Index

Abbott, Barbara  93, 120

abuse  58, 59, 62, 159

accommodation  116–22, 156, 159

adjacency pair  69

Aguilar-Guevara, Ana  94

Allan, Keith  157

alloform  131

ambiguity  13, 17, 19, 27, 38, 48, 63–4, 66, 84, 99, 138, 145, 150–1, 165

American Dialect Society  104

anaphor, anaphora  85–90, 97–102, 156, 159

antecedent  88, 99–104, 156, 159–60

apology  57–9, 63–9

appropriateness  11, 30–1, 58, 71, 74–5, 90, 103, 111, 113–14, 143, 162

argument  8–9, 130, 149, 157, 159

argument reversal  130, 157, 159

Arnold, Jennifer  138

article  75, 90–4, 107–8, 159, 161

assertion  21, 57, 62, 63, 71, 97, 106–7, 109, 113–16, 120, 133, 149, 155

Austin, John L.  55–9

auxiliary verb  60

Bach, Kent  149, 163

bare plural  90

Barron, Anne  157

belief  5, 15, 17–8, 27, 33–6, 57, 59, 64, 66, 69, 77, 79–82, 93, 114–15, 118–19, 125–6, 157–8, 161–2, 164–5

Benz, Anton  152

bet  55–7

Bezuidenhout, Anne L.  144, 147

biconditional  7, 26, 159

bidirectional implication  7

Birner, Betty J.  126–7, 130–1, 139, 147

bivalent  109, 159

Blutner, Reinhard  151–3

Brown Corpus  142

Brown, Penelope  71, 166

calculability  40–1, 43–4, 159–60

cancelability  40–4, 47, 110–16, 159–61

canonical word order  124–6, 129–30, 132, 134, 136–7, 139, 159, 164–7

Carlson, Gregory  94

Carston, Robyn  53

cataphora  99, 159

Chafe, Wallace  125

change-of-state verb  111, 118, 159

Chierchia, Gennaro  144

Christopherson, Paul  94

Clark, Herbert H.  77, 144, 146, 160, 165

cleft  112, 117–18, 120, 124, 131–4, 136, 160, 164, 168

closed class  103

Cognitive Principle of Relevance  51, 160

cognitivism  81, 160

Coleman, Linda  34

command  22, 59–61, 163

common ground  114, 116–18, 121–2, 132–3, 144, 160

common knowledge  77

Communicative Dynamism  125

Communicative Principle of Relevance  51–2, 160

computational linguistics  70, 143, 153, 160

conditional  7, 26, 62, 159–60

conduit metaphor  2, 78

conjunction  7, 23, 25, 39, 45, 160

consequent  160

constant  9, 160

constative  56, 59

context  1, 3, 6, 10–11, 14, 16–24, 26, 33, 37, 39, 42–4, 46–7, 52–61, 68, 73, 80, 84–9, 92–104, 110–21, 124–7, 132–5, 139–68

context-dependent/content-independent meaning  16, 18–19, 24, 110, 154–5, 160

contextual implication  52, 160

contradiction  41–2

convention, conventional meaning  2–3, 11–24, 40, 43–7, 59, 61–5, 83, 154–5, 160–7

conventional implicature  40, 44–7, 154, 160

conversation analysis  69

conversational implicature  25–47, 52, 110, 144, 146–7, 152, 160, 162, 165

Cooperative Principle  10, 24–40, 51, 54, 57, 64, 155, 157, 159–60, 163–5

copresence heuristic  77, 160

copula  129–30, 162

coreference  88, 98, 160, 164

corpus  70, 142–4, 157, 160

Corpus of Contemporary American English  143

criterial features  6, 160

Critical Period Hypothesis  92

Cummins, Chris  148

Davies, Mark  143

declarative  56, 59–62, 161, 164

defeasibility  41, 161

definiteness  10, 75, 90–9, 106–8, 111, 117–22, 140, 147, 156, 159, 161, 163

deixis  84–9, 98, 156, 161, 163, 166–7

deontic modality  19

descriptive  2, 26–7, 93, 99, 101, 167

determiner  2, 90, 91, 159, 161, 163

dialog  70, 143

dialog act  70

direct speech act  59–72, 155, 161

discourse deixis  86–9, 98, 161

discourse entity  78, 88, 150, 161, 167

discourse model  4–5, 75–83, 118, 155–7, 159, 161

discourse referent  78, 150, 161

Discourse Representation Theory  150, 161

discourse-new information  126–7, 130–1, 135, 138–9, 147, 161

discourse-old information  126–8, 130–1, 137–9, 152, 161

discourse-status  126

dislocation  136–8, 164, 167

distal  86–7, 161

ditransitive  124, 161

Division of Pragmatic Labor  49, 152

Doran, Ryan  145

dummy element  129, 136, 162, 166

dynamic modality  19

Dynamic Montague Grammar 150,  161

Dynamic Semantics  150, 157, 161

ellipsis  101

entailment  9, 29–30, 41–2, 108, 110–11, 113, 162

essential condition  58

event-related potential  147, 157, 162

exclusive or  8, 25, 41, 162

exhaustiveness  91–3

existence  4, 78–9, 93, 97, 106–11, 114–15, 119, 132

existential sentence  130, 139–40, 161–2

existential quantifier  9, 162, 167

experimental pragmatics  144–8, 162, 167

explicature  53, 149

extension  82, 162

eye-tracker  145–7, 162

face  73–4, 162, 165–6

face-threatening act  74, 162

factive verb  111, 115, 117–18, 162

familiarity  72, 74, 92, 94–6, 99–101, 121, 125, 127, 156, 161–5

Farsi  139

felicity  57–8, 62–3, 69, 70, 71, 92, 94–7, 114, 120–2, 125–34, 137, 142, 155–6, 159, 162, 164–5

felicity condition  57–8, 62–3, 69, 71, 155–6, 162, 165

File Change Semantics  150, 162

filter  115, 162

Finnish  102, 139, 147

flouting  28, 31–2, 35–7, 162

focus  125–6, 131–4, 138, 144, 146, 157, 160, 162, 164

formal logic  6–9

Francis, W. Nelson  142

Frege, Gottlob  83, 106, 109–10, 156

fulfillment of maxims  28, 31

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)  144, 148, 157, 162–3

Game Theory  152, 157

gender  101–5, 156

gender-neutral pronoun  103–5, 156

generalized conversational implicature  45–7, 144, 162

Gibbs, Raymond W.  144

given information  116, 125–7, 130, 131, 133, 138, 147, 157, 162–3

Given-New Contract  125–7, 130, 131, 138, 163

Godfrey, John J.  142

Goffman, Erving  71

Green, Georgia  94

Grice, H. Paul  10, 12–13, 24–7, 34, 39–54, 57, 152, 155, 157, 160

Groenendijk, Jeroen  150, 161

Grosz, Barbara  100

Gu, Yueguo  157

Gundel, Jeanette  93

Halliday, Michael A.K.  126, 163

Hasan, Ruqaiya  126, 163

Hawkins, John A.  93

hearer-new information  126–7, 130, 163

hearer-old information  126–7, 163

hearer-status  126–7, 130, 163

hedge  1, 61, 65, 71, 73, 163

Heim, Irene  94, 150, 162

hereby  56–7, 59

Hirschberg, Julia  30, 138

hole  115, 163

honorific  72, 163

Horn, Laurence R.  29–30, 41–2, 47–51, 110, 152–3, 157, 167

Huang, Yan  157

I-heuristic  50, 163

illocutionary force  64–8, 74, 156, 163

imperative  59–61, 163

implication  7, 52, 160

implicature  25–54, 78, 110–11, 144, 146, 147, 152, 154–5, 159–60, 162–3, 165, 167

impliciture  149, 163

imply  29–30

inclusive or  8, 25, 41, 163

indefinite  90–2, 159, 163

indeterminate  40, 43–4, 163

indexical  84–5, 163

indirect speech act  10, 60–4, 71, 74, 146, 155–6, 163

infelicity  58, 70, 94, 121, 127, 130–1, 134, 137, 162, 164

inference  10, 18–19, 22, 28–34, 38, 40–1, 44, 47–54, 70, 78, 99, 126–8, 138, 145–9, 153, 155, 157–8, 161–4

inferential relation  126–8, 164

inferrable  126–7, 164

information packaging  125, 157, 164

information status  125–6, 164

information structure  123–39, 157, 164

informative-presupposition it-cleft  118, 133

interrogative  59–60, 161, 164

intonation  100, 153

inversion  130–1, 134–6, 139, 159, 164

irony  35

Italian  102, 139

it-cleft  118, 120, 132–4, 164

iterative  112, 164

Jaszczolt, Kasia M.  157

Joshi, Aravind  100

Kaiser, Elsi  139, 144, 146–7

Kamp, Hans  150, 161

Kaplan, David  19

Kaplan, Jeffrey P.  113

Karttunen, Lauri  115

Katsos, Napoleon  148

Kay, Paul  34

Kripke, Saul  80

Kučera, Henry  142

Labov, William  141

Lakoff, George  100

Lakoff, Robin  71

Language Log  103–4

left-dislocation  137–8

Levinson, Stephen C.  50–1, 71, 115, 163, 165–7

Lewis, David  93, 118, 159

lexical decision  145–6, 164

lexical pragmatics  152–3, 157, 164

lexical semantics  5–6, 20, 164

Liberman, Mark  103, 105

Linguistic Data Consortium  143

Literal Lucy  145

locative  134–5

locutionary force  65, 164

Loftus, Elizabeth F.  118–19

logic  3, 6–10, 24–7, 38–41, 48, 109, 152–3, 155, 159–61, 163–8

logical connectives  25, 27, 38–9, 152

logical operator  7–8, 10, 38–41, 153, 155, 159–61, 164–7, 173

long passive  130–1, 159, 164

Lucy, Peter  144, 146

Mahootian, Shahrzad  139

Manner  27, 38–40, 48, 155, 165

marked  49–51, 71, 165

Marshall, Catherine R.  77, 160, 165

McCawley, James  152

Meibauer, Jörg  148

mentalism  81–2, 160, 165

metalinguistic negation  110

M-heuristic  50, 165

miscommunication  19, 29, 76–7

misfire  58–9, 62, 165

Morris, R.K.  144, 147

mutual knowledge  77, 121

Mutual Knowledge Paradox  77, 160, 165

natural language processing  69–70, 143, 158

natural meaning  12–14, 24, 44, 155, 165

negation  7, 107–10, 112, 165–6

negative face  73–4, 162, 165

neo-Gricean  50, 53–4

new information  102, 118, 125–6, 130, 136–8, 147, 157, 161, 163–5

nonasserted content  116, 120

noncanonical word order  122, 125–39, 146, 159–60, 164–7

nonconventionality  12, 19, 40, 43–4, 160, 165

nondetachability  40, 42, 44, 165

non-natural meaning  12–14, 24, 44, 155, 165

non-truth-conditional meaning  20, 23–4, 165–6

nonverbal context  88

Noveck, Ira A.  144, 148

null-subject language  102

Nunberg, Geoffrey  80

open proposition  132–5, 165

Optimality Theory  151–3, 157, 165

opting out  28

Östman, Jan-Ola  157

Papafragou, Anna  147

partially ordered set  138

particularized conversational implicature  45–7, 165

passive  124, 130–1, 159, 165

performance error  144, 166

performative  55–9, 63–4, 155, 166

performative verb  55–6, 59, 166

perlocutionary effect  64–8, 156, 166

perlocutionary force  64–8, 156, 166

personal deixis  86–7, 98, 166

plug  115, 166

Politeness Theory  70–4, 156, 166

positive cognitive effects  52

positive face  73–4, 166

possible world  3–4, 155, 162, 166–7

postposing  124, 128–31, 135–7, 139, 147, 152, 157, 162, 166

Potts, Christopher  45

Prague School  125

predicate  8–9, 114, 155, 159–60, 166–7

predicate logic  8–9, 155, 159–60, 166

preparatory condition  58

preposing  124, 127, 131, 134–9, 146, 152, 157, 166

prescriptive  2, 26–7, 104, 141

presentational  129–30, 139, 166

presupposition  22, 40, 97, 106–22, 125–6, 131–4, 138, 154, 156–7, 159–64, 166, 168

presupposition trigger  111–13, 117, 118, 121–2, 131, 156, 166

presupposition/focus construction  131–4, 138, 157, 160

priming  145–7, 157, 164, 166

Prince, Alan  151

Prince, Ellen F.  118, 126, 132, 138

projection problem  115, 166

promise  55–6, 58–9, 159, 166

pronoun  72–3, 85–6, 88–90, 98–103, 136–8, 141, 150–1, 156, 159–65, 167

proper name  90, 106, 111, 161

proposition  3–9, 17, 22, 25, 53, 58, 107–9, 114–15, 118, 132, 134, 149, 155, 159–68

propositional content condition  58

propositional logic  8–9, 155, 166, 168

Prototype Theory  6, 34, 53, 166

proximal  86–7, 167

pseudocleft  132

psychic continuity  81–2, 167

psycholinguistics  144

Putnam, Hilary  82

Q-heuristic  50, 167

Q-principle  47–9, 167

Quality  27–8, 33–6, 40, 48, 50, 155, 165

quantifier  9, 162, 167

Quantity  27, 29–34, 39–41, 45–8, 51, 94, 155, 165

question  22, 59–60, 62, 70–1, 107–8, 110, 132, 145, 155, 161, 164, 167

Question Under Discussion (QUD)  132, 167

reaction time  144–6, 157, 167

Reboul, Anne  148

Recanati, François  11, 53

Reddy, Michael J.  2, 78

redundancy  42, 167

reference  53, 73, 75–90, 93–104, 106, 108, 112, 136–8, 144, 147, 149–51, 156, 159–67

referent  78–85, 88–90, 93–104, 106, 108, 147, 149–51, 156, 159–62, 165, 167

referentialist  78–81, 167

reinforceability  42–4, 47, 167

Relation  27, 29, 36–9, 48, 51, 155, 165

relevance  26–7, 36–7, 39, 46–8, 51–4, 95, 133, 160, 165

Relevance Theory  51–4, 160

request  1, 3–4, 10, 28, 46, 55, 59–61, 67, 71, 73–4, 94, 120, 146, 162–4

reverse pseudocleft  132

right-dislocation  136–7, 167

Roberts, Craige  93, 132

Rosch, Eleanor H.  6

R-principle  47–9, 167

Russell, B.  92–3, 97, 107, 109

Sadock, Jerrold M.  40, 42

salience  46, 86–7, 91–9, 102, 132, 134–5, 145

sandwich  5–7, 20, 34

sarcasm  35, 67, 71

scalar implicature  29, 34, 41, 48, 50, 144, 167

scale  30–1, 34, 41, 167

Searle, J.R.  58, 61–2

Second Amendment  112, 116

semantic reference  80

semantics  2–24, 30–1, 35, 37–45, 51, 58, 60–4, 79–84, 92, 100, 109, 111, 113, 116, 120–1, 124–5, 129, 136, 138, 145, 148–57, 159–67

sense  83–4, 106, 156, 167

sentential semantics  6, 167

sincerity condition  58

Smolensky, Paul  151

spatial deixis  86–7, 98, 161, 167

speaker reference  80

speech acts  10, 55–74, 78, 155–6, 159, 161–3, 165, 167

Sperber, Dan  51–3, 148–9, 160, 162

spoken dialog systems  143

Stalnaker, Robert C.  114

statement  3, 16–22, 26, 31, 36, 45, 53, 56, 59–61, 64–7, 70, 97, 99, 106–14, 149, 161

Steen, Gerard  157

Steinbach, Markus  148

Stevens, Jon  152

Stokhof, Martin  150

Strawson, Peter F.  161

subcategorization  128

subject  60, 100, 102–3, 108, 124, 129–30, 136, 139, 159, 162, 164–6

Sussman, Rachel S.  94

Switchboard Corpus  142–3

syntax  2, 99–100, 102, 120, 124, 129, 139, 143, 157, 161, 163–5

temporal deixis  86–7, 98, 161, 167

tense  21, 31, 56, 85

Theseus’ Ship  81

threat  8, 22, 37, 45, 55, 59, 62, 65, 74, 162

Tiersma, Peter  20

transitivity  124, 129–30, 161, 166

Trueswell, John C.  139, 144, 146–7

truth  3–8, 19–24, 28, 31, 37–9, 44–5, 53, 108–14, 124, 145, 149–50, 154–5, 159–60, 162–7

truth-conditional semantics  4–6, 20, 24, 38–9, 44–5, 150, 154, 167

truth-conditions  4–6, 20, 22–4, 38–9, 44–5, 53, 109, 124, 145, 149, 150, 154–5, 160, 162–3, 165–7

truth-function  38–9

truth-value  4, 7, 22, 53, 108–9, 113, 159, 164, 167

uncontroversial content  114, 116, 120

uniqueness  92–6, 108, 121, 156, 161, 163

universal quantifier  9, 167

unmarked  49

uptake  55, 57, 167

van Rooij, Robert  152

variable  9, 132, 142, 167, 168

Verschueren, Jef  157

violation of maxims  28, 31, 33–40, 50–1, 162

Ward, Gregory  80, 127, 130, 134, 139, 147, 157

Wasow, Thomas  138

weight  138

Weinstein, Scott  100

wh-cleft  132–3, 168

Wilkes-­Gibbs, Deanna  144

Wilson, Deirdre  51–3, 149, 160, 162

Word of the Year  105

word order  10, 122–39, 144, 146, 159, 165

Zadeh, Lofti A.  6

Zanni, Guido  118

Zeevat, Henk  151–2

zero anaphora  101

Zwarts, Joost  94