Endnotes

INTRODUCTION

  1        John J. Pershing, My Experiences in the World War, Vol. I (New York: Harper & Row, 1931), xvii.

  2        Ibid., 168.

ONE: THE GREAT WAR

  1        “Heir to Austria’s Throne is Slain with His Wife by a Bosnian Youth to Avenge Seizure of His Country,” New York Times, June 29, 1914.

  2        Herbert Hoover, The Memoirs of Herbert Hoover: Years of Adventure 1874–1920 (New York: Macmillan, 1951), 166.

  3        The Intimate Papers of Colonel House, Vol. I. Charles Seymour, editor (Cambridge, Mass.: Riverside Press, 1926), 255.

  4        Ibid., 249.

  5        Ibid., 282.

  6        Ibid., 10.

  7        George Creel, The War, The World and Wilson (New York: Harper, 1920), 32–33.

  8        Will Rogers, Rogers-isms: The Cowboy Philosopher on the Peace Conference (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1919), 12.

  9        The Intimate Papers of Colonel House, Vol. I. Charles Seymour, editor (Cambridge, Mass.: Riverside Press, 1926), 114–15.

10        Newton D. Baker, Why We Went to War (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1936), 101–2.

11        Elliott Roosevelt, editor, F.D.R.: His Personal Letters: 1905–1928 (New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1948), 233.

12        Charles R. Geisst, Wall Street: A History (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012), 141.

13        John Heaton, editor, Cobb of “The World” (New York: Dutton, 1924), 253–54.

14        “Germany’s Last Word,” New York Times, August 19, 1914.

15        Richard Harding Davis, With the Allies (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1919), xiv.

16        Herbert Hoover, The Memoirs of Herbert Hoover: Years of Adventure 1874–1920 (New York: Macmillan, 1951), 198.

17        Johann Heinrich von Bernstorff, My Three Years in America (New York: Scribner, 1920), 54.

18        “Gold Cruiser to Sail Today,” New York Times, August 6, 1914.

19        Amelia Heurich diary, July 25, 1914.

20        Christian Heurich, I Watched America Grow, Book Three, as told to W.A.S. Douglas, Washington, D.C., unpublished manuscript, 1942.

21        Herbert Hoover, The Memoirs of Herbert Hoover: Years of Adventure 1874–1920 (New York: Macmillan, 1951), 156.

22        Ibid., 170.

23        The Hoover-Wilson Wartime Correspondence: September 24, 1914 to November 11, 1918, Francis William O’Brien, editor. (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1974), 5.

24        Herbert Hoover, The Memoirs of Herbert Hoover: Years of Adventure 1874–1920 (New York: Macmillan, 1951), 201–2.

25        Garrett Peck, Prohibition in Washington, D.C.: How Dry We Weren’t (Charleston, S.C.: The History Press, 2011), 122.

26        Hermione Lee, Edith Wharton (New York: Alfred Knopf, 2007), 461.

27        Herbert Bruce Brougham, memorandum, December 14, 1914, in Arthur S. Link, editor, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, vol. 31 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1979), 458–60.

28        Charles R. Geisst, Wall Street: A History (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012), 121.

29        Roger Lowenstein, America’s Bank: The Epic Struggle to Create the Federal Reserve (New York: Penguin, 2015), 262.

30        Steven R. Weisman, The Great Tax Wars (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2002), 1.

31        Cary T. Grayson, Woodrow Wilson: An Intimate Memoir (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1960), 19.

32        Johann Heinrich von Bernstorff, My Three Years in America (New York: Scribner, 1920), 27, 28.

33        Joseph P. Tumulty, Woodrow Wilson as I Know Him (New York: Doubleday, Page & Co., 1921), xii.

34        Ibid., xiii.

35        David F. Houston, Eight Years with Wilson’s Cabinet: 1913 to 1920, Vol. II (New York: Doubleday, 1926), 174, 183.

36        H. L. Mencken, “Negro Spokesman Arises to Voice His Race’s Wrongs,” New York Evening Mail, September 19, 1917.

37        Justus D. Doenecke, Nothing Less Than War: A New History of America’s Entry into World War I (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2011), 300.

38        Lee A. Craig, Josephus Daniels: His Life & Times (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2013), 216–18.

39        Ibid., 245.

40        Ibid., 89–90.

41        Paul Dickson, Words from the White House (New York: Walker, 2013), 95–96.

42        “The Archangel Woodrow,” The Smart Set, January 1921, in The Vintage Mencken, gathered by Alistair Cooke (New York: Vintage Books, 1990), 116.

43        Guy J. Forgue, ed., Letters of H. L. Mencken (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1981), 189.

44        Diana Preston, A Higher Form of Killing: Six Weeks in World War I That Forever Changed the Nature of Warfare (New York: Bloomsbury, 2015), 2.

45        Theodore Roosevelt to Cleveland Dodge, May 11, 1918, Theodore Roosevelt: Letters and Speeches (New York: Library of America, 2004), 736.

46        An Appeal to the American People, August 18, 1914, in Arthur S. Link, editor, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, vol. 30 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1979), 393–94.

47        The Intimate Papers of Colonel House, Vol. I. Charles Seymour, editor (Cambridge, Mass.: Riverside Press, 1926), 286.

48        Theodore Roosevelt to Arthur Hamilton Lee, August 22, 1914, in Theodore Roosevelt: Letters and Speeches (New York: Library of America, 2004), 683–4.

49        Woodrow Wilson speech, April 20, 1915, in Arthur S. Link, editor, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, vol. 33 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1980), 38–40.

50        Johann Heinrich von Bernstorff, My Three Years in America (New York: Scribner, 1920), 30.

51        Thomas R. Marshall, Recollections of Thomas R. Marshall: Vice-President and Hoosier Philosopher: A Hoosier Salad (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1925), 263–64.

52        The Intimate Papers of Colonel House, Vol. II. Charles Seymour, editor (Cambridge, Mass.: Riverside Press, 1926), 8.

53        Johann Heinrich von Bernstorff, My Three Years in America (New York: Scribner, 1920), 8.

54        Ibid., 65.

55        William G. McAdoo, Crowded Years: The Reminiscences of William G. McAdoo (Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1931), 294.

56        Barbara W. Tuchman, The Guns of August: The Outbreak of World War I (New York: Random House, 2014), 370.

57        “Wilhelmina Cargo Seized by British,” New York Times, February 12, 1915.

58        “German Ships Seized by the Government,” New York Times, April 7, 1917.

59        Diana Preston, Lusitania: An Epic Tragedy (New York: Walker Publishing, 2002), 68–70.

60        Joseph P. Tumulty, Woodrow Wilson as I Know Him (New York: Doubleday, Page, 1921), 228.

61        Johann Heinrich von Bernstorff, My Three Years in America (New York: Scribner, 1920), 132.

62        William Jennings Bryan to James Watson Gerard, February 10, 1915, in Arthur S. Link, editor, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, vol. 32 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1980), 207–10.

63        “German Embassy Issues Warning,” New York Times, May 1, 1915.

64        Diana Preston, Lusitania: An Epic Tragedy (New York: Walker Publishing, 2002), 303; Erik Larson, Dead Wake: The Last Crossing of the Lusitania (New York: Crown, 2015), 236–249, 300.

65        “War by Assassination,” New York Times, May 8, 1915.

66        “The Sinking of the Lusitania,” Baltimore Sun, May 8, 1915.

67        Johann Heinrich von Bernstorff, My Three Years in America (New York: Scribner, 1920), 141.

68        Joseph P. Tumulty, Woodrow Wilson as I Know Him (New York: Doubleday, Page & Co., 1921), 232.

69        The Intimate Papers of Colonel House, Vol. I. Charles Seymour, editor (Cambridge, Mass.: Riverside Press, 1926), 434.

70        An Address in Philadelphia to Newly Naturalized Citizens, May 10, 1915, in Arthur S. Link, editor, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, vol. 33 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1980), 147–49.

71        “Roosevelt for Prompt Action,” New York Times, May 12, 1915.

72        “Offer T.R. Chance to Fight,” New York Times, May 16, 1915.

73        “Germany’s Nightmare,” New York Times, June 1, 1915.

74        William G. McAdoo, Crowded Years: The Reminiscences of William G. McAdoo (Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1931), 338, 340.

75        David F. Houston, Eight Years with Wilson’s Cabinet: 1913 to 1920, Vol. I (New York: Doubleday, 1926), 149.

76        Charles E. Neu, Colonel House: A Biography of Woodrow Wilson’s Silent Partner (New York: Oxford University Press, 2015), 194.

77        Johann Heinrich von Bernstorff, My Three Years in America (New York: Scribner, 1920), 175–76.

78        “World Peace Plan Outlined by Taft,” New York Times, June 17, 1915; “League to Enforce Peace is Launched,” New York Times, June 18, 1915.

TWO: PREPAREDNESS

  1        The Intimate Papers of Colonel House, Vol. II. Charles Seymour, editor (Cambridge, Mass.: Riverside Press, 1926), 19.

  2        Robert Lansing, War Memoirs of Robert Lansing: Secretary of State (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1935), 23.

  3        “Ford Hopes Troops Will Start a Strike,” New York Times, November 30, 1915.

  4        The Intimate Papers of Colonel House, Vol. II. Charles Seymour, editor (Cambridge, Mass.: Riverside Press, 1926), 96–97.

  5        “Defense and Loyalty Keynotes of the President’s Address,” New York Times, December 8, 1915.

  6        Michael Kazin, War Against War: The American Fight for Peace 1914–1918 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2017), xii.

  7        The Intimate Papers of Colonel House, Vol. II. Charles Seymour, editor (Cambridge, Mass.: Riverside Press, 1926), 163.

  8        A. J. Philpott, “Biggest Art Colony in the World in Provincetown,” Boston Globe, August 27, 1916.

  9        Michael E. Ruane, “An American Filmed the German Army in WWI,” Washington Post, February 7, 2017.

10        Cary T. Grayson, Woodrow Wilson: An Intimate Memoir (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1960), 81.

11        Edith Bolling Wilson, My Memoir (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1938), 56.

12        Ibid., 236, 252.

13        Godfrey Hodgson, Woodrow Wilson’s Right Hand: The Life of Colonel Edward M. House (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2006), 11.

14        David F. Houston, Eight Years with Wilson’s Cabinet: 1913 to 1920, Vol. I (New York: Doubleday, 1926), 158.

15        “Garrison Favors Universal Service,” New York Times, January 8, 1916; “Asked Wilson’s Support,” New York Times, February 11, 1916.

16        Guy J. Forgue, ed., Letters of H. L. Mencken (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1981), 79.

17        Justus D. Doenecke, Nothing Less Than War: A New History of America’s Entry into World War I (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2011), 111.

18        “Army Bill Signed by the President,” New York Times, June 4, 1916; Justus D. Doenecke, Nothing Less Than War: A New History of America’s Entry into World War I (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2011), 193.

19        “New York Ready for Big Parade,” New York Times, May 13, 1916.

20        “President Marches Up Avenue at Head of 60,000 Paraders,” Evening Star, June 14, 1916.

21        “Bomb Kills Six, Injures Scores in Defense Parade,” New York Times, July 23, 1916.

22        David F. Houston, Eight Years with Wilson’s Cabinet: 1913 to 1920, Vol. I (New York: Doubleday, 1926), 161, 181.

23        Steven R. Weisman, The Great Tax Wars (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2002), 307–8.

24        “Wilson Could Laugh at a Joke on Himself,” A Will Rogers Treasury, Bryan B. Sterling and Frances N. Sterling, eds. (New York: Crown Publishers, 1982), 50–54.

25        John J. Pershing, My Experiences in the World War, Vol. I (New York: Harper & Row, 1931), 26–27.

26        Robert Lansing, War Memoirs of Robert Lansing: Secretary of State (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1935), 41, 111.

27        The Intimate Papers of Colonel House, Vol. II. Charles Seymour, editor (Cambridge, Mass.: Riverside Press, 1926), 226.

28        Ibid., 200.

29        An Address in Washington to the League to Enforce Peace, May 27, 1916, in Arthur S. Link, editor, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, vol. 37 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1981), 113–16.

30        “Inspected by Officials,” New York Times, July 11, 1916.

31        “Sea Visitor Unheralded,” New York Times,” October 8, 1916; “Possibly Three U-Boats,” New York Times, October 9, 1916.

32        “May Prosecute Ship Lines That Blacklist Goods,” New York Times, July 20, 1916; “President Approves the Shipping Bill,” New York Times, September 8, 1916.

33        Ron Chernow, The House of Morgan: An American Banking Dynasty and the Rise of Modern Finance (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1990), 186, 189, 200; Charles R. Geisst, Wall Street: A History (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012), 139.

34        Isabel Wilkerson, The Warmth of Other Suns: The Epic Story of America’s Great Migration (New York: Vintage Books, 2010), 9, 42, 161.

35        Howard Blum, Dark Invasion: 1915: Germany’s Secret War and the Hunt for the First Terrorist Cell in America (New York: HarperCollins, 2014), 39–41, 85–90.

36        Ibid., 183–84.

37        Robert Lansing, War Memoirs of Robert Lansing: Secretary of State (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1935), 73.

38        The Intimate Papers of Colonel House, Vol. II. Charles Seymour, editor (Cambridge, Mass.: Riverside Press, 1926), 103.

39        “Bomb Exploded in the Capitol,” New York Times, July 3, 1915.

40        “Letter Received by the Star Thought to Have Bearing on the Explosion,” Evening Star, July 3, 1915.

41        “Intruder Has Dynamite,” New York Times, July 4, 1915.

42        “Holt is Muenter, Say Associates,” New York Times, July 5, 1915.

43        “Both Safe, Say Captains,” New York Times, July 8, 1915.

44        William G. McAdoo, Crowded Years: The Reminiscences of William G. McAdoo (Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1931), 324.

45        “How Germany has Worked in U.S. to Shape Opinion,” New York World, August 15, 1915.

46        “Millions of Persons Heard and Felt Shock,” and “Munition Explosions Cause Loss of $20,000,000,” New York Times, July 31, 1916.

47        Cary T. Grayson, Woodrow Wilson: An Intimate Memoir (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1960), 110.

48        Joseph P. Tumulty, Woodrow Wilson as I Know Him (New York: Doubleday, Page, 1921), 144–53, and Lee A. Craig, Josephus Daniels: His Life & Times (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2013), 267–73.

49        “Night Attack on Border,” New York Times, March 10, 1916.

50        David F. Houston, Eight Years with Wilson’s Cabinet: 1913 to 1920, Vol. I (New York: Doubleday, 1926), 180.

51        Theodore Roosevelt to Newton Diehl Baker, July 6, 1916, in Theodore Roosevelt: Letters and Speeches (New York: Library of America, 2004), 707–8.

52        Barbara W. Tuchman, The Zimmermann Telegram: America Enters the War, 1917–1918 (New York: Random House, 2014), 87.

53        Will Englund, March 1917: On the Brink of War and Revolution (New York: W.W. Norton, 2017), 176–7.

54        Raymond Lonergan, “A Steadfast Friend of Labor,” in Irving Dilliard, ed., Mr. Justice Brandeis, Great American (St. Louis, Mo.: Modern View Press, 1941), 42.

55        Thomas R. Marshall, Recollections of Thomas R. Marshall: Vice-President and Hoosier Philosopher: A Hoosier Salad (Indianapolis, Ind.: Bobbs-Merrill, 1925), 336.

56        Edith Bolling Wilson, My Memoir (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1938), 113.

57        Ibid.

58        “Germany’s Peace Note”; “Allies Must First Consult,” New York Times, December 13, 1916.

59        “Secretary Lansing’s Two Statements Regarding Peace Note to Belligerents,” New York Times, December 22, 1916.

60        Robert Lansing, War Memoirs of Robert Lansing: Secretary of State (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1935), 111–12, 174, 186–87.

61        Johann Heinrich von Bernstorff, My Three Years in America (New York: Scribner, 1920), 321.

62        The Intimate Papers of Colonel House, Vol. II. Charles Seymour, editor (Cambridge, Mass.: Riverside Press, 1926), 412.

63        Ibid., 416.

64        An Address to the Senate, January 22, 1917, in Arthur S. Link, editor, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, vol. 40 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1982), 535–39.

65        “Colonel Denounces Wilson Peace Views,” New York Times, January 23, 1917.

66        “Roosevelt Renews Attack on Wilson,” New York Times, January 29, 1917.

67        “A Tory and the Curse of Meroz,” New York Times, January 30, 1917.

THREE: THE DECISION

  1        Johann Heinrich von Bernstorff, My Three Years in America (New York: Scribner, 1920), 358.

  2        Ibid., 376–78; The Intimate Papers of Colonel House, Vol. II. Charles Seymour, editor (Cambridge, Mass.: Riverside Press, 1926), 431–33.

  3        “Germany Wars Against the World,” New York Times, February 1, 1917.

  4        “‘Fight,’ Says Bryan, ‘To Last, If Invaded,’” New York Times, February 3, 1917.

  5        The Intimate Papers of Colonel House, Vol. II. Charles Seymour, editor (Cambridge, Mass.: Riverside Press, 1926), 439.

  6        David F. Houston, Eight Years with Wilson’s Cabinet: 1913 to 1920, Vol. I (New York: Doubleday, 1926), 229.

  7        David F. Houston, Eight Years with Wilson’s Cabinet: 1913 to 1920, Vol. I (New York: Doubleday, 1926), 230.

  8        The Intimate Papers of Colonel House, Vol. II. Charles Seymour, editor (Cambridge, Mass.: Riverside Press, 1926), 442; “Congress United in Support,” New York Times, February 4, 1917.

  9        “Took German Ships to Protect Ports,” New York Times, February 8, 1917.

10        “German–Americans Urged to Be Loyal,” New York Times, February 10, 1917.

11        “The Defense of America,” Washington Post, February 20, 1917.

12        Theodore Roosevelt to Henry Cabot Lodge, February 20, 1917, in Theodore Roosevelt: Letters and Speeches (New York: Library of America, 2004), 718–9.

13        Justus D. Doenecke, Nothing Less Than War: A New History of America’s Entry into World War I (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2011), 257.

14        “Immigration Bill Enacted Over Veto,” New York Times, February 6, 1917.

15        H. L. Mencken, My Life as Author and Editor (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1993), 173–74; 189.

16        Ibid., 174.

17        H. L. Mencken, Heathen Days 1890–1936 (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), 158.

18        “Mencken, at Kirkwall, Sees Searching of Ships,” Baltimore Sun, February 14, 1917.

19        H. L. Mencken, Thirty-five Years of Newspaper Work (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994), 62–63.

20        “Henry Mencken Cables Story of ‘Ticklish Moments’ in Berlin,” Baltimore Sun, March 6, 1917.

21        H. L. Mencken, “‘The Diary of a Retreat’: Dark Days for Americans,” Baltimore Sun, March 14, 1917.

22        H. L. Mencken, Thirty-five Years of Newspaper Work (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994), 66.

23        H. L. Mencken, “‘The Diary of a Retreat;’ In Sunny Spain at Last,” Baltimore Sun, March 20, 1917.

24        H. L. Mencken, My Life as Author and Editor (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1993), 174.

25        H. L. Mencken, “Ludendorff,” Atlantic Monthly, June 1917, accessed on www.theatlantic.com.

26        Joseph P. Tumulty, Woodrow Wilson as I Know Him (New York: Doubleday, Page, 1921), 160.

27        Thomas Boghardt, The Zimmermann Telegram: Intelligence, Diplomacy, and America’s Entry into World War I (Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 2012), 77–78.

28        Ibid., 93–94; Barbara W. Tuchman, The Zimmermann Telegram: America Enters the War, 1917–1918 (New York: Random House, 2014), 142–43.

29        Thomas Boghardt, The Zimmermann Telegram: Intelligence, Diplomacy, and America’s Entry into World War I (Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 2012), 100–2.

30        Barbara W. Tuchman, The Zimmermann Telegram: America Enters the War, 1917–1918 (New York: Random House, 2014), 175.

31        A Memorandum by Robert Lansing, March 4, 1917, in Arthur S. Link, editor, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, vol. 41 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1983), 321–27; “Washington Exposes Plot,” New York Times, March 1, 1917; “Wilson Vouches for German Plot Note,” Washington Post, March 2, 1917; “Zimmermann Defends Act,” New York Times, March 4, 1917. See also Robert Lansing, War Memoirs of Robert Lansing: Secretary of State (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1935), 226–31.

32        William G. McAdoo, Crowded Years: The Reminiscences of William G. McAdoo (Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1931), 368.

33        “Wilson Takes Oath; Sworn Again Today,” Washington Post, March 5, 2017, and “40,000 Applaud Wilson as He Pledges Anew to Uphold Nation’s Rights,” Washington Post, March 6, 1917.

34        The Second Inaugural Address, March 5, 1917, in Arthur S. Link, editor, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, vol. 41 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1983), 332–35.

35        The Intimate Papers of Colonel House, Vol. II. Charles Seymour, editor (Cambridge, Mass.: Riverside Press, 1926), 458.

36        “Lansing Tells the World of Purpose to Arm Ships and Supply Navy Gunners,” New York Times, March 13, 1917.

37        Frederick C. Luebke, Bonds of Loyalty: German-Americans and World War I (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1974), 29–30.

38        Johann Heinrich von Bernstorff, My Three Years in America (New York: Scribner, 1920), 19–20.

39        Theodore Roosevelt to Mrs. Ralph Sanger, December 22, 1914, in Theodore Roosevelt: Letters and Speeches (New York: Library of America, 2004), 694.

40        Frederick C. Luebke, Bonds of Loyalty: German-Americans and World War I (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1974), 47.

41        Guy J. Forgue, ed., Letters of H. L. Mencken (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1981), 128.

42        “Ridder Repudiates Zimmermann Plot,” New York Times, March 4, 1917.

43        Josephus Daniels, The Cabinet Diaries of Josephus Daniels: 1913–1921. E. David Cronon, editor. (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1963), 106.

44        Edith Bolling Wilson, My Memoir (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1938), 97.

45        Frederick C. Luebke, Bonds of Loyalty: German-Americans and World War I (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1974), 45, 271.

46        Guy J. Forgue, ed., Letters of H. L. Mencken (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1981), 104.

47        “Kaiser’s Picture Torn Down,” Baltimore Sun, March 19, 1917.

48        Christian Heurich, From My Life: 1842–1934. Trans. and ed. Eda Offutt, 1985. Washington, D.C.: privately published, 1934, 48.

49        The Intimate Papers of Colonel House, Vol. I. Charles Seymour, editor (Cambridge, Mass.: Riverside Press, 1926), 299.

50        Christian Heurich, From My Life: 1842–1934. Trans. and ed. Eda Offutt, 1985. Washington, D.C.: privately published, 1934, 48.

51        Amelia Heurich diary, March 23, 1917.

52        Amelia Heurich diary, March 14, 1917.

53        Amelia Heurich diary, March 16, 1917.

54        Amelia Heurich diary, March 19, 1917.

55        Amelia Heurich diary, March 29, 1917.

56        Christian Heurich, From My Life: 1842–1934. Trans. and ed. Eda Offutt, 1985. Washington, D.C.: privately published, 1934, 44.

57        Johann Heinrich von Bernstorff, My Three Years in America (New York: Scribner, 1920), 22.

58        “Pledge Loyalty to U.S.,” Washington Post, March 29, 1917.

59        David Nasaw, The Chief: The Life of William Randolph Hearst (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2000), 261.

60        “The Hylan Plot Exposed,” New York Times, October 31, 1917.

61        Edmond D. Coblentz, William Randolph Hearst: A Portrait in His Own Words (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1952), 83.

62        “Stirring Up Anti-German Feeling,” Morning Olympian, March 9, 1917.

63        Josephus Daniels, The Cabinet Diaries of Josephus Daniels: 1913–1921. E. David Cronon, editor. (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1963), 117–18.

64        Ibid., 118.

65        Robert Lansing, A Memorandum of the Cabinet Meeting, March 20, 1917, in Arthur S. Link, editor, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, vol. 41 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1983), 436–44.

66        The Intimate Papers of Colonel House, Vol. II. Charles Seymour, editor (Cambridge, Mass.: Riverside Press, 1926), 462.

67        Ibid., 464–65.

68        Josephus Daniels, The Cabinet Diaries of Josephus Daniels: 1913–1921. E. David Cronon, editor. (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1963), 125.

69        The Intimate Papers of Colonel House, Vol. III. Charles Seymour, editor (Cambridge, Mass.: Riverside Press, 1928), 47.

70        John Heaton, editor, Cobb of “The World” (New York: Dutton, 1924), xvi; 267–70.

71        “Loyalty and Peace Parades Stopped,” Evening Star, March 30, 1917; “Washington Police Bar Pacifist Parade,” New York Times, March 30, 1917; “Patriot Legions to Visit Capital,” New York Times, March 31, 1917; “Pacifist Crusaders Fail to Fill Trains,” New York Times, April 2, 1917.

72        “Pacifist’s Apology Procures Release,” Evening Star, April 3, 1917; “Lodge Knocks Down Pacifist Assailant,” New York Times, April 3, 1917.

73        An Address to a Joint Session of Congress, April 2, 1917, in Arthur S. Link, editor, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, vol. 41 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1983), 519–27.

74        “Must Exert All Our Power,” New York Times, April 3, 1917.

75        Joseph P. Tumulty, Woodrow Wilson as I Know Him (New York: Doubleday, Page, 1921), 256.

76        “Comment of Today’s Newspapers on the President,” New York Times, April 3, 1917.

77        “Wilson Likely to Sign the Resolution This Afternoon, Bringing Conflict Officially with Germany,” Washington Post, April 6, 1917; Michael Kazin, War Against War: The American Fight for Peace 1914–1918 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2017), 184.

FOUR: MOBILIZATION

  1        Thomas R. Marshall, Recollections of Thomas R. Marshall: Vice-President and Hoosier Philosopher: A Hoosier Salad (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1925), 340.

  2        Edith Bolling Wilson, My Memoir (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1938), 162.

  3        Charles E. Neu, Colonel House: A Biography of Woodrow Wilson’s Silent Partner (New York: Oxford University Press, 2015), 295.

  4        Josephus Daniels, The Cabinet Diaries of Josephus Daniels: 1913–1921. E. David Cronon, editor. (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1963), 133.

  5        Elliott Roosevelt, editor, F.D.R.: His Personal Letters: 1905–1928 (New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1948), 367.

  6        H. L. Mencken, “Ludendorff,” Atlantic Monthly, June 1917, accessed on www.theatlantic.com.

  7        Guy J. Forgue, ed., Letters of H. L. Mencken (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1981), 105.

  8        “Malone Waits Up All Night,” New York Times, April 6, 1917; “27 Ships Taken Here,” New York Times, April 7, 1917; “German Ships Seized by the Government,” New York Times, April 7, 1917; “German Ships Meet Our Transport Needs,” New York Times, April 7, 1917; “Ships’ Frames Damaged,” New York Times, April 7, 1917.

  9        Robert Lansing, War Memoirs of Robert Lansing: Secretary of State (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1935), 272–80.

10        The Intimate Papers of Colonel House, Vol. III. Charles Seymour, editor (Cambridge, Mass.: Riverside Press, 1928), 42–45.

11        Joseph P. Tumulty, Woodrow Wilson as I Know Him (New York: Doubleday, Page, 1921), 285–88.

12        “Plans for National Army”; “Will Not Send Roosevelt”; “Pershing Won Fame in Moro Campaigns,” New York Times, May 19, 1917.

13        Douglas MacArthur, Reminiscences (New York: Ishi Press International, 2010), 47.

14        Josephus Daniels, The Cabinet Diaries of Josephus Daniels: 1913–1921. E. David Cronon, editor. (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1963), 307.

15        “America Enrolls Today for the Fight,” New York Times, June 5, 1917.

16        Theodore Roosevelt to John J. Pershing, May 20, 1917, in Theodore Roosevelt: Letters and Speeches (New York: Library of America, 2004), 721.

17        “Draft Camps Open,” New York Times, September 9, 1917.

18        Josephus Daniels, The Cabinet Diaries of Josephus Daniels: 1913–1921. E. David Cronon, editor. (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1963), 199.

19        Alexandra M. Lord, Condom Nation: The U.S. Government’s Sex Education Campaign from World War I to the Internet (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010), 26.

20        Douglas MacArthur, Reminiscences (New York: Ishi Press International, 2010), 46.

21        “Former Senator Scott is Affected by Gas,” Evening Star, August 5, 1918, “N.B. Scott, ‘Gassed,’” Washington Post, August 4, 1918, “Family is Gassed in D.C. Home When Tear Bomb Breaks,” Washington Times, August 4, 1918.

22        William G. McAdoo, Crowded Years: The Reminiscences of William G. McAdoo (Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1931), 432.

23        James McGrath Morris, The Ambulance Drivers: Hemingway, Dos Passos, and a Friendship Made and Lost in War (Boston: Da Capo Press, 2017), 6.

24        E. E. Cummings, The Enormous Room (New York: Liveright Publishing, 1978), 14.

25        Ernest L. Meyer, “Hey! Yellowbacks!” The War Diary of a Conscientious Objector (New York: John Day, 1930), 177.

26        Ibid., 34.

27        Ibid., 55.

28        Ibid., 118.

29        Ibid., 188–90.

30        William G. McAdoo, Crowded Years: The Reminiscences of William G. McAdoo (Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1931), 414, 423.

31        Ibid., 375.

32        Steven R. Weisman, The Great Tax Wars (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2002), 290.

33        Ibid., 279–82; 307–8; 327–28; 337.

34        William G. McAdoo, Crowded Years: The Reminiscences of William G. McAdoo (Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1931), 378–79.

35        Ibid., 391.

36        Ibid., 408–10.

37        Charles R. Geisst, Wall Street: A History (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012), 144.

38        Willa Cather to Mary Virginia Boak Cather, February 2, 1917, in Selected Letters of Willa Cather, Andrew Jewell and Janis Stout, eds. (New York: Knopf, 2013), 236.

39        “Inflation and CPI Consumer Price Index 1913–1919,” Inflationdata.com, 2014.

40        “The Order to Shut Down Industries and Save Fuel,” New York Times, January 18, 1918.

41        William G. McAdoo, Crowded Years: The Reminiscences of William G. McAdoo (Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1931), 464.

42        Ibid., 488–90.

43        Ibid., 482.

44        Josephus Daniels, The Cabinet Diaries of Josephus Daniels: 1913–1921. E. David Cronon, editor. (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1963), 271.

45        “War Problems Shifting,” New York Times, January 29, 1918.

46        “Dollar-a-Year Men,” A Will Rogers Treasury, Bryan B. Sterling and Frances N. Sterling, eds. (New York: Crown Publishers, 1982), 54–55.

47        “Change in Time Begins Tomorrow,” New York Times, March 30, 1918; “President Vetoes Daylight Repeal,” New York Times, August 16, 1919; Michael Downing, Spring Forward: The Annual Madness of Daylight Saving (Washington, D.C.: Shoemaker & Hoard, 2005), 20.

48        W. M. Kiplinger, Washington is Like That (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1942), 194.

49        “Race Rioters Fire East St. Louis,” New York Times, July 3, 1917.

50        Woodrow Wilson to Thomas Watt Gregory, July 7, 1917, in Arthur S. Link, editor, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, vol. 43 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1983), 116.

51        “Negro Regulars Riot Near Houston, Texas,” New York Times, August 24, 1917; John Milton Cooper Jr., Woodrow Wilson: A Biography (New York: Knopf, 2009), 408–9.

52        “Asks to End Outrages,” Washington Post, August 22, 1917.

53        U.S. census 1910 and 1920, www.census.gov.

54        John Kelly, “Answer Man Remembers the ‘Temporary’ Office Buildings That Once Blighted D.C.,” Washington Post, January 8, 2017.

55        “Senate Passes Food Control Bill by Vote of 66 to 7,” New York Times, August 9, 1917; Garrett Peck, Prohibition in Washington, D.C.: How Dry We Weren’t (Charleston, S.C.: The History Press, 2011), 33.

56        Herbert Hoover, The Memoirs of Herbert Hoover: Years of Adventure 1874–1920 (New York: Macmillan, 1951), 267.

57        Herbert Hoover to Woodrow Wilson, November 15, 1917, The Hoover-Wilson Wartime Correspondence: September 24, 1914 to November 11, 1918, Francis William O’Brien, editor. (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1974), 100.

58        “Food Administration Adopts Mrs. F. D. Roosevelt’s Plan as Model,” New York Times, July 17, 1917.

59        Woodrow Wilson to Herbert Hoover, November 20, 1917, The Hoover-Wilson Wartime Correspondence: September 24, 1914 to November 11, 1918, Francis William O’Brien, editor. (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1974), 104–5.

60        Herbert Hoover to Woodrow Wilson, June 5, 1918, The Hoover-Wilson Wartime Correspondence: September 24, 1914 to November 11, 1918, Francis William O’Brien, editor. (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1974), 202–3.

61        Josephus Daniels, The Cabinet Diaries of Josephus Daniels: 1913–1921. E. David Cronon, editor. (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1963), 287.

62        Woodrow Wilson to Morris Sheppard, May 28, 1918, in Joseph P. Tumulty, Woodrow Wilson as I Know Him (New York: Doubleday, Page, 1921), 412–13.

63        The Hoover-Wilson Wartime Correspondence: September 24, 1914 to November 11, 1918, Francis William O’Brien, editor. (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1974), 259–60.

64        “Sixty Day Crisis in Food Faces Us, Asserts Hoover,” New York Times, February 22, 1918.

65        William G. McAdoo, Crowded Years: The Reminiscences of William G. McAdoo (Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1931), 484–87.

66        Ibid., 523.

67        Herbert Hoover, The Memoirs of Herbert Hoover: Years of Adventure 1874–1920 (New York: Macmillan, 1951), 262.

68        Edward Hurley, The Bridge to France (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1927), 18.

69        Ibid., 32.

70        Ibid., 79.

71        Ibid., 147.

72        Ibid., viii.

73        Alan Axelrod, Selling the Great War: The Making of American Propaganda (New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2009), xi.

74        Ibid., 112–3, 124.

75        Frederick C. Luebke, Bonds of Loyalty: German-Americans and World War I (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1974), 219.

76        “President’s Proclamation of a State of War, and Regulations Governing Enemy Aliens,” New York Times, April 7, 1917.

77        “Wilson Braves Rain, Makes War Speech,” Washington Post, June 15, 1917.

78        Flag Day Address, June 14, 1917, in Arthur S. Link, editor, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, vol. 42 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1983), 498–504.

79        “Espionage Bill is Signed,” New York Times, June 16, 1917.

80        Frank Perry Olds, “Disloyalty of the German-American Press,” Atlantic Monthly, July 1917, 136–40.

81        Guy J. Forgue, ed., Letters of H. L. Mencken (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1981), 109.

82        Annual Report of the Secretary of War, Vol. 1 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1919), 189–90.

83        “Arrest Karl Muck as an Enemy Alien,” New York Times, March 26, 1918.

84        Erich Posselt, “Prisoner of War No. 3598,” American Mercury, July 1927, 313–323; see also Reuben A. Lewis, “How the United States Takes Care of German Prisoners,” Munsey’s Magazine, Vol. 64, June to September, 1918, 137–45.

85        “La Follette Faces a Threat of Arrest,” New York Times, September 22, 1917.

86        “Robert La Follette’s ‘Free Speech in Wartime,’” NOLO.com, accessed October 21, 2017; Erick Trickey, “Fake News and Fervent Nationalism Got a Senator Tarred as a Traitor During WWI,” Smithsonian.com, October 19, 2017.

87        “All Germans Here Under New Watch,” New York Times, November 20, 1917; Amos A. Fries, “The District of Columbia in the World War,” Washington Past and Present: A History, Vol. I, John Clagett Proctor, editor (New York: Lewis Historical Publishing, 1930), 399.

88        Annual Report of the Attorney General (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1918), 26.

89        Maureen Ogle, Ambitious Brew: The Story of American Beer (Orlando, Fla.: Harcourt, 2006), 174–78.

90        A. Mitchell Palmer, “The Vast Amount of Enemy Property in the United States,” Munsey’s Magazine, vol. 64, No. 2, July 1918, 233–38.

91        “Arrest Rumely; Say Germany Owns the Evening Mail,” New York Times, July 9, 1918; “Brisbane Tells of Brewers’ Help,” Evening Star, December 6, 1918; “Rumely Sentenced to Year and a Day,” New York Times, December 21, 1920.

92        Kenneth D. Ackerman, Young J. Edgar: Hoover, the Red Scare, and the Assault on Civil Liberties (New York: Carroll & Graf, 2007), 19.

93        “Burleson Tells Newspapers What They May Not Say,” New York Times, October 10, 1917; James Weinstein, The Decline of Socialism in America, 1912–1925 (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1984), 144.

94        Oscar Ameringer, If You Don’t Weaken: The Autobiography of Oscar Ameringer (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1983), 301; James Weinstein, The Decline of Socialism in America, 1912–1925 (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1984), 327.

95        Oscar Ameringer, If You Don’t Weaken: The Autobiography of Oscar Ameringer (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1983), 315–18, 325, 334.

96        Ibid., 340–44.

97        “Big Raid on I.W.W. and Socialists; Haywood Taken,” New York Times, September 6, 1917.

98        H. L. Mencken, My Life as Author and Editor (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1993), 188.

99        “Billy Sunday Fires Hot Shot at Kaiser,” New York Times, February 19, 1918.

  100        Edward A. Steiner, “Wrong Strategy,” Outlook, January 2, 1918, 14–15.

  101        Frederick C. Luebke, Bonds of Loyalty: German-Americans and World War I (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1974), 3–10.

  102        “Stamping Out Treason,” Washington Post, April 12, 1918.

  103        “President Demands That Lynchings End,” New York Times, July 27, 1918.

  104        Christian Heurich, I Watched America Grow, as told to W.A.S. Douglas, Washington, D.C., self-published, 1942, 139.

  105        Joseph P. Tumulty, Woodrow Wilson as I Know Him (New York: Doubleday, Page & Co., 1921), 505.

  106        “Bureau to Defend Lovers of Peace,” New York Times, July 3, 1917.

  107        “Jails are Waiting for Them,” New York Times, July 4, 1917.

  108        “Boston ‘Peace’ Parade Mobbed,” New York Times, July 2, 1917.

  109        George MacAdam, “Ebb of Pacifism in America,” New York Times, December 23, 1917.

  110        “Soldiers in Khaki Storm Socialist Meeting in Garden,” New York Times, November 26, 1918; “Soldiers Riot at Bolshevist Rally,” New York Times, November 27, 1918.

  111        Guy J. Forgue, ed., Letters of H. L. Mencken (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1981), 126.

  112        “Seize 20,000 Here in Slacker Search,” New York Times, September 4, 1918; “60,187 Men Taken in Slacker Raids,” New York Times, September 8, 1918.

  113        “Draft Raids Here Anger Senators,” New York Times, September 6, 1918; “Halt Senate Action Upon Slacker Raids,” New York Times, September 7, 1918.

  114        “Civil Liberty Dead,” The Nation, September 14, 1918, 382.

  115        “Pacifist Professor Gets Year in Prison,” New York Times, October 31, 1918.

  116        Oliver Wendell Holmes, Schenck v. United States 249 U.S. 47, Opinion, March 3, 1919. Legal Information Institute.

FIVE: THE YANKS ARE COMING

  1        Edward Hurley, The Bridge to France (Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1927), 73; The Intimate Papers of Colonel House, Vol. III. Charles Seymour, editor (Cambridge, Mass.: Riverside Press, 1928), 3, 190.

  2        Floyd Gibbons, And They Thought We Wouldn’t Fight (New York: George H. Doran, 1918), 55.

  3        James G. Harbord, Leaves From a War Diary (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1925), 85.

  4        John J. Pershing, My Experiences in the World War, Vol. I (New York: Harper & Row, 1931), 18, 30–33.

  5        The Intimate Papers of Colonel House, Vol. III. Charles Seymour, editor (Cambridge, Mass.: Riverside Press, 1928), 301.

  6        John J. Pershing, My Experiences in the World War, Vol. I (New York: Harper & Row, 1931), 38–39.

  7        Ibid., 271–72.

  8        Woodrow Wilson to Herbert Hoover, December 10, 1917, The Hoover-Wilson Wartime Correspondence: September 24, 1914 to November 11, 1918, Francis William O’Brien, editor. (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1974), 121–2.

  9        George C. Marshall, Memoirs of My Services in the World War 1917–1918 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1976), 6.

10        John J. Pershing, My Experiences in the World War, Vol. I (New York: Harper & Row, 1931), 92–93.

11        Ibid., 95.

12        The Intimate Papers of Colonel House, Vol. III. Charles Seymour, editor (Cambridge, Mass.: Riverside Press, 1928), 304–5.

13        Edward Hurley, The Bridge to France (Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1927), 224.

14        Josephus Daniels, The Cabinet Diaries of Josephus Daniels: 1913–1921. E. David Cronon, editor. (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1963), 309.

15        “Huns Sink Four Barges, Burn Tug at Cape Cod,” Evening Star, July 22, 1918.

16        “Nation to Operate the Cape Cod Canal,” New York Times, July 24, 1918.

17        John J. Pershing, My Experiences in the World War, Vol. I (New York: Harper & Row, 1931), 81.

18        The Intimate Papers of Colonel House, Vol. III. Charles Seymour, editor (Cambridge, Mass.: Riverside Press, 1928), 268.

19        John J. Pershing, My Experiences in the World War, Vol. I (New York: Harper & Row, 1931), 189–91.

20        John J. Pershing, My Experiences in the World War, Vol. II (New York: Harper & Row, 1931), 189.

21        David R. Woodward, The American Army and the First World War (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014), 378.

22        David McCullough, Truman (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992), 114–17.

23        George C. Marshall, Memoirs of My Services in the World War 1917–1918 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1976), 66.

24        “Indiana Sergeant Fired First Shot,” New York Times, October 31, 1917; Floyd Gibbons, And They Thought We Wouldn’t Fight (New York: George H. Doran, 1918), 156–57.

25        John J. Pershing, My Experiences in the World War, Vol. I (New York: Harper & Row, 1931), 277.

26        Floyd Gibbons, And They Thought We Wouldn’t Fight (New York: George H. Doran, 1918), 191–92.

27        Martin Blumenson, ed., The Patton Papers 1885–1940 (New York: Da Capo Press, 1998), 404, 433.

28        Ibid., 508–9.

29        Douglas MacArthur, Reminiscences (New York: Ishi Press International, 2010), 53, 70.

30        Harry Truman to Bess Wallace, March 25, 1918, www.trumanlibrary.org.

31        David McCullough, Truman (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992), 120–23.

32        Cameron McWhirter, Red Summer: The Summer of 1919 and the Awakening of Black America (New York: Henry Holt, 2011), 30.

33        John J. Pershing, My Experiences in the World War, Vol. II (New York: Harper & Row, 1931), 45–46.

34        Ibid., 97.

35        Ibid., 117.

36        Ibid., 116–17.

37        Stephen L. Harris, Harlem’s Hell Fighters: The African-American 369th Infantry in World War I (Washington, D.C.: Brassey’s, 2003), 178.

38        Ibid., 197–200.

39        Lettie Gavin, American Women in World War I: They Also Served (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 1997), x.

40        Eleanor Roosevelt, This is My Story (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1937), 188.

41        Lettie Gavin, American Women in World War I: They Also Served (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 1997), 44, 214–15.

42        Isabel Anderson, Zigzagging (Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1918), viii.

43        Ibid., 174.

44        William Mitchell, Memoirs of World War I (New York: Random House, 1960), 143.

45        Ibid., 193–94.

46        Ibid., 191–92; Eddie V. Rickenbacker, Fighting the Flying Circus (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1965), 21–22.

47        Eddie V. Rickenbacker, Fighting the Flying Circus (Garden City: Doubleday, 1965), 32.

48        George Cassiday, “Cassiday, Capitol Bootlegger, Got First Rum Order From Dry,” Washington Post, October 24, 1930.

49        William Mitchell, Memoirs of World War I (New York: Random House, 1960), 62.

50        Harry Truman to Bess Wallace, January 21, 1919, www.trumanlibrary.org.

51        Edwin C. Parsons, I Flew with the Lafayette Escadrille (Indianapolis: E.C. Seale, 1963), 101, 215–221.

52        John J. Pershing, My Experiences in the World War, Vol. I (New York: Harper & Row, 1931), 281–82.

53        Ibid., 203–4.

54        Martin Blumenson, ed., The Patton Papers 1885–1940 (New York: Da Capo Press, 1998), 548.

55        George C. Marshall, Memoirs of My Services in the World War 1917–1918 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1976), 217.

56        John Reed, Ten Days That Shook the World (New York: Vintage Books, 1960).

57        James Srodes, On Dupont Circle: Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt and the Progressives Who Shaped Our World (Berkeley, Calif.: Counterpoint, 2012), 79–83.

58        The Intimate Papers of Colonel House, Vol. III. Charles Seymour, editor (Cambridge, Mass.: Riverside Press, 1928), 302.

59        Charles H. Grasty, “House Slipped Quietly Away from Paris,” New York Times, January 22, 1918.

60        The Fourteen Points Address, January 8, 1918, in Arthur S. Link, editor, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, vol. 45 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1984), 534–39.

61        “The President’s Triumph,” New York Times, January 11, 1918.

62        An Address to a Joint Session of Congress, February 11, 1918, in Arthur S. Link, editor, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, vol. 46 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1984), 318–24.

63        An Address to a Joint Session of Congress, February 11, 1918, in Arthur S. Link, editor, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, vol. 46 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1984), 320–21.

64        An Address, April 6, 1918, in Arthur S. Link, editor, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, vol. 47 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1984), 267–70.

65        The Intimate Papers of Colonel House, Vol. III. Charles Seymour, editor (Cambridge, Mass.: Riverside Press, 1928), 420.

66        The Intimate Papers of Colonel House, Vol. IV. Charles Seymour, editor (Cambridge, Mass.: Riverside Press, 1928), 14–15.

67        An Address to a Joint Session of Congress, May 27, 1918, in Arthur S. Link, editor, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, vol. 48 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1985), 162–65.

SIX: INTO THE BREACH

  1        Hunter Liggett, A.E.F.: Ten Years Ago in France (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1927), 2.

  2        John J. Pershing, My Experiences in the World War, Vol. I (New York: Harper & Row, 1931), 289.

  3        Edward Hurley, The Bridge to France (Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1927), 122.

  4        David R. Woodward, The American Army and the First World War (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014), 236.

  5        George C. Marshall, Memoirs of My Services in the World War 1917–1918 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1976), 95.

  6        Matthew J. Davenport, First Over There: The Attack on Cantigny, America’s First Battle of World War I (New York: Thomas Dunne Books, 2015), 12.

  7        William Walker, Betrayal at Little Gibraltar: A German Fortress, a Treacherous American General, and the Battle to End World War I (New York: Scribner, 2016), 53.

  8        George C. Marshall, Memoirs of My Services in the World War 1917–1918 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1976), 96.

  9        Isabel Anderson, Zigzagging (Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1918), 177.

10        Ibid., 184–87.

11        Erich Ludendorff, Ludendorff’s Own Story: August 1914–November 1918, Vol. II. (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1919), 237.

12        John J. Pershing, My Experiences in the World War, Vol. II (New York: Harper & Row, 1931), 61.

13        Floyd Gibbons, And They Thought We Wouldn’t Fight (New York: George H. Doran, 1918), 304.

14        James G. Harbord, Leaves From a War Diary (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1925), 303; John Archer Lejeune, The Reminiscences of a Marine (Philadelphia: Dorrance, 1930), 295.

15        Floyd Gibbons, And They Thought We Wouldn’t Fight (New York: George H. Doran, 1918), 338.

16        “Lieut. Roosevelt Falls in Fair Fight, Believed Killed,” New York Times, July 18, 1918; Andrew Carroll, My Fellow Soldiers: General John Pershing and the Americans Who Helped Win the Great War (New York: Penguin, 2017), 252–55.

17        William Mitchell, Memoirs of World War I (New York: Random House, 1960), 242.

18        Ibid., 220–21.

19        John J. Pershing, My Experiences in the World War, Vol. II (New York: Harper & Row, 1931), 163–64.

20        Hunter Liggett, A.E.F.: Ten Years Ago in France (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1927), 119–20; 123–4.

21        George C. Marshall, Memoirs of My Services in the World War 1917–1918 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1976), 117.

22        John J. Pershing, My Experiences in the World War, Vol. II (New York: Harper & Row, 1931), 162.

23        Ibid., 211.

24        Erich Ludendorff, Ludendorff’s Own Story: August 1914–November 1918, Vol. II. (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1919), 326, 332.

25        John M. Barry, The Great Influenza: The Story of the Deadliest Pandemic in History (New York: Penguin, 2009), 149.

26        Ibid., 171–2.

27        “Influenza Stops Flow to the Camps of Drafted Men,” New York Times, September 27, 1918.

28        Hazel Rowley, Franklin and Eleanor: An Extraordinary Marriage (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2010), 81.

29        “Coffins Short in District; Aid Asked from Outside,” Washington Post, October 10, 1918; “‘Flu’ Deaths Climb,” Washington Post, October 19, 1918; Herbert Hoover, The Memoirs of Herbert Hoover: Years of Adventure 1874–1920 (New York: Macmillan, 1951), 274; Tom Lewis, Washington: A History of Our National City (New York: Basic Books, 2015), 286.

30        John M. Barry, The Great Influenza: The Story of the Deadliest Pandemic in History (New York: Penguin, 2009), 4, 238.

31        Ernest Hemingway to Hemingway family, May 17–18, 1918, The Letters of Ernest Hemingway Vol. 1: 1907–1922, Sandra Spanier and Robert W. Trogdon, eds. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011), 100.

32        “President Leads Red Cross Parade,” New York Times, May 19, 1918.

33        Ernest Hemingway to Dale Wilson, May 19, 1918, The Letters of Ernest Hemingway Vol. 1: 1907–1922, Sandra Spanier and Robert W. Trogdon, eds. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011), 105.

34        Ernest Hemingway, Death in the Afternoon (New York: Scribner, 1932), 136.

35        Theodore B. Brumback to Clarence and Grace Hall Hemingway, July 14, 1918, The Letters of Ernest Hemingway Vol. 1: 1907–1922, Sandra Spanier and Robert W. Trogdon, eds. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011), 115.

36        Ernest Hemingway to Ruth (Morrison?), late June–early July 1918, The Letters of Ernest Hemingway Vol. 1: 1907–1922, Sandra Spanier and Robert W. Trogdon, eds. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011), 113.

37        Theodore B. Brumback to Clarence and Grace Hall Hemingway, July 14, 1918, The Letters of Ernest Hemingway Vol. 1: 1907–1922, Sandra Spanier and Robert W. Trogdon, eds. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011), 115.

38        Ernest Hemingway to Hemingway family, July 21, 1918, The Letters of Ernest Hemingway Vol. 1: 1907–1922, Sandra Spanier and Robert W. Trogdon, eds. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011), 118.

39        John J. Pershing, My Experiences in the World War, Vol. II (New York: Harper & Row, 1931), 235.

40        George C. Marshall, Memoirs of My Services in the World War 1917–1918 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1976), 139.

41        John J. Pershing, My Experiences in the World War, Vol. II (New York: Harper & Row, 1931), 260–61.

42        William Mitchell, Memoirs of World War I (New York: Random House, 1960), 239, 243.

43        Martin Blumenson, ed., The Patton Papers 1885–1940 (New York: Da Capo Press, 1998), 585.

44        John J. Pershing, My Experiences in the World War, Vol. II (New York: Harper & Row, 1931), 270.

45        Eddie V. Rickenbacker, Fighting the Flying Circus (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1965), 184.

46        Susan Orlean, Rin Tin Tin: The Life and the Legend (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2011), 28–30.

47        Douglas MacArthur, Reminiscences (New York: Ishi Press International, 2010), 64.

48        Hunter Liggett, A.E.F.: Ten Years Ago in France (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1927), 258.

49        John J. Pershing, My Experiences in the World War, Vol. II (New York: Harper & Row, 1931), 294.

50        David R. Woodward, The American Army and the First World War (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014), 330.

51        Eddie V. Rickenbacker, Fighting the Flying Circus (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1965), 215.

52        Martin Blumenson, ed., The Patton Papers 1885–1940 (New York: Da Capo Press, 1998), 617.

53        William Walker, Betrayal at Little Gibraltar: A German Fortress, a Treacherous American General, and the Battle to End World War I (New York: Scribner, 2016), 8; Mitchell Yockelson, Forty-seven Days: How Pershing’s Warriors Came of Age to Defeat the German Army in World War I (New York: NAL Caliber, 2016), 130.

54        “Americans Rescued from Enemy Trap,” New York Times, October 9, 1918; “Americans Exhausted After Four Day Siege,” New York Times, October 10, 1918; “Battalion Spurned Offer of Safety,” New York Times, October 11, 1918; “The Lost Battalion,” New York Times, October 12, 1918.

55        Hunter Liggett, Commanding An American Army: Recollections of the World War (Cambridge, Mass.: Riverside Press, 1925), 86–7.

56        John Lewis Barkley, Scarlet Fields: The Combat Memoir of a World War I Medal of Honor Hero (Lawrence, Kan.: University of Kansas Press, 2012), 167–79.

57        George Pattullo, “The Second Elder Gives Battle,” The Saturday Evening Post, April 26, 1919, 1–4.

58        William Mitchell, Memoirs of World War I (New York: Random House, 1960), 265–66.

59        Ibid., 268.

60        George C. Marshall, Memoirs of My Services in the World War 1917–1918 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1976), 175.

61        John J. Pershing, My Experiences in the World War, Vol. II (New York: Harper & Row, 1931), 327.

62        Douglas MacArthur, Reminiscences (New York: Ishi Press International, 2010), 66–7.

63        An Address at Mount Vernon, July 4, 1918, in Arthur S. Link, editor, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, vol. 48 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1985), 514–17.

64        An Address in the Metropolitan Opera House, September 27, 1918, in Arthur S. Link, editor, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, vol. 51 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1985), 127–33.

65        Erich Ludendorff, Ludendorff’s Own Story: August 1914–November 1918, Vol. II. (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1919), 386.

66        “No Time to Think of Peace,” New York Times, August 9, 1918.

67        “Lodge Demands a Dictated Peace, Won by Victory,” New York Times, August 24, 1918.

68        Theodore Roosevelt to Henry Cabot Lodge, October 24, 1918, Theodore Roosevelt: Letters and Speeches (New York: Library of America, 2004), 744.

69        “Roosevelt Regrets President’s Action,” New York Times, October 14, 1918.

70        From the Diary of Henry Fountain Ashurst, October 14, 1918, in Arthur S. Link, editor, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, vol. 51 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1985), 338–40; see also A Memorandum by Homer Stillé Cummings, PWW vol. 51, 389–93.

71        Josephus Daniels, The Cabinet Diaries of Josephus Daniels: 1913–1921. E. David Cronon, editor. (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1963), 343.

72        The Intimate Papers of Colonel House, Vol. IV. Charles Seymour, editor (Cambridge, Mass.: Riverside Press, 1928), 88.

73        An Appeal for a Democratic Congress, October 19, 1918, in Arthur S. Link, editor, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, vol. 51 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1985), 381–82.

74        Josephus Daniels, The Cabinet Diaries of Josephus Daniels: 1913–1921. E. David Cronon, editor. (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1963), 348.

75        The Intimate Papers of Colonel House, Vol. IV. Charles Seymour, editor (Cambridge, Mass.: Riverside Press, 1928), 68.

76        Josephus Daniels, The Cabinet Diaries of Josephus Daniels: 1913–1921. E. David Cronon, editor. (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1963), 344.

77        John A. Garraty, Henry Cabot Lodge: A Biography (New York: Knopf, 1968), 343.

78        John J. Pershing, My Experiences in the World War, Vol. II (New York: Harper & Row, 1931), 350–51.

79        Ibid., 366–67.

80        The Intimate Papers of Colonel House, Vol. IV. Charles Seymour, editor (Cambridge, Mass.: Riverside Press, 1928), 94.

81        Hunter Liggett, Commanding An American Army: Recollections of the World War (Cambridge, Mass.: Riverside Press, 1925), 124–5.

82        John Archer Lejeune, The Reminiscences of a Marine (Philadelphia: Dorrance, 1930), 391–2.

83        Will Rogers, Rogers-isms: The Cowboy Philosopher on the Peace Conference (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1919), 5.

84        “City Goes Wild with Joy,” New York Times, November 8, 1918, “Nation-wide Joy Result of Hoax,” Evening Star, November 8, 1918.

85        George C. Marshall, Memoirs of My Services in the World War 1917–1918 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1976), 192.

86        Harry Truman to Bess Wallace, November 11, 1918, www.trumanlibrary.org.

87        George C. Marshall, Memoirs of My Services in the World War 1917–1918 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1976), 197–99.

88        John Archer Lejeune, The Reminiscences of a Marine (Philadelphia: Dorrance, 1930), 402–3; 406.

89        Eddie V. Rickenbacker, Fighting the Flying Circus (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1965), x.

90        James G. Harbord, Leaves From a War Diary (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1925), 399.

91        John J. Pershing, My Experiences in the World War, Vol. II (New York: Harper & Row, 1931), 395–96.

92        William Mitchell, Memoirs of World War I (New York: Random House, 1960), 292.

93        Ernest Hemingway to the Hemingway family, November 11, 1918, The Letters of Ernest Hemingway Vol. 1: 1907–1922, Sandra Spanier and Robert W. Trogdon, eds. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011), 150; EH to William B. Smith, December 13, 1918, Ibid., 163.

94        Edith Bolling Wilson, My Memoir (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1938), 170.

95        Josephus Daniels, The Cabinet Diaries of Josephus Daniels: 1913–1921. E. David Cronon, editor. (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1963), 348.

96        “How Peace Struck Man in the Street,” New York Times, November 12, 1918.

97        Willa Cather to Frances Smith Cather, November 11, 1918, in Selected Letters of Willa Cather, Andrew Jewell and Janis Stout, eds. (New York: Knopf, 2013), 260–61.

98        The Intimate Papers of Colonel House, Vol. IV. Charles Seymour, editor (Cambridge, Mass.: Riverside Press, 1928), 143.

99        “Proclamation by the President,” Evening Star, November 11, 1918.

  100        Frederick Lewis Allen, Only Yesterday: An Informal History of the 1920’s (New York: Harper & Row, 1931), 13.

  101        “Text of the Armistice Terms Told Congress by President,” Evening Star, November 11, 1918; “Truce Electrifies Congress,” New York Times, November 12, 1918; Ray Stannard Baker, Woodrow Wilson and the World Settlement, Vol. I (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page, 1923), 177.

  102        “Army Draft Ends by Baker’s Order,” New York Times, November 12, 1918.

  103        “Censorship at an End,” New York Times, November 15, 1918.

  104        John J. Pershing, My Experiences in the World War, Vol. II (New York: Harper & Row, 1931), 388–89.

  105        Erich Maria Remarque, All Quiet on the Western Front (New York: Ballantine Books, 1982), 294.

  106        Hunter Liggett, Commanding An American Army: Recollections of the World War (Cambridge, Mass.: Riverside Press, 1925), 138.

  107        Henry T. Allen, The Rhineland Occupation (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1927), 22.

  108        Ibid., 68–72.

  109        William Mitchell, Memoirs of World War I (New York: Random House, 1960), 307–8.

  110        Ibid., 308–10.

  111        Henry T. Allen, The Rhineland Occupation (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1927), 130, 281.

SEVEN: THE PROPHET OF DEMOCRACY

  1        Josephus Daniels, The Cabinet Diaries of Josephus Daniels: 1913–1921. E. David Cronon, editor. (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1963), 342, 381; “The President Goes to France,” New York Times, November 19, 1918.

  2        “The President Goes to France,” New York Times, November 19, 1918; “President’s Aims Widen,” New York Times, November 20, 1918; “Wilson Not Welcome to All,” New York Times, November 27, 1918; “Text of the White House Announcement of the Makeup of the Peace Delegation,” New York Times, November 30, 1918.

  3        Will Rogers, Rogers-isms: The Cowboy Philosopher on the Peace Conference (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1919), 9.

  4        John Milton Cooper Jr., Woodrow Wilson: A Biography (New York: Knopf, 2009), 456–57.

  5        “Lodge Addresses Senate,” New York Times, December 22, 1918.

  6        Herbert Hoover, The Memoirs of Herbert Hoover: Years of Adventure 1874–1920 (New York: Macmillan, 1951), 433.

  7        Robert Lansing, The Peace Negotiations: A Personal Narrative (Cambridge, Mass.: Riverside, 1921), 3.

  8        David F. Houston, Eight Years with Wilson’s Cabinet: 1913 to 1920, Vol. I (New York: Doubleday, 1926), 350.

  9        Josephus Daniels, The Cabinet Diaries of Josephus Daniels: 1913–1921. E. David Cronon, editor. (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1963), 342.

10        Robert Lansing, The Peace Negotiations: A Personal Narrative (Cambridge, Mass.: Riverside, 1921), 20.

11        The Intimate Papers of Colonel House, Vol. IV. Charles Seymour, editor (Cambridge, Mass.: Riverside Press, 1928), 210.

12        Joseph P. Tumulty, Woodrow Wilson as I Know Him (New York: Doubleday, Page & Co., 1921), 335.

13        Herbert Hoover, The Memoirs of Herbert Hoover: Years of Adventure 1874–1920 (New York: Macmillan, 1951), 213.

14        George Creel, The War, The World and Wilson (New York: Harper, 1920), 160–61.

15        An Annual Message on the State of the Union, December 2, 1918, in Arthur S. Link, editor, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, vol. 53 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1986), 274–86.

16        From the Diary of Henry Fountain Ashurst, December 2, 1918, in Arthur S. Link, editor, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, vol. 53 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1985), 305.

17        Josephus Daniels, The Cabinet Diaries of Josephus Daniels: 1913–1921. E. David Cronon, editor. (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1963), 352.

18        From the Diary of Henry Fountain Ashurst, December 3, 1918, in Arthur S. Link, editor, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, vol. 53 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1985), 313.

19        “Roosevelt Assails President’s Speech,” New York Times, December 4, 1918.

20        “Lodge Addresses Senate,” New York Times, December 22, 1918.

21        “Senate Questions Absentee Powers,” Evening Star, December 3, 1918; “Would Vacate Wilson’s Office,” New York Times, December 3, 1918.

22        “Tons of Data Go with Wilson Party,” New York Times, December 4, 1918.

23        Will Rogers, Rogers-isms: The Cowboy Philosopher on the Peace Conference (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1919), 11.

24        Ray Stannard Baker, Woodrow Wilson and the World Settlement, Vol. I (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page, 1923), 120.

25        “Washington Hears Often,” New York Times, December 6, 1918.

26        A Memorandum by Isaiah Bowman, December 10, 1918, in Arthur S. Link, editor, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, vol. 53 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1986), 353–56.

27        Larz Anderson III, Journal, 1920. Society of the Cincinnati Library, Washington, D.C.

28        Penelope Niven, Carl Sandburg: A Biography (New York: Scribner, 1991), 323–25.

29        Edith Bolling Wilson, My Memoir (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1938), 178.

30        F.D.R.: His Personal Letters, 1905–1928, Elliott Roosevelt, ed. (New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1948), 447.

31        “12 Killed When Tank of Molasses Explodes,” New York Times, January 16, 1919; Stephen Puleo, Dark Tide: The Great Boston Molasses Flood of 1919 (Boston: Beacon Press, 2004), x; 96; Erin McCann, “Solving a Mystery Behind the Deadly ‘Tsunami of Molasses’ of 1919,” New York Times, November 26, 2016.

32        Robert Lansing, The Peace Negotiations: A Personal Narrative (Cambridge, Mass.: Riverside, 1921), 106–8, 121.

33        Ray Stannard Baker, What Wilson Did at Paris (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page, 1919), 3–4.

34        Herbert Hoover, The Memoirs of Herbert Hoover: The Cabinet and the Presidency 1920–1933 (New York: Macmillan, 1952), 21.

35        Ibid., 22.

36        Herbert Hoover, The Memoirs of Herbert Hoover: Years of Adventure 1874–1920 (New York: Macmillan, 1951), 430.

37        John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of the Peace (New York: Macmillan, 1920), 256.

38        Ray Stannard Baker, Woodrow Wilson and the World Settlement, Vol. I (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page, 1923), 269–70.

39        Edith Bolling Wilson, My Memoir (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1938), 233.

40        Robert Lansing, The Peace Negotiations: A Personal Narrative (Cambridge, Mass.: Riverside, 1921), 170.

41        The Intimate Papers of Colonel House, Vol. IV. Charles Seymour, editor (Cambridge, Mass.: Riverside Press, 1928), 290–93.

42        Ray Stannard Baker, Woodrow Wilson and the World Settlement, Vol. I (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page, 1923), 280.

43        Ibid., 239.

44        The Intimate Papers of Colonel House, Vol. IV. Charles Seymour, editor (Cambridge, MA: Riverside Press, 1928), 316–17.

45        Ibid., 385.

46        “Zeal for Peace May Complicate, Says Mr. Lodge,” Evening Star, February 28, 1919.

47        John A. Garraty, Henry Cabot Lodge: A Biography (New York: Knopf, 1968), 339.

48        Will Rogers, Rogers-isms: The Cowboy Philosopher on the Peace Conference (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1919), 20.

49        “President’s Final Shot is Resented by Congressmen,” Evening Star, March 5, 1919.

50        Ray Stannard Baker, Woodrow Wilson and the World Settlement, Vol. I (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page, 1923), 307.

51        “President’s Final Shot is Resented by Congressmen,” Evening Star, March 5, 1919.

52        The Intimate Papers of Colonel House, Vol. IV. Charles Seymour, editor (Cambridge, Mass.: Riverside Press, 1928), 379.

53        Ray Stannard Baker, Woodrow Wilson and the World Settlement, Vol. I (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page, 1923), 296.

54        Grayson diary, March 13, 1919, in Arthur S. Link, ed. The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, vol. 55 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1986), 486–88.

55        Edith Bolling Wilson, My Memoir (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1938), 245–46.

56        Ray Stannard Baker, Woodrow Wilson and the World Settlement, Vol. I (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page, 1923), 307; Edith Bolling Wilson, My Memoir (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1938), 245–46.

57        Charles E. Neu, Colonel House: A Biography of Woodrow Wilson’s Silent Partner (New York: Oxford University Press, 2015), xii.

58        Ibid., 406.

59        Godfrey Hodgson, Woodrow Wilson’s Right Hand: The Life of Colonel Edward M. House (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2006), 216–17.

60        Ray Stannard Baker, Woodrow Wilson and the World Settlement, Vol. I (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page, 1923), 308.

61        The Intimate Papers of Colonel House, Vol. IV. Charles Seymour, editor (Cambridge, Mass.: Riverside Press, 1928), 386.

62        Ray Stannard Baker, What Wilson Did at Paris (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page, 1919), 41; Ray Stannard Baker, Woodrow Wilson and the World Settlement, Vol. I (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page, 1923), 311; Joseph P. Tumulty, Woodrow Wilson as I Know Him (New York: Doubleday, Page & Co., 1921), 520.

63        Edward Hurley, The Bridge to France (Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1927), 314.

64        Willa Cather to Meta Schaper Cather, December 27, 1918, in Selected Letters of Willa Cather, Andrew Jewell and Janis Stout, eds. (New York: Knopf, 2013), 266–67.

65        Martin Blumenson, ed., The Patton Papers 1885–1940 (New York: Da Capo Press, 1998), 693–4.

66        John Archer Lejeune, The Reminiscences of a Marine (Philadelphia: Dorrance, 1930), 445, 455.

67        Douglas MacArthur, Reminiscences (New York: Ishi Press International, 2010), 72–3.

68        Erich Posselt, “Prisoner of War No. 3598,” American Mercury, July 1927, pp. 313–323.

69        Ray Stannard Baker, Woodrow Wilson and the World Settlement, Vol. I (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page, 1923), 151.

70        Ray Stannard Baker, Woodrow Wilson and the World Settlement, Vol. II (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page, 1923), 32.

71        Ibid., 34.

72        From the Diary of Colonel House, April 28, 1919, in Arthur S. Link, editor, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, vol. 58 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1988), 185–86.

73        Cary T. Grayson, Woodrow Wilson: An Intimate Memoir (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1960), 70–71.

74        Ibid., 77–78.

75        Herbert Hoover, The Memoirs of Herbert Hoover: Years of Adventure 1874–1920 (New York: Macmillan, 1951), 391.

76        Robert Lansing, The Peace Negotiations: A Personal Narrative (Cambridge, Mass.: Riverside, 1921), 209.

77        Josephus Daniels, The Cabinet Diaries of Josephus Daniels: 1913–1921. E. David Cronon, editor. (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1963), 379.

78        From the Diary of Colonel House, April 14, 1919, in Arthur S. Link, editor, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, vol. 57 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1987), 335.

79        Ray Stannard Baker, Woodrow Wilson and the World Settlement, Vol. I (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page, 1923), xxix.

80        The Intimate Papers of Colonel House, Vol. IV. Charles Seymour, editor (Cambridge, Mass.: Riverside Press, 1928), 401–2.

81        Richard V. Oulahan, “Wilson Cables the Navy,” New York Times, April 7, 1919; “Summoning of President’s Ship is Interpreted as Meaning Prompt Action in Case of Deadlock,” New York Times, April 8, 1919.

82        Cary T. Grayson, Woodrow Wilson: An Intimate Memoir (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1960), 61.

83        Ray Stannard Baker, Woodrow Wilson and the World Settlement, Vol. II (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page, 1923), 380–81.

84        Ray Stannard Baker, Woodrow Wilson and the World Settlement, Vol. I (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page, 1923), 324.

85        The Intimate Papers of Colonel House, Vol. IV. Charles Seymour, editor (Cambridge, Mass.: Riverside Press, 1928), 334–36.

86        “Rhine Must Be Held, Says Marshal Foch,” New York Times, April 19, 1919.

87        Ray Stannard Baker, Woodrow Wilson and the World Settlement, Vol. II (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page, 1923), 54.

88        Ibid., 495.

89        Edith Bolling Wilson, My Memoir (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1938), 260; Godfrey Hodgson, Woodrow Wilson’s Right Hand: The Life of Colonel Edward M. House (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2006), 233–4.

90        The Intimate Papers of Colonel House, Vol. IV. Charles Seymour, editor (Cambridge, Mass.: Riverside Press, 1928), 181.

91        Lee A. Craig, Josephus Daniels: His Life & Times (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2013), 357–58.

92        Robert Lansing, The Peace Negotiations: A Personal Narrative (Cambridge, Mass.: Riverside, 1921), 260.

93        Ray Stannard Baker, Woodrow Wilson and the World Settlement, Vol. II (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page, 1923), 501–2.

94        Ray Stannard Baker, Woodrow Wilson and the World Settlement, Vol. I (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page, 1923), 125.

95        The Intimate Papers of Colonel House, Vol. IV. Charles Seymour, editor (Cambridge, Mass.: Riverside Press, 1928), 458.

96        Ray Stannard Baker, Woodrow Wilson and the World Settlement, Vol. II (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page, 1923), 502–5.

97        Ibid., 505.

98        Johann Heinrich von Bernstorff, My Three Years in America (New York: Scribner, 1920), 61.

99        The Intimate Papers of Colonel House, Vol. IV. Charles Seymour, editor (Cambridge, Mass.: Riverside Press, 1928), 459.

  100        Johann Heinrich von Bernstorff, My Three Years in America (New York: Scribner, 1920), 369.

  101        Ray Stannard Baker, Woodrow Wilson and the World Settlement, Vol. II (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page, 1923), 513.

  102        The Intimate Papers of Colonel House, Vol. IV. Charles Seymour, editor (Cambridge, Mass.: Riverside Press, 1928), 474.

  103        Douglas MacArthur, Reminiscences (New York: Ishi Press International, 2010), 73.

  104        Will Rogers, Rogers-isms: The Cowboy Philosopher on the Peace Conference (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1919), 30.

  105        The Intimate Papers of Colonel House, Vol. IV. Charles Seymour, editor (Cambridge, Mass.: Riverside Press, 1928), 466.

  106        Remarks at Suresnes Cemetery on Memorial Day, May 30, 1919, in Arthur S. Link, editor, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, vol. 59 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1988), 606–10.

  107        Ann Hagedorn, Savage Peace: Hope and Fear in America, 1919 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2007), 207–8.

  108        Cary T. Grayson, Woodrow Wilson: An Intimate Memoir (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1960), 83–84.

  109        The Intimate Papers of Colonel House, Vol. IV. Charles Seymour, editor (Cambridge, Mass.: Riverside Press, 1928), 487.

  110        Patricia Sullivan, “Prague Honors Woodrow Wilson with Statue,” Washington Post, October 4, 2011.

  111        Garrett Peck, The Prohibition Hangover: Alcohol in America from Demon Rum to Cult Cabernet (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 2009), 116–17.

  112        The Intimate Papers of Colonel House, Vol. IV. Charles Seymour, editor (Cambridge, Mass.: Riverside Press, 1928), 489.

  113        Ibid., 488.

  114        Ibid., 498.

  115        Robert Lansing, The Peace Negotiations: A Personal Narrative (Cambridge, Mass.: Riverside, 1921), 8–9.

  116        Willa Cather to Ferris Greenslet, December 21, 1914, in Selected Letters of Willa Cather, Andrew Jewell and Janis Stout, eds. (New York: Knopf, 2013), 198.

  117        John Milton Cooper Jr., Woodrow Wilson: A Biography (New York: Knopf, 2009), 7.

  118        Margaret MacMillan, Paris 1919: Six Months That Changed the World (New York: Random House, 2003), 481–82.

  119        The Intimate Papers of Colonel House, Vol. IV. Charles Seymour, editor (Cambridge, Mass.: Riverside Press, 1928), 487.

  120        George Creel, The War, The World and Wilson (New York: Harper, 1920), 299.

  121        John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of the Peace (New York: Macmillan, 1920), 36–40.

  122        Ibid., 31–32.

  123        Ibid., 123.

  124        Will Rogers, Rogers-isms: The Cowboy Philosopher on the Peace Conference (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1919), 19.

  125        Margaret MacMillan, Paris 1919: Six Months That Changed the World (New York: Random House, 2003), 192, 480.

  126        John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of the Peace (New York: Macmillan, 1920), 248–49.

EIGHT: CARTHAGINIAN PEACE

  1        “Ovation to the President,” New York Times, July 11, 1919.

  2        Cary T. Grayson, Woodrow Wilson: An Intimate Memoir (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1960), 85.

  3        Edward Hurley, The Bridge to France (Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1927), 290.

  4        John Heaton, editor, Cobb of “The World” (New York: Dutton, 1924), 279.

  5        “Lodge,” Baltimore Evening Sun, June 15, 1920, in The Vintage Mencken, gathered by Alistair Cooke (New York: Vintage Books, 1990), 81.

  6        “Lansing Admits Shantung [Shandong] Dissent,” New York Times, August 7, 1919.

  7        Ray Stannard Baker, Woodrow Wilson and the World Settlement, Vol. I (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page, 1923), 33.

  8        “Confer in White House,” New York Times, August 20, 1919.

  9        Ray Stannard Baker, Woodrow Wilson and the World Settlement, Vol. I (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page, 1923), 35–36.

10        The Intimate Papers of Colonel House, Vol. III. Charles Seymour, editor (Cambridge, Mass.: Riverside Press, 1928), 61; Ray Stannard Baker, Woodrow Wilson and the World Settlement, Vol. I (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page, 1923), 34–35.

11        “Confer in White House,” New York Times, August 20, 1919.

12        John Milton Cooper Jr., Woodrow Wilson: A Biography (New York: Knopf, 2009), 514.

13        John A. Garraty, Henry Cabot Lodge: A Biography (New York: Knopf, 1968), 369–70.

14        Ibid., 370.

15        Edith Bolling Wilson, My Memoir (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1938), 274.

16        The Intimate Papers of Colonel House, Vol. IV. Charles Seymour, editor (Cambridge, Mass.: Riverside Press, 1928), 515–16.

17        Edward Hurley, The Bridge to France (Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1927), 327–28.

18        The Intimate Papers of Colonel House, Vol. IV. Charles Seymour, editor (Cambridge, Mass.: Riverside Press, 1928), 515.

19        Joseph P. Tumulty, Woodrow Wilson as I Know Him (New York: Doubleday, Page, 1921), 435.

20        An Address in the San Diego Stadium, September 19, 1919, in Arthur S. Link, editor, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, vol. 63 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1990), 382.

21        Edith Bolling Wilson, My Memoir (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1938), 276, 282–83.

22        “Denounce League as War Promoter in Lodge Report,” New York Times, September 11, 1919.

23        Robert Lansing, The Peace Negotiations: A Personal Narrative (Cambridge, Mass.: Riverside, 1921), 269.

24        Joseph P. Tumulty, Woodrow Wilson as I Know Him (New York: Doubleday, Page, 1921), 441–43.

25        John Milton Cooper Jr., Woodrow Wilson: A Biography (New York: Knopf, 2009), 529.

26        An Address in the City Auditorium in Pueblo, Colorado, September 25, 1919, in Arthur S. Link, editor, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, vol. 63 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1990), 500–13.

27        Cary T. Grayson, Woodrow Wilson: An Intimate Memoir (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1960), 97–98.

28        Joseph P. Tumulty, Woodrow Wilson as I Know Him (New York: Doubleday, Page, 1921), 447.

29        Cary T. Grayson, Woodrow Wilson: An Intimate Memoir (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1960), 99–100.

30        Edith Bolling Wilson, My Memoir (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1938), 287.

31        Ibid., 286, 289.

32        Ibid., 286, 289.

33        Cary T. Grayson, Woodrow Wilson: An Intimate Memoir (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1960), 53.

34        Kristie Miller, Ellen and Edith: Woodrow Wilson’s First Ladies (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2010), 218.

35        “White Sox Again Defeated by Reds,” New York Times, October 3, 1919.

36        Joseph P. Tumulty, Woodrow Wilson as I Know Him (New York: Doubleday, Page, 1921), 443–44.

37        Josephus Daniels, The Cabinet Diaries of Josephus Daniels: 1913–1921. E. David Cronon, editor. (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1963), 445; David F. Houston, Eight Years with Wilson’s Cabinet: 1913 to 1920, Vol. II (New York: Doubleday, 1926), 38–39.

38        Albert W. Fox, “President Holds Gain; Improvement Not Yet Decisive, Grayson Says,” Washington Post, October 5, 1919; “Rumor Busy About Wilson,” New York Times, October 13, 1919.

39        “Senators See President,” New York Times, December 6, 1919.

40        Edith Bolling Wilson, My Memoir (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1938), 299.

41        David F. Houston, Eight Years with Wilson’s Cabinet: 1913 to 1920, Vol. II (New York: Doubleday, 1926), 141.

42        John Milton Cooper Jr., Woodrow Wilson: A Biography (New York: Knopf, 2009), 7, 535.

43        Thomas R. Marshall, Recollections of Thomas R. Marshall: Vice-President and Hoosier Philosopher: A Hoosier Salad (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1925), 364.

44        Kristie Miller, Ellen and Edith: Woodrow Wilson’s First Ladies (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2010), 186.

45        The Intimate Papers of Colonel House, Vol. IV. Charles Seymour, editor (Cambridge, Mass.: Riverside Press, 1928), 509–10.

46        Edith Bolling Wilson, My Memoir (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1938), 297.

47        “Lodge Outlines Five Reservations to League Plan,” New York Times, August 13, 1919.

48        Woodrow Wilson to Gilbert Monell Hitchcock, November 18, 1919, in Arthur S. Link, editor, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, vol. 64 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1991), 58; “Renew Compromise Talk,” New York Times, November 18, 1919.

49        “Lodge Resolution Beaten,” New York Times, November 20, 1919; Josephus Daniels, The Cabinet Diaries of Josephus Daniels: 1913–1921. E. David Cronon, editor. (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1963), 462.

50        Josephus Daniels, The Cabinet Diaries of Josephus Daniels: 1913–1921. E. David Cronon, editor. (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1963), 474.

51        Guy J. Forgue, ed., Letters of H. L. Mencken (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1981), 172.

52        From the Diary of Ray Stannard Baker, November 28, 1920, in Arthur S. Link, editor, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, vol. 66 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1992), 436.

53        Josephus Daniels, The Cabinet Diaries of Josephus Daniels: 1913–1921. E. David Cronon, editor. (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1963), 493, 499.

54        “Lansing Quits After Clash,” New York Times, February 14, 1920; “Says Wilson Feared Aim to Replace Him,” New York Times, February 15, 1920.

55        Josephus Daniels, The Cabinet Diaries of Josephus Daniels: 1913–1921. E. David Cronon, editor. (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1963), 500, 502.

56        Woodrow Wilson to Gilbert Monell Hitchcock, March 8, 1920, in Arthur S. Link, editor, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, vol. 65 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1991), 67–71.

57        George Creel, The War, The World and Wilson (New York: Harper, 1920), 5.

58        Herbert Hoover, The Memoirs of Herbert Hoover: The Cabinet and the Presidency 1920–1933 (New York: Macmillan, 1952), 10–11.

59        Will Rogers, Rogers-isms: The Cowboy Philosopher on the Peace Conference (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1919), 23.

NINE: UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES

  1        W.E.B. Du Bois, “Returning Soldiers,” The Crisis, May 1919, 13.

  2        Cameron McWhirter, Red Summer: The Summer of 1919 and the Awakening of Black America (New York: Henry Holt, 2011), 13.

  3        “Report Six Killed in Sailor-Negro Riot,” New York Times, May 11, 1919.

  4        “Lynch Negro Who Confessed Crime,” New York Times, June 27, 1919.

  5        “Negroes Attack Girl—White Men Vainly Pursue,” Washington Post, July 19, 1919; “Mobilization for Tonight,” Washington Post, July 20, 1919.

  6        “This Nation’s Gratitude,” Washington Bee, July 26, 1919.

  7        Carl Sandburg, The Chicago Race Riots: July, 1919 (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Howe, 1919), 1.

  8        Cameron McWhirter, Red Summer: The Summer of 1919 and the Awakening of Black America (New York: Henry Holt, 2011), 146–47.

  9        Ibid., 135.

10        Guy J. Forgue, ed., Letters of H. L. Mencken (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1981), 152.

11        “Troops Fight Race Rioters in Knoxville,” New York Times, September 1, 1919.

12        “Thousands Engage in Riot,” New York Times, September 29, 1919.

13        “Hughes Condemns Lynching of Negro,” New York Times, May 6, 1919.

14        An Address in the Marlow Theater in Helena, September 11, 1919, in Arthur S. Link, editor, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, vol. 63 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1990), 196.

15        Cameron McWhirter, Red Summer: The Summer of 1919 and the Awakening of Black America (New York: Henry Holt, 2011), 151–52.

16        Frederick Lewis Allen, Only Yesterday: An Informal History of the 1920’s (New York: Harper & Row, 1931), 40.

17        Walter Lippmann, Liberty and the News (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2008), 17.

18        Kenneth D. Ackerman, Young J. Edgar: Hoover, the Red Scare, and the Assault on Civil Liberties (New York: Carroll & Graf, 2007), 24.

19        “1 Dead, Many Hurt in Cleveland Riot,” New York Times, May 2, 1919.

20        “Palmer Warns Reds They Cannot Succeed,” New York Times, June 18, 1919; “Flynn Prepares Big Haul of Reds,” New York Times, June 19, 1919.

21        James Weinstein, The Decline of Socialism in America, 1912–1925 (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1984), 327.

22        Frederick Lewis Allen, Only Yesterday: An Informal History of the 1920’s (New York: Harper & Row, 1931), 46.

23        An Address in the Marlow Theater in Helena, September 11, 1919, in Arthur S. Link, editor, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, vol. 63 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1990), 196.

24        Guy J. Forgue, ed., Letters of H. L. Mencken (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1981), 155.

25        “73 Red Centres Raided Here by Lusk Committee,” New York Times, November 9, 1919; “Will Deport Reds as Alien Plotters,” New York Times, November 9, 1919.

26        John Heaton, editor, Cobb of “The World” (New York: Dutton, 1924) 345.

27        “The Suspended Socialists,” New York Times, January 9, 1920.

28        John Heaton, editor, Cobb of “The World” (New York: Dutton, 1924) 345.

29        Kenneth D. Ackerman, Young J. Edgar: Hoover, the Red Scare, and the Assault on Civil Liberties (New York: Carroll & Graf, 2007), 248.

30        “Will Deport Only Real Communists,” New York Times, April 10, 1920.

31        “Deportation Methods Denounced by Taft,” New York Times, May 2, 1920.

32        “Louis Post Defends Rulings on Aliens,” New York Times, May 9, 1920.

33        “Lawyers Denounce Raids on Radicals,” New York Times, May 28, 1920.

34        “Calls Post Factor in Revolution Plan,” New York Times, June 2, 1920.

35        “Wall Street Explosion Kills Thirty; Injures 300,” New York Times, September 17, 1920.

36        H. L. Mencken, “A Gang of Pecksniffs,” Baltimore Evening Sun, May 2, 1922.

37        Kenneth D. Ackerman, Young J. Edgar: Hoover, the Red Scare, and the Assault on Civil Liberties (New York: Carroll & Graf, 2007), 336.

38        Woodrow Wilson, A Press Release, October 6, 1915, in Arthur S. Link, editor, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, vol. 35 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1980), 28.

39        “Hang Suffrage Banner as Wilson Speaks,” New York Times, December 6, 1916.

40        “‘Picket’ White House,” Washington Post, January 10, 1917.

41        “Suffragists Take 60-Day Sentence, Won’t Pay Fines,” New York Times, July 18, 1917; “Militants Freed at Wilson’s Word,” New York Times, July 20, 1917.

42        “Washington Crowd Eggs Suffragettes,” New York Times, July 15, 1917; “Police Protect Pickets,” New York Times, August 17, 1917.

43        David M. Lubin, Grand Illusions: American Art & the First World War (New York: Oxford University Press, 2016), 40.

44        H. L. Mencken, “The Woman of Tomorrow,” New York Evening Mail, May 2, 1918.

45        “Arrest Four More Pickets,” New York Times, October 21, 1917; “Alice Paul Sentenced,” New York Times, October 23, 1917; “Hunger Striker is Forcibly Fed,” New York Times, November 9, 1917.

46        “Wilson Backs Amendment for Woman Suffrage,” New York Times, January 10, 1918; “House for Suffrage, 274 to 136,” New York Times, January 11, 1918.

47        An Address to the Senate, September 30, 1918, in Arthur S. Link, editor, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, vol. 51 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1985), 158–61.

48        William G. McAdoo, Crowded Years: The Reminiscences of William G. McAdoo (Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1931), 498.

49        Thomas R. Marshall, Recollections of Thomas R. Marshall: Vice-President and Hoosier Philosopher: A Hoosier Salad (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1925), 234.

50        J. Kevin Corder and Christina Wolbrecht, Counting Women’s Ballots: Female Voters from Suffrage through the New Deal (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016), 6, 30–31.

51        “Suffrage Statue Moved,” Washington Post, September 24, 1921; “Suffrage Statue Moves,” New York Times, February 14, 1922; “On Display for All to See,” Washington Post, June 27, 1997.

52        William J. Rorabaugh, The Alcoholic Republic: An American Tradition (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979), 232.

53        K. Austin Kerr, Organized for Prohibition: A New History of the Anti-Saloon League (New London, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1985), 137–38.

54        Daniel Okrent, “Wayne B. Wheeler: The Man Who Turned Off the Taps,” Smithsonian Magazine, May 2010, www.smithsonianmag.com.

55        K. Austin Kerr, Organized for Prohibition: A New History of the Anti-Saloon League (New London, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1985), 187–88.

56        Proceedings of the 1917 Convention of the Anti-Saloon League of America (Westerville, Ohio: American Issue Publishing, 1917), 75.

57        Daniel Okrent, Last Call: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition (New York: Scribner, 2010), 239–41.

58        Ibid., 42.

59        Diary of Ray Stannard Baker, March 13, 1919, in Arthur S. Link, editor, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, vol. 55 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1986), 489.

60        “Pabst Charge is Filed,” Milwaukee Journal, February 13, 1918.

61        Justin Steuart, Wayne Wheeler: Dry Boss (New York and Chicago: Fleming H. Revell Company, 1928), 119, 120.

62        “German Alliance Branded as Cloak for Propaganda,” New York Times, February 24, 1918; “Teuton Propaganda Against U.S.,” Evening Star, February 24, 1918; “Says Dr. Hexamer is Kaiser’s Deputy,” New York Times, February 25, 1918; “Gave Fortune to German Red Cross,” Evening Star, March 10, 1918; “Unity Plea by Alliance,” New York Times, April 13, 1918.

63        Justin Steuart, Wayne Wheeler: Dry Boss (New York and Chicago: Fleming H. Revell Company, 1928), 121–22.

64        “German Brewers Buy Big Newspaper,” New York Times, September 15, 1918; “Senate Calls on Palmer to Reveal Brewers’ ‘Deal,’” Evening Star, September 19, 1918.

65        “Funds to Purchase Times Came from Group of Brewers,” Evening Star, September 19, 1918; “Palmer Submits Documents About Times Purchase,” Evening Star, September 20, 1918.

66        Justin Steuart, Wayne Wheeler: Dry Boss (New York and Chicago: Fleming H. Revell Company, 1928), 123–30.

67        “Enemy Propaganda Backed by Brewers,” New York Times, November 21, 1918.

68        “‘War’ Prohibition,” New York Times, November 20, 1918.

69        “Senate Passes Prohibition Bill,” New York Times, November 19, 1918; “Wilson Signs Bill to Make Country ‘Dry’ From July 1 Until Army is Demobilized,” New York Times, November 22, 1918.

70        Joseph Tumulty to Woodrow Wilson, May 9, 1919, in Arthur S. Link, editor, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, vol. 58 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1988), 603–4; Joseph Tumulty to Woodrow Wilson, June 25, 1919, in Arthur S. Link, editor, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, vol. 61 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1989), 183–84; Joseph Tumulty to Woodrow Wilson, June 27, 1919, PPW, vol. 61, 294; and Joseph Tumulty to Woodrow Wilson, PPW, vol. 61, 351.

71        Woodrow Wilson to Joseph Tumulty, June 27, 1919, in Arthur S. Link, editor, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, vol. 61 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1989), 291.

72        Woodrow Wilson to Thomas William Lamont, June 27, 1919, in Arthur S. Link, editor, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, vol. 61 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1989), 290.

73        Woodrow Wilson to House of Representatives, October 27, 1919, in Arthur S. Link, editor, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, vol. 63 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1990), 601, and Joseph P. Tumulty, Woodrow Wilson as I Know Him (New York: Doubleday, Page, 1921), 409–10.

74        Joseph P. Tumulty, Woodrow Wilson as I Know Him (New York: Doubleday, Page, 1921), 420.

75        Joseph Tumulty memorandum, January 9, 1920, in Arthur S. Link, editor, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, vol. 64 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1991), 261–62.

76        “Prohibition to Cause Hip Pockets to Shrink,” Evening Star, January 10, 1920; “John Barleycorn Died Peacefully at the Toll of 12,” New York Times, January 17, 1920.

77        “Billy Sunday Speeds Barleycorn to Grave,” New York Times, January 17, 1920.

78        “Mr. Bryan Sounds Knell of Liquor at Midnight Hour,” Evening Star, January 17, 1920.

79        Woodrow Wilson to Congress, March 26, 1920, in Arthur S. Link, editor, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, vol. 65 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1991), 132–34.

80        Frederick Lewis Allen, Only Yesterday: An Informal History of the 1920’s (New York: Harper & Row, 1931), 216–217.

81        “Senate Caucus Votes at Albany for Prohibition,” New York Times, January 28, 1919.

82        Larz Anderson III, Journal, 1920. Society of the Cincinnati Library, Washington, D.C.

83        “Making a Joke of Prohibition in New York City,” New York Times, May 2, 1920.

84        Michael A. Lerner, Dry Manhattan: Prohibition in New York City (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2007), 138.

85        Garrett Peck, Prohibition in Washington, D.C.: How Dry We Weren’t (Charleston, S.C.: The History Press, 2011), 94.

86        Christian Heurich, From My Life: 1842–1934. Trans. and ed. Eda Offutt, 1985. Washington, D.C.: privately published, 1934.

87        H. L. Mencken, My Life as Author and Editor (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1993), 286.

88        H. L. Mencken, Thirty-five Years of Newspaper Work (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994), 105.

89        Ibid., 201.

90        Ibid., 210.

91        Ibid., 179.

92        Justin Steuart, Wayne Wheeler: Dry Boss (New York and Chicago: Fleming H. Revell Company, 1928), 164.

93        George Cassiday, “Cassiday, Capitol Bootlegger, Got First Rum Order From Dry,” Washington Post, October 24, 1930.

94        H. L. Mencken, “Hot Dogs,” Baltimore Evening Sun, November 4, 1929.

TEN: NORMALCY

  1        H. L. Mencken, “A Carnival of Buncombe,” Baltimore Evening Sun, February 9, 1920.

  2        John F. Carter Jr., “These Wild Young People,” Atlantic Monthly, September 1920, 301–4.

  3        A. Scott Berg, Wilson (New York: Putnam, 2013), 679.

  4        Josephus Daniels, The Cabinet Diaries of Josephus Daniels: 1913–1921. E. David Cronon, editor. (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1963), 517–18; David F. Houston, Eight Years with Wilson’s Cabinet: 1913 to 1920, Vol. II (New York: Doubleday, 1926), 70.

  5        Josephus Daniels, The Cabinet Diaries of Josephus Daniels: 1913–1921. E. David Cronon, editor. (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1963), 520.

  6        A Report of an Interview by William Waller Hawkins, September 27, 1920, in Arthur S. Link, editor, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, vol. 66 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1992), 153–8.

  7        “Pro-Leaguers See Wilson,” New York Times, October 28, 1920.

  8        From the Diary of Ray Stannard Baker, November 28, 1920, in Arthur S. Link, editor, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, vol. 66 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1992), 435–36.

  9        Oscar Ameringer, If You Don’t Weaken: The Autobiography of Oscar Ameringer (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1983), xii.

10        Ernest L. Meyer, “Hey! Yellowbacks!” The War Diary of a Conscientious Objector (New York: John Day, 1930), 205–6.

11        Josephus Daniels, The Cabinet Diaries of Josephus Daniels: 1913–1921. E. David Cronon, editor. (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1963), 359.

12        Woodrow Wilson to Joseph Patrick Tumulty, June 28, 1919, and Joseph Patrick Tumulty to Woodrow Wilson, June 28, 1919, in Arthur S. Link, editor, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, vol. 61 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1989), 351–52.

13        Alexander Mitchell Palmer to Woodrow Wilson, January 29, 1921, in Arthur S. Link, editor, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, vol. 67 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1992), 98–102.

14        “Debs, Unrepentant, Denounces Wilson,” New York Times, February 2, 1921.

15        A Memorandum by Ida Minerva Tarbell, May 5, 1922, in Arthur S. Link, editor, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, vol. 68 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1993), 48.

16        Larz Anderson III, Journal, 1920. Society of the Cincinnati Library, Washington, D.C.

17        Paul Dickson, Words from the White House (New York: Walker, 2013), 119–20.

18        Herbert Hoover, The Memoirs of Herbert Hoover: The Cabinet and the Presidency 1920–1933 (New York: Macmillan, 1952), 35.

19        H. L. Mencken, “Gamalielese,” Baltimore Evening Sun, March 7, 1921.

20        H. L. Mencken, “Bayard vs. Lionheart,” Baltimore Evening Sun, July 26, 1920.

21        “The Nomination of Harding,” New York Times, June 13, 1920.

22        “The Gun Epidemic,” New York Times, December 5, 2015.

23        Joseph P. Tumulty, Woodrow Wilson as I Know Him (New York: Doubleday, Page, 1921), 478–79.

24        Edith Bolling Wilson, My Memoir (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1938), 305–6.

25        Peter Baker, “DNA Shows Warren Harding Wasn’t America’s First Black President,” New York Times, August 18, 2015.

26        H. L. Mencken, “Lodge,” Baltimore Evening Sun, June 15, 1920.

27        David F. Houston, Eight Years with Wilson’s Cabinet: 1913 to 1920, Vol. II (New York: Doubleday, 1926), 148.

28        Ibid., 149.

29        “Harding for World Court,” New York Times, March 5, 1921.

30        Willa Cather to Ellery Sedgwick, November 17, 1922, in Selected Letters of Willa Cather, Andrew Jewell and Janis Stout, eds. (New York: Knopf, 2013), 327.

31        Frederick Lewis Allen, Only Yesterday: An Informal History of the 1920’s (New York: Harper & Row, 1931), 39.

32        Ibid., 133.

33        Ernest Hemingway to Grace Hall Hemingway, August 29, 1918, The Letters of Ernest Hemingway Vol. 1: 1907–1922, Sandra Spanier and Robert W. Trogdon, eds. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011), 134.

EPILOGUE: THE RETREAT TO S STREET

  1        Edith Bolling Wilson, My Memoir (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1938), 312.

  2        Josephus Daniels, The Cabinet Diaries of Josephus Daniels: 1913–1921. E. David Cronon, editor. (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1963), 588.

  3        Joseph P. Tumulty, Woodrow Wilson as I Know Him (New York: Doubleday, Page, 1921), 509–10.

  4        “Wilson’s Exit is Tragic,” New York Times, March 5, 1921.

  5        “Wilson’s Stock of Liquor is Moved,” New York Times, March 5, 1921.

  6        Garrett Peck, Prohibition in Washington, D.C.: How Dry We Weren’t (Charleston, S.C.: The History Press, 2011), 42–43.

  7        Edith Bolling Wilson, My Memoir (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1938), 322.

  8        Ibid., 323.

  9        Ibid., 345.

10        Cary T. Grayson, Woodrow Wilson: An Intimate Memoir (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1960), 13.

11        Ibid., 25.

12        Woodrow Wilson, “The Road Away from Revolution,” Atlantic Monthly, August 1923, 395–98.

13        “Dead Hero Borne from Capitol to Last Resting Place in Burst of Glory and Patriotic Fever,” Evening Star, November 11, 1921; “Auto Causes Huge Tangle in Traffic,” Evening Star, November 11, 1921.

14        Cary T. Grayson, Woodrow Wilson: An Intimate Memoir (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1960), 26, 136–37.

15        John Heaton, editor, Cobb of “The World” (New York: Dutton, 1924).

16        “Col. House Calls, Wilson Not at Home,” New York Times, October 14, 1921.

17        A Radio Address, November 10, 1923, in Arthur S. Link, editor, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, vol. 68 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1993), 466–7.

18        “Wilson By Radio Calls Our Attitude ‘Ignoble, Cowardly’,” New York Times, November 11, 1923; “Heard Over a Wide Area,” New York Times, November 11, 1923.

19        “Wilson Overcome Greeting Pilgrims; Predicts Triumph,” New York Times, November 12, 1923.

20        Edith Bolling Wilson, My Memoir (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1938), 357–58.

21        A. Scott Berg, Wilson (New York: Putnam, 2013), 733.

22        Edith Bolling Wilson, My Memoir (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1938), 359.

23        “Last Rites for Wilson to Be Held Wednesday; Funeral to Be Private,” Evening Star, February 4, 1924; “War President’s End Came Peacefully,” New York Times, February 4, 1924.

24        Carter Bealer, diary, Monday, February 4, 1924, in Ina Russell, editor, Jeb and Dash: A Diary of Gay Life 1918–1945. (Boston: Faber and Faber, 1993), 74.

25        “Embassies Lower Flags; Germans Display None,” Washington Post, February 5, 1924; “German Embassy to Pay Flag Tribute to Wilson,” Washington Post, February 6, 1924; “Police Lower Flag Nailed at Entrance of German Embassy,” Washington Post, February 7, 1924.

26        Ray Stannard Baker, Woodrow Wilson and the World Settlement, Vol. II (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page, 1923), 522.

27        Johann Heinrich von Bernstorff, Memoirs of Count Bernstorff (New York: Random House, 1936), 132.

28        Thomas R. Marshall, Recollections of Thomas R. Marshall: Vice-President and Hoosier Philosopher: A Hoosier Salad (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1925), 61.