Location references in bold type
refer to illustrative material and on-page definitions.
Allende, S. 62
anarchism 92
core ideas and principles
anti-statism 94, 95, 95, 96, 97
democracy, anarchists’ perspective on 19
differences between
individualist anarchism and collectivist anarchism 108
economy, anarchists’ perspective on the 69
equality, anarchists’ perspective on 65
freedom, anarchists’ perspective on 15
human nature, anarchists’ perspective on 38, 94, 95
nation, anarchists’ perspective on the 117
nature, anarchists’ perspective on 162
origins and development of 93, 94
society, anarchists’ perspective on 40
Anderson, B. 118
animal rights 162, 169, 169, 170, 175
anomie 38
Anthony, S. B. 138
anthropocentrism 161
anti-colonial nationalism 132, 133–4
anti-Semitism 132
Arendt, H. 5
assimilation 201
Atkinson, T.-G. 153
authoritarian conservatism 43–4, 45
authoritarianism 44
Bahro, R. 173
Bakunin, M. 64, 97, 99, 100, 101
Barruel, A. 111
Barry, B. 202
Beasley, C. 155
Bentham, J. 22, 23, 23, 26, 41
Bernstein, E. 82
Beveridge Report 29
biocentric equality 177
biodiversity 177
Bismarck, O. von 44
black feminism 154
black nationalism 122
Blair, T. 85
Bobbio, N. 6
Bohr, N. 163
Bookchin, M. 98, 173, 174, 175, 175, 180
Boulding, K. 165
bourgeois ideology 76
Bourne, R. 96
Bright, J. 108
Brownmiller, S. 153
Brundtland Report 168
Buddhism 98, 100, 134, 159, 164, 171
Bukharin, N. 77
Burke, E. 34, 39, 40, 45, 48, 49
Bush, G. W. 34
Butler, J. 155
capitalism 62
Castro, F. 133
Chamberlain, H. S. 132
Chamberlain, J. 41
Charvet, J. 153
Chauvin, N. 130
Christian democracy 46
Christoyannopoulos, A. 100
citizenship 185
ethnocultural nationalism, and 123
civil liberty 18
classical liberalism 10, 12, 12, 20
modern liberalism, and 29
Clinton, H. 89
collectivism 64
individualist anarchism, and 108
social democracy, and 83
see also Marxism
communitarianism 86, 86, 187–8
‘consciousness-raising’ 152, 152
authoritarian conservatism 43–4, 45
Christian democracy 46
core ideas and principles
culture, conservatives’ perspective on 188
democracy, conservatives’ perspective on 19
differences between
libertarian conservatism and paternalistic conservatism 49
neoconservatism and neoliberalism 55
economy, conservatives’ perspective on the 42–3, 69
equality, conservatives’ perspective on 65
freedom, conservatives’ perspective on 15
gender, conservatives’ perspective on 141
human nature, conservatives’ perspective on 35–6, 37, 38
libertarian conservatism 48, 49
multiculturalism, and 200, 201
nation, conservatives’ perspective on the 117
national conservatism 57, 57, 58
nature, conservatives’ perspective on 162
neoconservatism 50, 54, 55, 55–7
neoliberalism 50, 51, 51, 52–3, 54
origins and development of 33, 34–5
paternalistic conservatism 45
One Nation conservatism 45, 46, 47, 48
society, conservatives’ perspective on 37, 38–9, 40, 41
state, conservatives’ perspective on the 41–2, 95
Toryism 47
traditional conservatism 33, 41, 48
conservative nationalism 128–9
Corbyn, J. 89
cosmopolitan multiculturalism 198, 199
cosmopolitanism 198
cultural nationalism 121, 121, 122, 123
culture
perspectives on 188
see also multiculturalism
Darwin, C. 25
de Gaulle, C. 128
de Maistre, J. 43
de Tracy, D. 4
deep ecology 161, 161, 162, 177–8, 179–80
shallow ecology, and 162
perspectives on
anarchists 19
conservatives 19
ecologists 19
multiculturalists 19
socialists 19
Descartes, R. 163
developmental individualism 12
Dewey, J. 37
dictatorship of the proletariat 75, 75, 77, 102
equality feminism, and 146
discourse 154
divine right 3, 11, 11, 36, 99
Donne, J. 63
Drake, J. 154
Dubois, R. 160
Durkheim, E. 38
ecocentrism 161
ecoliberalism 172
‘ecological consciousness’ 171, 171
ecologism
core ideas and principles
‘ecological consciousness’ 171, 171
sustainability 165, 166, 166, 167, 168, 168
deep ecology 161, 161, 162, 177–8, 179–80
democracy, ecologists’ perspective on 19
differences between
shallow ecology and deep ecology 162
economy, ecologists’ perspective on the 69
equality, ecologists’ perspective on 65
freedom, ecologists’ perspective on 15
human nature, ecologists’ perspective on 38
modernist ecology 167, 167, 168, 171–2
ecoliberalism 172
nature, ecologists’ perspective on 162
origins and development of 159, 160
‘transpersonal ecology’ 171
types of 176
economic liberalism 23, 24, 48
economy, the
perpectives on
anarchists 69
ecologists 69
egoistical individualism 12
Ehrlich, P. 160
Einstein, A. 163
Elshtain, J. 144
empire 114
Engels, F. 4, 61, 67, 70, 72, 73, 74, 148
equality
equality of opportunity 16, 16
formal equality 185
perspectives on 65
anarchists 65
conservatives 65
ecologists 65
feminists 65
liberals 65
difference feminism, and 146
ethical individualism 12
ethnic nationalism 121, 121, 122, 123
ethnicity 115
ethnocultural nationalism 123, 183, 183
civic nationalism, and 123
Eurocentrism 186
expansionist nationalism 129–30, 131, 132
liberal nationalism, and 127
Eysenck, H. 7
Fabian Society 68
Fanon, F. 133
fascism 130
feminism
black feminism 154
core ideas and principles
redefining ‘the political’ 143–4
sex and gender 139, 139, 140, 141, 141
culture, feminists’ perspective on 188
differences between
equality feminism and difference feminism 146
liberal feminism and radical feminism 151
equality, feminists’ perspective on 65
freedom, feminists’ perspective on 15
human nature, feminists’ perspective on 38
intersectionality 139, 139–40, 154, 155
liberal feminism 138, 138, 146, 147–8
multiculturalism, and 201
nature, feminists’ perspective on 162
origins and development of 137, 138–40
radical feminism 139, 150, 151, 152, 153
sexual division of labour 144
socialist feminism 139, 148, 149, 150
society, feminists’ perspective on 40
state, feminists’ perspective on the 95
Figes, E. 151
fiscal stimulus 54
fossil fuels 165
Foucault, M. 154
Fox, W. 171
Franco, F. 93
Frankfurt School 78
free trade 126
freedom
perspectives on
anarchists 15
conservatives 15
ecologists 15
feminists 15
liberals 13, 13, 14, 15, 15, 16
nationalists 15
socialists 15
Friedan, B. 13, 14, 139, 146, 147
Fromm, E. 170
Fukuyama, F. 79
fundamentalist socialism 70, 70
future generations 169
Gaitskell, H. 82
Galbraith, J. K. 85
Gandhi, M. 133
Gellner, E. 118
gender
perspectives on 141
see also feminism
Gladstone, W. 10
Godwin, W. 93, 95, 97, 105, 108
Goldsmith, E. 160
Goldwater, B. 34
Goodhart, D. 202
Goodin, R. 169
government 11
Gray, J. 195
green ideology see ecologism
Grimm, J. 122
Grimm, W. 122
Habermas, J. 78
Haeckel, E. 158
‘happiness economics’ 170
Hardy, T. 159
Harriman, R. 160
Herzl, T. 124
Heywood, L. 154
Ho Chi Minh 133
Hobhouse, L. T. 27
Hobson, J. A. 27
hooks, b. (G. J. Watkins) 154, 155
Horkheimer, M. 78
human nature 13
perspectives on
ecologists 38
feminists 38
hybridity 198
identity politics 189
ideology 4
collectivist anarchism, and 108
industrial capitalism 11
industrialism 166
integral nationalism 131, 131, 132
intersectionality 139, 139–40, 154, 155
internationalism 126
James, W. 37
jingoism 130
John Paul II, Pope 81
Johnson, L. 29
Jost, J. 5
see also social justice
Kautsky, K. 70
Kennedy, J. F. 29
Keynesianism 31
Khomeini, Ayatollah 35
King, M. L. 183
King, Y. 175
Kropotkin, P. 64, 96, 101, 104, 104, 105, 159, 175
Laclau, E. 79
Layard, R. 170
Le Pen, J.-M. 58
Le Pen, M. 58
left/right divide in politics 5, 6, 6, 7, 7
Lenin, V. I. 2, 5, 61, 67, 70, 75, 76, 77, 93, 134
Leninism 76
lesbianism 153
‘liberal’
meanings of term 10
Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) (Japan) 34–5
liberal feminism 138, 138, 146, 147–8
radical feminism, and 151
liberal multiculturalism 188, 188, 193, 194–5
liberal nationalism 124, 125, 126, 127–8
expansionist nationalism, and 127
liberalism 10
classical liberalism 10, 12, 12, 20
communitarian liberalism 86
core ideas and principles 10
equality of opportunity 16, 16
freedom 13, 13, 14, 15, 15, 16
culture, liberals’ perspective on 188
democracy, liberals’ perspective on 18, 19
differences between
classical liberalism and modern liberalism 29
universalist liberalism and pluralist liberalism 201
ecoliberalism 172
economy, liberals’ perspective on the 19–20, 69
equality, liberals’ perspective on 65
gender, liberals’ perspective on 141
human nature, liberals’ perspective on 12, 13, 14, 38
modern liberalism 10, 12, 12, 25–6
multiculturalism, criticisms of 200
nation, liberals’ perspective on the 117
nature, liberals’ perspective on 162
neoliberalism 24
origins and development of 11–12
society, liberals’ perspective on 14, 15–16, 40
state, liberals’ perspective on the 16, 17–18, 95
libertarian conservatism 48, 49
paternalistic conservatism, and 49
Locke, J. 16, 17, 18, 21, 22, 54, 97
Lovelock, J. 164
Lukacs, G. 78
Lyotard, J.-F. 79
MacIntyre, A. 187
Macpherson, C. B. 14
Malatesta, E. 105
Manchesterism 108
Mao Zedong 133
Marcuse, H. 78
market 19
Marshall, P. 94
Marx, K. 2, 4, 61, 67, 67, 70, 134
classical Marxism
demise of 79
dialectical materialism 71, 71
Maslow, A. 170
materialism 169
May, T. 58
Meadows, D. 160
metaphysics 178
methodological individualism 12
Mill, J. S. 14, 15, 18, 26, 27, 27, 125, 138, 146, 147, 172
Millett, K. 139, 142, 142, 143, 152
minority rights 189–90, 191, 192
Mitchell, J. 150
modern liberalism 10, 12, 12, 25–6
classical liberalism, and 29
modernism 118
modernist ecology 167, 167, 168, 171–2
ecoliberalism 172
More, T. 61
Mouffe, C. 79
multiculturalism
core ideas and principles
culture and identity 187, 187, 188, 188, 189
minority rights 189–90, 191, 192
politics of rights, redistribution and recognition 184–5, 185, 186, 187
cosmopolitan multiculturalism 198, 199
democracy, multiculturalists’ perspective on 19
liberal multiculturalism 188, 188, 193, 194–5
nation, multiculturalists’ perspective on the 117
opposition to 199
conservative criticisms of 200, 201
feminist concerns about 201
liberal criticisms of 200
social reformists’ criticisms of 201–2
origins and development of 182, 183–4
particularist multiculturalism 197, 198
pluralist multiculturalism 188, 188, 195–6
society, multiculturalists’ perspective on 40
types of 199
Murray, C. 53
Mussolini, B. 44
nation
perspectives on the nation 117
see also nationalism
national conservatism 57, 57, 58
nationalism
anti-colonial nationalism 132, 133–4
black nationalism 122
conservative nationalism 128–9
core ideas and principles 111
culturalism 121, 121, 122, 123
nation 112, 112, 115–16, 117, 117
cultural nationalism 121, 121, 122, 123
differences between
civic nationalism and ethnocultural nationalism 123
liberal nationalism and expansionist nationalism 127
ethnic nationalism 121, 121, 122, 123
ethnocultural nationalism 123, 183, 183
expansionist nationalism 129–30, 131, 132
freedom, nationalists’ perspective on 15
integral nationalism 131, 131, 132
liberal nationalism 124, 125, 126, 127–8
origins and development of 111, 112, 113, 114–15
political nationalism 121, 121
postcolonial nationalism 134, 135
society, nationalists’ perspective on 40
natural aristocracy 41
nature
perspectives on 162
neo-Reaganism 56
neo-revisionism 85, 86, 87, 88
neoconservatism 50, 54, 55, 55–7
neoliberalism, and 55
neoliberalism 24, 50, 51, 51, 52–3, 54
neoconservatism, and 55
New Left 78
neoconservatism 50, 54, 55, 55–7
neoliberalism 50, 51, 51, 52–3, 54
nihilism 106
Nkrumah, K. 122
Nyerere, J. 63
One Nation conservatism 45, 46, 47, 48
O’Sullivan, N. 35
Paglia, C. 156
Paine, T. 21
Pankhurst, C. 138
Pankhurst, E. 138
particularist multiculturalism 197, 198
paternalism 47
paternalistic conservatism 45
libertarian conservatism, and 49
One Nation conservatism 45, 46, 47, 48
patriotism 112
permissiveness 54
Pettit, P. 186
Pisan, C. de 138
Plato 61
pluralism 197
pluralist multiculturalism 188, 188, 195–6
political nationalism 121, 121
Popper, K. 5
populism 57
positive discrimination 190, 190
postcolonial nationalism 134, 135
poststructuralism 154, 154, 155
pragmatism 37
progress 5
proletariat 4, 66, 66, 67, 73–7, 82
see also dictatorship of the proletariat
Proudhon, P.-J. 92, 96, 99, 102, 102, 103, 105
racism 123
radical feminism 139, 150, 151, 152, 153
liberal feminism, and 151
rationalism 13
Reagan, R. 34
neo-Reaganism 56
religious fundamentalism 134, 135, 135
republicanism 186
revisionist socialism 81–2, 82, 83, 84
revolution 5, 20, 31, 34, 46, 61, 67, 67, 68, 70. 74–7
rights 12, 86, 100, 108, 115, 116, 119, 125, 138, 145–8, 168, 185
see also animal rights, minority rights
Roosevelt, T. 42
Rousseau, J.-J. 98, 112, 119, 119, 124
Rushdie, S. 191
Ruthven, M. 135
Said, E. 186
Saint-Simon, H. de 60
Sandel, M. 187
Saunders, B. 89
Schumacher, E. F. 165, 167, 167, 170
Scott-Dixon, K. 155
separatism 120
deep ecology, and 162
Shaw, G. B. 68
Sikhism 134
Singer, P. 169
Smiles, S. 24
Smith, Adam 2, 19, 23, 24, 48, 50
Smith, Anthony 118
Smuts, J. 163
social democracy 61, 61, 80, 80
communism, and 83
‘crisis’ of social democracy 84–5
neo-revisionism 85, 86, 87, 88
revisionist socialism 81–2, 82, 83, 84
‘third way’, and the 87
social justice 37, 70, 81, 81, 84, 102, 186, 202
socialism
see also Marxism
core ideas and principles
society 63
culture, socialists’ perspective on 188
democracy, socialists’ perspective on 19
differences between
communism and social democracy 83
social democracy and the ‘third way’ 87
economy, socialists’ perspective on the 69, 69, 70
freedom, socialists’ perspective on 15
fundamentalist socialism 70, 70
gender, socialists’ perspective on 141
human nature, socialists’ perspective on 38, 62–3, 64–5
nation, socialists’perspective on the 117
nature, socialists’ perspective on 162
New Left 78
origins and development of 60, 61, 62
social democracy 61, 61, 80, 80
‘crisis’ of social democracy 84–5
neo-revisionism 85, 86, 87, 88
revisionist socialism 81–2, 82, 83, 84
society, socialists’ perspective on 40, 66–7
state, socialists’ perspective on the 67, 68, 69, 95
socialist feminism 139, 148, 149, 150
society
perspectives on
anarchists 40
conservatives 37, 38–9, 40, 41
feminists 40
multiculturalists 40
nationalists 40
Sorel, G. 103
Spooner, L. 107
Stanton, E. C. 138
state 12
perspectives on the state
feminists 95
status quo 5
Stirner, M. 95, 96, 106, 107, 107
Sumner, W. 25
Sun Yat-Sen 124
sustainability 165, 166, 166, 167, 168, 168
syndicalism 93
system 164
Talmon, J. L. 5
Tawney, R. H. 81
Taylor, H. 146
‘third way’ 85, 85, 86, 87, 88
social democracy, and 87
Tocqueville, A. de 18
toleration 193
Toryism 47
traditional conservatism 33, 41, 48
‘tragedy of the commons’ 166, 167
transgender 155
‘transpersonal ecology’ 171
transphobia 155
transsexual 155
Tsipras, A. 88
utility 22
Waldron, J. 198
Ward, B. 160
Watkins, G. J. (bell hooks) 154, 155
Wells, H. G. 68
Wilson, W. 114, 124, 125, 126, 127
Wolf, N. 156
Wolff, R. 105
Wollstonecraft, M. 13, 13, 138, 146, 147
women’s movement see feminism written constitution 17, 17–18
xenophobia 113
Zapata, E. 93
Zionism 124