Say, you nurses” : Williams, To the Angels, p. 211.
165 “To a certain extent” : Headquarters, 37th Division Artillery, Report After Action, November 1, 1944, to March 5, 1945, Box 8764, RG 407, Records of the Adjutant General’s Office, WWII Operations Reports, 1940–48, 37th Infantry Division, NARA.
165 “In a few hours” : Robert S. Beightler, “Report on the Activities of the 37th Infantry Division, 1940–1945,” n.d. (ca. 1946), USAHEC.
165 “This,” he declared: Dick Hanley, “Hike to Manila,” Yank, March 9, 1945, p. 5.
165 “Manila,” one tank: Contey-Aiello, 50th Anniversary Album, p. 151.
165 The crowds: Charles A. Henne, “Battle History of the 3d Battalion, 148th Infantry, Manila, The Unwanted Battle (4 February through 7 March 1945),” April 18, 1988, unpublished manuscript, USAHEC, p. 42.
165 “A few Filipinos” : Beightler, “Report on the Activities of the 37th Infantry Division, 1940–1945,” n.d.
165 “Every time an army truck” : Entry for February 4, 1944, in Cates, Drainpipe Diary, p. 248.
166 “If ever I’ve prayed” : Frank Robertson, “Santo Tomas Internee’s Story,” Milwaukee Sentinel, February 6, 1945, p. 2.
166 “I can’t resist” : Mydans, More Than Meets, p. 193.
166 “Our camp was buzzing” : Entry for February 4, 1944, in Cates, Drainpipe Diary, p. 248.
166 If Noguchi’s Northern Force: Smith, Triumph in Philippines, p. 252.
166 “We were short” : Chase, Front Line General, p. 89.
166 “Enemy strength” : Robert F. Goheen, G-2 Periodic Report no. 78, February 4, 1945, Box 13295, RG 407, Records of the Adjutant General’s Office, WWII Operations Reports, 1941–48, First Cavalry Division, NARA.
166 Throughout the day: Historical Record, Fifth Cavalry, Luzon Campaign, July 12, 1945.
167 “The Japs were starting” : Ibid.
167 “Numerous wrecked cars” : Ibid.
167 “All the men” : Ibid.
167 “All bridges across” : Ibid.
168 “Yesterday’s guards” : Prising, Manila, Goodbye, p. 188.
168 “All the streets” : Ibid.
168 “My spirits sagged” : Ibid.
168 Laborers buried: Hartendorp, Japanese Occupation, p. 2:530.
168 “The man held” : Mydans, More Than Meets, p. 198.
168 “Tell me honestly” : Ibid., pp. 198–99.
169 “He was distinctly” : Ibid., p. 199.
169 “Spike” : Ibid., pp. 200–1.
170 “Almost everyone” : Robertson, “Pure Joy Fills Camp,” p. 1.
170 “If our arrival” : Dunn broadcast transcript, February 4, 1945.
170 “We’re going to let” : Mydans, More Than Meets, p. 198.
CHAPTER 8
172 “We never believed” : Celedonia de Arquillo testimony, July 23, 1945, in Report no. 53, “Investigation of the Massacre of Civilians of Various Nationalities at, and in the Vicinity of, St. Paul’s College in Malate, Manila, Philippine Islands on 9 February 1945,” August 28, 1945, Box 1112, RG 331, SCAP, Legal Section, Administrative Division, War Crimes File, 1946–50, NARA.
172 “We were transfixed” : James V. Thompson, oral history by Eleanor Swent, April 24, 1991, University of California, Berkeley.
172 “It’s the boys” : Johnson, I Was a Prisoner, p. 137.
172 “American tanks!” : Miles, Captive Community, p. 160.
172 “Hell, Harvey” : Ibid., p. 161.
173 “Never had profanity” : Ibid.
173 “Manila was in flames” : Brown, Bars from Bilibid, p. 120.
173 “I was so excited” : Entry for February 3, 1945, in Crouter, Forbidden Diary, p. 467.
174 “The dead man” : Mansell with Mansell, Under the Shadow, p. 248.
174 Around ten-thirty a.m.: Warren A. Wilson report, n.d., HIA.
174 “The Japanese army” : Major Ebiko message, February 4, 1945, exhibit II, ibid. This is a true copy of the handwritten original, which Warren kept.
175 “I don’t get it” : Carlton B. Vanderboget, “Report of Medical Department Activities in the Philippines,” May 21, 1945, Box 222, RG 112, Surgeon General’s Office, Operations Service, Mobilization and Overseas Operations Division, Inspection Branch, Interviews with Officers Visiting SGG Installations, 1943–45, NARA.
175 “A number of baseball” : Wilson report, n.d.
175 “Gangway” : Entry for February 4, 1945, in Crouter, Forbidden Diary, p. 469.
175 “A hush swept over” : Miles, Captive Community, p. 162.
175 “I just held” : Entry for February 4, 1945, Ethel Herold diary, Box 1, Renee Ream Collection, HIA.
175 “They filed through” : Entry for February 4, 1945, in Crouter, Forbidden Diary, p. 469.
175 “They all went out” : Ibid.
176 “Not a shot” : Vanderboget, “Report of Medical Department Activities in the Philippines,” May 21, 1945.
176 “I could never” : Miles, Captive Community, p. 162.
176 “I have our official release” : Ibid.
176 “Here we are” : Entry for February 3–4, 1945, Donald Mansell diary, Box 1, Renee Ream Collection, HIA.
176 “I put my arm” : Entry for February 4, 1945, in Crouter, Forbidden Diary, pp. 469–70.
176 “We waved” : James V. Thompson, oral history by Eleanor Swent, April 24, 1991.
176 “I began to feel horribly” : Entry for February 4, 1945, in Crouter, Forbidden Diary, p. 470.
177 “We didn’t want” : Frankel, Frankel-y Speaking, p. 104.
177 “All right, boys” : Robert Shaplen, “The Freeing of Bilibid,” New Yorker, March 3, 1945, p. 64.
178 “The windows” : Ibid.
178 “I stuck my eye” : Ibid.
178 “Hey!” : Ibid.
178 “By Jesus” : Frankel, Frankel-y Speaking, p. 106.
178 “I’m Sergeant Anderson” : Shaplen, “Freeing of Bilibid,” p. 64.
178 “I just wanted” : Ibid., p. 65.
179 “Who are you” : Russell Brines, “Old Bilibid Now Citadel of Freedom,” Evening Independent, February 6, 1945, p. 1.
179 “The camp” : Entry for February 4, 1945, Robert Kentner diary, Navy Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, Falls Church, Va.
179 “Mummie, come, come” : Entry for February 5, 1945, in Crouter, Forbidden Diary, p. 470.
179 “I was too worn” : Ibid.
179 “The demolition” : Manila Naval Defense Force Order no. 43, February 3, 1945, in “Analysis of A.T.I.S. Translations of Captured Japanese Documents Bearing on Yamashita Case,” October 19, 1945, Box 1998, RG 331, SCAP, Legal Section, Manila Branch, Illegal Acts by Japanese in Philippines, 1945–47, NARA.
180 “As large a quantity” : Ibid.
180 “The demolition” : Manila Naval Defense Force Order no. 44, February 3, 1945, in “Combat in Manila,” April 21, 1945.
180 “The enemy may use” : Manila Naval Defense Force Opn Order no. 40, February 2, 1945, Box 1276, RG 331, SCAP, Legal Section, Administrative Division, Documents & Maps, 1945–48, NARA.
180 North of the Pasig: Report no. 80, “Investigation of Burning of Downtown Manila by the Japanese Between 3 February and 7 February 1945,” August 21, 1946, Box 1116, RG 331, SCAP, Legal Section, Administrative Division, War Crimes File, 1946–50, NARA. All testimony cited below, unless otherwise noted, comes from this report.
180 “A few minutes” : Dominador Santos testimony, October 11, 1945.
180 “The whole ground floor” : Angel Dionzo testimony, October 3, 1945.
181 “There were explosions” : Yu Cheng Pho testimony, October 18, 1945.
181 “By this time” : Vicente Arias testimony, October 13, 1945.
182 At the same time: Report no. 64, “Investigation of the Murder of Fifty-One Filipino and Chinese Civilians and Sixty-Four Unidentified Civilians, and the attempted Murder of Four Filipino Civilians, at the Dy-Pac Lumberyard, 1032 Juan Linda Street, Tondo District, Manila, Philippine Islands, Between 13 January and 4 February 1945,” June 17, 1947, Box 1114, RG 331, SCAP, Legal Section, Administrative Division, War Crimes File, 1946–50, NARA. Additional details can be found in the testimonies of Flora Reyes Mabagos and Ricardo Mendoza, October 29, 1945, YTT, pp. 189–95, and Jose Lacson, Ricardo San Juan, Ricardo Trinidad, and Beato Vitan, November 14, 1945, YTT, pp. 2165–75, 2204–9. Unless otherwise noted, all testimony cited below comes from victim statements included in Report no. 64.
182 “When we reached” : Ricardo San Juan testimony, July 25, 1945.
183 “His head” : Ibid.
183 “I fell forward” : Ricardo Trinidad testimony, August 9, 1945.
183 “Oh!” Yap cried: San Juan testimony.
183 “When the Japanese” : Ibid.
184 “His head” : Ibid.
184 “When the executioner” : Ibid.
184 “Some of the babies” : Ibid.
185 “That baby of mine” : Ricardo San Juan testimony, December 14, 1948, p. 306 of the trial transcript of People of Philippines v. Shizuo Yokoyama, Box 1698, RG 331, SCAP, Legal Section, Prosecution Division, Philippines versus Japanese War Criminals, Case File, 1947–49, NARA.
185 “Oh, how painful” : San Juan testimony, July 25, 1945.
CHAPTER 9
186 “The American flag” : William Dunn, broadcast transcript, February 5, 1945, RG 52, Papers of William J. Dunn, MMLA.
186 “The moustached Brady” : Mydans, “ ‘My God! It’s Carl Mydans,’ ” p. 100.
186 “Under no condition” : Ibid.
186 “But if they fire” : Frank Hewlett, “66 Japanese Freed to Save Hostages,” New York Times, February 6, 1945, p. 4.
186 “It was still dark” : Mydans, More Than Meets, p. 195.
187 “As they appeared” : Mydans, “ ‘My God! It’s Carl Mydans,’ ” p. 100.
187 “Let’s go” : Mydans, More Than Meets, p. 195.
187 “Two limped” : Hewlett, “66 Japanese Freed to Save Hostages,” p. 4.
187 “All arrangements” : Historical Record, Fifth Cavalry, Luzon Campaign, July 12, 1945.
187 “Hey, Shack” : Williams, To the Angels, p. 213.
187 “Our former captors” : Ibid., pp. 213–14.
187 “Be quiet” : Ibid., p. 214.
188 “Make them bow” : Mydans, “ ‘My God! It’s Carl Mydans,’ ” p. 103.
188 “Who would like” : Madeline M. Ullom, “Experiences of a U.S. Army Nurse in the Philippines,” Conference of Army Historians, 50th Anniversary of World War II, June 13–16, 1994, Box 41, RG 15, Materials Donated by the General Public, MMLA.
188 “Small bands” : Prising, Manila, Goodbye, p. 189.
188 “This, the first” : Eighth Cavalry, History of the Luzon Campaign, January–June 1945, Box 13378, RG 407, WWII Operations Reports, 1941–48, First Cavalry Division, NARA.
188 “They got off too easy” : Van Sickle, Iron Gates, p. 318.
188 “How about chow!” : Hewlett, “66 Japanese Freed to Save Hostages,” p. 4.
188 “The Japanese marched” : Mydans, More Than Meets, p. 195.
188 “Well, I just elbowed” : Delphino M. Peña, oral history by Domingo Marquez and Paul Zepeda, August 16, 2001, Nettie Lee Benson Latin American Collection, University of Texas, Austin.
189 “Tell the colonel” : Mydans, More Than Meets, p. 196.
189 “This is as far” : Mydans, “ ‘My God! It’s Carl Mydans,’ ” p. 100.
189 “This is where we” : Ibid.
189 “V for Victory” : Mydans, More Than Meets, p. 196.
189 “Brady raised his arms” : Ibid.
189 “Brady returned it” : Mydans, “ ‘My God! It’s Carl Mydans,’ ” p. 100.
189 “Stand back” : Ibid.
190 “Under orders” : Mydans, More Than Meets, pp. 196–97.
190 “Behind them” : Ibid., p. 197.
190 “Bill Chase was ecstatic” : Dunn, Pacific Microphone, p. 302.
191 “Many prisoners put on” : Prising, Manila, Goodbye, p. 190.
191 “It was simple” : Dunn broadcast transcript, February 5, 1945.
191 “We nearly all broke” : Williams, To the Angels, p. 216.
191 “For three years” : Ford Wilkins, “Internees in Tears as Old Glory Rises,” New York Times, February 6, 1945, p. 1.
191 “No fanfare” : Dunn broadcast transcript, February 5, 1945.
191 With the cavalry: After Action Report, XIV Corps, M-1 Operation, July 29, 1945.
192 “Intelligence reports” : Sixth Army, Report of the Luzon Campaign, January 9–June 30, 1945, p. 1:36.
192 “This operation places” : “The Texts of the Day’s Communiques on the Fighting in Various War Zones,” New York Times, February 2, 1945, p. 2.
192 fourteen food trucks: Hartendorp, Japanese Occupation, p. 2:538.
192 “Food, Food, Food” : Entry for February 5, 1945, Bayer diary.
192 “We had good army” : Entry for February 5, 1945, in Cates, Drainpipe Diary, p. 249.
193 “As they tore” : Hartendorp, Japanese Occupation, p. 2:538.
193 “There were several” : Hartendorp, I Have Lived, p. 3:480.
193 Two had died: Hartendorp, Japanese Occupations, p. 2:540.
193 “Paul Whitaker died” : Entry for February 5, 1945, Bayer diary.
193 “It was when” : Mydans, More Than Meets, p. 199.
193 “You know” : Ibid.
193 “Nothing had changed” : Ibid.
194 “I don’t know just” : Sid Huff and Joe Alex Morris, “The General Keeps His Word,” Saturday Evening Post, October 13, 1951, p. 197.
194 “I had to look again” : Ibid.
194 “Take care of these” : Ibid.
194 “I’ve got something” : Ibid.
195 “Mrs. Seals weighs” : Bonner Fellers to Dorothy Fellers, February 5, 1945, Box 2, RG 44a, Papers of Brig. Gen. Bonner F. Fellers, MMAL.
195 “The condition of these” : Courtney Whitney to Evelyn Whitney, February 6, 1945, Box 10, RG 16, Papers of Maj. Gen. Courtney Whitney, MMAL.
195 “My visit to Santo Tomas” : Courtney Whitney to Evelyn Whitney, February 7, 1945, ibid.
196 “Never have I” : Dunn, Pacific Microphone, p. 302.
196 An inventory: Bonner F. Fellers to Douglas MacArthur, February 5, 1945, Box 2, RG 3, Records of Headquarters, SWPA, 1942–45, MMAL.
196 “The Japanese tried” : Ibid.
196 “Manila is now” : Entry for February 5, 1945, Robert Kentner diary.
196 “holocaust” : McCracken, Very Soon Now, p. 184.
196 “Several times” : Ibid.
197 “Japanese troops” : “Internees Rescued from Bilibid Fires,” New York Times, February 7, 1945, p. 4.
197 At 9:11: Report after Action, Operations of the 37th Infantry Division, Luzon, P.I., November 1, 1944, to June 30 1945 (M-1 Operation), September 10, 1945, Box 8601, RG 407, Records of the Adjutant General’s Office, WWII Operations Reports, 1940–48, 37th Infantry Division, NARA.
197 “Stretcher cases” : “Internees Rescued from Bilibid Fires,” p. 4.
197 “It was a thrill” : Entry for February 5, 1945, Ethel Herold diary.
197 “You guys” : Beightler, “Report on the Activities of the 37th Infantry Division, 1940–1945,” n.d.
197 The fires: Monaghan, Under Red Sun, p. 272.
197 “Japs going thru Tondo” : Serial no. 40, February 5, 1945, G-2 Journal, Box 8624, RG 407, Records of the Adjutant General’s Office, WWII Operations Reports, 1940–48, 37th Infantry Division, NARA.
198 “Alert all your” : Serial no. 35, February 5, 1945, S-2–3 Journal, Box 13367, RG 407, WWII Operations Reports, 1941–48, First Cavalry Division, NARA.
198 “The guerrilla reports” : Robert Eichelberger to Emma Eichelberger, February 3, 1945, in Luvaas, Dear Miss Em, p. 209.
198 “The fires in Manila” : Robert Eichelberger to Emma Eichelberger, February 5, 1945, ibid., p. 210.
198 “The smoke and the dust” : After Action Report, XIV Corps, M-1 Operation, July 29, 1945.
198 “The spectacle” : Diary entry for February 4, 1945, in Rhoades, Flying MacArthur, pp. 350–51.
198 “We were powerless” : Beightler, “Report on the Activities of the 37th Infantry Division, 1940–1945,” n.d.
199 “Japs popped out” : Charles A. Henne, “Battle History of the 3d Battalion, 148th Infantry, Manila, The Unwanted Battle (4 February through 7 March 1945),” pp. 44–45.
199 “We made quite” : Ibid., p. 45.
199 “It was the first time” : Ibid.
199 “Every time I ran” : Ibid.
199 “It was a once” : Ibid., p. 46.
200 “The Nips are systematically” : Williams, To the Angels, p. 217.
200 “With the coming” : Historical Record, Fifth Cavalry, Luzon Campaign, July 12, 1945.
200 “Well, boys” : “Desperate Japs Set Fire to Manila,” Mercury, February 8, 1945, p. 4.
200 “Last night was” : Courtney Whitney to Evelyn Whitney, February 6, 1945.
200 “I hear the fire crackle” : Diary entry for February 5, 1945, in Nixon, Delayed Manila, pp. 86–87.
201 “No please” : Rosa Calalang testimony, October 16, 1945, in Report no. 94, “Investigation of the Atrocities Committed by the Japanese at Intramuros, Manila, Philippine Islands, During February 1945,” October 30, 1945, Box 1118, RG 331, SCAP, Legal Section, Administrative Division, War Crimes File, 1946–50, NARA.
201 “Mama” : Rosa Calalang testimony, November 13, 1945, YTT, p. 2046.
201 “Today should have” : Entry for February 4, 1945, in Lichauco, “Dear Mother Putnam,” p. 204.
201 “Discouragement, despair” : Ibid.
202 “The heat” : Entry for February 5, 1945, ibid., p. 205.
202 “A big bang” : Garcia, It Took Four Years, p. 106.
202 “There were no” : Ibid., p. 107.
203 “The nights turned” : Montinola, Breaking the Silence, p. 12.
203 “Our forces” : “The Texts of the Day’s Communiques on the Fighting in Various War Zones,” New York Times, February 6, 1945, p. 2.
203 “The fall of Manila” : “Commenting on the Fall of Manila,” February 2, 1945, Box 4, RG 16, Papers of Maj. Gen. Courtney Whitney, MMAL; “MacArthur’s Slogan Now Is ‘On to Tokyo,’ ” New York Times, February 6, 1945, p. 1.
203 “Manila fell” : “Prize of Pacific War, Manila Fell to MacArthur Like Ripened Plum,” Newsweek, February 12, 1945, p. 36.
203 “a spectacular climax” : “Return to Manila,” New York Times, February 5, 1945, p. 14.
203 “a masterpiece” : Barnet Norver, “Manila Redeemed,” Washington Post, February 6, 1945, p. 6.
203 “Given the far-reaching” : Ibid.
204 “It completes” : Ernest Lindley, “Return to Manila,” Washington Post, February 7, 1945, p. 9.
204 Personal congratulations: Letters and cables of congratulations can be found in Folder 1, Box 2, RG 3, Records of Headquarters, SWPA, 1942–45, MMAL.
204 “The lustre” : “Chiang Hails Free Manila,” New York Times, February 7, 1945, p. 3.
204 “This is” : Franklin Roosevelt to Douglas MacArthur, February 7, 1945, Box 2, RG 3, Records of Headquarters, SWPA, 1942–45, MMAL.
204 “culmination of one” : MacArthur, Reminiscences, p. 248.
204 “more pleasure” : “Joy Over Manila Widespread Here,” New York Times, February 6, 1945, p. 5.
204 The House of Representatives: Ibid.; Washington to ADV ECH GHQ (MacArthur), February 14, 1945, Box 2, RG 3, Records of Headquarters, SWPA, 1942–45, MMAL.
204 The city of Philadelphia: “Philadelphia to Hail Manila,” New York Times, February 6, 1945, p. 3.
204 “Well done” : Washington to ADV ECH GHQ (MacArthur), February 11, 1945, Box 2, RG 3, Records of Headquarters, SWPA, 1942–45, MMAL.
205 “The view of Manila” : Robert Eichelberger to Emma Eichelberger, February 6, 1945, in Luvaas, Dear Miss Em, pp. 211–12.
205 “It was something” : Ibid., p. 212.
205 “The sky was” : Robert S. Beightler, “Report on the Activities of the 37th Infantry Division, 1940–1945,” n.d. (ca. 1946), USAHEC.
205 “MacArthur has visions” : Entry for February 7, 1945, Griswold diary.
206 “What fighting” : Lindesay Parrott, “Japanese Cut Off,” New York Times, February 6, 1945, p. 1.
206 “Fires were spreading” : George E. Jones, “Foe Making Stand in South of Manila,” New York Times, February 6, 1945, p. 4.
206 “Why does he do this?” : Entry for January 26, 1945, Griswold diary.
206 “When soldiers are dying” : Entry for March 3, 1945, ibid.
206 “It seemed to me” : Eichelberger and MacKaye, Our Jungle Road, p. 182.
206 “Mop-up is” : Martin, GI War, p. 314.
207 “I shall be honored” : CG 8TH Army to CINC SWPA Advance, February 11, 1945, Box 14, RG 3, Records of Headquarters, SWPA, 1942–45, MMAL.
207 “All at once” : Dunn, Pacific Microphone, p. 306.
207 “General MacArthur had” : Ibid.
207 “If this announcement” : Ibid., pp. 306–8.
CHAPTER 10
208 “They beat me” : Ko King Hun testimony, October 5, 1945, in Report no. 109, “Investigation of the Atrocities Committed at Fort Santiago, Intramuros, Manila, P.I. by Members of the Military Police of the Imperial Japanese Forces, from January 1942 to February 1945,” November 27, 1945, Box 1120, RG 331, SCAP, Legal Section, Administrative Division, War Crimes File, 1946–50, NARA.
208 Around eight-thirty: Report no. 94.
208 For almost four centuries: Details on Fort Santiago are drawn from Report no. 109. All testimony cited below, unless otherwise noted, comes from this report.
209 “The ceilings and walls” : Raymond P. Cronin, “Ancient Spanish Torture Chamber Revived by Japs,” Manitowoc Herald-Times, December 14, 1943, p. 5.
209 “It is alive again” : Entry for March 16, 1942, in Pestaño-Jacinto, Living with the Enemy, p. 25.
209 “slaves in the Spanish” : Elvira Llanes testimony, February 6, 1946.
209 “In a period” : Frank Bacon testimony, October 1, 1945.
209 “I was so thin” : Ko King Hun testimony, October 5, 1945.
209 American prisoner: Margaret Morgan testimony, July 30, 1945.
209 “Each time” : Jose Lichauco testimony, October 22, 1945.
209 “The shock” : Generose Provido testimony, September 21, 1945.
210 “I felt so bad” : Jose Syyonping testimony, October 27, 1945.
210 “I was given” : Erik Friman testimony, September 6, 1945.
210 “When they put” : Ko King Hun testimony, October 5, 1945.
210 “This was the most” : Provido testimony.
210 “I saw men” : Ladislao Joya testimony, October 26, 1945.
210 “After that” : Richard Beck testimony, September 6, 1945.
210 “Come on” : Joya testimony.
211 “It took me two” : Ibid.
211 “It was horrible” : Ibid.
211 “Some of them” : Santiago Nadonga testimony, October 26, 1945.
211 “Don’t worry” : Ester Aenlle testimony, October 11, 1945, in Report no. 94.
211 “We watched them” : Rosa Calalang testimony, October 16, 1945, ibid.
212 “Chase” : Chase, Front Line General, p. 96.
212 “This is my” : Ibid.
212 “Retrieved own” : Entry for February 7, 1945, Douglas MacArthur diary.
212 “Welcome to Bilibid” : Egeberg, General, p. 135.
213 “Some eyes” : Ibid.
213 “If I’d known” : Entry for February 11, 1945, James Halsema diary, Box 1, Renee Ream Collection, HIA.
213 “They remained silent” : MacArthur, Reminiscences, p. 248.
213 “I never thought” : Egeberg, General, p. 136.
213 “Dear God” : Ibid.
213 “You’re back” : MacArthur, Reminiscences, p. 248.
213 “I’m long overdue” : Whitney, MacArthur, p. 189.
213 “My boys” : Egeberg, General, p. 136.
214 “Awfully glad” : Whitney, MacArthur, p. 189.
214 “To those” : Entry for June 22, 1944, in Vaughan, Ordeal of Elizabeth Vaughan, p. 274. See also Thomas W. Houston, “MacArthur’s Memoirs,” Life, August 7, 1964, p. 18.
214 “I will never know” : MacArthur, Reminiscences, p. 248.
214 “The general walked” : Chase, Front Line General, p. 96.
214 “He grabbed my hand” : Entry for February 7, 1945, in Crouter, Forbidden Diary, p. 478.
214 “He must have” : Ibid.
214 “Hello, sonny” : Whitney, MacArthur, p.188.
214 “Arrangements are being” : Egeberg, General, p. 136.
215 “I passed” : MacArthur, Reminiscences, p. 248.
215 “Burn Tokyo” : “Fires Are Still Burning in Manila,” New York Times, February 8, 1945, p. 3.
215 Barely twenty-four: Quarterly Report of Medical Activities, 893d Medical Clearing Company, APO #74 (First Quarter, 1945), April 1, 1945, Box 179, RG 112, Records of the Office of the Surgeon General (Army), HUMEDS, Records Used for Preparing WWII-era Medical Unit Histories, NARA.
215 “Every available” : Frederick H. Martin, After Action Report, M-1 Operations, 893d Medical Clearing Company (Separate), July 29, 1945, ibid.
215 “The litter and rubble” : Ibid.
216 “These pathetic” : Ibid.
216 “The surgical theater” : Quarterly Report of Medical Activities, 893d Medical Clearing Company, APO #74 (First Quarter, 1945), April 1, 1945.
216 “For the first week” : Martin, After Action Report, M-1 Operations, 893d Medical Clearing Company (Sep).
217 “There’s MacArthur” : Fred Hampson, “MacArthur Returns to Manila,” Racine Journal-Times, February 7, 1945, p. 1.
217 “People ran” : Frank Robertson, “Manilans Greet M’Arthur with Wild Acclaim,” Washington Post, February 8, 1945, p. 1.
217 “He received” : Walter Simmons, “M’Arthur Back in Manila,” Chicago Daily Tribune, February 8, 1945, p. 3.
217 “At nearly every step” : Russell Brines, “Gen. MacArthur Greets Friends at Prison Camp,” Wilmington News-Journal, February 7, 1945, p. 1.
217 “Oh, General” : William Wilson, “Shells Strike Santo Tomas As MacArthur Visits Camp,” Pittsburgh Press, February 27, 1945, p. 1.
217 “Well, Margaret” : Robertson, “Manilans Greet M’Arthur,” p. 1.
217 Seals was far: “General Seals Wife Succumbs,” Anniston Star, May 23, 1945, p. 2.
217 “General” : Ralph Teatsorth, “Damage to Manila Is Already Estimated at Two Billions; MacArthur Making Inspections,” Dunkirk Evening Observer, February 7, 1945, p. 1.
217 “I would have” : Robertson, “Manilans Greet M’Arthur,” p. 1.
218 “In the lobby” : Hartendorp, I Have Lived, p. 3:480.
218 “In their ragged” : MacArthur, Reminiscences, p. 247.
218 “I ran out” : Entry for February 7, 1945, Edith Shacklette diary, RG 135, Papers of Drs. Michael and Elizabeth Norman, MMLA.
218 “His five stars” : Entry for February 7, 1945, Margaret Bayer diary.
218 “My visit” : Douglas MacArthur to Harold S. Smith, February 7, 1945, Box 14, RG 3, Records of Headquarters, SWPA, 1942–45, MMAL.
219 “He was much” : Entry for February 7, 1945, Griswold diary.
219 “This has been” : Egeberg, General, p. 139.
219 “Chase” : Chase, Front Line General, p. 97.
219 “Chase, you will” : Ibid.
219 “Turning a corner:” Egeberg, General, p. 140.
220 “Here he stopped” : Chase, Front Line General, p. 98.
220 “Manuel, you will” : Douglas MacArthur, “ ‘They Died Hard—Those Savage Men,’ ” Life, July 10, 1974, p. 73.
220 “When they find” : Ibid.
220 “Aurora” : Day, Manila Hotel, p. 120.
221 “the bitterest” : Report After Action, Operations of the 37th Infantry Division, Luzon, P.I., November 1, 1944, to June 30, 1945 (M-1 Operation), September 10, 1945.
221 As Beightler remembered: Smith, Triumph in Philippines, p. 260.
221 “He seemed to think” : Entry for February 7, 1945, Griswold diary.
221 “I want to visit” : Chase, Front Line General, p. 98.
221 “Viva” : Ibid.
221 “Obviously much pleased” : Ibid.
222 “My tongue” : Ibid., pp. 98–99.
222 Second Lt. John Hanley: Report no. 64; unless otherwise noted, all affidavits and testimony cited below come from this report.
222 “On the adult” : John C. Hanley affidavit, February 14, 1945.
222 “These were” : Paul G. Smith affidavit, February 14, 1945.
222 “It appeared” : Claude R. Higdon, Jr., affidavit, February 14, 1945.
223 “Her head” : Manuel D. Mendoza testimony, August 7, 1945.
223 “Many had wounds” : Hobert O. Mason affidavit, February 8, 1945.
223 “I saw eight piles” : Antonio Lamotan testimony, August 6, 1945.
223 “It was fastened” : Daniel Simon testimony, August 3, 1945.
224 “Her neck” : Benjamin Chome testimony, August 7, 1945.
224 Maj. David Binkley: David V. Binkley affidavit, March 9, 1945; Francisco del Rosario and Manuel del Rosario joint affidavit, March 11, 1945; Mariano del Rosario testimony, July 25, 1945; Francisco del Rosario testimony, August 2, 1945.
224 “Whole families” : Report no. 64.
225 “In general” : Robert F. Goheen, G-2 Periodic Report #82, February 8, 1945, Box 13295, RG 407, Records of the Adjutant General’s Office, WWII Operations Reports, 1941–48, First Cavalry Division, NARA.
225 “Neither the sketch” : Ibid.
227 Officers had selected: Historical Record, Report after Action, pt. 1, Operations of the 148th Infantry, Luzon, Philippine Islands, November 1, 1944–March 4, 1945, Box 8770, RG 407, Records of the Adjutant General’s Office, WWII Operations Reports, 1940–48, 37th Infantry Division, NARA; Report After Action, Operations of the 37th Infantry Division, Luzon, P.I., November 1, 1944, to June 30, 1945 (M-1 Operation), September 10, 1945.
227 “Quietly” : Charles Henne, “Battle History of the 3d Battalion, 148th Infantry, Manila, The Unwanted Battle (4 February through 7 March 1945),” p. 53.
227 “Any idea” : Ibid., pp. 53–54.
228 “No, Major” : Ibid., p. 54.
228 “The fire slashed down” : Ibid.
228 “When we were hit” : Ibid., p. 55.
228 “Hollywood could not” : Ibid., p. 54.
228 “With only the rush” : Ibid., p. 55.
229 “Lots of guys” : Frankel, Frankel-y Speaking, p. 117.
229 “I’m hit” : Ibid., p. 118.
229 “I can run” : Ibid.
229 “This man is dead” : Ibid.
229 “He was killed” : Ibid.
229 “Look” : Entry for February 7, 1945 in Nixon, Delayed Manila, p. 88.
230 “While we sat” : Ibid.
230 “Did you hear that” : Ibid.
230 “I don’t have any shrapnel” : Ibid.
230 “Stay away” : Ibid., p. 89.
230 “We huddled against” : Ibid.
230 “We huddled together” : Ibid.
230 “Our God” : Ibid.
231 “Immediately the first” : Entry for February 7, 1945, Margaret Bayer diary.
231 “Stretchers began” : Ibid.
231 “The stairs” : Ibid.
231 “Hot American chow” : Ford Wilkins, “MacArthur Enters Manila; Hailed by Freed Prisoners,” New York Times, February 8, 1945, p. 1.
231 “She should be” : Terry Meyers Johnson, oral history by Elizabeth Norman, July 5, 1992, RG 135, Papers of Drs. Michael and Elizabeth Norman, MMLA.
231 “I was holding” : Ibid.
231 “You’re hit” : Ibid.
232 “I remember” : Ibid.
232 “There was a woman” : Sally Blaine Millett, oral history by Patricia Rikli, April 9, 1983.
232 “I was going” : Sally Blaine Millett, oral history by Elizabeth Norman, September 20, 1990.
232 “Sally, you know” : Ibid.
233 “Jane, Jane” : Ibid.
233 “Jane was wild” : Ibid.
233 “Where is she” : Stevens, Santo Tomas Internment Camp, p. 380.
233 “He saw a” : Ibid., pp. 380–81.
233 “Oh Lord” : Ibid., p. 381.
233 “He came back” : Ibid.
233 The afternoon shelling: Hartendorp, Japanese Occupation, p. 2:545.
233 “The Educational Building” : Martin, After Action Report, M-1 Operations, 893d Medical Clearing Company (Sep).
234 “Stunned and weeping” : Entry for February 7, 1945, in Cates, Drainpipe Diary, pp. 250–51.
234 The fifty-five-year-old: “John McFie Killed In Luzon Action,” Albuquerque Journal, February 27, 1945, p. 2.
234 “I knew a good thing” : Entry for May 4, 1943, in Cates, Drainpipe Diary, p. 163.
234 “They seemed closer” : Ibid.
234 “They had never” : Entry for February 28, 1944, ibid., p. 203.
235 “His breathing” : Entry for February 7, 1945, ibid., p. 251.
235 “Where’s Mrs. Mack” : Ibid.
235 “There was one” : Monahan and Niedel-Greenlee, All This Hell, p. 160.
235 “We all worked all nite” : Entry for February 7, 1945, Edith Shacklette diary.
235 “This day had been” : Entry for February 7, 1945, in Cates, Drainpipe Diary, p. 250.
235 “In bombing raids” : Stevens, Santo Tomas Internment Camp, p. 380.
235 “To be shelled” : Ibid.
236 “Nobody is brave” : Ibid.
236 “Night shelling was” : Van Sickle, Iron Gates, p. 322.
236 “We spent the entire” : Entry for February 7, 1945, Margaret Bayer diary.
236 According to figures: Hartendorp, Japanese Occupation, pp. 2:545–46.
236 “I picked up” : Entry for February 7, 1945, in Nixon, Delayed Manila, pp. 87–88.
CHAPTER 11
237 “High and low” : Entry for March 8, 1945, in Crouter, Forbidden Diary, p. 497.
237 “The only ones” : Lourdes Lecaroz testimony, October 3, 1945, in Report no. 94. All testimony cited below, unless otherwise noted, comes from this report.
237 “Listen everybody” : Rosa Calalang testimony, October 16, 1945.
237 “We thought it was” : Ibid.
238 “Where is the director?” : Benita Lahoz testimony, September 12, 1945.
238 “Fire” : Rosa Calalang testimony, October 16, 1945.
238 “We ran out” : Ibid.
238 “This is not water” : Candida Ocampo testimony, November 7, 1945, YTT, p. 1282.
239 “We moved everyone” : Sister Nelly de Jesus Virata testimony, October 16, 1945.
239 “We found them” : Sister Nelly de Jesus Virata testimony, November 6, 1945, YTT, p. 1154.
239 Thirty-seven-year-old: Miguel Blanco testimony, September 27, 1945.
239 “The breeze” : Mariano Agilada testimony, October 6, 1945.
239 “It was like” : Rosa Calalang testimony, October 16, 1945.
239 “The fire became” : Renee Pena testimony, September 5, 1945.
239 “We were being suffocated” : Lourdes Lecaroz testimony, October 3, 1945.
240 “The bell was ringing” : Remedio Huerta Beliso testimony, October 6, 1945.
240 “150 guerrillas” : “Report on the Destruction of Manila and Japanese Atrocities,” February 1945. A copy of this diary entry, albeit with a slightly different translation, can be found in “Analysis of A.T.I.S. Translations of Captured Japanese Documents Bearing on Yamashita Case,” October 19, 1945.
241 “I’ve been hit” : Charles Henne, “Battle History of the 3d Battalion, 148th Infantry, Manila, The Unwanted Battle (4 February through 7 March 1945),” p. 60.
241 “The bullet” : Ibid.
241 “Very limited progress” : Historical Record, Report After Action, pt. 1, Operations of the 148th Infantry, Luzon, Philippine Islands, November 1, 1944–March 4, 1945.
242 “At least during the war” : Murphy, Heroes, p. 300–1.
243 “The intrepid team” : Senate Committee on Veterans Affairs, Medal of Honor Recipients, 1863–1978, 96th Cong., 1st sess. (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1979) p. 664.
244 Bounded by the Pasig: Smith, Triumph in Philippines, p. 261; Terrain Handbook 41A, Manila City, December 6, 1944, pp. 52, 90.
244 “Battleship Island” : Charles Henne, “Battle History of the 3d Battalion, 148th Infantry, Manila, The Unwanted Battle (4 February through 7 March 1945),” p. 62.
244 “I’ll fire three bursts” : Royal Arch Gunnison, “The Burning of Manila,” Collier’s, April 7, 1945, p. 44.
245 “The doughboys” : Ibid.
246 “Hey, Joe” : Ibid.
246 “There was no escape” : Ibid.
246 “Inch by inch” : Ibid.
246 “The large steam” : Sixth Army, Report of the Luzon Campaign, January 9–June 30, 1945, p. 4:134.
246 “It was the damnedest” : Gunnison, “Burning of Manila,” p. 44.
247 “We had almost” : Flanagan, Angels (1948), p. 79.
247 Eichelberger’s army had: J. M. Swing, Headquarters 11th Airborne Division, “Report after Action with the Enemy, Operation Mike VI, Luzon Campaign,” January 24, 1946, USAHEC.
247 “From now on” : Flanagan, Angels (1948), p. 81.
248 “Destruction and chaos” : Ibid., p. 84.
248 “Tell Halsey” : Ibid., p. 85.
248 “The Japs” : Ibid.
248 “We were trapped” : Garcia, It Took Four Years, p. 107.
249 “Every night” : Ibid., p. 108.
249 “Luckily it failed” : Entry for February 9, 1945, in Lichauco, “Dear Mother Putnam,” p. 208.
249 “Tomorrow it will” : Ibid.
249 “My knees turned” : Montinola, Breaking the Silence, p. 69.
250 “It will be our turn” : Ibid., p. 13.
250 “Units must be” : Manila Naval Defense Opn Order no. 55, February 7, 1945, Box 1276, RG 331, SCAP, Legal Section, Administrative Division, Documents & Maps, 1945–48, NARA.
250 On the morning: Koichi Kayashima statement, December 10, 1949, in “Statements of Japanese Officials on World War II,” LOC.
250 Since American soldiers: Shizuo Yokoyama interrogation, October 9, 1945, Box 2023, RG 331, SCAP, Legal Section, Manila Branch, Misc. File, 1945–49, NARA.
250 The night of his arrival: Kayashima statement.
251 “I sensed” : Kenichiro Asano statement, February 20, 1950, in “Statements of Japanese Officials on World War II,” LOC.
251 The list of those attacked: See Atrocity Report nos. 16, 26, and 48, which can be found in Boxes 1109 and 1111, RG 331, SCAP, Legal Section, Administrative Division, War Crimes File, 1946–50, NARA.
251 “The Americans” : Kobayashi Group Order, February 13, 1945, in “Analysis of A.T.I.S. Translations of Captured Japanese Documents Bearing on Yamashita Case,” October 19, 1945.
252 “When Filipinos” : Manila Naval Defense and Southwestern Area Fleet Opn Orders, December 23, 1944–February 14, 1945, ibid.
PART III
253 “Everyone who escaped” : James T. Walsh, “Report of Investigation of Alleged Mass Murders of Civilians In the Intramuros (Walled City) Area of Manila, P.I., by Japanese Imperial Forces,” April 5, 1945, Box 245, RG 407, Records of the Adjutant General’s Office, Philippine Archives Collection, NARA.
CHAPTER 12
255 “The screams” : Engracio Losa testimony, September 12, 1945, in Report no. 66, “Investigation of the Murder of at Least Five Hundred Civilians of Filipino, French, Spanish, Indian, American and German Nationalities of Whom Seventy Victims Are Identified, and the Wounding of Five Filipino and Spanish Civilians on 10 February 1945,” October 3, 1945, Box 1114, RG 331, SCAP, Legal Section, Administrative Division, War Crimes File, 1946–50, NARA.
255 Japanese marines fanned: See Report no. 53. Additional details can be found in the testimonies of Anna de Jesus, Luisa Barahona, Camilo Diego, Luis Vazquez, Winifred Colma, Angeles Barahona, and Herminio Velarde, Jr., October 31, 1945, YTT, pp. 442–95. Unless otherwise noted, all testimony cited below comes from victim statements included in Report no. 53.
255 “You have to leave” : Angeles Barahona testimony, July 24, 1945.
255 “Wake up” : Domingo Giocado testimony, July 7, 1945.
256 “Ma’am” : Clara Rice testimony, August 6, 1945.
256 “You can’t” : Daniel Vazquez testimony, July 2, 1945; Luis Vazquez testimony, June 19, 1945.
256 “Kura” : Josefina Punzalan testimony, July 9, 1945.
256 “You go to see” : Gurmuksing Kanusing testimony, June 11, 1945.
256 “This is the one” : Salvador Sepulveda testimony, July 28, 1945.
256 “Don’t bring” : Josefina Punzalan testimony, July 9, 1945.
257 “We said some” : Ibid.
257 “All the people” : Serafin Sepulveda testimony, June 20, 1945.
257 “In case” : Angeles Barahona testimony, July 24, 1945.
257 “Stay near” : Ibid.
257 “Wait and be quiet” : Josefina Punzalan testimony, July 9, 1945.
257 “Who knows” : Honorio David testimony, June 18, 1945.
257 “Get the candies” : Salvador Sepulveda testimony, July 28, 1945.
258 “Do not stand” : Josefina Punzalan testimony, July 9, 1945.
258 “Maybe it’s poison” : Luisa Barahona testimony, August 3, 1945.
258 “Don’t stand” : Angeles Barahona testimony, July 24, 1945.
258 “Miss” : Luisa Barahona testimony, October 31, 1945, YTT, p. 454.
258 “The college” : Anna de Jesus testimony, July 20, 1945.
258 “I saw my right” : Pacifico Benito testimony, August 1, 1945.
258 “I vomited blood” : Eutiquio Antipolo testimony, July 21, 1945.
259 Thirty-two-year-old: Virginia Sepulveda testimony, June 20, 1945.
259 “I could hear” : Marcelino Punzalan testimony, July 10, 1945.
259 “We walked” : Theodore Blendo testimony, August 7, 1945.
259 “Let’s run” : Murli Kundanmal testimony, June 1, 1945.
259 “Another Japanese” : Angeles Barahona testimony, July 24, 1945.
259 “I could see” : Cayetano Barahona testimony, July 24, 1945.
259 “She was pleading” : Rosario Fernandez testimony, June 20, 1945.
260 “She was holding” : Winfred Colma testimony, July 6, 1945.
260 “My child” : Orlando Colma testimony, July 6, 1945.
260 “Her right leg” : Winfred Colma testimony, July 6, 1945.
260 “Father” : Camilo Diego testimony, August 3, 1945.
260 “Kill me” : Rosario Fernandez testimony, June 20, 1945.
260 “He got his knife” : Herminio Velarde, Jr., testimony, July 11, 1945.
261 “That child” : Camilo Diego testimony, August 3, 1945.
261 At the same time: See Report no. 61. Additional details can be found in the testimonies of Esther Garcia Moras, Priscilla Garcia, Evangeline Garcia, Virginia Velasco, Maria Luisa Sotelo, Josefina Ramos, Uliran Pedro, and Eloisa Chicote, November 1, 1945, YTT, pp. 500–599. Unless otherwise noted, all testimony cited below comes from victim statements included in Report no. 61.
261 “Matte, matte” : Lucy A. Tani testimony, June 27, 1945.
261 “It was bare” : Ibid.
262 “We tried” : Esther Garcia Moras testimony, June 25, 1945.
262 “We pulled our hair” : Ibid.
262 “You go” : Priscilla Garcia testimony, June 26, 1945.
262 “What else” : Priscilla Garcia testimony, November 1, 1945, YTT, p. 518.
262 “He pulled” : Evangeline Garcia testimony, June 25, 1945.
262 “Kill” : Ibid.
262 “She was crying” : Esther Garcia Moras testimony, June 25, 1945.
262 “Nothing happened” : Ibid.
262 “Where is Pris?” : Esther Garcia Moras testimony, November 1, 1945, YTT, p. 508.
263 “Everybody in the room” : Ibid.
263 “I was not strong” : Esther Garcia Moras testimony, June 25, 1945.
263 “I leave you” : Evangeline Garcia testimony, June 25, 1945.
263 “He took me” : Priscilla Garcia testimony, June 26, 1945.
263 “He told me” : Ibid.
263 “He placed his pistol” : Ibid.
263 “He took his knife” : Priscilla Garcia testimony, November 1, 1945, YTT, p. 519.
263 “You will have” : Priscilla Garcia testimony, June 26, 1945.
263 “She was perspiring” : Esther Garcia Moras testimony, November 1, 1945, YTT, p. 508.
264 “Esther” : Ibid.
264 “She seemed” : Pacita Tapia testimony, July 27, 1945.
264 “Get up” : Priscilla Garcia testimony, November 1, 1945, YTT, p. 520.
264 “No, no” : Priscilla Garcia testimony, June 26, 1945.
264 “I was struggling” : Esther Garcia Moras testimony, June 25, 1945.
264 “He stood up” : Ibid.
264 “When he finished” : Ibid.
264 “I crawled” : Ibid.
265 “I was raped” : Ibid.
265 “On each occasion” : Ibid.
265 “I was raped” : Ibid.
265 “They were like” : Paquita Coastas Garcia testimony, June 25, 1945.
265 “They were not” : Pacita Tapia testimony, July 27, 1945.
265 “I wanted to die” : Fanny Gadol testimony, June 21, 1945.
265 “My God!” : Erlinda Querubin testimony, June 30, 1945.
265 “I want to die” : Paquita Coastas Garcia testimony, June 25, 1945.
266 “These Japanese beasts” : Yolanda Entrala Guerrero testimony, June 12, 1945.
266 “The girls were” : Vicky Gadol testimony, June 21, 1945.
266 “Everything was in confusion” : Margarita Salado Ghezzi testimony, June 29, 1945.
266 “We could smell” : Erlinda Querubin testimony, June 30, 1945.
266 “He showed the girls” : Margarita Salado Ghezzi testimony, June 29, 1945.
266 “I took out” : Rebecca Habibi testimony, July 14, 1945.
266 “I stuck my finger” : Julia Ghezzi testimony, June 28, 1945.
266 “No good” : Pilar Garcia Viuda de Castaner, June 19, 1945.
266 “When he saw” : Carmencita Veloso Ballesteros testimony, July 10, 1945.
267 “We grabbed” : Erlinda Querubin testimony, June 30, 1945.
267 “Every night” : Luisa Guevara testimony, July 28, 1945.
267 “I was so upset” : Paquita Coastas Garcia testimony, June 25, 1945.
267 The days of terror: Rebecca Habibi testimony, July 14, 1945.
267 “I could hear” : Raymunda Decena Guevara, July 30, 1945.
267 “All of us” : Pilar Ubago Miranda testimony, July 4, 1945.
267 “It was so terrible” : Erlinda Querubin testimony, June 30, 1945.
268 “He told me” : Trinidad Llamas de Garcia testimony, June 12, 1945.
268 “He had a pistol” : Isabel Caro testimony, July 24, 1945.
268 “The place was in bedlam” : Paquita Coastas Garcia testimony, June 25, 1945.
268 “The hotel was burning” : Trinidad Llamas de Garcia testimony, June 12, 1945.
268 “No matter” : Entry for February 9, 1945, in Cates, Drainpipe Diary, pp. 252–53.
268 “She tried” : William Dunn, broadcast transcript, February 8, 1945, RG 52, Papers of William J. Dunn, MMLA.
269 “It was a loaf” : Colquhoun, “Santo Tomas,” p. 32.
269 “I particularly” : Ibid.
269 “One gave me” : Ibid
269 A February 11 report: Courtney Whitney to Douglas MacArthur, February 11, 1945, “Report on Conditions at Santo Tomas Internment Camp,” Box 4, RG 16, Papers of Maj. Gen. Courtney Whitney, USA, Philippine Section, SWPA, MMAL.
269 “I cannot bring” : Douglas MacArthur to the Internees at Santo Tomas, n.d., ibid.
269 “The nights” : Entry for February 12–13, 1945, in Wygle, Surviving, pp. 143–44.
270 “There’s something unreal” : Dunn, Pacific Microphone, p. 309.
270 “A few days ago” : Monahan and Neidel-Greenlee, All This Hell, p. 161.
270 “The worst” : Joaquin, Mr. F.E.U., p. 102.
270 “It is your turn” : Montinola, Breaking the Silence, p. 69.
271 “There was a shocked” : Ibid., p. 79.
271 “Safe in there” : Joaquin, Mr. F.E.U., p. 164.
272 “They’re here” : Montinola, Breaking the Silence, p. 69.
272 “Be brave” : Ibid., p. 70.
272 “We’re only civilians” : Ibid.
272 “The strange sounds” : Ibid., p. 79.
272 “Candy” : Joaquin, Mr. F.E.U., p. 166.
272 “Side by side” : Montinola, Breaking the Silence, p. 96.
272 “Pray” : Ibid.
273 “Remember, O most” : Ibid., p. 80.
273 “No words” : Ibid.
273 “Go look” : Joaquin, Mr. F.E.U., p. 167.
273 “Look for Ching” : Ibid.
273 “In her white” : Montinola, Breaking the Silence, p. 95.
274 “Help her!” : Ibid., p. 97.
274 “His lifeless” : Ibid.
274 “It’s useless” : Ibid.
274 “Night came” : Ibid., p. 80.
275 “Is Nanay mad” : Ibid., p. 98.
275 “Night had descended” : Ibid., p. 99.
275 “Don’t leave me” : Ibid.
275 “Stay with” : Ibid.
275 “Stop it” : Ibid., p. 100.
275 “Avenge us” : Ibid.
276 “She was not” : Ibid.
276 “It is all right” : Ibid., p. 101.
276 “Sagrado Corazon” : Ibid.
276 “She’s alive” : Joaquin, Mr. F.E.U., p. 169.
276 To capture southern Manila: After Action Report, XIV Corps, M-1 Operation, July 29, 1945.
277 “It was now evident” : Historical Record, Report after Action, pt. 1, Operations of the 148th Infantry, Luzon, Philippine Islands, November 1, 1944–March 4, 1945.
277 “Surely they heard us” : Charles Henne, “Battle History of the 3d Battalion, 148th Infantry, Manila, The Unwanted Battle (4 February through 7 March 1945),” p. 68.
277 “Gains were measured” : Ibid., p. 67.
278 “The fighting in South Manila” : Entry for February 10, 1945, Griswold diary.
278 “The fighting” : Beightler, “Report on the Activities of the 37th Infantry Division, 1940–1945,” n.d.
CHAPTER 13
279 “The Japanese caught” : Esperanza Esteban testimony, September 24, 1945, in Report no. 66.
279 Francisco Lopez hid: Ibid. See also Dumana, German Club-Manila, pp. 58–60. Additional details can be found in the testimonies of Francisco Lopez, Helena Rodriguez, Engracio Losa, and Asuncion R. Marbas, November 2, 1945, YTT, pp. 666–712. Unless otherwise noted, all testimony cited below comes from victim statements included in Report no. 66.
279 “We had to stoop” : Francisco Lopez testimony, November 2, 1945, YTT p. 669.
280 “You can just imagine” : Francisco Lopez testimony, January 24, 1949, p. 603 of the trial transcript of People of Philippines v. Shizuo Yokoyama, Box 1698, RG 331, SCAP, Legal Section, Prosecution Division, Philippines Verses Japanese War Criminals, Case File, 1947–49, NARA.
280 “Women and the kids” : Francisco Lopez testimony, November 2, 1945, YTT p. 669.
280 “Tomodachi” : Ibid.
280 “Tomodachi” : Ibid., p. 670.
280 “The others laughed” : Ibid., pp. 670–671.
281 “I saw the Japanese” : Francisco Lopez testimony, September 3, 1945.
281 “We might as well” : Francisco Lopez testimony, November 2, 1945, YTT, p. 671.
281 “I half-way fainted” : Ibid., p. 672.
282 “She fell to the ground” : Ibid., p. 683.
282 “This fellow right away” : Ibid.
282 “I heard my brother” : Ibid., p. 678.
282 “I survived” : Helena Rodriguez, December 22, 1994, unpublished narrative, Memorare Manila 1945 Foundation Collection, FHL.
283 “It was almost impossible” : Helena Rodriguez testimony, September 5, 1945.
283 “Everybody was crying” : Helena Rodriguez testimony, November 2, 1945, YTT, p. 695.
283 “Let the children” : Ibid.
283 “Your youngest brother” : Ibid.
283 “I just sat there” : Ibid., p. 696.
283 “We told him” : Ibid.
284 “Everybody began” : Ibid.
284 “After a while” : Ibid., p. 698.
284 “I heard the slashes” : Ibid., p. 699.
285 “It felt like” : Helena Rodriguez, December 22, 1994, unpublished narrative.
285 “It was a miracle” : Helena Rodriguez, “My Tragic 11-Day Diary,” n.d.
285 “Look out for my wound” : Francisco Lopez testimony, November 2, 1945, YTT, p. 684.
285 “That muddy” : Ibid., p. 685.
286 “This is worse” : Ibid., pp. 686–87.
286 “There was blood” : Ibid., p. 687.
286 “I don’t want” : Ibid., pp. 687–88.
287 Since his withdrawal: Muto, “Truth of the Philippines Campaign,” June 17, 1947.
287 The general would: Michio Kitayama interrogation, November 10, 1945, Box 2023, RG 331, SCAP, Legal Section, Manila Branch, Misc. File, 1945–49, NARA; Shizuo Yokoyama testimony, November 4, 1945, Box 1905, RG 331, SCAP, Legal Section, Manila Branch, Statements & Affidavits, Alphabetical File, 1945–49, NARA.
287 “With the information” : Denshichi Okochi Sworn Deposition, May 27, 1947, Box 1276, RG 331, SCAP, Legal Section, Administrative Division, Documents & Maps, 1945–48, NARA.
288 “There are gardens” : Dos Passos, Tour of Duty, p. 161.
289 At the same time: Report no. 59, “Investigation of the Murder and Attempted Murder of More Than Four Hundred Male Civilians in Paco District, Manila, Philippine Islands, on 10 February 1945,” September 9, 1945, Box 1113, RG 331, SCAP, Legal Section, Administrative Division, War Crimes File, 1946–50, NARA. Additional details can be found in the testimonies of Jose Cabanero, Federico P. Davantes, Natividad Bonifacio, Aquilino Rivera, Benjamin Urrutia, Ricardo Esquerra, Go Hong, Cayetano Lagdameo, Julieta Milanes, and Francisco del Rosario, November 3, 1945, YTT, pp. 796–865. Unless otherwise noted, all testimony cited below comes from victim statements included in Report no. 59.
289 “Don’t” : Eva Gregorio testimony, July 7, 1945.
289 “Forced labor” : Conrada Balleta testimony, August 4, 1945.
289 “You come along” : Lourdes Garon testimony, August 4, 1945.
290 “May I see him” : Celestina Mandanas Capili testimony, July 12, 1945.
290 “He can work” : Ibid.
290 “I looked” : Ibid.
290 “When he was” : Ibid.
290 “Why” : Ricardo Esquerra testimony, November 3, 1945, YTT, p. 830.
290 “I was so frightened” : Conrada Balleta testimony, August 4, 1945.
290 “Pass!” : Ricardo Esquerra testimony, November 3, 1945, YTT, pp. 832–833.
291 “The bullet” : Godofredo G. Rivera testimony, June 22, 1945.
291 Rivera’s seventeen: Aquilino Rivera testimony, June 26, 1945.
292 “When I was facing” : Jose Cabanero testimony, August 16, 1945.
292 “Tomodachi!” : Federico P. Davantes testimony, August 14, 1945.
292 “Japanese and Philippines” : Benjamin Urrutia testimony, July 19, 1945.
292 “When the hand” : Ibid.
292 “We are all going” : Ibid.
292 “I could hardly” : Ibid.
293 “I then felt” : Eugene Bayot testimony, August 21, 1945.
293 During that time: Sy Chia testimony, July 13, 1945; Cayetano Lagdameo testimony, July 19, 1945; Julio Ramirez testimony, August 1, 1945.
294 “Perhaps this is” : Virginio Suarez testimony, August 17, 1945.
294 “This is my house” : Ruben Musngi Magat testimony, August 7, 1945.
294 “I am here” : Pablo C. Martinez testimony, August 7, 1945.
294 “Teodoro!” : Ricardo Esquerra testimony, November 3, 1945, YTT, p. 834.
294 “I saw one” : Feliz Plata testimony, July 10, 1945.
294 “Banzai” : Ricardo Esquerra testimony, November 3, 1945, YTT, p 835.
294 “I placed my hand” : Virginio Suarez testimony, August 17, 1945.
295 “I saw” : Angel Enriquez testimony, February 20, 1945.
295 By then: Fidel Merino testimony, July 11, 1945.
295 “The pile” : Eustaquio Batoctoy testimony, July 25, 1945.
295 “Within two or three” : Bessie Wakefield Chase testimony, June 28, 1945.
295 “We counted” : Francisco del Rosario testimony, August 21, 1945.
295 “The evidence clearly” : Report no. 59.
296 “There were so many” : Hartendorp, Japanese Occupation, p. 2:548.
296 “Their arrival” : Frederick H. Martin, After Action Report, M-1 Operations, 893d Medical Clearing Company (Sep).
296 “How strong” : Entry for February 8, 1945, in Cates, Drainpipe Diary, p. 252.
296 “The civilians” : Martin, After Action Report, M-1 Operations, 893d Medical Clearing Company (Sep).
296 “They were in a pitiful” : Entry for February 5, 1945, in Cates, Drainpipe Diary, p. 249.
296 “They are so far” : Entry for February 16, 1945, in Wygle, Surviving, p. 146.
297 “In a sweat” : Prising, Manila, Goodbye, p. 194.
297 “No, you go” : Ibid.
297 “The woman’s face” : Ibid., pp. 194–95.
297 “The armless” : Ibid., p. 194.
297 “I know I am” : John W. Osborn letter, February 15, 1945, John Osborn Santo Tomas Internment Transcriptions, William L. Clements Library, UM.
297 “Often, during the two” : Ibid.
298 “The whole street” : Flanagan, Angels (1989), p. 266.
298 “Many nursing women” : Ibid.
298 “It is now” : William Dunn, broadcast transcript, February 7, 1945, RG 52, Papers of William J. Dunn, MMLA.
298 “Manila was secured!” : Entry for February 12, 1945, in Cates, Drainpipe Diary, p. 253.
298 “Most of the officers” : Ibid.
298 “They won’t be coming” : Van Sickle, Iron Gates, p. 319.
299 “I had never” : Prising, Manila, Goodbye, p. 196.
299 “Well” : Ibid.
299 “Thereafter we fired” : “Japanese Defense of Cities as Exemplified by the Battle for Manila,” July 1, 1945.
299 The attack that Saturday: Hartendorp, Japanese Occupation, p. 2:547.
299 “A grim morning” : Entry for February 10, 1945, in Wygle, Surviving, p. 142.
300 “Still no sleep” : Entry for February 10, 1945, in Cates, Drainpipe Diary, p. 253.
300 “She was wandering” : Wygle, Surviving, p. 191.
300 “Part of a skull” : Ibid.
300 “Still she did not” : Prising, Manila, Goodbye, p. 192.
300 “No” : Ibid.
300 “You know” : Nixon, Delayed Manila, p. 91.
300 “Who wants to die” : Ibid.
300 “We stood” : Ibid.
301 “Are you one of our” : Sally Blaine Millett, oral history by Patricia Rikli, April 9, 1983.
301 “The shelling of Santo Tomas” : Dos Passos, Tour of Duty, p. 172.
301 “Why the hell” : Ibid.
301 “Might as well” : Ibid.
CHAPTER 14
302 “They liquidated” : Agustin Garcia testimony, August 17, 1945, in Report no. 52, “Investigation of the Murder of Alexander Bachrach, Four Filipino Civilians and Three to Five Unidentified Filipino Civilians, and the Attempted Murder of Jesus Quintero at 914 Indiana Street, Malate, Manila, Philippine Islands, on 12 February 1945,” March 6, 1947, Box 1112, RG 331, SCAP, Legal Section, Administrative Division, War Crimes File, 1946–50, NARA.
302 Modesto Farolan had hustled: Report no. 11, “Investigation Pertaining to the Massacre in the Philippine Red Cross Building at the Intersection of Isaac Peral and General Luna Streets, Manila, Philippine Islands, on 10 February 1945,” June 8, 1945, Box 1109, RG 331, SCAP, Legal Section, Administrative Division, War Crimes File, 1946–50, NARA. Additional details can be found in the testimonies of Patrocinio Abad (Corazon Noble), Gliceria Andaya, Florita Loveriza, John K. Lewy, and Juan P. Juan, October 29, 1945, YTT, pp. 132–87. Unless otherwise noted, all testimony and records cited below come from victim statements and reports included in Report no. 11.
302 “From February 4” : Modesto Farolan testimony, May 12, 1945.
303 “Nothing will happen” : John K. Lewy testimony, May 11, 1945.
304 “How many refugees” : Modesto Farolan testimony, May 12, 1945.
304 “Japanese, tomodachi” : Isabel Tabaque testimony, May 11, 1945.
304 “No good” : Modesto Farolan testimony, February 14, 1945.
304 “Philippine Red Cross” : Ibid.
304 “I explained” : Modesto Farolan testimony, May 12, 1945.
305 “We heard shots” : Patrocinio Abad testimony, October 29, 1945, YTT, p. 136.
305 “Doctor, doctor” : Patrocinio Abad testimony, May 8, 1945.
305 “I lay prone” : Ibid.
305 “She was” : Patrocinio Abad, testimony, October 29, 1945, YTT, p. 138.
306 “When she started” : Gliceria Andaya testimony, May 9, 1945.
306 “Wait a moment” : Marina de Paz testimony, May 8, 1945.
306 “Wait a moment” : Ibid.
307 “He is our” : Modesto Farolan testimony, May 12, 1945.
307 “Aruy!” : Gliceria Andaya testimony, May 9, 1945.
307 “One bayonet thrust” : Modesto Farolan testimony, February 14, 1945.
307 “The wounded” : Gliceria Andaya testimony, May 9, 1945.
308 “From where” : Modesto Farolan testimony, February 14, 1945.
308 “Americans” : Gliceria Andaya testimony, May 9, 1945.
308 “Escusi” : Ibid.
308 “Please have mercy” : John K. Lewy testimony, May 11, 1945.
308 “I was laying” : John K. Lewy, “I Survived Japanese Cold Blooded Slaughter and Brutality in the Manila Red Cross Building,” March 4, 1945.
308 “I told her” : John K. Lewy testimony, May 11, 1945.
309 “I didn’t give” : Lewy, “I Survived Japanese Cold Blooded Slaughter and Brutality in the Manila Red Cross Building,” March 4, 1945.
309 “We were all” : Juan P. Juan testimony, May 10, 1945.
309 “After they left” : Corito Fiel, “War Survivors Speak Up, Finally,” Philippine Daily Inquirer, March 6, 1995, clipping in files of Memorare Manila 1945 Foundation Collection, FHL.
309 “She was pale” : Juan P. Juan testimony, October 29, 1945, YTT, p. 177.
309 “What happened” : Ibid.
309 “Finally she broke” : Juan P. Juan testimony, May 10, 1945.
310 “Boys” : Vicente Abad testimony, May 8, 1945.
310 “All the people” : Ibid.
310 “When I came” : John K. Lewy testimony, May 11, 1945.
310 “Take the baby” : Vicente Abad testimony, May 8, 1945.
310 “The baby” : Ibid.
310 “I just lay” : Patrocinio Abad testimony, May 8, 1945.
311 “He could not stand” : Koichi Kayashima statement, December 10, 1949, in “Statements of Japanese Officials on World War II,” LOC.
CHAPTER 15
312 “This is a doomed” : Robert Shaplen, “Manila’s Stunned Survivors Can Only Stare and Weep,” Newsweek, February 26, 1945, p. 32.
312 “The types of casualties” : Ross J. Porritt, “Historical Report, 9 January 1945 to 30 June 1945, Inclusive,” July 28, 1945, Box 81, RG 112, Records of the Office of the Surgeon General (Army), HUMEDS, Records Used for Preparing WWII-era Medical Unit Histories, NARA.
312 “It had been used” : Robert G. Swearingen, “History of the 71st Evacuation Hospital (SEM), From 11 January 1945 to 30 June 1945,” August 11, 1945, Box 83, ibid.
313 The 54th Evacuation Hospital: Thomas M. Kirk, “Quarterly Historical Report,” April 10, 1945, ibid.
313 To do so: Report after Action, Operations of the 37th Infantry Division on Bougainville, BSI and Luzon, P.I, From 1 November 44 to 30 June 45, Annex no. 2 Intelligence, Appendix B Order of Battle, Ninth Order of Battle Team, Box 8604, RG 407, Records of the Adjutant General’s Office, WWII Operations Reports, 1940–48, 37th Infantry Division, NARA.
314 Captured enemy documents: Headquarters Sixth Army, G-2 Weekly Report no. 75, February 14, 1945, Box 1969, RG 407, Records of the Adjutant General’s Office, WWII Operations Report, 1940–48, Sixth Army, NARA.
314 “polyglot” : Robert F. Goheen, G-2 Periodic Report #83, February 9, 1945, Box 13295, RG 407, Records of the Adjutant General’s Office, WWII Operations Reports, 1941–48, First Cavalry Division, NARA.
314 “puny opponents” : Ibid.
314 “potpourri” : Robert F. Goheen, G-2 Periodic Report #82, February 8, 1945, ibid.
314 “It is a hastily” : Robert F. Goheen, G-2 Periodic Report #83, February 9, 1945, ibid.
314 American forces seized: Serial no. 1906, February 11, 1945, G-2 Journal, Box 8624, RG 407, Records of the Adjutant General’s Office, WWII Operations Reports, 1940–48, 37th Infantry Division, NARA.
314 “All of the essentials” : Charles Henne, “Battle History of the 3d Battalion, 148th Infantry, Manila, The Unwanted Battle (4 February through 7 March 1945),” p. 73.
314 “I spent the night” : Ibid.
314 “only official to welcome” : Counter Intelligence, Area Study no. 10, Manila and Environs, n.d., Box 15, RG 319, Army Staff, Office of the Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence, G-2, NARA.
314 Valuable records: Report after Action, Operations of the 37th Infantry Division on Bougainville, BSI and Luzon, P.I, From 1 November 44 to 30 June 45, Annex no. 2 Intelligence, Appendix B Order of Battle, Ninth Order of Battle Team.
314 In a seminary: Ibid.
314 “This life of mine” : Robert F. Goheen, G-2 Periodic Report #85, February 11, 1945, Box 13295, RG 407, Records of the Adjutant General’s Office, WWII Operations Reports, 1941–48, First Cavalry Division, NARA.
315 On the battlefield: Report after Action, Operations of the 37th Infantry Division, Luzon, P.I., November 1, 1944, to June 30, 1945 (M-1 Operation), September 10, 1945.
315 “The platoons” : Battle of Luzon, 754th Tank Battalion, January 9–June 3, 1945.
315 “Massed artillery” : Headquarters Sixth Army, G-2 Weekly Report no. 75, February 14, 1945, Box 1969, RG 407, Records of the Adjutant General’s Office, WWII Operations Report, 1940–48, Sixty Army, NARA.
315 “Unable to restrain” : Historical Record, Fifth Cavalry, Luzon Campaign, July 12, 1945.
315 “In the peaceful” : Ibid.
316 “will not understand” : General Staff, Reports of General MacArthur, p. 1:191.
316 “From then on” : Robert S. Beightler, “Report on the Activities of the 37th Infantry Division, 1940–1945,” n.d. (ca. 1946), USAHEC.
316 Over the course: Kurt J. Sellers, Technical Memorandum 10–89, “Artillery Ammunition Expenditures in Urban Combat: A Comparative Case Study of the Battles of Clark Field and Manila,” September 1989, U.S. Army Human Engineering Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, p. 108.
316 “Some districts” : Krueger, From Down Under, p. 251.
316 “It was like a bowling alley” : Dos Passos, Tour of Duty, p. 188.
316 “We lived like dogs” : Hans Steiner, “Life and Death During the Occupation,” Philippines Free Press, February 21, 2004, pp. 22, 29, clipping in Memorare Manila 1945 Foundation Collection, FHL.
316 “The shelter was filled” : William C. Brady, “War Is Hell,” unpublished narrative.
317 “I came out” : Sundri Kishinchand testimony, June 1, 1945, in Report no. 21, “Investigation of the Violent Deaths of Mira Kishinchand, Pari Kishinchand and Radhi Kishinchand, Indians, in Paco, Manila, Philippine Islands, on 11 February 1945,” June 24, 1945, Box 1109, RG 331, SCAP, Legal Section, Administrative Division, War Crimes File, 1946–50, NARA.
317 “When the shelling” : Benjamin Santander Ramis, undated Malate Martyrs Information Sheet, Memorare Manila 1945 Foundation Collection, FHL.
317 “When she came back” : Sancho Enriquez testimony, October 24, 1945, in Report no. 109.
317 “I can see little” : “Use as Forts Dooms Manila Buildings,” Washington Post, February 13, 1945, p. 9.
317 “The reduction” : Robert S. Beightler to the Adjutant General, “Citation of the 112th Medical Battalion,” September 14, 1945, Ortigas Foundation Library, Pasig City, Philippines.
317 “The only Japs” : Hugh Hoffman, Headquarters First Cavalry Division, “Historical Report of the 1st Cavalry Division in the Luzon Campaign, 27 January 45–30 June 45,” July 12, 1945, Box 13284, RG 407, Records of the Adjutant General’s Office, WWII Operations Reports, 1941–48, First Cavalry Division, NARA.
318 “A double-barrel” : Headquarters First Battalion, 145th Infantry, “Japanese Tactics and Employment of Weapons,” March 25, 1945, Box 8764, RG 407, Records of the Adjutant General’s Office, WWII Operations Reports, 1940–48, 37th Infantry Division, NARA.
318 “The heat had glued” : Karnow, In Our Image, p. 321.
318 On Gilmore Street: Robert F. Goheen, G-2 Periodic Report #82, February 8, 1945.
318 “Tanks attempting” : Eighth Cavalry, History of the Luzon Campaign, January 27–June 1945, Box 13378, RG 407, WWII Operations Reports, 1941–48, First Cavalry Division, NARA.
318 “For a split” : Dean Marks, “The Day the Tank Blew Up,” unpublished narrative, Box 3, Edward M. Flanagan, Jr., Papers, USAHEC.
318 “The turret was off” : William H. Swan, “Recollection of Luzon, 1945,” unpublished narrative, MMAL.
318 In another case: R. G. Langham, S-2 Periodic Report, no. 11, February 17, 1945, Box 13367, RG 407, WWII Operations Reports, 1941–48, First Cavalry Division, NARA.
318 The enemy likewise: Ozzie St. George, “The Two Faced City,” Yank, April 27, 1945, p. 7.
319 “Outwardly these pillboxes” : Sixth Army, Report of the Luzon Campaign, January 9–June 30, 1945, p. 4:124.
319 Between the National Psychopathic: Robert F. Goheen, G-2 Periodic Report #85, February 11, 1945, Box 13295, RG 407, Records of the Adjutant General’s Office, WWII Operations Reports, 1941–48, First Cavalry Division, NARA.
319 “In his physical resemblance” : Headquarters Sixth Army, G-2 Weekly Report no. 77, February 28, 1945, Box 1969, RG 407, Records of the Adjutant General’s Office, WWII Operations Report, 1940–48, Sixth Army, NARA.
319 “Enemy morale” : R. G. Langham, S-2 Periodic Report, no. 11, February 17, 1945.
319 “The old Escolta” : William Dunn, broadcast transcript, February 14, 1945, RG 52, Papers of William J. Dunn, MMLA.
319 “A lot of this destruction” : Oscar Griswold as quoted in the Evening Star, February 10, 1945; a clipping, minus the headline and page number, can be found in Report no. 80.
319 “Mac” : Bonner Fellers to Dorothy Fellers, February 10, 1945, Box 2, RG 44a, Papers of Brig. Gen. Bonner F. Fellers, MMAL.
320 “Day after day” : Robert S. Beightler to the Adjutant General, “Citation of the 112th Medical Battalion,” September 14, 1945.
320 “Not only furniture” : George E. Jones, “Manila Is Ravaged by Fire and Shell,” New York Times, February 9, 1945, p. 3.
320 “They killed” : Ann Bachrach testimony, June 3, 1945, in Report no. 52.
320 “The Japanese seemed” : Elsie Hamburger testimony, June 1, 1945, in Report no. 28, “Investigation of the Murder of Fifteen Unknown Filipino Civilians in the Singalong District, Manila, Philippine Islands, on 12 February 1945,” July 5, 1945, Box 1110, RG 331, SCAP, Legal Section, Administrative Division, War Crimes File, 1946–50, NARA.
320 “We ran up” : Entry for February 10, 1945, in Lichauco, “Dear Mother Putnam,” pp. 208–9.
321 “They gave Cornelia” : Ibid., p. 209.
321 “From their incoherent” : Entry for February 19, 1945, ibid., p. 211.
321 “I met thousands” : Ibid., pp. 211–12.
321 “Farther up the road” : Ibid., p. 212.
321 Absent any relief: Fung, Beneath the Banyan Tree, p. 170.
321 “I never realized” : Entry for February 19, 1945, in Lichauco, “Dear Mother Putnam,” p. 213.
322 “The stench” : Ibid., p. 212.
CHAPTER 16
323 “The Western mind” : “Report on the Destruction of Manila and Japanese Atrocities,” February 1945.
323 Hundreds of refugees: Report no. 94; unless otherwise noted, all testimony cited below comes from this report.
323 “My mother caught” : Rosalinda Andoy testimony, October 11, 1945.
324 “Mother” : Ibid.
324 “She received seven” : Rosario Nieves testimony, October 12, 1945.
324 “I went to my mother” : Ibid.
325 “My mother brushed” : Rosalinda Andoy testimony, October 11, 1945.
325 “You must leave now” : Garcia, It Took Four Years, p. 11.
325 “Very dangerous” : Ibid.
326 “Was it Japanese” : Ibid.
326 “Quick, go now” : Ibid., p. 113.
326 “There were” : Ibid., p. 114.
327 “Who is it” : Ibid.
327 “There goes” : Ibid., p. 115.
327 “Help me” : Ibid., p. 118.
328 “Where’s the doctor” : Ibid.
328 “What next” : Ibid., p. 119.
328 Just one block away: Report no. 27, “Investigation of the Massacre of Forty-One Civilians; Attempted Murder of Fifteen Civilians, All of Various Nationalities; Rape and Attempted Rape of Four Filipinos at De La Salle College, 1501 Taft Avenue, Manila, Philippine Islands, Between 7 and 14 February 1945,” July 4, 1945, Box 1110, RG 331, SCAP, Legal Section, Administrative Division, War Crimes File, 1946–50, NARA. See also Gonzalez and Reyes, These Hallowed Halls. Additional details can be found in the testimonies of Francis J. Cosgrave, Anton Heitmann, Martin C. Hain, Rosario Carlos, and Servillano Aquino, October 30, 1945, YTT, pp. 263–322. Unless otherwise noted, all testimony and documents cited below come from victim statements included in Report no. 27.
329 “She was tall” : Olaguer, Terror in Manila, p. 34.
329 “That boy looked” : Servillano Aquino testimony, May 29, 1945.
329 “If I die” : Ibid.
330 “They were pretty rough” : Anton Heitmann (Antonius von Jesus) testimony, May 26, 1945.
330 “From then on” : Francis J. Cosgrave testimony, October 30, 1945, YTT, p. 265.
330 “Everybody got scared” : Servillano Aquino testimony, May 29, 1945.
331 “We could hear” : Francis J. Cosgrave testimony, October 30, 1945, YTT, p. 265.
331 “You can’t do this” : Anton Heitmann testimony, May 26, 1945.
331 “They’re going to kill” : Francis J. Cosgrave testimony, May 26, 1945.
331 “Father” : Fernando Vasquez-Prada, transcript of Rotary Speech, March 1, 1994, Memorare Manila 1945 Foundation Collection, FHL.
331 “I raised my hand” : Francis J. Cosgrave testimony, October 30, 1945, YTT, p. 271.
332 “They were hit” : Fernando Vasquez-Prada, transcript of Rotary Speech, March 1, 1994.
332 “My mother seeing” : Ibid.
332 “My mother was slashed” : Ibid.
332 “Let her take” : Ibid.
332 “Some of the women” : Antonio Madrileno testimony, June 6, 1945.
332 “When the Japanese” : Francis J. Cosgrave, “La Salle College Massacre,” March 6, 1945.
333 “I raised” : Juanita Tamayo testimony, May 29, 1945.
333 “We heard four” : Filomeno Inolin testimony, June 1, 1945.
334 “She was sitting” : Servillano Aquino testimony, October 30, 1945, YTT, p. 312.
334 “When the nurse” : Servillano Aquino testimony, May 29, 1945.
334 “Oh” : Ibid.
334 “I received four” : Filomeno Inolin testimony, June 1, 1945.
334 “He was stabbed” : Servillano Aquino testimony, May 29, 1945.
334 “He let me” : Ibid.
334 “He decided to push” : Servillano Aquino testimony, October 30, 1945, YTT, p. 314.
335 “At that instant” : Servillano Aquino testimony, May 29, 1945.
335 “It’s all over” : Antonius von Jesus, “The Holocaust in Manila,” in Gonzalez and Reyes, These Hallowed Halls, p. 66.
336 “I am a German” : Anton Heitmann testimony, May 26, 1945.
336 “We remained” : Francis J. Cosgrave, “La Salle College Massacre,” March 6, 1945.
336 “Don’t drink” : Joan Orendain, “Children of War,” in Constantino, Under Japanese Rule, p. 122.
337 “My father and I” : Ibid.
337 “I was more” : Francis J. Cosgrave, “La Salle College Massacre,” March 6, 1945.
337 “As far as I could” : Francis J. Cosgrave testimony, May 26, 1945.
337 “I could not lift” : Servillano Aquino testimony, May 29, 1945.
337 “I am here” : Ibid.
338 “I preferred death” : Ibid.
338 “I wanted to faint” : Ibid.
338 “She was dead” : Servillano Aquino testimony, January 27, 1949, p. 700 of the trial transcript of People of Philippines v. Shizuo Yokoyama, Box 1699, RG 331, SCAP, Legal Section, Prosecution Division, Philippines versus Japanese War Criminals, Case File, 1947–49, NARA.
338 “I heard them” : Rosario Carlos testimony, October 30, 1945, YTT, p. 302.
338 “I felt my dress” : Ibid.
338 “He was” : Servillano Aquino testimony, May 29, 1945.
338 “Let us pray” : Ibid.
339 “As the hours passed” : Fernando Vasquez-Prada, transcript of Rotary Speech, March 1, 1994.
339 “My father was killed” : Ibid.
339 “Bastards” : Servillano Aquino testimony, May 29, 1945.
339 “My mother lasted” : Fernando Vasquez-Prada, transcript of Rotary Speech, March 1, 1994.
339 “Father Cosgrave would come” : Servillano Aquino testimony, May 29, 1945.
340 “I had difficulty” : Ibid.
340 “Every minute” : Ibid.
340 “Father” : Ibid.
340 “Anybody alive?” : Ibid.
340 “Yes” : Ibid.
341 “The high buildings” : Charles Henne, “Battle History of the 3d Battalion, 148th Infantry, Manila, The Unwanted Battle (4 February through 7 March 1945),” pp. 71–72.
341 “The preferred solution” : Ibid., p. 72.
341 “Based on reports” : Ibid.
341 “It was astonishing” : Ibid., p. 75.
342 “A Filipino” : Ibid.
342 “Jap” : Ibid.
342 “Picking their way” : Ibid., p. 79.
CHAPTER 17
343 “Cannibals in the lowest” : Report no. 13, “Investigation of the Alleged Shooting, Bayonetting and Burning of Civilians at the Perez Rubio Residence, 150 Vito Cruz Street, Singalong, Manila, Philippine Islands, on 12 February 1945,” June 11, 1945, Box 1114, RG 331, SCAP, Legal Section, Administrative Division, War Crimes File, 1946–50, NARA.
343 “The Manila Defense Force” : Military History Section, Headquarters, Army Forces Far East, “Philippine Area Naval Operations,” pt. 4, January–August 1945, Japanese Monograph no. 114, p. 17.
343 From his headquarters: Smith, Triumph in Philippines, p. 272.
344 “Withdraw at once” : Potter, Life and Death, p. 136.
344 “Counterattacks in our area” : Military History Section, Headquarters, Army Forces Far East, “Philippine Area Naval Operations,” pt. 4, January–August 1945, Japanese Monograph no. 114, p. 17.
344 “Today, Shimbu Group” : Ibid., pp. 17–18.
344 “The headquarters” : Ibid., p. 18.
344 “In anticipation” : Ibid.
345 “In view” : Ibid.
345 “The night of the 18th” : Ibid., p. 19.
345 “We can hold out” : Ibid.
345 The Japanese went so far: Report no. 18, “Investigation of the Murder of Boris Semenovich Gurevich, His Son, Leonid Borisovich Gurevich, and Victor George Vantchurin, Russians, 610 Kansas Street, Manila, Philippine Islands, on 10 February 1945,” June 20, 1945, Box 1109, RG 331, SCAP, Legal Section, Administrative Division, War Crimes File, 1946–50, NARA.
346 Troops murdered: Report no. 70, “Investigation of the Massacre of Approximately One Hundred Filipino and Spanish Civilians at the Price House, 535 Colorado Street, Ermita, Manila, P.I., on 10 February 1945,” August 20, 1946, Box 1114, RG 331, SCAP, Legal Section, Administrative Division, War Crimes File, 1946–50, NARA.
346 Two days later: Report no. 13.
346 A similar atrocity: Report no. 63, “Investigation of the Murder of Over One Hundred Civilians, Including Twenty-Six Identified Filipino and Four French Civilians, and Attempted Murder of Seventeen Filipino Civilians, Four of Whom Are Identified, at 1462 Taft Avenue, Pasay, Rizal, Philippine Islands, on 13 February 1945,” March 17, 1947, Box 1114, RG 331, SCAP, Legal Section, Administrative Division, War Crimes File, 1946–50, NARA.
346 Thirty-five more: Report no. 88, “Investigation of the Murder of Thirty-Five and Wounding of Twenty-Eight Spanish, Filipino, and Chinese Civilians at Dr. Moreta’s House, 417 Isaac Peral Street, Manila, on 17 February 1945,” October 21, 1945, Box 1117, ibid.
346 Russian immigrant Helen Kremleff: Report no. 6, “Investigation of the Alleged Atrocities Committed on Eugene Andreewitz Kremleff and Mrs. Helen Kremleff, His Wife, 34 Den Pan St., Pasay, Rizal, Philippine Islands, and Julian Jawai and Alfredo Gana, 47 Ignacio St., Pasay, Rizal, Philippine Islands, 9 February 1945,” April 29, 1947, Box 1108, RG 331, SCAP, Legal Section, Administrative Division, War Crimes File, 1946–50, NARA.
346 Fellow Russian native: Report no. 18.
346 “Go” : Eva M. Gurevich testimony, May 26, 1945, ibid.
346 “When I was” : Ibid.
346 That’s where troops: Report no. 52.
346 “Goodbye, Darling” : Anne Bachrach testimony, August 15, 1945, ibid.
346 “I looked around” : Ibid.
346 “Japanese patrols” : Augusto S. Besa testimony, August 7, 1945, in Report no. 68, “Investigation of the Murder of Felix Isla, Angel Francisco, and Three Other Civilian Male Filipinos, and the Attempted Murder of Silverios T. Braganza, Filipino, in Malate, Manila, Philippine Islands, on 13 February 1945,” March 12, 1947, Box 1114, RG 331, SCAP, Legal Section, Administrative Division, War Crimes File, 1946–50, NARA.
347 “I heard them shooting” : Max Hahn testimony, June 2, 1945, in Report no. 20, “Investigation of the Murder of Messrs. Lazar Braun, Robert Markus and Alexander Farmakowski in Manila, Philippines Islands, on 12 February 1945,” February 26, 1947, Box 1109, RG 331, SCAP, Legal Section, Administrative Division, War Crimes File, 1946–50, NARA.
347 “Many mothers” : Stella Mary Best testimony, August 16, 1945, in Report no. 59.
347 News reporters flocked: Ozzie St. George, “Bankers’ Hours,” Yank, April 27, 1945, p. 7.
348 “The gunner sat” : Ibid.
348 “Here I found” : Mydans, More Than Meets, pp. 202–3.
348 “A short distance” : Robert Shaplen, “Manila’s Stunned Survivors Can Only Stare and Weep,” Newsweek, February 26, 1945, p. 32.
348 “There is” : William Gray, Cable 9, February 19, 1945, Box 252, Dispatches from Time Magazine Correspondents, HL.
348 “They are not trying” : William Dunn, broadcast transcript, February 12, 1945, RG 52, Papers of William J. Dunn, MMLA.
349 “Before moving the artillery” : Ira Rosenberg testimony, May 21, 1946, in Report no. 80.
349 “To facilitate” : Ibid.
349 “Just have a chair” : Walter Simmons, “Tribune Writer in Ringside Seat Sees Japs Get ‘It,’ ” Chicago Daily Tribune, February 17, 1945, p. 2.
349 “Just across the river” : Ibid.
349 “Twelve, thirteen” : Ibid.
349 “Just watch” : Ibid.
349 “One of those” : Ibid.
350 “The Japs” : Ibid.
350 “That’s all right” : Ibid.
350 “God” : St. George, “Bankers’ Hours,” p. 7.
350 “Each time the Long Toms” : Dos Passos, Tour of Duty, p. 175.
350 “Boy” : St. George, “Bankers’ Hours,” p. 7.
350 “It was like smashing” : Gunnison, “Burning of Manila,” p. 40.
350 “The hotel” : St. George, “Bankers’ Hours,” p. 7.
350 “This is like a $2.20” : Ibid.
351 “There goes our drink” : Dos Passos, Tour of Duty, p. 195.
352 In one such case: Report no. 19, “Investigation of the Murder of Bartolome Pons, Rosario Garcia (Pons), Eva V. Garcia (Pons), Pacita King, Edward King, Delfin Marquez, and Three Filipinos Identified by Their First Names as Candida, Virginia and Isaac at Paco, Manila, Philippine Islands, on 7 February 1945,” June 21, 1945, Box 1109, RG 331, SCAP, Legal Section, Administrative Division, War Crimes File, 1946–50, NARA.
352 “The baby” : Donald D. Forward, “Atrocity Report,” February 15, 1945, ibid.
352 “One of the persons” : Steven W. Loska testimony, May 11, 1945, ibid.
352 “There is no visible” : Lynn B. Griffith to Staff Judge Advocate, War Crimes Branch, “Report by War Crimes Branch on the Death of Don Bartolome Pons, Rosario Garcia Pons, Eva Garcia, Pacita King, Edward King, Delfin Marquez, and Three Servants by the Names of Candida, Virginia and Isaac, Last Names Unknown,” May 23, 1945, ibid.
352 “Desire full details” : ADV ECH GHQ to CG SIXTH ARMY ATTN G-2, February 17, 1945, Box 1993, RG 331, SCAP, Legal Section, Manila Branch, Illegal Acts by Japanese in Philippines, 1945–47, NARA.
352 “All four” : Serifine F. Ruggio testimony, February 13, 1945, in Report no. 67, “Investigation of the Murder of Forty-Three Chinese and Filipino Civilians and Attempted Murder of Twelve Chinese and Filipino Civilians in Ermita, Manila, Philippine Islands, on 11 February 1945,” August 20, 1946, Box 1114, RG 331, SCAP, Legal Section, Administrative Division, War Crimes File, 1946–50, NARA.
353 “Japanese” : Ibid.
353 “The woman had one” : William Kropf testimony, February 18, 1945, ibid.
353 “I examined the body” : William C. Gardner testimony, February 18, 1945, ibid.
353 “A short distance” : Ibid.
353 “The woman lay” : David V. Binkley testimony, March 9, 1945, ibid.
353 “The building shook” : Garcia, It Took Four Years, p. 120.
354 “We’re getting out” : Ibid.
354 “Ceilings were collapsing” : Ibid., p. 121.
354 “Stick together” : Ibid.
354 “Only a moment before” : Ibid., p. 122.
355 “Everyone was running” : Ibid., p. 123.
355 “It was an eerie sight” : Ibid.
355 “Most distressing” : Ibid., p. 124.
356 “Quickly” : Ibid., p. 127.
356 “No more than ten minutes” : Ibid., p. 128.
356 “There was no let-up” : Ibid.
356 “Can’t he see” : Ibid.
356 “That’s enough” : Ibid., p. 129.
356 “The sound” : Ibid., p. 131.
357 “Fragments of red-hot” : Ibid.
357 “The Japanese have come” : Ibid., p. 133.
357 “Pray my son” : Ibid.
357 “Don’t be afraid” : Ibid.
357 “Don’t move” : Ibid., p. 134.
358 “The sound of distant” : Ibid., p. 135.
358 “My brother and I” : Ibid., p. 136.
358 “You should go” : Ibid., p. 137.
358 “There was no” : Ibid., p. 140.
359 “For four days” : Joaquin, Mr. F.E.U., p. 170.
359 “Be brave” : Montinola, Breaking the Silence, p. 70.
359 “I forgive them” : Ibid., p. 101.
359 “What’s the matter” : Joaquin, Mr. F.E.U., p. 171.
359 “There were no flags” : Ibid.
360 “Relaxing is impossible” : Charles Henne, “Battle History of the 3d Battalion, 148th Infantry, Manila, the Unwanted Battle (4 February through 7 March 1945),” p. 80.
360 “As the noose tightened” : Hugh Hoffman, Headquarters 1st Cavalry Division, “Historical Report of the 1st Cavalry Division in the Luzon Campaign, 27 January 45–30 June 45,” July 12, 1945.
360 “The strain of this battle” : Entry for February 18–22, 1945, Griswold diary.
361 “Intramuros” : Ibid.
361 “The Japs offered” : Charles Henne, “Battle History of the 3d Battalion, 148th Infantry, Manila, The Unwanted Battle (4 February through 7 March 1945),” p. 80.
362 “Jimmy, killed instantly” : Ibid., p. 81.
CHAPTER 18
363 “South of the Pasig” : St. George, “Two Faced City,” p. 6.
363 “We encountered” : Garcia, It Took Four Years, p. 141.
364 “There was no way” : Ibid.
364 “We moved slowly” : Ibid., p. 142.
364 “The stone building” : Ibid.
364 “We wouldn’t” : Ibid., p. 143.
364 “Don’t look” : Ibid.
365 “I could not move” : Ibid.
365 “No, not in there” : Ibid., p. 144.
365 “Where the hell” : Ibid.
365 “Show them in” : Ibid., p. 145.
365 “But only for the night” : Ibid.
365 “Don’t stand” : Ibid., p. 146.
366 “The sound of rifle” : Ibid.
366 “Block after block” : Ibid., p. 155.
366 “No two corpses” : Ibid.
366 “A very poignant” : Ibid.
367 “Unlike the other” : Ibid., p. 157.
367 “It’s not the Ritz” : Ibid., p. 160.
368 “I was so weary” : Ibid., p. 161.
368 The Fifth and Twelfth: Historical Record, Fifth Cavalry, Luzon Campaign, July 12, 1945.
368 “When the smoke died” : Bonner Fellers to Dorothy Fellers, February 16, 1945, Box 2, RG 44a, Papers of Brig. Gen. Bonner F. Fellers, MMAL.
369 “During the lull” : “Yanks Tag Jap Trying to Steal Home—For Keeps,” Washington Post, February 19, 1945, p. 1.
369 “Those Japs remaining” : Historical Record, Fifth Cavalry, Luzon Campaign, July 12, 1945.
369 Despite red crosses: Report no. 60, “Investigation of the Fortification of the Philippine General Hospital for Military Purposes; the Rape of [redacted], 20-year-old Female Filipino Civilian; and the Murder of Unidentified Civilians in Ermita, Manila, Philippine Islands, During February, 1945,” March 10, 1947, Box 1113, RG 331, SCAP, Legal Section, Administrative Division, War Crimes File, 1946–50, NARA.
370 “The halls” : Ann C. Keily testimony, November 5, 1945, Box 1997, RG 331, Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, Legal Section, Manila Branch, Illegal Acts by Japanese in the Philippines, 1945–47, NARA.
370 “Every Japanese soldier” : “PGH Staff Carried on Despite Shelling, Menace of Japanese,” Free Philippines, February 22, 1945, p. 2.
370 Sixteen-year-old: Edgar Krohn, Jr., interview by author, September 14, 2015.
370 “A man in front” : Edgar Krohn, Jr., “The Way It Was: A Teenager’s Experience During the Battle for Manila,” in Guillermo and Parsons, Manila 1945, p. 52.
370 “He turned around” : Ibid.
371 “In a corner” : Ibid.
371 “I have always” : Ibid., p. 54.
371 That quest: James Litton, interview by author, September 17, 1945.
371 “She lay moaning” : James Litton, “The Battle of Manila: February 3–March 3, 1945,” unpublished narrative.
371 “She was bandaged” : Ibid.
372 “From a peep hole” : Ibid.
372 “This direct fire” : Historical Record, Report after Action, pt. 1, Operations of the 148th Infantry, Luzon, Philippine Islands, November 1, 1944–March 4, 1945.
372 “Fighting continued” : Ibid.
372 “All resistance was” : Ibid.
372 “By midmorning” : Miguel P. Avanceña, “PGH 1945: Days of Terror, Nights of Fear,” Philippine Daily Inquirer, February 18, 2012, p. A1.
373 “How many are you” : Krohn, Jr., “The Way It Was,” in Guillermo and Parsons, Manila 1945, p. 56.
373 “Amerikano!” : James Litton, “The War Years: Reminiscences of a Young Boy,” February 25, 2015, lecture, Ortigas Foundation Library, Pasig City, Philippines.
373 “I am alive” : Ibid.
373 “Don’t do that” : Luis R. Esteban, “My War: A Personal Narrative,” unpublished memoir, AWM.
373 “Casualties ran” : Robert S. Beightler to the Adjutant General, “Citation of the 112th Medical Battalion,” September 14, 1945.
373 “The evacuation continued” : Report after Action, Operations of the 37th Infantry Division, Luzon, P.I., November 1, 1944, to June 30, 1945 (M-1 Operation), September 10, 1945.
374 “The area we are” : Historical Record, Fifth Cavalry, Luzon Campaign, July 12, 1945.
374 “A fair bag” : Ibid.
374 “Both of the deceased” : John H. Amesse testimony, February 24, 1945, Box 310, RG 496, Records of General Headquarters, SWPA and U.S. Army Forces, Pacific, MIS Administrative Section, General Correspondence, 1942–46, NARA.
374 “with the rain” : Historical Record, Fifth Cavalry, Luzon Campaign, July 12, 1945.
374 “A terrific explosion” : Ibid.
375 “Their complete” : Ibid.
375 “Numerous holes” : Ibid.
375 “Looking through a crack” : Ibid.
375 “The holding force” : Ibid.
376 “At first they seemed” : Ibid.
376 “An appalling sight” : Ibid.
376 “In the five adjoining” : Ibid.
377 For the surviving: Report no. 94. All testimony cited below, unless otherwise noted, comes from this report.
377 “They were burned” : Sister Nelly de Jesus Virata testimony, October 16, 1945.
377 “The dogs” : Rosa Calalang testimony, October 16, 1945.
377 Twenty-four-year-old: Pacita Vasquez Siguenza testimony, October 20, 1945.
377 “We could never” : Conchita Huerta testimony, October 5, 1945.
377 “Rape won’t hurt” : Ibid.
377 “My family killed” : Andrea P. Lopez testimony, October 13, 1945.
378 “Sometimes, as twilight” : Joaquin, Intramuros, p. 36.
378 “We found her torso” : Ibid.
378 “We tried to help” : Ester Aenille testimony, October 11, 1945.
378 “I think Japan” : Antonio O. Gisbert testimony, October 23, 1945.
378 “We will all die” : Lourdes Locsin Godino testimony, October 17, 1945.
379 “How many” : Rosa Calalang testimony, October 16, 1945.
379 “What are they” : Ibid.
379 “You’ve hit me” : Ibid.
380 “Doctor, doctor” : Consolaction Cordero testimony, October 10, 1945.
380 “All nurses” : Benita Lahoz testimony, September 12, 1945.
380 “I could see” : Rosa Calalang testimony, October 16, 1945.
380 “The Japanese bayonetted” : Ibid.
380 “Somebody please” : Ibid.
380 “We don’t know” : Ibid.
381 “One of the women” : Benita Lahoz testimony, September 12, 1945.
381 “What are you doing” : Conrado Tauro testimony, March 4, 1945.
381 “Don’t sit down” : Jose Maria Barrullo testimony, September 11, 1945.
381 “There was no room” : Epifanio Guitierrez, Jr., testimony, October 2, 1945.
381 “Those killed” : Jose Maria Barrullo testimony, September 11, 1945.
381 “I am hit” : Eduardo W. Carceller testimony, October 13, 1945.
382 “The worst part” : Jose Maria Barrullo testimony, September 11, 1945.
382 “We made up” : Ibid.
382 “I was able” : Belarmino de Celis testimony, September 27, 1945.
382 “Many were still breathing” : Ibid.
383 “A profound silence” : Julio Rocamora testimony, March 1, 1945.
383 “I did not find” : Belarmino de Celis testimony, September 27, 1945.
383 “A representation” : Hartendorp, Japanese Occupation, p. 2:560.
383 “We won’t be” : Entry for February 18, 1945, in Cates, Drainpipe Diary, p. 256.
383 “We cheered madly” : Ibid.
384 “I saw” : Prising, Manila, Goodbye, p. 195.
384 “We consumed vast” : Entry for February 18, 1945, in Cates, Drainpipe Diary, p. 255.
384 “Give the poor bastards” : Ibid.
384 “It was the same” : Ibid.
384 “The food still seems” : John W. Osborn letter, February 8, 1945, John Osborn Santo Tomas Internment Transcriptions, UM.
384 “The camp children” : Entry for February 18, 1945, in Cates, Drainpipe Diary, p. 256.
384 “They haven’t any idea” : Bonner Fellers to Dorothy Fellers, February 16, 1945, Box 2, RG 44a, Papers of Brig. Gen. Bonner F. Fellers, MMAL.
385 “We had to shout” : Entry for February 14, 1945, in Cates, Drainpipe Diary, pp. 253–54.
385 “The guns still crash” : Entry for February 20–23, 1945, in Wygle, Surviving, p. 149.
385 “The last time” : Entry for February 20, 1945, in Cates, Drainpipe Diary, p. 256.
385 “We looked to the north” : Ibid.
385 “There was a soldier” : St. George, “Two Faced City,” p. 6.
386 “Across the river” : Ibid.
386 “South of the River” : Ibid.
386 “The other side” : Ibid.
386 “The stories that come” : William Dunn, broadcast transcript, February 16, 1945, RG 52, Papers of William J. Dunn, MMLA.
386 “But I do” : William Dunn, broadcast transcript, February 21, 1945, RG 52, Papers of William J. Dunn, MMLA.
386 “I cannot understand” : Henry Keys, “The Horror of Manila,” Daily Express, February 15, 1945, p. 1; George E. Jones, “Filipino Civilians Massacred by Foe,” New York Times, February 15, 1945, p. 1. Keys and Jones have slightly different spellings for Dr. Josephina Bulatao. The spelling used here is as it appears in the New York Times.
386 “It was painful” : Robert Shaplen, “Manila’s Stunned Survivors Can Only Stare and Weep,” Newsweek, February 26, 1945, p. 32.
386 “At last the Japanese” : Keys, “Horror of Manila,” p. 1.
386 “The Jap is a fiend” : Bonner Fellers to Dorothy Fellers, February 14, 1945, Box 2, RG 44a, Papers of Brig. Gen. Bonner F. Fellers, MMAL.
387 “Thank you” : Ibid.
387 “How she could” : Ibid.
387 “Since yesterday” : Carl Mydans, “These Are the War Victims,” Saturday Evening Post, September 1, 1945, p. 6.
387 “All morning” : Ibid.
388 “Everything you ever” : Ibid.
388 “He was not the same” : Felipe Buencamino III, “Refugees Salvage Hope, Little Else, From Ruins,” Free Philippines, February 20, 1945, p. 2.
388 “At a spot” : Water Simmons, “Peace and Quiet, Horror of War, Manila Is Both,” Chicago Daily Tribune, February 16, 1945, p. 5.
388 “Mothers and children” : Shaplen, “Manila’s Stunned Survivors Can Only Stare and Weep,” p. 32.
389 “It’s plenty hot” : Simmons, “Peace and Quiet, Horror of War,” p. 5.
389 “Americans have formed” : William Gray, Cable 4, 5, 6, February 18, 1945, Box 252, Dispatches from Time Magazine Correspondents, HL.
389 Gray visited: John Dos Passos also described this church in Tour of Duty, pp. 181–82.
389 “A Filipino woman” : Gray, Cable 4, 5, 6, February 18, 1945.
389 “Progress is slow” : William Dunn, broadcast transcript, February 12, 1945, RG 52, Papers of William J. Dunn, MMLA.
389 “A beaten enemy” : George E. Jones, “Filipino Civilians Massacred by Foe,” New York Times, February 15, 1945, p. 1.
390 “That bank’s full” : Simmons, “Peace and Quiet, Horror of War, Manila Is Both,” p. 5.
390 “The floor is covered” : Ibid.
390 “It was heartbreaking” : Gunnison, “Burning of Manila,” p. 40.
390 “There, propped” : Ibid.
391 “Here we saw” : George E. Jones, “Vast Area of Ruin Is Left in Manila,” New York Times, February 21, 1945, p. 4.
391 “Block after ruined” : Ibid.
391 “I understand” : Robert Eichelberger to Emma Eichelberger, February 21, 1945, in Luvaas, Dear Miss Em, p. 225.
391 This de facto: Robert Eichelberger to Emma Eichelberger, February 28, 1945, ibid., p. 228.
391 “MacArthur was shattered” : Rogers, MacArthur and Sutherland, p. 2:263.
392 “I do not believe” : Robert Eichelberger to Emma Eichelberger, February 14, 1945, in Luvaas, Dear Miss Em, p. 216.
392 “I must say” : Robert Eichelberger to Emma Eichelberger, February 18, 1945, ibid., p. 218.
392 “The long drawn-out” : Bonner Fellers to Dorothy Fellers, February 14, 1945, Box 2, RG 44a, Papers of Brig. Gen. Bonner F. Fellers, MMAL.
CHAPTER 19
393 “The old Walled City” : George E. Jones, “Intramuros a City of Utter Horror,” New York Times, February 25, 1945, p. 25.
393 An estimated two thousand: Smith, Triumph in Philippines, p. 301.
393 Japanese troops had: Charge no. 52, Bill of Particulars, United States v. Tomoyuki Yamashita, Box 1959, RG 331, SCAP, Legal Section, Manila Branch, Records of Trial Exhibits, 1945–49, NARA.
393 “The entire area” : “Combat in Manila,” April 21, 1945.
393 “Tremendous fire” : After Action Report, 716 Tank Battalion, January 9–February 8, 1945, March 18, 1945–February 8, 1945 (sic).
393 Troops finally: Report after Action, Operations of the 37th Infantry Division, Luzon, P.I., November 1, 1944, to June 30, 1945 (M-1 Operation), September 10, 1945.
394 “The tedious process” : Ibid.
394 Civilian escapees: After Action Report, XIV Corps, M-1 Operation, July 29, 1945.
394 “Your situation” : Ibid.
394 “So it is” : Entry for February 11–17, 1945, Griswold diary.
394 “The use of air” : Rogers, MacArthur and Sutherland, p. 2:263.
394 “Horrid as it seems” : Entry for February 11–17, 1945, Griswold diary.
394 “I understand” : Ibid.
395 The plan for: After Action Report, XIV Corps, M-1 Operation, July 29, 1945.
395 “The element” : Ibid.
395 “The huge guns” : Rogers, MacArthur and Sutherland, p. 2:264.
396 “I have witnessed” : William Dunn, broadcast transcript, February 24, 1945, RG 52, Papers of William J. Dunn, MMLA.
396 “Forty feet thick” : Jones, “Intramuros a City of Utter Horror,” p. 25.
396 In one hour: Archibald M. Rodgers, “Artillery Ammunition Expenditure for Preparation for Attack on Intramuros, 0730–0930 23 February 1945,” February 24, 1945, Box 8706, RG 407, Records of the Adjutant General’s Office, WWII Operations Reports, 1940–48, Sixth Army, NARA.
396 That was combined: Sixth Army, Report of the Luzon Campaign, January 9–June 30, 1945, p. 1:40.
396 “The old soft stones” : Charles Henne, “Battle History of the 3d Battalion, 148th Infantry, Manila, The Unwanted Battle (4 February through 7 March 1945),” p. 84.
396 Inside the dark: Antonio O. Gisbert testimony, October 23, 1945, in Report no. 94.
396 “We could not” : Benita Lahoz testimony, September 12, 1945, ibid.
397 “The firing” : Belarmino de Celis testimony, September 27, 1945, ibid.
397 “The ensuing silence” : Dunn broadcast transcript, February 24, 1945.
397 “Now there’s nothing” : Dunn, Pacific Microphone, pp. 313–14.
397 “It was a breathless” : Ibid., p. 314.
397 “Not a shot” : Jones, “Intramuros a City of Utter Horror,” p. 25.
397 At the same time: After Action Report, XIV Corps, M-1 Operation, July 29, 1945.
397 “A lone sniper” : Dunn broadcast transcript, February 24, 1945.
397 “God bless them!” : Ibid.
397 “Retaking the Intramuros” : Sixth Army on Luzon, Lingayen to Manila, January 9–March 3, 1945, Box 1957, RG 407, Records of the Adjutant General’s Office, WWII Operations Reports, 1940–48, Sixth Army, NARA.
398 “A short rattle” : Jones, “Intramuros a City of Utter Horror,” p. 25.
398 “Come on” : Belarmino de Celis testimony, September 27, 1945.
398 “I knew by the voice” : Ibid.
398 “The soldiers” : Jones, “Intramuros a City of Utter Horror,” p. 25.
398 “I don’t know” : Ibid.
399 “Damn it” : Frankel and Kirker, 37th Infantry Division, p. 291.
399 “That sounds” : Ibid., p. 292.
399 “How do you like” : Ibid.
399 “We had better leave” : Ester Aenlle testimony, October 11, 1945, in Report no. 94.
400 “Don’t be afraid” : Felicidad Villez Ocampo testimony, September 28, 1945, ibid.
400 “We are Filipinos!” : Ester Aenlle testimony, October 11, 1945, ibid.
400 “Go forward” : Lourdes Lecaroz testimony, October 3, 1945, ibid.
400 “She too, was shot” : Ibid.
400 “American soldiers” : Mary Tormey testimony, September 4, 1945, ibid.
400 “Over it streamed” : Jones, “Intramuros a City of Utter Horror,” p. 25.
401 “Come along” : Henry Keys testimony, November 7, 1945, YTT, p. 1334.
401 “I knelt down” : Ibid.
401 “She bore” : Ibid., p. 1335.
401 “Look at this!” : Ibid., p. 1336.
401 “She told us” : Ibid.
401 “He was the only” : Ibid.
402 “Come here!” : Ibid.
402 “The flies” : Ibid., p. 1337.
402 “Every building” : David S. Conner testimony, August 24, 1945, in Report no. 109.
402 “The hands” : Ibid.
402 “He said that” : Frank E. Pitchek testimony, February 28, 1945, ibid.
402 “Every thinkable” : After Action Reports, M-1 Operation, Drafts, Luzon Campaign, 37th Infantry Division, November 16, 1944–February 24, 1945, Box 8603, RG 407, Records of the Adjutant General’s Office, WWII Operations Reports, 1940–48, 37th Infantry Division, NARA.
403 Four hundred enemy dead: Report After Action, Operations of the 37th Infantry Division, Luzon, P.I., November 1, 1944, to June 30 1945 (M-1 Operation), September 10, 1945.
403 “When the Japanese” : Report no. 109.
403 “There were ashes” : David S. Conner testimony, August 24, 1945, ibid.
403 “These bodies” : Frank J. Middelberg testimony, March 1, 1945, ibid.
403 “The bodies” : Jacob E. Klein testimony, February 28, 1945, ibid.
403 “Bodies in the rear” : J. D. Frederick, “Report of Atrocities at Fort Santiago, Intramuros, City of Manila,” March 1, 1945, ibid.
404 “These double doors” : Ibid.
404 “Some enlisted men” : Frank J. Middelberg testimony, March 1, 1945, ibid.
404 “So thick” : Frederick, “Report of Atrocities at Fort Santiago, Intramuros, City of Manila,” March 1, 1945, ibid.
404 “a more diabolical” : Ibid.
404 “All indications” : Frank J. Middelberg testimony, March 1, 1945, ibid.
404 “The starved” : Frederick, “Report of Atrocities at Fort Santiago, Intramuros, City of Manila,” March 1, 1945, ibid.
405 “The total number” : John D. Frederick testimony, March 2, 1945, ibid.
405 “God has been good” : Entry for February 23, 1945, Griswold diary.
405 In a daring: After Action Report, XIV Corps, M-1 Operation, July 29, 1945; Kenney, General Kenney Reports, pp. 523–24.
405 The family had fled: H.V.W., memorandum, February 15, 1945, including “Inventory of General Douglas MacArthur’s and Manila Hotel’s Properties in the Presidential Suite,” Box 2, RG 3, Records of Headquarters, SWPA, 1942–45, MMAL.
406 On February 14 the general: George D. Sears to Douglas MacArthur, February 14, 1945, with Inventory of Silver, ibid.
406 U.S. soldiers later found: William T. Holladay to Robert Beightler, February 15, 1945, with Inventory of Silver, ibid.
406 “House still unharmed” : Douglas MacArthur to Jean MacArthur, February 16, 1945, Box 14, RG 3, Records of Headquarters, SWPA, 1942–45, MMAL.
406 “I saw the Manila Hotel” : Bonner Fellers to Dorothy Fellers, February 24, 1945, Box 2, RG 44a, Papers of Brig. Gen. Bonner F. Fellers, MMAL.
406 “Do not” : Douglas MacArthur to Jean MacArthur, February 18, 1945, Box 14, RG 3, Records of Headquarters, SWPA, 1942–45, MMAL.
406 At six a.m. on February 23: Entry for February 23, 1945, Douglas MacArthur diary.
407 “300 lbs” : Serial no. 3416, February 22, 1945, G-2 Journal, Box 8624, RG 407, Records of the Adjutant General’s Office, WWII Operations Reports, 1940–48, 37th Infantry Division, NARA.
407 MacArthur’s sedan: Historical Record, Fifth Cavalry, Luzon Campaign, July 12, 1945.
407 “I watched” : MacArthur, Reminiscences, p. 247.
408 “The higher the stairs” : Manchester, American Caesar, p. 416.
408 “Nothing was left” : MacArthur, Reminiscences, p. 247.
408 “The books” : Manchester, American Caesar, p. 416.
408 “Nice going” : MacArthur, Reminiscences, p. 247.
408 “But there was nothing” : Ibid.
CHAPTER 20
409 “The Japs have murdered” : John W. Osborn letter, February 25, 1945, John Osborn Santo Tomas Internment Transcriptions, UM.
409 Gen. Douglas MacArthur: Entry for February 27, 1945, Douglas MacArthur diary.
409 The windows: William Gray, Cable 24, February 25, 1945, Box 254, Dispatches from Time Magazine Correspondents, HL.
409 “As I passed” : MacArthur, Reminiscences, p. 251.
410 Much of the damage: Frankel, Frankel-y Speaking, pp. 118–21.
410 “It had scarcely been” : Kenney, General Kenney Reports, p. 525.
410 An American band: Details of the ceremony come from the following sources: William Gray, Cable 29, March 2, 1945, Box 256, Dispatches from Time Magazine Correspondents, HL; “Filipinos Regain Full Civil Control; MacArthur Says U.S. ‘Kept Faith,’ ” New York Times, February 27, 1945, p. 1; “Osmeña Civil Government Installed by MacArthur,” Free Philippines, February 28, 1945, p. 1; “Home to the Rock,” Newsweek, March 12, 1945, p. 34.
410 “For me” : MacArthur, Reminiscences, p. 251.
410 “Mr. President” : “Text of Gen. MacArthur’s Speech at Malacañan,” Free Philippines, February 28, 1945, p. 1. A copy of MacArthur’s speech can also be found in Box 1, RG 16a, Papers of Maj. Gen. Courtney Whitney, MMAL.
411 “His bronze features” : Whitney, MacArthur, p. 192.
411 “I could not” : MacArthur, Reminiscences, p. 251. MacArthur’s recollection of the moment his voice broke differs from news accounts at that time. Given the passage of time before he wrote his memoirs, I have opted to use the news accounts.
411 “We mourn” : “Text of President Osmeña’s Address,” Free Philippines, February 28, 1945, p. 2.
411 “As Osmeña began” : William Gray, Cable 29, March 2, 1945.
412 “I am so glad” : Ibid.
412 He was joined: Entry for March 2, 1945, Douglas MacArthur diary.
412 “So this is the 373” : Barbey, MacArthur’s Amphibious Navy, p. 308.
412 “We had departed” : MacArthur, Reminiscences, p. 250.
412 “Once the PTs” : Barbey, MacArthur’s Amphibious Navy, p. 308.
412 “Go ahead” : Kenney, General Kenney Reports, p. 519.
413 From January 23: Sixth Army on Luzon, Lingayen to Manila, January 9–March 3, 1945, Box 1957, RG 407, Records of the Adjutant General’s Office, WWII Operations Reports, 1940–48, Sixth Army, NARA.
413 “The fight” : Ibid.
413 U.S. soldiers: Templeman, Return to Corregidor, pp. 10–24.
413 “In several instances” : Sixth Army, Report of the Luzon Campaign, January 9–June 30, 1945, p. 1:54.
413 “I sat down” : Smith, Triumph in Philippines, p. 348.
413 “Corregidor” : Kenney, General Kenney Reports, p. 521.
413 “Malinta Hill” : “MacArthur Revisits Corregidor,” Free Philippines, March 5, 1945, p. 1.
414 “They made it tough” : “Home to the Rock,” Newsweek, March 12, 1945, p. 34.
414 “The odor” : George E. Jones, “M’Arthur Raises Corregidor Flag,” New York Times, March 3, 1945, p. 1.
414 “They were so thick” : Karig, Harris, and Manson, Battle Report, p. 242.
414 “I am home again” : Jones, “M’Arthur Raises Corregidor Flag,” p. 1.
414 “On the way” : Rogers, MacArthur and Sutherland, pp. 2:264–65.
414 “Corregidor’s dusty” : William Gray, Cable 29, March 2, 1945.
415 “Sir” : Templeman, Return to Corregidor, p. 20.
415 “The capture” : Jones, “M’Arthur Raises Corregidor Flag,” p. 1.
415 “Colonel” : Ibid.
415 “The buildings” : “Combat in Manila,” April 21, 1945.
415 Unlike earlier battles: Frankel, 37th Infantry Division, p. 293.
415 War planners: Smith, Triumph in Philippines, p. 302.
416 “The reduction” : After Action Report, XIV Corps, M-1 Operation, July 29, 1945.
416 Of the three: Smith, Triumph in Philippines, p. 303.
416 “We made a churned-up” : Beightler, “Report on the Activities of the 37th Infantry Division, 1940–1945,” n.d.
416 “Your life” : Headquarters Sixth Army, G-2 Weekly Report, no. 78, March 7, 1945, Box 1969, RG 407, Records of the Adjutant General’s Office, WWII Operations Reports, 1940–48, Sixth Army, NARA.
417 “The ranks” : Historical Record, Fifth Cavalry, Luzon Campaign, July 12, 1945.
417 “Only the battered” : Smith, Triumph in Philippines, p. 304.
417 “If we run out” : Friend, Blue-Eyed Enemy, p. 205.
418 The well his troops: PW Preliminary Interrogation Report no. 37–62, Hanichi Nishioka, February 27, 1945, and PW Preliminary Interrogation Report no. 37–61, Kensaburo Uchida, February 26, 1945, both in Box 8640, RG 407, Records of the Adjutant General’s Office, WWII Operations Reports, 1940–48, NARA.
418 “If anyone” : Friend, Blue-Eyed Enemy, p. 205.
418 “After the number” : Historical Record, Fifth Cavalry, Luzon Campaign, July 12, 1945.
419 “A last minute” : Ibid.
419 “The man who” : Headquarters Sixth Army, G-2 Weekly Report, no. 78, March 7, 1945.
419 “You have ten” : Ibid.
419 “At this point” : Ibid.
419 “At the end” : Smith, Triumph in Philippines, p. 306.
CHAPTER 21
420 “It may never” : War Department Release, “Statement on Japanese Atrocities in Manila,” April 17, 1945, Box 1060, RG 331, SCAP, Legal Section, Administrative Division, Closed Case Files, 1945–46, NARA.
420 “The list” : Entry for February 19, 1945, in Lichauco, “Dear Mother Putnam,” p. 214.
420 “My son’s body” : Jose Herman testimony, June 7, 1945, in Report no. 16.
421 “I just dug” : Juan Gonzalez testimony, June 1, 1945, in Report no. 48.
421 Fred Canillas visited: Fred F. Canillas testimony, July 28, 1945, in Report no. 50, “Investigation of the Murder of Felipe Canillas, and His Wife, Five Daughters and Two Sons and Zoilo Llave, All of Malate, Manila, Philippine Islands, on 8–9 February 1945,” March 5, 1947, Box 1112, RG 331, SCAP, Legal Section, Administrative Division, War Crimes File, 1946–50, NARA.
421 “My wife was wearing” : Prudencio Chicote Lalana testimony, September 17, 1945, in Report no. 88.
421 Some survivors: Elisa Bonifacio testimony, August 8, 1945, in Report no. 59.
421 The Japanese had gone: “Russian Civilians Victims of Japanese Brutality in Manila,” April 29, 1945, in Report no. 52.
421 “The skin” : Henry J. Muller, Jr., testimony, May 11, 1945, in Report no. 6.
421 “I was able” : Armando Valdes testimony, June 28, 1945, in Report no. 48.
421 “There was no” : Eva M. Gurevich testimony, May 26, 1945, in Report no. 18.
421 Rita Losinas was: Rita Losinas testimony, June 11, 1945, in Report no. 27.
421 “With a heavy” : John W. Osborn letter, March 4, 1945, John Osborn Santo Tomas Internment Transcriptions, UM.
422 Every day: “ ‘Free Philippines’ Jams City Traffic,” Free Philippines, March 1, 1945, p. 1.
422 “Ana Mari Gomez” : “Missing Persons,” Free Philippines, March 14, 1945, p. 4.
422 “Isabelo de los Reyes, Jr.” : “Missing Persons,” Free Philippines, March 19, 1945, p. 4.
422 “Victor Vantchurin, 19” : “Missing Persons,” Free Philippines, March 20, 1945, p. 4.
422 The fight to retake: After Action Report, XIV Corps, M-1 Operation, July 29, 1945; Smith, Triumph in Philippines, p. 307.
422 “There were graves” : Hartendorp, Japanese Occupation, p. 2:606.
423 “When we grabbed” : George W. Simmie testimony, May 30, 1945, in Report no. 13.
423 “We used a spading” : Faustino Gonzalez testimony, June 1, 1945, in Report no. 48.
423 “As is our village” : Hashmatrai Hotchand testimony, June 11, 1945, in Report no. 30, “Investigation of the Murder of Hotchand Hassamal, Lachmandas Parmanand, Vassanmal Pokardas, Kimatrai Vensimal, British Indians, and Felix Diaz, Emilio Tubayang, Purita and Vicente (Full Names Unknown), Filipinos, at 1588 Taft Avenue, Malate, Manila, Philippine Islands, on or about 11 February 1945,” January 28, 1947, Box 1110, RG 331, SCAP, Legal Section, Administrative Division, War Crimes File, 1946–50, NARA.
423 “I left the bodies” : Paciencia Montano testimony, July 11, 1945, in Report no. 59.
423 Few witnessed: Mariano del Rosario testimony, October 31, 1945, YTT, pp. 387–89; Jose Quiogue testimony, July 19, 1945, in Report no. 58, “Investigation of the Massacre of Thirty-Six Civilians; Wounding of Nine Other Civilians; Attempted Murder of Thirteen Other Civilians, All of Various Nationalities, in Ermita, Manila, Philippine Islands, on 10 February 1945,” March 13, 1947, Box 1112, RG 331, SCAP, Legal Section, Administrative Division, War Crimes File, 1946–50, NARA.
423 “Those in the dungeon” : David S. Conner testimony, August 24, 1945, in Report no. 109.
423 The family of twelve-year-old: Roderick Hall, interview by author, February 25, 2015; Roderick Hall to author, May 17, 2017.
423 “In the night” : Entry for March 7, 1945, in Crouter, Forbidden Diary, p. 496.
424 “There was an overpowering” : Rogers, MacArthur and Sutherland, p. 2:265.
424 “holy godawful” : Entry for February 27, 1945, Ethel Herold diary.
424 “No amount of spitting” : Charles Henne, “Battle History of the 3d Battalion, 148th Infantry, Manila, The Unwanted Battle (4 February through 7 March 1945),” p. 95.
424 “I didn’t sweep” : George E. Jones, “Manila Hospitals Also Waging War,” New York Times, February 23, 1945, p. 8.
424 Exhausted doctors: “203,928 Have Received PCAU Aid in Manila,” Free Philippines, March 5, 1945, p. 2.
424 “If I told you” : Jones, “Manila Hospitals Also Waging War,” p. 8.
424 “We never believed” : George E. Jones, “Filipino Civilians Massacred by Foe,” New York Times, February 15, 1945, p. 1.
424 “It is beastly” : Bonner Fellers to Dorothy Fellers, March 24, 1945, Box 2, RG 44a, Papers of Brig. Gen. Bonner F. Fellers, MMAL.
424 “Not only beds” : Maurice C. Pincoffs, “Health Problems in Manila,” in Pincoffs, Letters from Two World Wars, p. 267.
425 “There are hideous” : Entry for February 27, 1945, in Crouter, Forbidden Diary, p. 490.
425 “So many families” : Entry for February 18, 1945, in Labrador, Diary of Japanese Occupation, p. 269.
425 “The tales told” : Entry for March 17, 1945, James Halsema diary.
425 “Eddy!” : Hartendorp, I Have Lived, p. 3:483.
425 “I took him” : Ibid.
426 “That night” : Montinola, Breaking the Silence, p. 25.
426 The combination: Survey of War Damage in the Philippines, “Report of the Special Investigating Mission Sent to the Philippines in June 1945 by the War Damage Corporation and Completed in September 1945,” 79th Cong., 1st Sess. (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1945), p. 14.
426 The battle had left: “Philippine Civil Affairs,” August 25, 1945, Box 5, RG 5, Records of General Headquarters, SCAP, 1941–51, MMAL.
426 “Men, women and children” : George E. Jones, “Hungry Filipinos Fed by Americans,” New York Times, February 22, 1945, p. 4.
426 Some eight hundred thousand people: Pincoffs, Letters from Two World Wars, pp. 266–67.
426 “Sanitation had broken” : Sharpe, Brothers beyond Blood, p. 185.
426 Residents resorted: “It May Be Primitive, But Manila Still Has Transportation,” Free Philippines, March 9, 1945, p. 2.
426 “The morale” : “Philippine Civil Affairs,” August 25, 1945.
427 A postwar American survey: Survey of War Damage in the Philippines, “Report of the Special Investigating Mission Sent to the Philippines in June 1945 by the War Damage Corporation and Completed in September 1945,” pp. 2, 9.
427 “There is some damage” : Ibid., p. 14.
427 “Houses wanted” : Advertisements, Free Philippines, March 1, 1945, p. 2.
427 “Wanted to buy” : Advertisements, Free Philippines, February 27, 1945, p. 2.
427 “Loan wanted” : Advertisements, Free Philippines, March 17, 1945, p. 4.
427 The battle had destroyed the: “Draft of the Unpublished 1945 Annual Report of President Osmeña to the President of the United States,” Bulletin 2, no. 2 (1974): 55–56.
427 The battle had destroyed not: “Manila Observatory and Its Library Destroyed,” Free Philippines, February 23, 1945, p. 2.
427 The Philippine General Hospital: “Draft of the Unpublished 1945 Annual Report of President Osmeña to the President of the United States,” Bulletin 2, no. 1 (1974): p. 90.
427 “Nothing is standing” : “Manila Botanical Gardens Destroyed,” Free Philippines, March 16, 1945, p. 4.
428 In the short term: “203,928 Have Received PCAU Aid in Manila,” p. 2; Walter Simmons, “Business Ruined for Many Years in the Philippines,” Chicago Daily Tribune, March 6, 1945, p. 5.
428 “War damage to coconut” : “Destruction and Rehabilitation in the Philippines,” American Chamber of Commerce Journal 22, no. 3 (1946): 7.
428 The American Chamber: Advertisements, Free Philippines, April 2, 1945, p. 4.
428 “The manager” : Hartendorp, Japanese Occupation, p. 2:606.
428 “To me the loss” : Beightler, “Report on the Activities of the 37th Infantry Division, 1940–1945,” n.d.
428 “I spat on” : Carmen Guerrero Nakpil, “Benevolence,” Sunday Times Magazine (Manila), April 23, 1967, p. 14.
428 “Damn you” : Ibid.
428 “I had no conception” : Entry for March 3, 1945, in Crouter, Forbidden Diary, p. 493.
429 “For one who” : Entry for March 17, 1945, in Labrador, Diary of Japanese Occupation, p. 283.
429 “All this ruin” : Entry for February 21, 1945, Ethel Herold diary.
429 “I have seen” : Entry for March 3, 1945, in Wygle, Surviving, p. 166.
429 “There seemed nothing” : Hartendorp, Japanese Occupation, p. 2:605.
429 “So much for Manila” : Beightler, “Report on the Activities of the 37th Infantry Division, 1940–1945,” n.d.
429 “There was no joy” : Rogers, MacArthur and Sutherland, p. 2:265.
429 “The tables” : Ibid.
430 “Warning: Mines & Booby Traps” : Entry for March 17, 1945, James Halsema diary.
430 “I wandered” : Entry for February 23, 1945, in Cates, Drainpipe Diary, p. 258.
430 “I am appalled” : Entry for March 8, 1945, in Crouter, Forbidden Diary, p. 497.
430 “Manila had become” : Prising, Manila, Goodbye, p. 201.
430 “Suddenly someone shouted” : Ibid., p. 202.
430 “Flies swarmed” : Ibid., p. 203.
430 “Sex, which I had” : Ibid.
431 “Hey, you” : Ibid.
431 Doctors examined: After Action Report, XIV Corps, M-1 Operation, July 29, 1945.
431 “It is anticipated” : Ibid.
431 “What?” : Egeberg, General, pp. 166–67.
432 “Morals and convention” : Sharpe, Brothers Beyond Blood, p. 185.
432 “Yamashita is finished” : Bonner Fellers to Dorothy Fellers, February 24, 1945, Box 2, RG 44a, Papers of Brig. Gen. Bonner F. Fellers, MMAL.
432 “a most effective” : Smith, Triumph in Philippines, p. 579.
432 “The arrogant conqueror” : Charles A. Willoughby, “The Liberation of the Philippines,” Military Review 26, no. 5 (1946): 17.
432 “To breathe clean” : Historical Record, Fifth Cavalry, Luzon Campaign, July 12, 1945.
432 “beating the tin” : Charles Henne, “Battle History of the 3d Battalion, 148th Infantry, Manila, The Unwanted Battle (4 February through 7 March 1945),” p. 82.
432 “It was not unusual” : Ibid.
433 The Americans killed: Serial no. 3719, March 6, 1945, and Serial no. 3722, March 6, 1945, G-2 Journal, Box 8625, RG 407, Records of the Adjutant General’s Office, WWII Operations Reports, 1940–48, 37th Infantry Division, NARA.
433 Two days later: Serial no. 3740, March 7, 1945, ibid.
433 The following day: Serial no. 3761, March 8, 1945, ibid.
433 Others worked: Headquarters Sixth Army, G-2 Weekly Report, no. 76, February 21, 1945, Box 1969, RG 407, Records of the Adjutant General’s Office, WWII Operations Reports, 1940–48, Sixth Army, NARA.
433 “This explosion” : Report after Action, Operations of the 37th Infantry Division, Luzon, P.I., November 1, 1944, to June 30, 1945 (M-1 Operation), September 10, 1945.
433 Bulldozers helped: “Philippine Civil Affairs,” August 25, 1945.
433 The city’s sanitation: Ibid.
433 The army also looked: Report after Action, Luzon Campaign, November 1, 1944–June 30, 1945, G-1 Section, pt. 6, Box 8604, RG 407, Records of the Adjutant General’s Office, WWII Operations Reports, 1940–48, 37th Infantry Division, NARA.
433 “The theater” : Ibid.
433 The army likewise: Report after Action, Operations of the 37th Infantry Division, Luzon, P.I., November 1, 1944, to June 30, 1945 (M-1 Operation), September 10, 1945; “Organized Baseball Resumes at Rizal Park,” Free Philippines, March 31, 1945, p. 2.
433 Famed composer: “Berlin Presents His Filipino Song to Commonwealth Gov’t,” Free Philippines, March 29, 1945, p. 4.
434 “Manila is free” : Jean MacArthur to Sara E. King, February 5, 1945, Box 5, RG 13, Papers of Jean MacArthur, MMAL.
434 “Doc” : Egeberg, General, p. 184.
434 “Now” : Jean MacArthur, oral history transcript 7, Box 15, RG 13, Papers of Jean MacArthur, MMAL.
434 He climbed aboard a tender: Entry for March 6, 1945, Douglas MacArthur diary.
434 On deck: “Mrs. MacArthur and Son Rejoin General in Manila,” New York Times, March 8, 1945, p. 11; Manchester, American Caesar, pp. 422–24.
435 “Isn’t it wonderful” : Kenney, MacArthur I Know, p. 128.
435 “George, I did” : George C. Kenney, oral history by D. Clayton James, July 16, 1971, MMAL.
435 “Manila was practically” : Bonner F. Fellers to Alice Chitwood, April 6, 1945, Box 14, RG 3, Records of Headquarters, SWPA, 1942–45, MMAL.
435 “Lord” : Jean MacArthur, oral history transcript 10, Box 15, RG 13, Papers of Jean MacArthur, MMAL.
436 “I had a horrible feeling” : Huff and Morris, My Fifteen Years, p. 100.
436 “Your coming to Manila” : Mary Fairchild to Jean MacArthur, March (n.d.), 1945, Box 5, RG 13, Papers of Jean MacArthur, MMAL.
436 “It was just heartbreaking” : Jean MacArthur oral history transcript 10.
436 “Well” : Entry for March 7, 1945, in Crouter, Forbidden Diary, p. 496.
436 “It may be” : Ibid.
436 The MacArthurs called: Entry for March 6, 1945, Douglas MacArthur diary.
436 “I think I’d better” : Jean MacArthur oral history transcript 10.
437 A few days later: Entry for March 17, 1945, Douglas MacArthur diary.
437 The roof was gone: Huff and Morris, My Fifteen Years, p. 100.
437 “I had learned” : MacArthur, Reminiscences, p. 35.
437 “You wanted to know” : Jean MacArthur to Sara E. King, April 6, 1945, Box 5, RG 13, Papers of Jean MacArthur, MMAL.
PART IV
439 “In a way” : Servillano Aquino testimony, January 27, 1949, p. 699 of the trial transcript of People of Philippines v. Shizuo Yokoyama, Box 1699, RG 331, SCAP, Legal Section, Prosecution Division, Philippines versus Japanese War Criminals, Case File, 1947–49, NARA.
CHAPTER 22
441 “What the Japanese” : Entry for March 17, 1945, in Labrador, Diary of Japanese Occupation, p. 286.
441 Shortly before: Carlisle, Red Arrow Men, pp. 213–14.
441 “One cannot imagine” : Muto, “Truth of the Philippines Campaign,” p. 37.
442 “Tears flowed” : Ibid., p. 62.
442 “It knifed” : “When He Heard of Japan’s Surrender,” in Potter, Life and Death, p. 183.
442 “Don’t worry” : Ibid., p. 149.
442 “If I kill myself” : Ibid.
442 On August 24: Blakeley, 32nd Infantry Division, pp. 266–73; Eichelberger, Our Jungle Road, pp. 256–58.
442 “My men have” : “Before Giving Himself Up,” in Potter, Life and Death, p. 184.
443 “I have been charged” : “Yamashita Yields in Philippines; Wainwright Takes the Surrender,” New York Times, September 3, 1945, p. 1.
443 “General Yamashita” : Ibid.
443 “The war is over” : Muto, “Truth of the Philippines Campaign,” p. 73.
444 “We had nothing” : Ibid.
444 “This is typical” : Bob MacMillan, “Yamashita Gives Up,” Yank, October 12, 1945, pp. 3.
444 “This is like a cinema” : Ibid.
444 “As he walked” : Blakeley, 32nd Infantry Division, p. 273.
444 “We were served” : Muto, “Truth of the Philippines Campaign,” p. 73.
445 “The insults” : Ibid.
445 The general presented: Kenworthy, Tiger of Malaya, pp. 29–38.
445 MacArthur would later: “Yamashita Sword Coming to U.S.,” New York Times, September 7, 1945, p. 5.
445 “It’s a heck” : “The Bandwagon,” New Republic, September 10, 1945, p. 317.
445 “Not only was” : Muto, “Truth of the Philippines Campaign,” p. 73.
446 “He ordered it” : Joseph Hearst, “Gen. Yamashita Gives Army Up to Wainwright,” Chicago Daily Tribune, September 3, 1945, p. 5.
446 “No” : Ibid.
446 Though the High Commissioner’s: Wainwright, General Wainwright’s Story, p. 284.
446 Guerrilla leaders: Dean Schedler, “P.I. Campaign Ends as Yamashita Signs Surrender,” Manila Times, September 5, 1945, p. 2.
447 “Manila was shockingly” : Wainwright, General Wainwright’s Story, p. 276.
447 “I saw one eyebrow” : Percival, War in Malaya, p. 326.
447 “Percival and Yamashita” : Rodolfo L. Nazareno, “Signature Formally Ends P.I. Campaign,” Star Reporter, September 4, 1945, p. 1.
447 “Please be seated” : Ibid.
447 “You have heard” : “ ‘Butcher’ of Bataan Yields to U.S. Hero,” Los Angeles Times, September 3, 1945, p. 1.
447 “I am” : Ibid.
447 “He was rigid” : “Yamashita Yields in Philippines,” p. 1.
448 “General Yamashita” : Muto, “Truth of the Philippines Campaign,” p. 74.
448 “He walked up” : Wainwright, General Wainwright’s Story, pp. 285–86.
448 “General” : Ibid., p. 285.
448 “From our speeding” : Muto, “Truth of the Philippines Campaign,” p. 74.
449 The dogged work: Breakdown of Atrocity Reports, n.d., Box 1993, RG 331, SCAP, Legal Section, Manila Branch, Illegal Acts by Japanese in Philippines, 1945–47, NARA.
449 “Kill Americans troops” : Loose Handwritten Sheet Containing Instructions Given by the Commanding Officer of a Group (Heidan), Names of Officer and Group Not Stated, Dated 8 March, Year Not Stated, But Presumably 1945, Doc. 47, in “Analysis of A.T.I.S. Translations of Captured Japanese Documents Bearing on Yamashita Case,” October 19, 1945.
449 “Four prisoners” : Entry for December 28, 1944, handwritten diary, November 23, 1944, to February 1945, belonging to a member of MBI Unit, Doc. no. 40, ibid.
449 “All natives” : Entry for March 17, 1945, notebook kept by MG Co of West of the Lake Sector Unit, February 13–March 12, 1945, Doc. no. 39, ibid.
449 “Taking advantage” : Entry for March 27, 1945, bound handwritten notebook, December 19, 1944–March 27, 1945, belonging to Pvt 1st Cl Matsuoka, Itoji of Asahi 1111 Force, Doc. no. 41, ibid.
449 “I have already killed” : Captured Japanese diary (neither owner nor unit listed), February (n.d.) 1945, Doc. no. 33, ibid.
450 “He’s not fit” : Sidney Mashbir, oral history by D. Clayton James, July 27, 1971, MMAL.
450 “That was that” : Ibid.
450 “The witness” : Rukmani Kishinchand testimony, June 11, 1945, in Report no. 21.
450 “They speak flawless” : Report no. 66.
450 “She does not speak” : Ibid.
450 “Yes, I know” : Belarmino de Celis testimony, September 27, 1945, in Report no. 94.
450 “I didn’t tell” : Remedio Huerta Beliso testimony, October 6, 1945, ibid.
451 “Do you know” : Ismael Sedro testimony, September 20, 1945, in Report no. 67.
451 “Many people were killed” : Ichiro Sato statement, November 23, 1945, included in People of Philippines v. Shizuo Yokoyama, Box 1698, RG 331, SCAP, Legal Section, Prosecution Division, Philippines versus Japanese War Criminals, Case File, 1947–49, NARA.
451 “I killed my 15” : Sohei Michishita statement, November 20, 1945, ibid.
452 “It is hard” : Joaquin Maranon testimony, September 15, 1945, in Report no. 70.
452 “They all look” : Elsie Hamburger testimony, June 1, 1945, in Report no. 28.
452 “He had slit eyes” : Cayetano Lagdameo testimony, July 19, 1945, in Report no. 59.
452 “My future” : Walter K. Frankel testimony, February (n.d.) 1945, in Report no. 47, “Investigation of the Murder of Justice Antonio Villa-Real and Fifteen Other Civilians and the Attempted Murder of Three Civilians at Pax Court, Pasay, Rizal, Philippine Islands, on 12 February 1945,” August 12, 1945, Box 1111, RG 331, SCAP, Legal Section, Administrative Division, War Crimes File, 1946–50, NARA.
452 “What the Japanese” : Jose C. Yulo testimony, September 4, 1945, in Report no. 63.
452 “I honestly believe” : Joaquin Maranon testimony, September 15, 1945, in Report no. 70.
452 “diabolical” : Report no. 53.
452 “inhuman” : Emil Krause and R. Graham Bosworth, “Report of Investigation of Alleged Atrocities by Members of the Japanese Imperial Forces in Manila and Other Parts of Luzon, Philippine Islands,” April 9, 1945, Box 1993, RG 331, SCAP, Legal Section, Manila Branch, Illegal Acts by Japanese in Philippines, 1945–47, NARA.
452 “savage” : Ibid.
452 “This orgy” : Report no. 63.
452 “Such a cruel” : Report no. 51, “Investigation of the Massacre at 612–614 Kansas Street, Paco, Manila, Philippine Islands, of Twelve Civilians; Attempted Murder of Three Civilians, All of Various Nationalities, Committed on 10 February 1945,” March 1, 1945, Box 1112, RG 331, SCAP, Legal Section, Administrative Division, War Crimes File, 1946–50, NARA.
452 “They were simply” : Report no. 47.
452 The sack of Manila: Krause and Bosworth, “Report of Investigation of Alleged Atrocities by Members of the Japanese Imperial Forces in Manila and Other Parts of Luzon, Philippine Islands,” April 9, 1945.
453 “It is recommended” : Ibid.
CHAPTER 23
454 “There can be” : Edmund P. Stone, “Report of Investigation of Authenticated Cases of Atrocity Committed by Imperial Japanese Forces in Manila,” February 26, 1945, Box 1993, RG 331, SCAP, Legal Section, Manila Branch, Illegal Acts by Japanese in Philippines, 1945–47, NARA.
454 “one of the most hated” : “ ‘Malaya Tiger’ in Bilibid, on Fish and Rice,” Washington Post, September 4, 1945, p. 10.
454 “I feel sure” : “Atlanta Wife against Mate in This Case,” Atlanta Constitution, October 9, 1945, p. 12.
454 “How do you feel” : William Kibler, “The Fight of His Life,” Altoona Mirror, December 9, 2012, p. 1.
455 “Our feelings” : J. Gordon Feldhaus, “The Trial of Yamashita,” Current Legal Thought 13 (August 1947): 255.
455 “We had all seen” : George F. Guy, “The Defense of Yamashita,” Wyoming Law Journal 4 (Fall 1949): 154.
455 “So you’re the guys” : Reel, Case of Yamashita, p. 13.
455 “as intelligent” : Report of Interrogations of Tomoyuki Yamashita and Akira Muto, September 4–6, 1945, Box 7, RG 44a, Papers of Brig. Gen. Bonner F. Fellers, MMAL. See also Samuel S. Stratton, “Tiger of Malaya,” Proceedings, February 1954, pp. 136–43.
455 “the real brains” : Ibid.
455 “an almost childish” : Ibid.
455 “He was a terrific” : “Local Navy Lt. Interrogates Yamashita,” Schenectady Gazette, December 11, 1945, p. 15.
456 Through those broadcasts: “Spain Severs Relations With Japan over Killing of Officials in Manila,” New York Times, April 12, 1945, p. 1.
456 “Neither Gen. Yamashita” : “Summary of Interrogations of General Yamashita and Other Responsible Commanders and Staff Officers,” n.d., Box 8640, RG 407, Records of the Adjutant General’s Office, WWII Operations Reports, 1940–48, NARA.
456 “I don’t know” : “Summary of Interrogations of General Yamashita and Other Responsible Commanders and Staff Officers,” n.d.
456 “Another explanation” : Ibid.
457 “It must have been” : Feldhaus, “Trial of Yamashita,” p. 255.
457 “His head seemed” : Guy, “Defense of Yamashita,” p. 155.
457 “Harvard” : Reel, Case of General Yamashita, p. 14.
457 “To me the idea” : Akira Muto testimony, November 22, 1945, YTT, p. 3052.
457 “We cut him short” : Reel, Case of General Yamashita, p. 16.
458 “Where did the city” : Ibid., p. 22.
458 “I decided to put” : Ibid.
458 “The Japanese army” : Ibid.
458 “It was entirely” : Ibid., p. 24.
458 “His forthright manner” : Guy, “Defense of Yamashita,” p. 156.
458 “When surrender” : Reel, Case of General Yamashita, p. 26.
459 heavy rains prompted: Joyce Velde, interview by author, February 19, 2015.
459 American engineers: Hartendorp, Japanese Occupation, pp. 2:647–48.
459 “Manila was” : Ibid., 648.
459 A rash of bootleg: “Liquor Poisoning Deaths Drop to Zero,” Free Philippines, May 4, 1945, p. 3.
459 “The fearsome Japs” : “Peace and Order in Manila,” Sunday (Manila) Post, September 30, 1945, p. 4.
459 Leftover land mines: “Jap Land Mines Still Taking Toll in Manila,” Courier, September 21, 1945, p. 2.
459 “This country” : A.V.H. Hartendorp, “Fascist Machinations in Manila,” Sunday (Manila) Post Magazine, September 30, 1945, p. 1.
460 Outside the High Commissioner’s: Robert Cromie, “Yamashita Wins 2 Jap Officers as His Counsel,” Chicago Daily Tribune, October 9, 1945, p. 2.
460 “Allied legal laboratory” : “Court to Try Yamashita Neither Civil Nor Military But Laboratory,” Courier, October 28, 1945, p. 2.
460 “would have probative” : B.M. Fitch to Commanding General, AFWESPAC, “Regulations Governing Trial of War Criminals,” September 24, 1945, Box 1925, RG 331, SCAP, Legal Section, Manila Branch, 201 File, 1945–48, NARA.
460 “The rule of evidence” : Robert Trumbull, “Yamashita Trial Sets Precedents,” New York Times, November 11, 1945, p. 65.
461 “It was” : Reel, Case of General Yamashita, p. 41.
461 “mere soldier” : Ibid., p. 34.
461 “I’m amazed” : Robert Cromie, “First Jap War Trial Today,” Chicago Daily Tribune, October 8, 1945, p. 1.
461 The courtroom: Reel, Case of General Yamashita, pp. 27–28; Joseph Laitin, “Yamashita Pleads Not Guilty, Scores Point in Legal Battle,” Manila Post, October 9, 1945, p. 1; Robert Trumbull, “Much Evidence Arrayed,” New York Times, October 8, 1945, p. 7; Kenworthy, Tiger of Malaya, p. 41.
461 Many dignitaries: “Yamashita Enters ‘Not Guilty’ Plea,” Manila Chronicle, October 9, 1945, p. 1; “Plea of ‘Not Guilty’ Entered by Yamashita; Trial Set for October 29,” Manila Times, October 1, 1945, p. 1; Leon O. Ty, “ ‘Not Guilty!’—Yamashita,” Courier, October 9, 1945, p. 1.
462 “The arraignment” : Feldhaus, “Trial of Yamashita,” p. 255.
462 “Attention” : “Yamashita Enters ‘Not Guilty’ Plea,” p. 1.
462 “He hesitated” : George Mountz letter, October 9, 1945, George Mountz Collection, ACPL.
462 “Sweat gleamed” : “ ‘Butcher of Bataan’ Is Fat Again, Still Cruel Looking,” Courier, October 9, 1945, p. 1.
462 “Toothless Tiger” : “Toothless Tiger,” Newsweek, October 15, 1945, p. 54.
462 “Gopher of the Philippines” : “Gen. Yamashita Arraigned for Crimes in Manila,” Los Angles Times, October 9, 1945, p. A4.
462 “beady” : “Yamashita enters ‘Not Guilty’ Plea,” Manila Chronicle, October 9, 1945, p. 1.
462 “rat-like eyes” : Ty, “ ‘Not Guilty!’—Yamashita,” p. 1.
462 “He looked like” : “The Gentleman or the Tiger?” Time, December 10, 1945, p. 23.
462 “They’ve fattened him” : “ ‘Butcher of Bataan’ Is Fat Again,” p. 1.
462 The same day: “Aussies Want Hand on Gen. Yamashita,” Courier, October 9, 1945, p. 1.
463 “It probably is” : Robert Kerr to L. H. Redford, November 29, 1974, in L. H. Redford, “The Trial of General Tomoyuki Yamashita: A Case Study in Command Responsibility,” Thesis, Old Dominion University, September 1975, p. 98.
463 “Guards keep” : Entry for November 29, 1945, in James J. Halsema, “The End of the War (III),” Bulletin 20, no. 4 (1992): 39.
463 “The proceedings” : Russel Reynolds, October 8, 1945, YTT, p. 3.
463 “Whom does” : Ibid., p. 26.
463 “I am happy” : Tomoyuki Yamashita, ibid.
463 “There are a number” : Ibid., p. 27.
463 “The Accused” : Russel Reynolds, ibid., p. 28.
464 “Thank you” : Tomoyuki Yamashita, ibid.
464 “We maintain” : Robert Kerr, ibid., p. 29.
464 “We have certain” : Ibid., p. 36.
464 The massacres outlined: Bill of Particulars, United States v. Tomoyuki Yamashita, Box 1959, RG 331, SCAP, Legal Section, Manila Branch, Records of Trial exhibits, 1945–49, NARA.
464 “The charges” : “Toothless Tiger,” p. 54.
464 “The Accused” : Henry Clarke, October 8, 1945, YTT, p. 58.
464 “General Tomoyuki Yamashita” : Russel Reynolds, ibid.
465 “My plea” : Tomoyuki Yamashita, ibid.
465 “There were” : Guy, “Defense of Yamashita,” p. 158.
465 The job: Reel, Case of General Yamashita, pp. 76–77.
465 “We worked” : Ibid., p. 77.
465 “By virtue” : Guy, “Defense of Yamashita,” pp. 158–59.
466 At four p.m. on October: Frank Reel, YTT, October 29, 1945, p. 72.
466 “We were dumbfounded” : Reel, Case of General Yamashita, p. 77.
466 “The power behind” : Ibid., p. 78.
466 “That’s very good” : Pat Robinson, “Yamashita Sure He’ll Be Freed by Army Court,” Washington Post, October 29, 1945, p. 1.
466 “I don’t see how” : Ibid.
CHAPTER 24
467 “Nothing has seared” : Carlos P. Romulo, “Our Morning,” Free Philippines, February 22, 1945, p. 2.
467 “It was first” : “Gen. Yamashita Put on Trial,” Los Angeles Times, October 29, 1945, p. 1.
467 Adding to the excitement: “Discover Jap Land Mine Near High Commissioners House,” Courier, October 30, 1945, p. 1.
467 The trial that kicked: Robert Cromie, “Yamashita’s Trial to Air 123 Offenses,” Chicago Daily Tribune, October 28, 1945, p. 1; Robert Trumbull, “Yamashita Trial Begins Tomorrow,” New York Times, October 28, 1945, p. 7.
467 The 123 specific charges: Jim Gianladis, “Tiger’s Trial,” Yank, November 30, 1945, p. 4.
468 “repeatedly raping” : Bill of Particulars, United States v. Tomoyuki Yamashita.
468 “entire settlements” : Ibid.
468 “killing approximately” : Ibid.
468 “The list goes on” : “Court to Distinguish between Yamashita Moral, Legal Guilt,” Manila Chronicle, October 27, 1945, p. 5; Kenneth L. Dixon, “Yamashita’s Legal Guilt Is Problem,” Hartford Courant, October 14, 1945, p. 14.
468 “From the very beginning” : Gianladis, “Tiger’s Trial,” p. 4.
468 “We believe” : Frank Reel, October 29, 1945, YTT, p. 72.
468 “Defense Counsel” : Robert Kerr, ibid., p. 84.
468 “The case” : Russel Reynolds, Ibid., p. 85.
468 “permanently mutilated” : Robert Kerr, ibid., p. 98.
468 “We Americans” : Ibid., pp. 97–98.
469 “That is the charge” : Ibid., p. 99.
469 Kerr jumped: Vicente L. del Fierro, “Japs Killed My Baby!—Noble,” Star Reporter, October 29, 1945, p. 1. Other news accounts of that day’s proceedings include Robert Trumbull, “Horror Recital on in Yamashita Trial,” New York Times, October 29, 1945, p. 1; Robert Cromie, “Yamashita Goes on Trial,” Chicago Daily Tribune, October 29, 1945, p. 1; Zacarias Nuguid, Jr., “Atrocities Told at Yamashita Trial,” Daily Standard, October 30, 1945, p. 1.
469 “My name” : Patrocinio Abad (Corazon Noble) testimony, October 29, 1945, YTT, p. 132.
469 “hell on the loose” : “Yamashita Unmoved as Witnesses Describe Scenes of Horror, Murder,” Manila Times, October 30, 1945, p. 1.
469 “I saw them aiming” : Patrocinio Abad testimony, October 29, 1945, YTT, pp. 137–38.
470 “bloodbath” : “Yamashita Unmoved,” p. 1.
470 “a story of horror” : Trumbull, “Horror Recital on in Yamashita Trial,” p. 1.
470 “nightmare of doom” : Fierro, “Japs Killed My Baby!—Noble,” p. 1.
470 “Yamashita appeared” : “Corazon Noble Describes Massacre at Infirmary,” Courier, October 30, 1945, p. 1.
470 “Can you tell” : Patrocinio Abad testimony, October 29, 1945, YTT, p. 138.
470 The prosecution hurried: Redford, “Trial of General Tomoyuki Yamashita,” pp. 28–29; George Mountz letter, November 5, 1945, George Mountz Collection, ACPL.
471 “foul a tale” : “Japanese Savagery,” New York Times, November 6, 1945, p. 18.
471 “Not even the wholesale” : Robert Cromie, “Mass Murder in Manila Club Told on Stand,” Chicago Daily Tribune, November 2, 1945, p. 1.
471 “The Japanese soldier” : Leoncio Tolentino testimony, November 12, 1945, YTT, p. 1825.
471 “One of my sisters” : Justine Manlisik testimony, November 14, 1945, ibid., p. 2186.
471 “They burned” : Beatriz Sapinoso testimony, November 16, 1945, ibid., p. 2454.
471 “Oh my God!” : Priscilla Garcia testimony, November 1, 1945, ibid., p. 519.
471 “I couldn’t even think” : Esther Garcia testimony, November 1, 1945, ibid., pp. 513–14.
472 “The girl’s feet” : Robert Trumbull, “Girl, 11, Stirs Yamashita Hearing by Story of Stabs, Parents’ Slayings,” New York Times, November 6, 1945, p. 1.
472 Tears ran down: “The General and Rosalinda,” Time, November 19, 1945, p. 22.
472 “Before your mother” : Rosalinda Andoy testimony, November 6, 1945, YTT, p. 1168.
472 “Her simple honest” : Armando J. Malay, “Survivors Relate Jap Brutalities in Fort Santiago,” Manila Chronicle, November 7, 1945, p. 1.
472 “American generals” : Trumbull, “Girl, 11, Stirs Yamashita Hearing by Story of Stabs, Parents’ Slayings,” p. 1.
472 “Do not weep” : “Rosalinda Andoy—Age 11,” poem included with George Mountz letter, November 16, 1945, George Mountz Collection, ACPL.
472 “Gripping the sides” : Mac. R. Johnson, “Yamashita Asks Manila Court to Halt His Trial,” New York Herald Tribune, November 13, 1945, p. 6.
473 “After I was stabbed” : An Kim Ling testimony, November 12, 1945, YTT, p. 1183.
473 “The audience” : Johnson, “Yamashita Asks Manila Court to Halt His Trial,” p. 6.
473 “Let me get” : “Angry Mother Tries to Claw at Yamashita,” Manila Times, November 3, 1945. p. 1.
473 “As they led” : Ibid.
473 “You still have face” : Robert Trumbull, “Filipino Escaped Beheading by Foe,” New York Times, November 13, 1945, p. 5.
473 “On the chairman’s order” : Ibid.
474 Esquerra stood up: Robert Cromie, “Filipinos Tossed in Hole, Buried Alive by Japs,” Chicago Daily Tribune, November 3, 1945, p. 3.
474 “You, first” : Ricardo Esquerra testimony, November 3, 1945, YTT, p. 834.
474 “I just picked” : Armando J. Malay, “Woman Witness Found Carrying Pieces of Rock,” Manila Chronicle, November 15, 1945, p. 1.
474 “I found it hard” : Henry Keys, “Reporter Accuses Yamashita,” Daily Express, November 8, 1945, p. 4.
474 “Was the ration” : A.V. H. Hartendorp testimony, November 7, 1945, YTT, p. 1386.
474 “It really brought” : George Mountz letter, November 7, 1945, George Mountz Collection, ACPL.
474 Each day the atrocities: “Quiet Room in Manila,” Time, November 12, 1945, p. 23.
474 “The prosecution’s map” : Trumbull, “Filipino Escaped Beheading by Foe,” p. 5.
474 “Revolting testimony” : Cromie, “Filipinos Tossed in Hole, Buried Alive by Japs,” p. 3.
474 Manila radio announcers: Army Airways Communications System, 7th Wing Historical Report, October 1–December 31, 1945, Air Force Historical Research Agency, Montgomery, Ala.
475 “ ‘Rape Pools’ ” : “ ‘Rape Pools’ Described by City’s Prettiest Women,” Manila Post, November 2, 1945, p. 1.
475 “Courtroom Tearful” : Vicente L. del Fierro, “Courtroom Tearful as Girl Speaks,” Star Reporter, November 6, 1945, p. 1.
475 “Defense Silent” : “Defense Silent as Orgy of Murder, Rape Is Told,” Manila Post, October 31, 1945, p. 1.
475 “Perhaps enough testimony” : “Editorial Points,” Boston Globe, November 13, 1945, p. 10.
475 “The Japanese soldiers” : “Japanese Ethics,” Hartford Courant, November 7, 1945, p. 10.
475 “Day after day” : Reel, Case of General Yamashita, pp. 91–92.
475 “Yamashita sits” : George Mountz letter, November 1, 1945, George Mountz Collection, ACPL.
475 “His reddish eyes” : “Days of Terror,” Newsweek, November 12, 1945, p. 45.
476 “Hearsay evidence” : Frank A. Reel, “Even His Enemy,” Ohio Bar Association Report 19, no. 10 (1946): 170.
476 “Imagine” : George Mountz letter, November 4, 1945, George Mountz Collection, ACPL.
476 “Who is this Mr. Jackson” : Reel, Case of General Yamashita, p. 119.
476 “The trial stinks” : Entry for November 12, 1945, Norman Sparnon diary, Norman James Sparnon Collection, AWM.
477 “There was not one word” : Guy, “Defense of Yamashita,” pp. 162–63.
477 “It’s like a man” : “Yamashita: Too Busy,” Newsweek, December 10, 1945, p. 44.
477 “I was convinced” : Robert L. Schwartz, “Justice for Yamashita?” Time, November 28, 1949, p. 4.
477 “In the opinion” : “Yamashita: Too Busy,” p. 44.
477 “There are wide” : “Filipinos Fear Yamashita May Go Scot Free,” Los Angeles Times, November 19, 1945, p. 7.
478 “Yamashita complains” : “Editorial Points,” Boston Globe, November 15, 1945, p. 140.
478 “Commander in Chief” : CINCAFPAC ADV (Marshall) to CINCAFPAC FOR WHITLOCK, November 12, 1945, Box 1944, RG 331, SCAP, Legal Section, Manila Branch, Radiograms, 1945–49, NARA.
478 “Among the people” : Keichoku Yoshida testimony, November 27, 1945, YTT, p. 3454.
478 “General Yamashita believed” : Shigetaro Amakasu testimony, November 27, 1945, ibid., pp. 3468–69.
478 “Among the Army men” : Shigemasa Sunada testimony, November 28, 1945, ibid., p. 3483.
478 “Did General Yamashita” : Akira Muto testimony, November 21, 1945, ibid., p. 3038.
479 “Have you ever seen” : Norman James Sparnon testimony, November 27, 1945, ibid., pp. 3393–95.
479 “There were no deaths” : John Shizuo Ohashi testimony, November 26, 1945, ibid., p. 3358.
479 “General Yamashita” : Harry Clarke, November 28, 1945, ibid., p. 3518.
479 “The sleepy court” : “Yamashita Takes Stand as P.I. High Court Turns Down His Habeas Corpus Petition,” Courier, November 29, 1945, p. 1.
479 “electrified” : Felix G. Gonzalez, “ ‘Tiger’ Gives Blanket Denial,” Manila Post, November 29, 1945, p. 1.
479 “courtroom into a mild” : Armando J. Malay, “ ‘Tiger’ Claims He Did Not Control Troops,” Manila Chronicle, November 29, 1945, p. 1.
480 “Yamashita wants” : “Yamashita: Too Busy,” p. 44.
480 All eyes focused: Other news accounts that detail Yamashita’s testimony include: “Yamashita Takes Stand in Defense,” New York Times, November 28, 1945, p. 5; Robert Trumbull, “Yamashita Denies Any Atrocity Link,” New York Times, November 29, 1945, p. 3; Robert Trumbull, “Yamashita Firm in Denying Guilt,” New York Times, November 30, 1945, p. 3; Robert Cromie, “Tiger Denies All in Court Fight for Life,” Chicago Daily Tribune, November 29, 1945, p. 3; “Tiger Testifies, Denies Charges,” Manila Times, November 29, 1945, p. 1.
480 “The burly general” : Robert Cromie, “Yamashita on Stand; Shifts Atrocity Blame,” Chicago Daily Tribune, November 28, 1945, p. 1.
480 “He spoke” : “Yamashita: Too Busy,” p. 44.
480 “Did you ever” : Tomoyuki Yamashita testimony, November 29, 1945, YTT, pp. 3556, 3558.
481 “Each red pin” : Tomoyuki Yamashita testimony, November 30, 1945, ibid., pp. 3654, 3656–57, 3659–60.
482 “When the defense rested” : “The Gentleman or the Tiger?” Time, December 10, 1945, p. 23.
482 At eight-thirty on: In addition to the trial transcript, the following news accounts detail the proceedings: Robert Trumbull, “Defense Sums up Yamashita’s Case,” New York Times, December 5, 1945, p. 3; Robert Trumbull, “Hanging Demanded as Yamashita Fate,” New York Times, December 6, 1945, p. 3; Robert Cromie, “Free Yamashita, He Didn’t Know, Counsel Pleads,” Chicago Daily Tribune, December 5, 1945, p. 10; “Death by Hanging Asked for General Yamashita,” Manila Times, December 6, 1945, p. 1; Felix G. Gonzalez, “ ‘Hang Yamashita,’ Court Urged,” Manila Post, December 6, 1945, p. 1; “Hanging of Gen. Yamashita Asked by Chief Prosecutor,” Courier, December 6, 1945, p. 1; Robert L. Stewart, “Death for ‘Tiger’ Asked,” Daily Standard, December 6, 1945, p. 1.
482 “It is directed” : “Proposed Announcement in Open Session,” n.d., Box 1, Morris C. Handwerk Papers, USAHEC.
483 “The prosecution contends” : Milton Sandberg closing arguments, December 5, 1945, YTT, pp. 3918–19.
483 “The battle of the south” : Ibid., pp. 3921–22.
484 “To us the guerrillas” : Frank Reel closing arguments, December 5, 1945, YTT, p. 3962.
484 “We don’t say” : Ibid., p. 3970.
484 “They were led” : Robert Kerr closing arguments, December 5, 1945, YTT, pp. 3997–98.
484 “The whole length” : Ibid., p. 4042.
484 “All natives” : Ibid., p. 4031.
484 “Burned 1,000” : Ibid., p. 4027.
484 “Kill even women” : Ibid., p. 4026.
484 “Is this warfare?” : Ibid., p. 4032.
485 “If we accept” : Ibid., p. 4013.
485 “It was his duty” : Ibid., p. 4004, 4053.
485 “Anything less” : Ibid., pp. 4053–54.
486 “I am ready” : Kenworthy, Tiger of Malaya, p. 84.
486 “There can be only” : Ibid.
486 Spectators turned out: In addition to the news accounts cited below, the following accounts proved helpful: “Tiger Hears Verdict Today,” Manila Chronicle, December 7, 1945, p. 1; Robert Trumbull, “Yamashita Is Found Guilty,” New York Times, December 7, 1945, p. 1; “Death Decreed,” Washington Post, December 8, 1945, p. 3; “General Yamashita, Found Guilty, Sentenced to Hang Until Dead,” Manila Times, December 8, 1945, p. 1; Armando J. Malay, “Tiger Is Unmoved as He Receives Death Sentence,” Manila Chronicle, December 8, 1945, p. 1.
486 “Every inch” : “Will Hang General Yamashita for Manila Atrocities; Pearl Harbor Sneak Attack Atoned,” Courier, December 8, 1945, p. 1.
486 “The verdict” : “Newspaper Men Against Execution of Yamashita,” Barrier Minder, December 7, 1945, p. 1; Robert Cromie, “Doom Yamashita to Hang,” Chicago Daily Tribune, December 7, 1945, p. 1.
486 “Hanging would be” : “Newspaper Men Against Execution of Yamashita,” p. 1.
486 “It is inconceivable” : Ibid.
486 “The prosecution” : Entry for November 28, 1945, in Halsema, “End of the War (III),” p. 39.
486 “The Defense were” : Entry for December 5, 1945, Sparnon diary, Norman James Sparnon Collection, AWM.
487 “They have discharged” : Armando J. Malay, “Yamashita to Hear Sentence on Friday,” Manila Chronicle, December 5., 1945, p. 1.
487 “Rumor has it” : George Mountz letter, December 6, 1945, George Mountz Collection, ACPL.
487 To beat the competition: Entry for December 7, 1945, in Halsema, “End of the War (III),” p. 41.
487 “He carefully laid” : Reel, Case of General Yamashita, p. 168.
487 “There will be no” : Ibid.
488 “Attention!” : “Attention!” Time, December 12, 1945, p. 20.
488 “We agreed” : Russel B. Reynolds to John H. Tucker, Jr., December 6, 1970, Box 1, Morris C. Handwerk Papers, USAHEC.
488 “The Commission is in session” : Russel Reynolds, December 7, 1945, YTT, p. 4057.
488 “The crimes” : Ibid., p. 4058.
488 “Many of the witnesses” : Ibid.
489 “Taken at full” : Ibid., p. 4060.
489 “An unearthly silence” : George Mountz letter, December 7, 1945, George Mountz Collection, ACPL.
489 “It is absurd” : Russel Reynolds, December 7, 1945, YTT, p. 4061.
489 “The Accused” : Ibid.
489 “I have been” : Tomoyuki Yamashita statement, ibid., p. 4062.
490 “The room was” : Kenworthy, Tiger of Malaya, p. 85.
490 “It was as though” : “Will Hang General Yamashita for Manila Atrocities; Pearl Harbor Sneak Attack Atoned,” p. 1.
490 “Accordingly upon secret” : Russel Reynolds, December 7, 1945, YTT, p. 4063.
490 “I feel that he” : Guy, “Defense of Yamashita,” p. 172.
490 “Not a muscle” : “General Yamashita, Found Guilty, Sentenced to Hang Until Dead,” Manila Times, December 8, 1945, p. 1.
490 “As the convicted” : “Will Hang General Yamashita for Manila Atrocities,” p. 1.
490 “He maintained” : “ ‘Yamashita Will Die,’ ” Newsweek, December 17, 1945, p. 51.
491 “If I ever” : Entry for October 30, 1945, in Halsema, “End of the War (III),” p. 29.
491 “I still don’t think” : Entry for December 7, 1945, ibid., p. 41.
491 “C’mon” : Reel, Case of General Yamashita, p. 175.
491 “Yamashita will die” : “ ‘Yamashita Will Die,’ ” p. 51.
491 “Yamashita gets justice” : “Yamashita Gets Justice,” Manila Chronicle, December 9, 1945, p. 4. For more details on reaction of American papers, see “U.S. Papers Hail Yamashita’s Death Sentence,” Courier, December 9, 1945, p. 1.
491 “The death sentence” : “The Yamashita Trial,” Star Reporter, December 8, 1945, p. 2.
491 “The Filipino people” : “Yamashita Verdict Draws Praise from President Osmeña,” Star Reporter, December 8, 1945, p. 1.
491 “Manila has suffered” : “Wants Tiger Hanged Here,” Daily Standard, December 9, 1945, p. 1.
491 “The American method” : “Attention!” Time, December 12, 1945, p. 20.
491 “Why must they” : “Yamashita Awaits M’Arthur’s Final Word on Death Sentence,” Courier, December 8, 1945, p. 1.
491 As a token: “Yamashita, Due to Die, Presents Gifts to Yanks,” Los Angeles Times, December 8, 1945, p. 4; Reel, Case of General Yamashita, p. 175; Guy, “Defense of Yamashita,” pp. 155, 173.
492 “You’re the only” : Reel, Case of General Yamashita, p. 175.
492 “That is my last” : Ibid.
492 “General was lying” : Milton P. Thomson, Memorandum to Judge Advocate, December 10, 1945, Box 1937, RG 331, SCAP, Legal Section, Manila Branch, War Crimes Trials Status Reports, 1945–47, NARA.
CHAPTER 25
493 “An uncurbed” : Frank Murphy, dissenting opinion, In re Yamashita, 327 U.S. 1 (1946), February 4, 1946, Box 898, RG 331, SCAP, Legal Section, Administrative Division, Investigation Reports for War Crimes, 1945–48, NARA.
493 The lawyers had argued: Robert Cromie, “Seek to Halt Yamashita War Crime Hearing,” Chicago Daily Tribune, November 12, 1945, p. 10.
493 “Under no circumstances” : TELECON 11180900/Z, “War Crimes Trials,” Box 1944, RG 331, SCAP, Legal Section, Manila Branch, Radiograms, 1945–49, NARA.
493 The Philippine Supreme Court: Guy, “Defense of Yamashita,” pp. 168–71.
493 “We contend” : “MacArthur Rapped by Tiger’s Counsel for Trial Handling,” Manila Chronicle, November 24, 1945, p. 1.
494 “Europe is one” : “Army Court Hit before P.I. Tribunal,” Manila Post, November 24, p. 1.
494 “As far as” : “MacArthur Rapped by Tiger’s Counsel,” p. 1.
494 “Why don’t you” : “MacArthur Rapped by Tiger’s Counsel,” p. 1.
494 “I don’t think” : “Army Court Hit before P.I. Tribunal,” p. 1; “Score MacArthur for Making Rules Re ‘Tiger’ Trial,” Courier, November 24, 1945, p. 1.
494 Hendrix’s passion: Felix G. Gonzalez, “Supreme Court Denies Yamashita Plea, Has No Jurisdiction,” Manila Post, November 29, 1945, p. 1.
495 “General Tomoyuki” : Reel, Case of General Yamashita, p. 203.
495 “It is believed” : CINCAFPAC ADVANCE to WARTAG, December 8, 1945, Box 763, RG 331, SCAP, Adjutant General’s Section, Operations Division, Mail & Records Branch, Classified Decimal File, 1945–47, NARA.
495 “Secretary of War” : WASHINGTON to CINCAFPAC, CINCAFPAC ADVANCE (Personal to MacArthur and Styer), December 9, 1945, ibid.
495 “The Supreme Court” : Reel, Case of General Yamashita, p. 204.
495 “Court requested” : WASHINGTON to CINCAFPAC ADV (MacArthur), December 17, 1945, Box 763, RG 331, SCAP, Adjutant General’s Section, Operations Division, Mail & Records Branch, Classified Decimal File, 1945–47, NARA.
496 “high-grade lynching” : Harlan Stone to Sterling Carr, December 4, 1945, Box 9, Harlan Stone Papers, LOC.
496 “I don’t mind” : Ibid. Stone elaborated on his views in a November 13, 1945, letter to Louis Lusky, in Box 19, ibid.
496 On the side: Draft Release, December 19, 1945, Box 283, Hugo Black Papers, LOC.
496 “It was a battle” : Wiley Rutledge to John Frank, February 13, 1946, Box 137, Papers of Wiley B. Rutledge, LOC.
496 “It was only” : Wiley Rutledge to John Frank, February 22, 1946, ibid.
496 “emphasize the dissension” : Fine, Frank Murphy, p. 453.
496 “I fail to see” : J. K. Roach to Hugo Black, n.d., Box 283, Hugo Lafayette Black Papers, LOC.
496 “A dead snake” : J. W. Smith to Hugo Black, n.d., ibid.
497 “I realize” : Reel, Case of General Yamashita, p. 208.
497 “That is not to say” : Ibid.
497 “The Honorable” : Ibid., pp. 213–14.
497 “I glanced around” : Ibid., p. 213.
497 Throughout six hours: No transcript of the hearings exist, though the following news accounts detail the proceedings: Jay Walz, “High Court Hears Yamashita’s Pleas,” New York Times, January 8, 1946, p. 2; “Yamashita’s Case Now under Study,” New York Times, January 9, 1946, p. 8; “Highest Court Weighs Fate of Yamashita,” Washington Post, January 9, 1946, p. 9; Willard Edwards, “Highest Court Hears Plea for Yamashita Life,” Chicago Daily Tribune, January 8, 1946, p. 1; Willard Edwards, “Supreme Court Weighs Ruling on Yamashita,” Chicago Daily Tribune, January 9, 1946, p. 8.
497 “The case at bar” : Reel, Case of General Yamashita, p. 211.
498 “No decision” : WASHINGTON to CINCAFPAC, January 29, 1946, Box 763, RG 331, SCAP, Adjutant General’s Section, Operations Division, Mail & Records Branch, Classified Decimal File, 1945–47, NARA.
498 “Corrections of their” : In re Yamashita, 327 U.S. 1 (1946), February 4, 1946, Box 898, RG 331, SCAP, Legal Section, Administrative Division, Investigation Reports for War Crimes, 1945–48, NARA.
498 “For reasons already” : Ibid.
498 “Those provisions” : Ibid.
498 “More is at stake” : Wiley Rutledge, dissenting opinion, February 4, 1945, ibid.
499 “That there were” : Frank Murphy, dissenting opinion, February 4, 1945, ibid.
499 “They belong to” : Ibid.
500 “The high feelings” : Ibid.
500 “I wholly respect” : Fine, Frank Murphy, p. 458.
500 In a letter to a friend: Wiley Rutledge to John Frank, February 22, 1946, Box 137, Papers of Wiley B. Rutledge, LOC.
500 “These trials cannot” : Rutledge to Frank, February 13, 1946, ibid.
500 “The Yamashita case” : “Yamashita’s Appeal,” New York Times, February 5, 1946, p. 20.
500 “The decision of” : “Legality of Military Commissions Upheld,” Los Angeles Times, February 6, 1946, p. A4.
501 “We shall not” : “Yamashita Case,” Washington Post, February 6, 1946, p. 6.
501 “This case rises” : “Making Our Own Liberty Secure?” St. Louis Star-Times, March 22, 1946, p. 22.
501 “Thank God” : Mrs. D.C. Cowles to Wiley Rutledge, February 5, 1946, Box 137, Papers of Wiley B. Rutledge, LOC.
501 “tornado” : Rutledge to Dave Rosner, March 5, 1946, ibid.
501 “I never thought” : Willard S. Fraser to Rutledge, n.d., ibid.
501 “The effect” : Fred A. Dewey to Rutledge, February 13, 1946, ibid.
501 “May it be” : Robert B. Burch to Rutledge, March 6, 1946, ibid.
501 “It is not easy” : Orders no. 2, February 11, 1946, Box 763, RG 331, SCAP, Adjutant General’s Section, Operations Division, Mail & Records Branch, Classified Decimal File, 1945–47, NARA. A handwritten copy of MacArthur’s review can be found in RG 10, General Douglas MacArthur’s Private Correspondence, 1848–1964, MMAL.
502 “stripped of uniform” : Ibid.
502 “chill, scathing” : “M’Arthur Dooms Yamashita,” Los Angeles Times, February 7, 1946, p. 1.
502 Allied occupation forces: Lindesay Parrott, “Yamashita Order Shocks Japanese,” New York Times, February 8, 1946, p. 13; James, Years of MacArthur, p. 3:95.
502 “I thought and prayed” : “Yamashita Wins Stay; Truman’s Mercy Asked,” Los Angeles Times, February 8, 1946, p. 1.
502 “We are heirs” : Ibid.
502 “I have been prepared” : “Yamashita Death Up to Truman,” Chicago Daily Tribune, February 8, 1946, p. 1.
502 “did not even” : “Gen. Yamashita Plea to Truman Proves Futile,” Los Angeles Times, February 9, 1946, p. 1.
502 “The War Department” : “Truman Seals Yamashita’s Fate,” New York Times, February 9, 1946, p. 6.
503 “The doom of” : “Gen. Yamashita Plea to Truman Proves Futile,” p. 1.
503 “It was indeed” : Reel, Case of General Yamashita, p. 239.
503 “The Secretary of War” : CINCAFPAC to COMGEN AFWESPAC, February 10, 1946, Box 1944, RG 331, SCAP, Legal Section, Manila Branch, Radiograms, 1945–49, NARA.
503 “You are authorized” : CINCAFPAC to AFWESPAC, February 20, 1946, ibid.
503 “Intramuros, hallowed” : “Resolution Requesting the United States Army Authorities to Hang General Yamashita, the Tiger, In Public, In Intramuros,” December 11, 1945, Box 1937, RG 331, SCAP, Legal Section, Manila Branch, War Crimes Trials Status Reports, 1945–47, NARA.
503 American authorities: CG AFWESPAC, SGD STYER to CINCAFPAC (Personal Attention General MacArthur), February 7, 1946, Box 1944, RG 331, SCAP, Legal Section, Manila Branch, Radiograms, 1945–49, NARA.
503 “the most closely” : V. G. Miller and W. C. Wilson, “Yamashita Pays with His Life for the Rape of Manila,” Manila Post, February 24, 1946, p. 1.
503 “After the execution” : CG AFWESPAC, SGD STYER to CINCAFPAC (Personal Attention General MacArthur), February 7, 1946.
504 “at an hour” : W. D. Styer to Commanding Officer, Philippine Detention and Rehabilitation Center, February 21, 1946, Box 1937, RG 331, SCAP, Legal Section, Manila Branch, War Crimes Trials Status Reports, 1945–47, NARA.
504 In preparation for: Styer to Commanding General, Base X, February 21, 1946, ibid.
504 “I don’t blame” : “Yamashita Hanged Near Los Baños Where Americans Were Tortured,” New York Times, February 23, 1946, p. 1.
504 “The world I knew” : Potter, Life and Death , p. 184.
504 For his final: Ibid., p. 173.
504 “We were sorry” : Ibid.
504 Guards escorted: Background on the hanging of Yamashita is drawn in part from the following sources: “Gen. Yamashita Hanged as Disgraced Soldier,” Los Angeles Times, February 23, 1946, p. 1; “Gen. Yamashita Executed,” Chicago Daily Tribune, February 23, 1946, p. 1; “I Thank You!” Time, March 4, 1946, p. 25; “Yamashita: By the Neck,” Newsweek,” March 4, 1946, p. 45; “Tiger’s Death Described,” Manila Chronicle, February 26, 1946, p. 1; “Yamashita, Ohta Die on First Anniversary of Freedom of US PWs,” Manila Times, February 24, 1946, p. 1; Kenworthy, Tiger of Malaya, pp. 87–88.
505 Lt. Charles Rexroad: “Yamashita Hangman,” Chicago Daily Tribune, February 24, 1946, p. 5; Pat Robinson, “ ‘Tiger of Malaya’ Predicts He’ll Hang as War Criminal,” San Antonio Light, September 13, 1945, p. 1; “Job of Hanging 130 Japs Just ‘Assignment,’ ” Evening Times, March 23, 1949, p. 7.
505 “Putting a rope” : Harold H. Martin, “Hanging Is His Trade,” Saturday Evening Post, June 5, 1948, p. 22.
505 “One man catches” : Charles Rexroad, handwritten account of Yamashita’s hanging, February 23, 1946, copy courtesy of Nathaniel Helms.
505 “There is no lost” : Ibid.
505 “Have you any” : Charles Rexroad, handwritten account of Yamashita’s hanging, February 23, 1946.
505 “I will pray” : “Yamashita Hanged Near Los Baños,” p. 1.
506 The trapdoor: Joseph T. Gohmann to Commanding Officer, Phil Detn & Rehab Ctr, APO 75, “Time of Death of War Criminals,” February 23, 1946, copy courtesy of Nathaniel Helms.
506 “I pronounce this man” : Charles Rexroad, handwritten account of Yamashita’s hanging, February 23, 1946.
506 “among soldiers” : “Yamashita Is Buried in Prisoners’ Cemetery,” Hartford Courant, February 24, 1946, p. 2.
EPILOGUE
507 “The Manila of 1941” : Dunn, Pacific Microphone, p. 20.
507 “The past is dead” : Entry for March 3, 1945, in Crouter, Forbidden Diary, p. 493.
508 “By the end” : Orendain, “Children of War,” in Constantino, Under Japanese Rule, p. 68.
508 Yamashita’s wife: S. Iguchi to General Headquarters of the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, “The Ashes of the Late General Yamashita,” March 5, 1946, Box 763, RG 331, SCAP, Adjutant General’s Section, Operations Division, Mail & Records Branch, Classified Decimal File, 1945–47, NARA.
509 “He was executed” : Potter, Life and Death , p. 175.
509 “I am responsible” : Takesue Furuse pleadings, March 21, 1949, p. 14 in People of Philippines v. Takesue Furuse, Box 1699, RG 331, SCAP, Legal Section, Prosecution Division, Philippines versus Japanese War Criminals, Case File, 1947–49, NARA.
509 “May God have mercy” : Jose V. Andrada statement, March 23, 1945, p. 25, ibid.
509 “I am doing this” : “Freed Japs to Shun Heritage of Hate, Quirino Explains,” Albuquerque Journal, July 6, 1953, p. 13.
510 “I think we made” : John Cornelison, “Hanging of Japanese General Called U.S. Judicial Blunder,” Cedar Rapids Gazette, April 12, 1967, p. 4C.
510 Maj. Gen. Russel Reynolds: Reynolds to John H. Tucker, Jr., December 6, 1970, Box 1, Morris C. Handwerk Papers, USAHEC.
510 “damning” : Ibid.
510 “After weighing” : Reynolds to Otto E. Reik, March 8, 1950, ibid.
511 “Douglas MacArthur bears” : Aluit, By Sword and Fire, p. 395.
511 “One side killed” : Brady, “War Is Hell,” unpublished narrative.
511 “sentimental journey” : MacArthur, Reminiscences, p. 418.
511 “My life has” : Manchester, American Caesar, p. 696.
511 Yamashita’s hanging did: Charles T. Brown to Edmund J. Lilly, August 15, 1947, Edmund J. Lilly Papers, J.Y. Joyner Library, East Carolina University, Greenville, N.C.
511 “During cold days” : Cayetano Lagdameo testimony, November 23, 1948, p. 97 of People of Philippines v. Shizuo Yokoyama, Box 1698, RG 331, SCAP, Legal Section, Prosecution Division, Philippines versus Japanese War Criminals, Case File, 1947–49, NARA.
511 American nun: Sister Mary Trinita Logue testimony, May 19, 1945, in Report no. 10, “Investigation of the Mistreatment and Torture of Sister Mary Trinita Logue (Sister Trinita), Santo Tomas University, Manila, Philippine Islands, Between 15 April and 15 May 1944,” June 5, 1945, Box 1108, RG 331, SCAP, Legal Section, Administrative Division, War Crimes File, 1946–50, NARA.
511 “I could not talk” : Orendain, “Children of War,” in Constantino, Under Japanese Rule, p. 127.
511 “It was just total” : William Branigin, “50 Years Later, Survivors of Battle of Manila Speak Out,” Washington Post, October 27, 1994, p. A34.
512 “Landmine explosion” : Augusto Jimenez Raymundo questionnaire, n.d., Memorare Manila 1945 Foundation Collection, FHL.
512 “Burned alive” : Amelia Briar Casteley questionnaire, n.d., ibid.
512 “Raped and bayonetted” : Amparo da Silva de Martinez questionnaire, November 17, 1995, ibid.
512 “I saw them” : Loreto Franco Racho questionnaire, November 4, 1994, ibid.
512 “On the morning” : Angie Abad Santos letter, February 8, 1995, ibid.