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504 evaluation, 176
504 Plans
classroom accommodations and, 181–182
overview of, 177
teacher and classroom characteristics and, 184
A
Abilify, 101, 102, 103–104. See also Medication
Abilities, natural, 121–126. See also Strengths associated with ASD
Abstraction skills, 192–194, 206, 207
Academic skills. See also Educational services; School environment; School-related activities
learning disabilities and, 173–174
as a strength, 123
Accommodations. See also Educational services
classroom accommodations, 182–183
college and, 251, 253–254, 259
employment and, 266
ADA. See Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
Adolescence. See also Growing up
critical issues during, 234–250
living arrangements and, 256–261
social skills training and, 210
Adult relationships, 166–168. See also Relationships
Adults, relationships with, 132–133. See also Relationships
Adults with ASD. See also Future for children with ASD; Growing up
critical issues during, 234–250
living arrangements and, 256–261
social skills training and, 210
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), 181, 250–251
Amygdala, 60f, 64. See also Brain structure
Antidepressants, 103–104. See also Medication; Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
Anxiety
handwriting and, 190
job interviews and, 266
social skills training and, 206
Anxiety disorders, 30–31, 44t, 108
Applied behavior analysis (ABA), 79t, 81–83, 84
Asperger, Dr. Hans, 7
Asperger syndrome. See also Autism spectrum disorder in general; High-functioning autism spectrum disorder in general; Pervasive developmental disorder (PDD)
future for children with ASD and, 17–19
Assertiveness training, 227
Assessment
educational services and, 176
medical tests, 49
observational methods, 47–49, 133–135, 140–143
planning for increasing independence and, 250–251
treatments and, 74
Assignment checklists, 187
Attainment Company, 265
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), 40–41, 43t, 44t
Atypical neuroleptics, 101–102. See also Medication
Autism Speaks organization, 78, 265
Autism spectrum disorder in general. See also High-functioning autism spectrum disorder in general; Pervasive developmental disorder (PDD)
future for children with ASD and, 17–19
Autoimmune response, 71
Autonomy, 232
Autopsy studies, 59–60. See also Brain structure
Ayres, Dr. Jean, 105
B
Behavior. See also Parenting strategies; Repetitive behavior; Ritualized behavior; Symptoms
dealing with teasing and bullying and, 228
educational services and, 194–195
positive discipline strategies and, 150–152
resources, 274
strategies for improving social skills and, 204–223
turning into strengths, 126–133
understanding challenging behavior, 139–150
Behavioral interventions, 93–100, 194–195
Behavioral specialist, 100
Being told “no,” 208
Brain structure, 48–49, 58–66, 60f
C
Calendar use, 254–255, 258–259
Calming techniques, 226
Causes of ASD
dietary treatments and, 108–109
neurological influences, 58–66, 60f
Circle of Friends activity, 222–223
Classroom accommodations, 182–183. See also Accommodations; Educational services
Classroom environment, 183–184
Classroom placements, 77–78, 180–181
Cognitive skills, 5–6, 8, 170–173
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), 208–210
Collaborative learning, 189
Communication. See also Conversation skills
college and, 256
language–communication therapy, 91–93
social functioning and, 203–204
through challenging behavior, 140–150
by using appropriate behavior, 146–149
Compatibility with adults, 132–133
Competitive employment, 261–262. See also Employment
Confidence, 228
Conflict management, 208
Consequences of a behavior. See also Behavior; Parenting strategies
behavioral interventions, 94–98
social skills training and, 209
understanding challenging behavior and, 140–150
Consistency
college and, 255
overview of, 138
positive discipline strategies and, 151
Conversation skills. See also Communication
language–communication therapy, 91–93
social interventions, 88, 207, 208, 212
social reciprocity and, 202–203
Counseling, 166
D
Damasio, Dr. Antonio, 62
Dating. See Romantic relationships
Deafness, 43t
Delayed echolalia, 15
Depression
individual psychotherapy and, 108
overview of, 44t
Details, 14–15. See also Interests
Developmental history, 47
Diabetes, 71
Diagnosis. See also Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)
dealing with teasing and bullying and, 228
educational services and, 176, 196
sharing with your child, 55–56
treatments and, 74
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). See also Diagnosis
changes to, 26–28, 31–32, 34–36
Dietary treatments, 108–110, 152–154
Disciplinary strategies, 150–152, 163–164. See also Parenting strategies
Disclosures
teaching social skills and, 212–213
Distraction, 171
Divorce, 167
Dopamine system, 102
DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders), 7–8
Dyslexia, 173. See also Learning disabilities
E
Early intervention, 76–77. See also Treatments
Early Start Denver Model (ESDM), 79t, 83–84
Educational services. See also School-related activities; Special education programs
behavioral issues and, 194–195
classroom options, 180–181, 181–183
comprehension and abstraction skills, 192–194
executive function help, 186–188
group learning and, 189
help-seeking routines, 188–189
Individualized Education Program (IEP), 175–180
teacher and classroom characteristics, 183–184
visual strategies and, 186
Educational support, 80t
Emotional dysregulation, 108
Emotions of others, 6–7, 10–11
Empathy
in high-functioning autism spectrum disorder, 6–7
social skills training and, 208
Environmental causes, 58–59, 69–72. See also Causes of ASD
Erections, 243
Exclusion, 208
Executive function skills. See also Goal-directed activities; Organization; Planning; Time-management skills
educational services and, 186–188
school functioning and, 171
Expectations, 164
Extracurricular activities, 213–215
Eye contact
social functioning and, 203–204
social skills training and, 206
F
Facial recognition, 64
Family practice doctors, 45–47
Family support
teaching social skills and, 211–223
Federal Rehabilitation Act of 1973, 181
Feeding issues, 109
fMRI (Functional magnetic resonance imaging), 59, 65
Folstein, Dr. Susan, 66
Fragile X syndrome, 67
Free and appropriate public education standards, 175–176, 178–179
Friendships. See also Relationships; Social functioning
in high-functioning autism spectrum disorder, 6–7
interests of your child and, 131–132
problems with, 11
resources, 281
social interventions and, 88, 206, 208, 220
understanding challenging behavior and, 145–146
Frontal lobe, 60f, 62–63. See also Brain structure
Functional behavior analysis (FBA), 80t, 98, 140
Functional imaging, 59, 62–66. See also Neurological testing
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), 59, 65. See also Neurological testing
Fusiform gyrus, 60f. See also Brain structure
Future for children with ASD, 17–19, 74. See also Adolescence; Adults with ASD; Growing up
G
Generalizing
individual psychotherapy and, 107–108
problems with, 15
social skills training and, 206, 207, 208
Genetic factors, 20–21, 48, 66–69
Global and Regional Asperger Syndrome Partnership (GRASP), 248
Goal-directed activities, 171
Goals
Individualized Education Program (IEP) and, 175–180
planning for increasing independence and, 250–251
social skills training and, 207
using your child’s interests as a reward, 130–131
Grandin, Dr. Temple, 120, 124, 244, 264
Group learning, 189
Group living, 260
Group treatment, 107–108, 205–208. See also Social skills groups
Growing up. See also Adolescence; Future for children with ASD
critical issues during, 234–250
disclosing the ASD diagnosis and, 238–241
identity development and, 246–248
living arrangements and, 256–261
planning for increasing independence and, 250–251
romantic relationships and, 244–246
sexual development and, 242–244
H
Hearing impairment, 43t
Help-seeking routines, 188–189
High-functioning autism spectrum disorder in general. See also Autism spectrum disorder in general; Pervasive developmental disorder (PDD)
future for children with ASD and, 17–19
resources, 269–270, 276, 278–280, 282–284
social interaction and communication problems and, 9–13
Home environment, 137–138. See also Parenting strategies
Homework. See also School-related activities
educational services and, 186–188
parenting strategies and, 158–160
Household chores and responsibilities
parenting strategies and, 157–158
Howlin, Dr. Patricia, 18–19, 97
Hypothalamus, 60f. See also Brain structure
I
IDEA law, 177
Identity development, 246–248, 273
IEP. See Individualized Education Program (IEP)
Immune system deficiency, 71
Independence
living arrangements and, 256–261
Individual psychotherapy, 80t, 107–108. See also Therapy
Individualized Education Program (IEP). See also Special education programs
504 Plans and, 183
planning for increasing independence and, 250–251
teacher and classroom characteristics and, 184
Individualized Transition Plan, 250–251, 261
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, 250–251
Infections, 71
Instructions, 183
Intellectual impairment, 30–31, 43t
Interests, 13–15, 128–132, 133–134. See also Obsessions
Intervention. See Treatments
Interviewing for employment, 265–266. See also Employment
J
Job interviews, 265–266. See also Employment
Jobs. See Employment
Judgments, 247
K
L
Language–communication therapy, 80t, 91–93
Law of parsimony, 40
Learning disabilities, 43t, 173–174, 281
Least restrictive educational (LRE) classroom, 77–78, 180–181
Leiter International Performance Scale, 50
Literal interpretation, 13. See also Conversation skills
Loneliness, 202
Lord, Dr. Catherine, 27
Lovaas method. See Applied behavior analysis (ABA)
LRE principle. See Least restrictive educational (LRE) classroom
M
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 48–49, 59
Marital relationships, 167
Masturbation, 243
Math, 194
Maturity, 231–234. See also Adolescence; Adults with ASD; Growing up
Maurer, Dr. Ralph, 62
Measles–mumps–rubella (MMR) vaccine, 71–72
Medical tests, 49. See also Assessment
Memory
consistency and, 138
employment and, 264
as a strength, 122
Mental health diagnoses, 30–31, 42–43, 42t, 43t
Microarray analysis, 67
Modeling behaviors, 148, 211–213
Morality, 247
Mornings, 152
Motivational problems, 50–51, 207
Motor skills, 159
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), 48–49, 59
Mullen Scales of Early Learning, 50
N
Narrating life technique, 218–219
Natural abilities, 121–126. See also Strengths associated with ASD
Neuroleptics, atypical, 100–102. See also Medication
Neurological testing, 48, 49, 58–66, 60f
Nonverbal learning disability, 43t, 173–174, 266. See also Learning disabilities
Note taking, 190
O
Observational methods of assessment. See also Assessment
identifying your child’s strengths and, 133–135
understanding challenging behavior, 140–143
Obsessions, 13–15, 128–132. See also Interests
Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), 38–42, 43t
Occam’s razor, 40
Occupational therapists, 45–47
Operant conditioning theory, 94–95
Oppositional defiant disorder, 43t
Outcomes. See Future for children with ASD
Outings
parenting strategies and, 156–157
social skills training and, 207
Oversharing of personal information, 212–213
Overwhelmed feelings, 144
P
Parenting strategies. See also Behavior; Home environment; Parents
consistency and, 138
positive discipline strategies, 150–152
strategies for difficult times during the day, 152–160
understanding challenging behavior, 139–150
Parents. See also Parenting strategies; Support groups
dealing with an ASD diagnosis, 166–168
educational services and, 175, 176–178
as members of the IEP team, 177–178
social skills training and, 208
teaching social skills and, 211–223
as treatment managers, 112–114
Peers. See also Friendships; Relationships; Social functioning
dealing with teasing and bullying and, 226–229
interests of your child and, 131–132
problems with, 11
social reciprocity and, 200–201
understanding challenging behavior and, 145–146
Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS), 25–26, 27–28
Pervasive developmental disorder (PDD), 8–9, 24–26, 27–28. See also Asperger syndrome; Autism spectrum disorder in general; High-functioning autism spectrum disorder in general
Placement, classroom, 77–78, 180–181
Play, 88
Positive discipline strategies, 150–152, 163–164. See also Parenting strategies
Pragmatic language therapy, 33–34, 91–93
Praise, 212
Preschool years
treatment options in, 76–87, 79t–80t, 86f
Preventative approaches to avoiding challenging behavior, 94, 98–99, 143–146. See also Behavior; Parenting strategies
Problem solving
problems with, 15
social interventions and, 88
social skills training and, 208
Progressive relaxation technique, 226
Prompts, 148
Psychotherapy, individual. See Individual psychotherapy
Psychotic disorder, 43t
R
Reactive attachment disorder, 43t
Reading comprehension, 192–193
Reading disabilities, 173. See also Learning disabilities
Reciprocity, 199–204. See also Social functioning
Reinforcement
behavioral interventions and, 97, 99–100
educational services and, 184
Relationships. See also Friendships; Social functioning
romantic relationships and, 244–246
strategies for improving social skills, 204–223
Relaxation techniques, 226
Repetitive behavior, 13–15. See also Behavior
Repetitive language, 15
Respite care, 111
Responsibilities, 157–158, 162–163
Rewards
behavioral interventions and, 96–97
positive discipline strategies and, 152
using your child’s interests as, 130–131
Rhythm of voice, 13
Risperdal, 101, 102, 103–104. See also Medication
Ritualized behavior, 13–15. See also Behavior
Romantic relationships, 244–246. See also Relationships; Sexual development
Routines
college and, 254
educational services and, 183
household chores and responsibilities and, 157–158
overview of, 138
positive discipline strategies and, 151–152
social skills training and, 206, 207
Rules
consistency and, 138
educational services and, 183
positive discipline strategies and, 150–152
siblings and, 164
social skills training and, 206, 207
Rutter, Sir Michael, 66
S
Sarcasm, 13. See also Conversation skills
Schedules
college and, 254
educational services and, 183
social skills training and, 206
understanding challenging behavior and, 144–145
Schizoid personality disorder, 43t
Schizophrenia, 43t
School environment, 169–170. See also Academic skills; School-related activities
School-related activities. See also Academic skills; Educational services; School environment
group learning and, 189
incorporating a child’s interests into, 130–131
learning disabilities and, 173–174
visual strategies and, 186
Schultz, Dr. Robert, 64
Secure employment, 262–263. See also Employment
Selective mutism, 43t
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), 101–102. See also Medication
Self-acceptance, 208
Self-contained classrooms, 77–78
Self-disclosure
teaching social skills and, 212–213
Self-management techniques, 194–195
Self-talk, 209
Sensory integration therapy, 80t, 104–107
Sensory issues
homework and, 159
resources, 274
sensory integration therapy and, 104–107
understanding challenging behavior and, 144
Sharing personal information, 212–213
Sheltered workshops, 263. See also Employment
Shore, Stephen, 240
Siblings
teaching social skills and, 211–213
Skill development homes, 260–261
Social (pragmatic) communication disorder, 33–34
Social anxiety disorder, 43t
Social functioning. See also Friendships; Peers; Relationships; Social interaction; Social skills
dealing with teasing and bullying, 226–229
emotional regulation and, 224–226
growing up and, 230–231, 232–234
social interventions and, 87–90
strategies for improving, 204–223
Social interaction. See also Social functioning; Social skills
Social phobia, 43t
Social skills. See also Social functioning
cognitive-behavioral therapy and, 208–210
emotional regulation and, 224–226
group social skills training, 205–208
strategies for improving, 204–223
teaching outside of the clinic, 211–223
Social skills groups, 79t, 88, 92–93, 205–208. See also Group treatment
Social Story approach, 156–157, 216–218
Social support, 19–21, 110–112
Special education programs. See also Educational services
Individualized Education Program (IEP), 175–180
teacher and classroom characteristics and, 184
your child’s rights regarding, 77–78
Speech–language disorders, 43t
Speech–language pathologists, 45–47
SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors), 100–102. See also Medication
Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scale, 50
Stimulants, 101–102. See also Medication
Stimulation, 144
Strengths associated with ASD
academic skills, 123
identifying in your child, 133–136
memory, 122
school functioning and, 197–198
social skills training and, 208
Structural imaging studies, 60–62. See also Neurological testing
Structure, 254
Study skills, 255
Success, 134
Supervised group living, 260
Support groups
growing up and, 248
siblings and, 166
for yourself, 19–21, 110–112, 168
Supported employment, 262. See also Employment
Symptoms, 36–44, 43t, 44t. See also Behavior
T
TEACCH model, 79t, 84–87, 86f, 262
Teachers
college and, 253
educational services and, 183–184
Teasing
resources, 273
social skills training and, 208
Technology
romantic relationships and, 245–246
Temporal lobe, 60f, 63–64. See also Brain structure
Test taking, 51, 52–53, 191–192
Therapy. See also Treatments
choices regarding, 75
group social skills training and, 205–208
individual psychotherapy and, 80t, 107–108
Thinking, visual. See Visual thinking
Thoughts, social skills training and, 206, 208
Time-management skills
school functioning and, 171
To-do lists, 188
Tolerance for sensations, 105–106
Tone of voice, 13
Transistions
college and, 254
employment and, 261
planning for increasing independence and, 250–251
school functioning and, 195–196
social skills training and, 207
strategies for difficult times during the day, 152–160
understanding challenging behavior and, 144–145
Treatment and Education of Autistic and related Communication-handicapped Children (TEACCH), 79t, 84–87, 86f, 262
Treatment planning. See also Treatments
overview of, 75
parents as treatment managers, 112–114
planning for increasing independence and, 250–251
Treatments. See also individual treatment approaches
applied behavior analysis (ABA), 81–83
behavioral interventions, 93–100
Early Start Denver Model (ESDM), 83–84
future for children with ASD and, 18
individual psychotherapy, 107–108
language–communication therapy, 91–93
options for beyond preschool, 87–112
options for during the preschool years, 76–87, 79t–80t, 86f
parents as treatment managers, 112–114
sensory integration therapy, 104–107
social (pragmatic) communication disorder and, 33–34
Twin studies, 66–67. See also Genetic factors
V
Visual strategies, 86, 86f, 186, 206, 207
Visual thinking
employment and, 264
Visual–spatial skills, 173
Voice quality, 13
Volume of voice, 13
W
WAIS-IV (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Fourth Edition), 50
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV), 50
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC), 50
WISC (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children), 50
Word problems in math, 194