Introduction: A Murder in Pakistan
1. For background on CPJ’s May 2011 mission to Pakistan, see Committee to Protect Journalists, “Pakistan Vows to Pursue Justice in Journalist Murders” (May 3, 2011), http://www.cpj.org/2011/05/pakistan-president-vows-to-pursue-justice-in-journ.php.
2. CPJ’s “Dossier of Death”—the list of fifteen journalists murdered in Pakistan that was presented to President Zardari—is available at http://www.cpj.org/pakistan_killings.pdf. See also Joel Simon, “Mission Journal: CPJ Tackles Impunity in Pakistan,” Committee to Protect Journalists (May 6, 2011), http://www.cpj.org/blog/2011/05/mission-journal-cpj-tackles-impunity-in-pakistan.php.
3. During the meeting with President Zardari, I cited Brazil as a country that had made progress in the fight against impunity. But the country has been backsliding since then, with escalating incidents of violence against the press. For more, see Committee to Protect Journalists, “Getting Away with Murder,” CPJ special report (May 2, 2013), http://www.cpj.org/reports/2013/05/impunity-index-getting-away-with-murder.php.
4. For background on the abduction and murder of the journalist Hayatullah Khan, see Bob Dietz, “The Last Story: Hayatullah Kahn,” CPJ special report (September 20, 2006), http://cpj.org/reports/2006/09/khan.php.
5. I visited Najam Sethi and Jugnu Moshin at their home in Lahore, Pakistan, May 7–9, 2011, and interviewed both of them over the course of several days. Quotations are transcribed from this meeting.
6. On Saleem Shahzad, see Dexter Filkins, “The Journalist and the Spies: The Murder of a Reporter Who Exposed Pakistan’s Secrets,” New Yorker (September 19, 2011). For the U.S. reaction to Saleem Shahzad’s killing, see Jane Perlez and Eric Schmitt, “Pakistan’s Spies Tied to Slaying of a Journalist,” New York Times (July 4, 2011). Perlez notes: “The anger over Mr. Shahzad’s death followed unprecedented questioning in the media about the professionalism of the army and the ISI, a military-controlled spy agency, in the aftermath of the Bin Laden raid.”
7. See also Elizabeth Rubin, “Roots of Impunity: Pakistan’s Endangered Press,” CPJ special report (May 23, 2013), http://www.cpj.org/reports/2013/05/pakistan-roots-impunity.php. Chapter 3, “Intimidation, Manipulation and Retribution,” chronicles the media environment in the aftermath of the bin Laden raid and the threats and pressure prominent journalists confronted.
8. Sethi and Mohsin returned to their home in Lahore in 2012 after the threats subsided and continued to pursue journalism. In March 2013, Sethi was named the caretaker chief minister of Punjab. He stepped down in June after elections were held and later went on to become chairman of the Pakistan Cricket Board.
1. Informing the Global Citizen
1. For CPJ’s 2012 Imprisoned Census, see http://www.cpj.org/imprisoned/2012.php.
2. For CPJ’s list of journalists killed in 2012, see http://www.cpj.org/killed/2012/.
3. For a discussion of the deaths in Syria, see “Journalist Deaths Spike in 2012 Due to Syria, Somalia,” CPJ special report (December 18, 2012), http://www.cpj.org/reports/2012/12/journalist-deaths-spike-in-2012-due-to-syria-somal.php.
4. For more on Freedom House’s press freedom index, see Karin Deutsch Karlekar, “Freedom of the Press 2011: Signs of Change Amid Repression,” 2011, http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/freedom-press-2011.
5. Peter Maas, “The Toppling: How the Media Inflated a Minor Moment in a Long War,” New Yorker (January 10, 2011).
6. Personal interview with Rajiv Chandrasekaran, July 5, 2012.
7. For data on journalists killed in Iraq, see http://cpj.org/killed/mideast/iraq/.
8. Mae Azango, “Growing Pains: Sande Tradition of Genital Cutting Threatens Liberian Women’s Health,” Front Page Africa (March 8, 2012), http://www.frontpageafricaonline.com/old/health/54-health-matters/2691-growing-pains-sande-tradition-of-genital-cutting-threatens-liberian-womens-health.html. For background on Mae Azango, see Kristin Jones, “Harnessing Power in the Stories of Ordinary People,” in Attacks on the Press: Journalism on the World’s Front Lines, 2013 ed., Committee to Protect Journalists (New York: Wiley/Bloomberg, 2013), 59–68.
9. See also Jina Moore, “Mae Azango Exposed a Secret Ritual in Liberia, Putting Her Life in Danger,” Christian Science Monitor (May 29, 2012), http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Making-a-difference/2012/0529/Mae-Azango-exposed-a-secret-ritual-in-Liberia-putting-her-life-in-danger.
10. See “China Has World’s Largest New Media Market,” Xinhua (May 15, 2013), http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/781766.shtml.
11. For the list of thirty-two imprisoned journalists in China in CPJ’s December 2012 census, see http://www.cpj.org/imprisoned/2012.php#china. Of them, imprisoned journalists from the minority Tibetan and Uyghur ethnic groups accounted for nineteen of the cases.
12. On China’s social media policies, see Sharon Lafraniere, Michael Wines, and Edward Wong, “China Reins in Entertainment and Blogging,” New York Times (October 26, 2011); and Tania Branigan, “China to Step up Social Media Censorship,” Guardian (October 26, 2011), http://m.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/oct/26/china-social-media-censorship?cat=world&type=article. In August 2011, three dissident Chinese writers who had been jailed filed a lawsuit in Maryland against Cisco alleging that technology that the company supplied to China led to their arrest and imprisonment. Cisco denied the allegations, saying that its products were not customized to allow the Chinese government to censor or track users more effectively. See Madeline Earp, “In Lawsuit, Chinese Writers Allege Cisco Aids Government,” Committee to Protect Journalists (August 24, 2011), http://www.cpj.org/blog/2011/08/in-lawsuit-chinese-writers-allege-cisco-aids-gover.php.
13. I interviewed Adela Navarro Bello and other Zeta editors at the newspaper’s Tijuana office on April 7, 2011. The quotes from Navarro Bello are taken from that interview. For background on Zeta, see also the 2012 documentary Reportero, directed by Bernardo Ruiz.
14. For more on the death toll of the Mexican Drug War, see Damian Cave, “Mexico Updates Death Toll in Drug War to 47,515, but Critics Dispute the Data,” New York Times (January 12, 2012).
15. See CPJ’s November 2003 investigative report on the murder of Zeta’s editor Francisco Ortiz Franco, Free Fire Zone, which I coauthored with America’s program coordinator Carlos Laurìa: http://www.cpj.org/reports/2004/11/tijuana.php. After my April 2011 visit to Zeta’s newsrooms I blogged about developments in the Ortìz Franco investigation, citing a new report from Zeta that “described how a cartel enforcer named Luis Alberto Salázar Vega (‘El Bolas’), who had been captured by the Mexican Army . . . had declared in a written statement that cartel leader Javier Arellano Félix had personally ordered the killing of Ortiz Franco because he had published photo graphs of cartel members.” That story, published May 14, 2004, included headshots taken from fake police credentials used by cartel members, including some of its leaders. The photos had been released by the FBI in San Diego the week before. See http://www.cpj.org/blog/2011/04/in-mexico-a-chance-for-justice.php.
16. For background on Julian Leyzaola, the controversial police commander in Tijuana, see Richard Marosi, “Tijuana’s Security Chief Needs All of It He Can Get,” Los Angeles Times (December 20, 2009), http://articles.latimes.com/2009/dec/20/world/la-fg-tijuana-police20-2009dec20. Leyzaola later left Tijuana to become chief of police in Ciudad Juárez.
17. See National Southwest Border Counternarcotics Strategy, Office of National Drug Control Policy, June 2009, Appendix A, Tunnel Strategy, pp. 45–49. The report notes, “There were 24 tunnels discovered in Calendar Year 2008 alone. One tunnel—the longest crossborder tunnel discovered in United States history—had ventilation, drainage, and lighting systems, as well as a cement floor and a pulley system. . . . The marked increase in the number and sophistication of tunnels along the Southwest border could likely be a result of increased CBP pressure against narcotraffickers and their traditional surface mobility corridors into the homeland. More aggressive enforcement on established overland routes since the 9/11 attacks probably has resulted in Mexican drug trafficking organizations turning more and more to tunnel construction. The length, number, and sophistication of the tunnels, as well as the extensive time and labor that go into their construction, suggest that smugglers consider tunnels to be a useful investment despite the risk of discovery and interdiction.”
18. For further background on the smuggling tunnels, see Rebecca Cathcart, “Second Rail-Equipped Drug Tunnel Found at Mexican Border,” New York Times (November 26, 2010). See also John Burnett, “Drug Tunnel Discovery Signals New Cartel in Town,” NPR.com (November 28, 2010), which notes that the two recently discovered drug tunnels in Tijuana, “were under the control of the Sinaloa Cartel, which is run by Joaquin ‘Chapo’ Guzman, the world’s most wanted drug lord.” http://www.npr.org/2010/11/28/131647387/drug-tunnel-discovery-signals-new-cartel-in-town.
19. On the murder of the social media activist and journalist María Elizabeth Macías Castro, see Sara Rafsky, “Mexico Murder May Be Social Media Watershed,” Committee to Protect Journalists (September 30, 2011), http://www.cpj.org/blog/2011/09/mexican-murder-may-mark-grim-watershed-for-social.php.
2. The Democratators
1. For CPJ data on journalist arrests in Turkey in December 2011, see “Turkey Must Justify Widespread Arrests of Journalists” (December 20, 2011), http://cpj.org/2011/12/turkey-must-justify-widespread-arrests-of-journali.php.
2. For a Turkish group’s tally, see “104 Journalists and 30 Distributors in Prison,” Bianet (January 31, 2012), http://www.bianet.org/english/freedom-of-expression/135831-104-journalists-and-30-distributors-in-prison.
3. For CPJ’s review of the journalists’ indictment, see “Turkey’s Press Freedom Crisis,” CPJ special report (October 22, 2012), http://www.cpj.org/reports/2012/10/turkeys-press-freedom-crisis.php.
4. Personal interview at Özgür Gündem.
5. “PM Erdoğan Compared Journalist Şık’s Book to a Bomb,” Bianet (April 14, 2011), http://bianet.org/english/minorities/129243-pm-erdogan-compared-journalist-siks-book-to-a-bomb.
6. Personal interview in Istanbul, October 15, 2013.
7. Erdoğan’s alliance with the Gülen movement was critical to his power in Turkey, but by late 2013 the relationship had fractured. Many of the convictions were then reversed. See Piotr Zaleski, “Turkey’s Erdogan Battles Country’s Powerful Religious Movement,” Time (December 4, 2013), http://world.time.com/2013/12/04/turkeys-erdogan-battles-with-countrys-most-powerful-religious-movement/?iid=gs-main-lead.
8. CPJ was criticized after it listed only eight journalists in prison in Turkey in its 2011 census released on December 8, 2011. In response to the criticism, the organization carried out a detailed examination of all of the outstanding cases, including a review of the indictments. See the 2011 imprisoned journalist list at http://www.cpj.org/imprisoned/2011.php. A special report, Turkey’s Press Freedom Crisis: Dark Days of Jailing Journalists and Criminalizing Dissent, was released in October 2011 and based on the updated information listed sixty-one journalists imprisoned for their work. See http://cpj.org/reports/Turkey2012.English.pdf.
9. For more, see Dexter Filkins, “The Deep State,” New Yorker (March 12, 2012); and Stephen Kinzer’s books Crescent and Star: Turkey Between Two Worlds (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2008) and Reset: Iran, Turkey, and America’s Future (New York: Times, 2010).
10. From CPJ’s special report “Turkey’s Press Freedom Crisis.”
11. For a full transcript of Christiane Amanpour’s interview with Prime Minister Erdoğan see http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1209/07/ampr.01.html.
12. See Özgür Öğret and Nina Ognianova, “Erdoğan Tells Media Not to Cover Kurdish Conflict,” CPJ blog (September 12, 2012), http://cpj.org/blog/2012/09/erdogan-tells-media-not-to-cover-kurdish-conf.php.
13. Özgür Öğret, “Turkey Peace Talks Positive; Press Freedom Still in Peril,” CPJ blog (April 8, 2012), http://www.cpj.org/blog/2013/04/turkey-peace-talks-positive-but-press-freedom-stil.php.
14. “Turkish Mayor Harasses BBC Journalist on Twitter” (June 24, 2013), CPJ alert, http://www.cpj.org/2013/06/turkey-mayor-harasses-threatens-bbc-journalist-on.php.
15. Personal communication with Daniel Dombey, Financial Times Turkey correspondent.
16. On Chávez’s cancer allegations, see Andrew Cawthorne, “Venezuela to Probe Chavez Cancer Poisoning Accusation,” Reuters (March 12, 2013), http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/03/12/us-venezuela-election-idUSBRE92B0MM20130312.
17. For background on Hugo Chavez, see Bart Jones, Hugo! The Hugo Chavez Story from Mud Hut to Perpetual Revolution (Hanover, N.H.: Steerforth, 2007).
18. For general background on Latin America press, see my article “Hot on the Money Trail,” Columbia Journalism Review (January 1998) and Silvio Waisbord, Watchdog Journalism in South America by Silvio Waisbord (New York: Columbia University Press, 2000).
19. For background on Peru and Alberto Fujimori, see my pieces “Danger Signs: Fujimori’s Secret War Against the Press,” CPJ special report (September 10, 1998), https://cpj.org/Briefings/1999/1996–8/9_10_98/fujimori.html; and “Fujimori Stomps a Station,” Columbia Journalism Review (November 1997).
20. For background on press freedom in Venezuela, see four CPJ special reports: Marylene Smeets, “Radio Chávez” (February 1, 2001); Sauro González Rodríguez, “Cannon Fodder” (August 1, 2002); Carlos Lauria and Sauro González Rodríguez, “Static in Venezuela” (April 24, 2007); and Monica Campbell, “Venezuela’s Private Media Wither Under Chávez Assault” (August 29, 2012). For links to all reports, see my piece “In Venezuela, a Media Landscape Transformed” (August 29, 2012), http://www.cpj.org/reports/2012/08/in-venezuela-a-media-landscape-transformed.php. See also two reports from Human Rights Watch, “Tightening the Grip: Concentration and Abuse of Power in Chávez’s Venezuela” (July 17, 2012), http://www.hrw.org/reports/2012/07/17/tightening-grip; and “A Decade Under Chávez: Political Intolerance and Lost Opportunities for Advancing Human Rights in Venezuela” (September 22, 2008), http://www.hrw.org/reports/2008/09/22/decade-under-ch-vez.
21. On the Globovisión sale, see John Otis, “Globovisión Quickly Eases Combative Stance After Sale” (May 30, 2013), http://www.cpj.org/blog/2013/05/globovision-quickly-eases-combative-stance-after-s.php.
22. William Dobson, The Dictator’s Learning Curve: Inside the Global Battle for Democracy (New York: Doubleday, 2012), 96.
23. For background on Russia media, see my piece “Muzzling the Media: How the New Autocrats Threaten Press Freedoms,” World Policy Journal (Summer 2006).
24. For Babitksy’s background see “Babitsky’s ‘Crime’ and Punishment,” CPJ special report (February 2000), http://cpj.org/reports/2000/02/main.php.
25. In David Hoffman’s book Citizens Rising: Independent Journalism and the Spread of Democracy (New York: CUNY Journalism Press, 2013), he argues that in fact the radio station B92 helped mobilize the population to topple Milošević.
26. The quote from Masha Lipman on Beslan is from a talk by Lipman at CPJ on March 24, 2006, titled “Constrained or Irrelevant: The Media in Putin’s Russia.” Lipman published an article with the same title in Current History (October 2005).
27. For more on Putin, see John Kampfner, Freedom for Sale: Why the World Is Trading Democracy for Security (New York: Basic Books, 2010), chap. 3, “Russia: Angry Capitalist.”
28. See CPJ’s 2012 Impunity Index, special report (April 17, 2012), http://cpj.org/reports/2012/04/impunity-index-2012.php.
29. On Ekho Moskvy, see David Remnick, “Echo in the Dark: A Radio Station Strives to Keep the Airwaves Free,” New Yorker (September 22, 2008), http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2008/09/22/080922fa_fact_remnick.
30. See Nina Ognianova, “Ekho Moskvy Board Shuffled Ahead of Russian Election” (February 14, 2012), http://cpj.org/blog/2012/02/ekho-moskvy-board-shuffled-ahead-of-russia-preside.php.
31. On Russia’s Internet, see Danny O’Brien, “Internet Law: A Good Bad Example of Russia’s Backsliding” (July 13, 2012), https://www.cpj.org/internet/2012/07/internet-bill-highlights-russias-divergence-on-hum.php; and “Internet Censorship ‘Useless’—Medvedev,” RT (April 18, 2012), http://rt.com/politics/internet-users-help-reforms-347/. On the rise of netizens in Russia, see Leon Aron, “Nyetizdat: How the Internet Is Building Civil Society in Russia,” American Enterprise Institute Russian Outlook (June 28, 2011), http://www.aei.org/article/nyetizdat-how-the-internet-is-building-civil-society-in-russia/.
32. Julia Ioffe, “Oleg Kashin’s Horrible Truth,” Foreign Policy (November 6, 2010), http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/11/06/the_horrible_truth_about_oleg_kashin. See also Elena Milashina, “Impunity Still Reigns in Beating of Oleg Kashin” (December 15, 2011), http://www.cpj.org/blog/2011/12/impunity-still-reigns-in-beating-of-oleg-kashin.php.
33. See Elena Malashina, “Russia Steps up Crackdown on Rights Groups, Internet” (March 26, 2013), http://cpj.org/blog/2013/03/russia-steps-up-crackdown-on-rights-groups-interne.php.
3. The Terror Dynamic
1. Giuliana Sgrena, Friendly Fire: The Remarkable Story of a Journalist Kidnapped in Iraq, Rescued by an Italian Secret Service Agent, and Shot by U.S. Forces (New York: Haymarket, 2006). See also Giuliana Sgrena, “Freedom at a Price,” Guardian (March 5, 2009), http://www.theguardian.com/media/2005/mar/09/pressandpublishing.italy.
2. Richard A. Oppel Jr. and Robert F. Worth, “Ex-Hostage’s Italian Driver Ignored Warning, U.S. Says,” New York Times (May 1, 2005).
3. “Dueling Views of the Sgrena Shooting,” Christian Science Monitor (May 5, 2005), http://www.csmonitor.com/2005/0505/p07s01-woiq.html.
4. For more on journalists killed in Iraq, see http://cpj.org/killed/mideast/iraq/.
5. For CPJ’s census of journalists killed since 1992, see http://cpj.org/killed/.
6. See the joint letter to Secretary of State Donald Rumsfeld, “CPJ, Human Rights Watch Urge Checkpoint Safety” (June 17, 2005), http://cpj.org/2005/06/joint-letter-from-human-rights-watch-and-the-commi.php.
7. Accounts of Daniel Pearl’s kidnapping are taken from The Truth Left Behind: Inside the Kidnapping and Murder of Daniel Pearl, http://pearlproject.georgetown.edu/pearlproject_march_2013.pdf; and Mariane Pearl and Sarah Crichton, A Mighty Heart: The Brave Life and Death of My Husband, Danny Pearl (New York: Scribner, 2003) See also Bernard Henri Lévy, Who Killed Daniel Pearl? (Hoboken, N.J.: Melville House, 2003).
8. Morris Davis: “Osama bin Laden was angry that KSM had slaughtered Pearl so publicly and brutally, arguing that the murder brought unnecessary attention on the network.” The Truth Left Behind, 18.
9. Personal interview with Peter Bergen, April 25, 2013.
10. Lawrence Wright, The Looming Tower: Al-Qaeda and the Road to 9/11 (New York: Vintage, 2007), 262.
11. The statistics on journalists killed in Iraq are taken from CPJ’s special report, “Iraq: Journalists in Danger” (July 23, 2008), http://cpj.org/reports/2008/07/journalists-killed-in-iraq.php.
12. For Atwar Bhajat’s background, see Megan Stack, “I Have Seen Death,” Los Angeles Times (March 15, 2006): http://articles.latimes.com/2006/mar/15/world/fg-bahjat15. A tribute to Atwar Bhajat from Mhamed Krichen can be found at http://cpj.org/awards/2006/bahjat-article.php.
13. Jill Carroll and Peter Grier, “Hostage: The Jill Carroll Story—Part 8: A New Enemy,” Christian Science Monitor (August 23, 2006), http://www.csmonitor.com/2006/0823/p01s01woiq.html.
14. The statistics on kidnappings in Iraq are taken from CPJ’s special report, “Iraq: Journalists in Danger” (July 23, 2008), http://cpj.org/reports/2008/04/abducted.php.
15. For background on Zarqawi, see Mary Anne Weaver, “The Short, Violent Life of Abu Musab al-Zarqawi,” Atlantic (July/August 2006), http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2006/07/the-short-violent-life-of-abu-musab-al-zarqawi/4983/1/.
16. There were tensions between Zarqawi and the al-Qaeda leadership over the use of ultraviolent tactics, including mass attacks on Shiite civilians and hostage beheadings. In a July 2005 letter to Zarqawi, al-Qaeda’s number two, Ayman al-Zawahiri, noted pointedly that captives can just as easily be killed with a gun as a knife.
17. For more on George Malbrunot and Christian Chesnot’s abduction, see Jody K. Biehl, “Abducted In Iraq: Four Months on Planet bin Laden,” Spiegel Online (January 21, 2005), http://www.spiegel.de/international/0,1518,337867,00.html.
18. For more on the payment of ransom, see “Western Countries Reject Claims of Iraq Ransom Payments,” Deutsche Presse-Agentur (May 22, 2006).
19. Personal interview with Rajiv Chandrasekaran, July 5, 2012.
20. See Daniel Kimmage and Kathleen Ridolfo, “Iraqi Insurgent Media: The War of Images and Ideas,” Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty special report (June 26, 2007), http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1077316.html; See also Daniel Kimmage, “The al-Qaeda–Media Nexus,” RFE/RL special report (May 2008).
21. See Michael Moss and Souad Mekhennet, “An Internet Jihad Aims at U.S. Viewers,” New York Times (October 15, 2007); “Tracking Al-Qaida’s Media Production Team,” NPR (July 11, 2006), http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5548044.
22. See also CPJ’s report on the Palestine Hotel incident, Joel Campagna and Rhonda Roumani, “Permission to Fire” (May 27, 2003), which concluded that the attack on the hotel, which killed two journalists, resulted from a breakdown in military communication and while “not deliberate, was avoidable.” http://cpj.org/reports/2003/05/palestine-hotel.php.
23. General Brooks’s quote is from “U.S. Attacks Kill Three Journalists,” CNN (April 8, 2003), http://www.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/meast/04/08/sprj.irq.hotel/.
24. CPJ data on journalists killed by U.S. military in Iraq can be found in an April 26, 2010, letter to U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert Gates: http://cpj.org/2010/04/cpj-seeks-pentagon-investigations-in-iraq-journali.php.
25. For more on the three Iraqi journalists working for Reuters who were detained near Fallujah in January 2004, see Joel Campagna and Hani Sabra, “Under Threat—Iraqi Journalists Frequently Face Hazardous Conditions on the Job,” CPJ special report (May 17, 2004), http://cpj.org/reports/2004/05/iraq-journ-5-04.php.
26. Bilal Hussein was the owner of an electronics store in Fallujah when he was hired by the AP to escort a photographer around the city. Eventually he was brought to the AP’s Baghdad bureau, where he was given equipment and training. During the November 2004 siege of Fallujah by U.S. Marines, Hussein photographed insurgents as they fought U.S forces. Several of the photos were included in a package that was awarded a Pulitzer Prize. After the Fallujah offensive, Hussein was transferred to Ramadi, where he continued to work for the AP. He was picked up in April 2006 by U.S. forces in what may have been a deliberate operation to capture him.
Throughout the course of his detention, U.S. military authorities made a series of unsubstantiated allegations, including that he had ties to insurgents, that he had advance knowledge of U.S. attacks, and that he had participated in the kidnapping of fellow journalists. An AP investigation determined that all of the allegations were unfounded, and the agency eventually concluded that Hussein was arrested in reprisal for his work as a journalist. See Charles Layton, “Behind Bars,” American Journalism Review (December 2006/January 2007), http://www.ajr.org/article.asp?id=4225. See also “AP Photographer Walks Free After Two-Year Detention,” http://www.cpj.org/2008/04/-ap-photographer-walks-free-after-twoyear-detentio.php.
27. For more on the use of terrorism allegations against journalists, see “9-11: Looking Back, Looking Forward,” special report by the staff of the SPJ (September 11, 2002), http://cpj.org/reports/2002/09/9-11-essay.php.
28. Rohde spoke at a meeting of the Security Council in Arria Format on Protecting Journalists that took place on December 13, 2013.
4. Hostage to the News
1. The account of Micah Garen’s kidnapping is taken from Micah Garen and Marie-Helene Carleton, American Hostage: A Memoir of a Journalist Kidnapped in Iraq and the Remarkable Battle to Win His Release (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2007).
2. Jill Carroll’s account of her kidnapping published in the Monitor gave some insight into the kind of “journalism” the militants professed to admire, which were the propaganda videos of their operations showing Humvees and tanks being hit with improvised explosive devices, snipers shooting soldiers, and interviews with suicide bombers. Carroll’s abductors also bragged about kidnapping Florence Aubenas and Giuliana Sgrena—who they claimed was given a gold necklace as a token of appreciation upon her release. They also claimed responsibility for the killing of the Iraqi journalist Atwar Bahjat, whom they murdered because “she had said the mujahedeen are bad.” See Jill Carroll and Peter Grier, “The Jill Carroll Story,” Christian Science Monitor (August 14, 2006), http://www.csmonitor.com/2006/0814/p01s01woiq.html.
3. Dexter Filkins’ quote was condensed from an in-depth discussion at CPJ’s New York headquarters in 2006: http://cpj.org/Briefings/2006/anniversary/IraqMP3.mp3.
4. Mullah Dadullah was killed in a firefight with U.S. forces on May 12, 2007, a month after the Naqshbandi execution. See also the documentary film Fixer: The Taking of Ajmal Naqshbandi, http://www.fixerdoc.com; and Daniele Mastrogiacomo and Michael Reynolds, Days of Fear: A Firsthand Account of Captivity Under the New Taliban (New York: Europa, 2010).
On fixers in Afghanistan, see Monica Campbell, “In Afghanistan, International Coverage Relies on Local Links” in Attacks on the Press 2011, http://cpj.org/2012/02/fixers-on-front-lines-in-afghanistan.php. In another major case involving the death of a fixer, CPJ sent a letter to Prime Minister Gordon Brown on November 5, 2009, requesting a comprehensive investigation into the operation that rescued Stephen Farrell but then led to the death of Sultan Munadi. The letter was referred to the Ministry of Defense, which declined to carry out an investigation. CPJ sent a follow-up letter to Brown on March 5, 2010. See the November 2009 letter: http://cpj.org/2009/11/pm-brown-urged-to-probe-farrell-rescue.php; and the March 2010 letter: http://cpj.org/2010/03/cpj-calls-for-uk-to-investigate-munadi-death-in-fa.php.
5. CBC interview with Mellissa Fung, “Mellissa Fung Discusses Her Abduction in Afghanistan”: http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/arts-entertainment/media/bringing-the-world-home-international-correspondents/abducted-in-afghanistan.html.
6. Rohde’s account is from David Rohde and Kristen Mulvihill, A Rope and a Prayer: A Kidnapping from Two Sides (New York: Viking, 2010).
7. A discussion of Bill Keller’s position on the news blackout in Rohde’s case can be found in Clark Hoyt, “Journalistic Ideals, Human Values” New York Times (July 4, 2009); see also Richard Perez-Pena, “Keeping News of Kidnapping off Wikipedia,” New York Times (June 28, 2009).
8. For more on Gawker’s refusal to comply with the media blackout in Engel’s kidnapping, see John Cook, “Fifteen Ways of Looking at the Media Blackout of Richard Engel’s Abduction,” Gawker (December 19, 2012), http://gawker.com/5969842/fifteen-ways-of-looking-at-the-media-blackout-of-richard-engels-abduction-vol-i-for.
9. Zeina Karam, “Journalists in Syria Face Growing Risk of Kidnap” (November 9, 2013), http://bigstory.ap.org/article/journalists-syria-face-growing-risk-kidnap.
5. Web Wars
1. Southern Weekly is sometimes translated as Southern Weekend. For more on Southern Weekly, including the quote from Zuo Fang, see Qian Gang, “Southern Weekly ‘Not Tell Lies,’” China Media Project (February 18, 2013), http://cmp.hku.hk/2013/02/18/31257/.
2. See David Bandurski, “A New Year’s Greeting Gets the Axe in China,” China Media Project (January 3, 2013), http://cmp.hku.hk/2013/01/03/30247/.
3. See Bob Dietz’s CPJ blog, “Southern Weekly Journalists Air Anger with Chinese Censors” (January 4, 2013), https://www.cpj.org/blog/2013/01/in-china-southern-weekly-journalists-air-anger-wit.php; see also Sophie Beach’s CPJ blog, “In China, Rebellion Grows Over Southern Weekly” (January 8, 2013), https://www.cpj.org/blog/2013/01/in-china-online-rebellion-grows-over-southern-week.php; and Madeline Earp’s blog in the Guardian, “Can China’s Journalists Win the Fight Against Censorship?” (January 9, 2013), http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2013/jan/09/china-journalists-fight-censorship.
4. See Ai Weiwei’s op-ed in the Guardian, “China’s Censorship Can Never Defeat the Internet” (April 15, 2012), http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/libertycentral/2012/apr/16/china-censorship-internet-freedom.
5. The quote from Nicholas Kristof comes from his May 24, 2005, column for the New York Times, “Death by a Thousand Blogs”; Kristof’s column was also cited in Jack Goldsmith and Tim Wu, Who Controls the Internet? Illusions of a Borderless World (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), which gives an authoritative account of how governments have asserted control over the Internet.
6. Human Rights in China’s translation of Wang’s April 29, 2010, speech, “Concerning the Development and Administration of Our Country’s Internet,” http://www.hrichina.org/crf/article/3241; HRIC’s analysis, “How the Chinese Authorities View the Internet,” China Rights Forum 2 (2010), http://www.hrichina.org/content/3240.
7. Rebecca MacKinnon, Consent of the Networked: The Worldwide Struggle for Internet Freedom (New York: Basic Books, 2012), 32.
8. For more on Google’s China pullout, see “China Hackers Hit Media Companies and Activists Online” (January 13, 2010), http://cpj.org/2010/01/hackers-hit-media-companies-and-activists-online-f.php; and Sophie Beach, “Google’s Chinese Wake-up Call” (March 24, 2010), http://cpj.org/blog/2010/03/googles-wake-up-call.php.
9. For more on the Jasmine Revolution, see “China Detains, Censors Bloggers on ‘Jasmine Revolution’” (February 25, 2011), http://cpj.org/2011/02/china-detains-censors-bloggers-on-jasmine-revoluti.php.
10. For more on China’s Internet blackout in Xinjiang, see “China Restores Internet to Xinjiang,” Guardian (May 14, 2010), http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/may/14/china-restores-internet-access-xinjiang; See also “Internet Reopened in East Turkestan, but Uyghur Webmasters and Bloggers Remain Behind Bars,” Uyghur Human Rights Project (May 14, 2010), http://uhrp.org/press-releases/internet-reopened-east-turkestan-uyghur-webmasters-and-bloggers-remain-behind-bars-0.
11. For an analysis of CPJ’s statistics of jailed journalists in China, see the March 2013 CPJ special report “Challenged in China: The Shifting Dynamics of Censorship and Control,” http://cpj.org/reports/2013/03/challenged-china-media-censorship.php.
12. For background on Dhondup Wangchen, see CPJ’s profile for the 2012 International Press Freedom Awards: http://cpj.org/awards/2012/dhondup-wangchen-china.php.
13. For restrictions on quake reporting in Sichuan in May 2008, see “China Steps up Checks on Quake Reporting” (June 6, 2008), http://cpj.org/2008/06/china-steps-up-checks-on-quake-reporting.php.
14. For more on restrictions on Wenzhou crash reporting, see Madeline Earp’s essay “Amid Change, China Holds Fast to Information Control,” in Attacks on the Press in 2011, http://www.cpj.org/2012/02/throughout-change-china-holds-fast-to-information.php.
15. On devastating flooding in Beijing, see Madeline Earp, “Propaganda Officials Miss the Boat on ‘China’s Katrina’” (July 26, 2012), http://cpj.org/blog/2012/07/propaganda-officials-miss-the-boat-on-chinas-katri.php.
16. The statistic that China has 597 million active social media users comes from Simon Kemp, “Internet Users Social, Digital, Mobile China,” We Are Social (January 17, 2013), http://wearesocial.sg/blog/2013/01/social-digital-mobile-china-jan-2013/.
17. The quote from Liu Jianfeng comes from a video Jonah Kessel created for CPJ, “A Chinese Journalist’s Inside View of Censorship” (March 11, 2013), http://www.cpj.org/tags/jonah-kessel. For more on the Wukan story, see the Reuters special report by James Pomfret (February 13, 2012), http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/02/28/us-china-wukan-idUSBRE91R1J020130228.
18. Regarding the new regulations of SARFT (State Administration of Radio, Film, and Television), see Liz Carter, “SARFT to Enhance Control Over Editors’ Online Activities,” A Big Enough Forest Blog (April 16, 2013), http://www.abigenoughforest.com/blog/2013/4/16/sarft-to-enhance-control-over-editors-online-activities.html.
19. See the People’s Daily article “US Must Hand Over Internet Control to the World” (August 18, 2012), http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90777/7915248.html.
20. Personal interview with Danny O’Brien, April 5, 2013.
21. On six principles of cyber order, see Mai Jun, “To Establish a Just, Reasonable, and Secure Cyber Order,” CCTV (June 28, 2013), http://english.cntv.cn/20130628/102629.shtml.
22. A transcript of Hillary Clinton’s speech on U.S. Internet policy at the Newseum in Washington, D.C., is available at http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/01/135519.htm.
23. Rappler covered the IGF forum: Ayee Macaraig, “US, China, Google on the Spot Over Spying,” Rappler (October 24, 2013), http://www.rappler.com/world/regions/asia-pacific/42080-us-china-google-spying.
24. Personal interview with Rebecca MacKinnon, October 21, 2013.
25. UN Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression Frank La Rue’s report on Internet freedom and international law, May 16, 2011, can be found at http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/17session/A.HRC.17.27_en.pdf.
26. Timothy Garton Ash’s quote is from a personal interview cited in my essay for Attacks on the Press in 2012, “Beyond Article 19, a Global Press Freedom Charter,” http://cpj.org/2013/02/attacks-on-the-press-beyond-article-19.php.
27. Andrew Jacobs, “Pursuing Soft Power, China Puts Stamp on Africa’s News,” New York Times (August 17, 2012); See also Mohamed Keita, “Africa’s Free Press Problem” (op-ed), New York Times (April 15, 2012); and Madeline Earp, “China Not Most Censored, but May Be Most Ambitious” (May 2, 2010), http://cpj.org/blog/2012/05/china-not-most-censored-but-may-be-most-ambitious.php.
28. Tom Rhodes’ blog on CCTV in Kenya, “China’s Media Footprint in Kenya” (May 7, 2012), http://www.cpj.org/blog/2012/05/chinas-media-footprint-in-kenya.php.
29. “Challenged in China: The Shifting Dynamics of Censorship and Control,” http://cpj.org/reports/2013/03/challenged-china-media-censorship.php.
30. Allegation of the removal of Iraq’s top-level domain from the People’s Daily article “US Must Hand Over Internet Control to the World.”
31. The list of signatories to the ITU treaty: http://www.itu.int/osg/wcit-12/highlights/signatories.html.
32. Ellen Nakashima, “U.S. Refuses to Back UN Treaty, Saying It Endorses Restricting the Internet,” Washington Post (December 13, 2012); see also a CPJ blog by Danny O’Brien, “In Internet Freedom Fight, Why the ITU Matters (for Now)” (December 14, 2012), http://www.cpj.org/internet/2012/12/why-the-itu-matters.php; Ethan Zuckerman, “Good and Bad Reasons to Be Worried About WCIT” (December 5, 2012), http://www.ethanzuckerman.com/blog/2012/12/05/good-and-bad-reasons-to-be-worried-about-wcit/; Rebecca MacKinnon, “The United Nations and the Internet: It’s Complicated,” Foreign Policy (August 8, 2012), http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/08/08/the_united_nations_and_the_internet_it_s_complicated.
33. Personal communication with Marietje Schaake, October 29, 2013.
34. ICANN declaration, Montevideo, April 5, 2013: http://www.icann.org/en/news/correspondence/elac2015-to-icann-05apr13-en.
35. Edward Wyatt, “U.S. to Cede Its Oversight of Addresses on Internet,” New York Times (March 14, 2014).
36. Personal interview of Dan Gillmor, October 3, 2013.
37. On China’s surplus production, see Keith Bradsher, “China Confronts Mounting Piles of Unsold Goods,” New York Times (August 23, 2012).
38. The review of food safety issues is taken from Madeline Earp’s essay “Amid Change, China Holds Fast to Information Control” in Attacks on the Press in 2011, http://www.cpj.org/2012/02/throughout-change-china-holds-fast-to-information.php.
39. Personal interview with Issac Mao, cited in my essay “The Next Information Revolution: Abolishing Censorship” in Attacks on the Press in 2011, http://cpj.org/2012/02/attacks-on-the-press-in-2011-the-global-citizen.php.
6. Under Surveillance
1. Gustavo Guillén, “Indignación por las Actividades del DAS Colombiano,” Nuevo Herald (June 3, 2009), http://www.elnuevoherald.com/2009/06/02/465506/indignacion-por-actividades-del.html. On interception of e-mail in Ethiopia, see “Ethiopian Blogger, Journalists Convicted of Terrorism,” CPJ alert (January 19, 2012), http://www.cpj.org/2012/01/three-journalists-convicted-on-terrorism-charges-i.php.
2. Der Spiegel article: http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/nsa-spied-on-al-jazeera-communications-snowden-document-a-919681.html.
3. UN Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression Frank La Rue’s report on surveillance and press freedom, April 17, 2013: http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/RegularSession/Session23/A.HRC.23.40_EN.pdf.
4. Joel Simon, “How United States’ Spying Strengthens China’s Hand,” in Attacks on the Press, 2014 ed. (New York: Bloomberg/Wiley, 2014).
5. On the use of social media for crackdown in Iran, see Farhad Manjoo, “The Revolution Will Not Be Digitized,” Slate (June 25, 2009), http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/technology/2009/06/the_revolution_will_not_be_digitized.html; On the censoring of the press and blocking of certain websites, see “Iran Censors Newspapers Amid Unrest” (June 18, 2009), http://cpj.org/2009/06/iran-censors-newspapers-amid-unrest.php.
6. On use of spyware in Syria see Ben Brumfield, “Computer Spyware Is Newest Weapon in Syrian Conflict,” CNN (February 17, 2012), http://www.cnn.com/2012/02/17/tech/web/computer-virus-syria.
7. On “Halal Internet,” see Eric Schmidt and Jared Cohen, The New Digital Age (New York: Knopf, 2013), 95. See also Neal Ungerleider, “Iran Cracking Down Online with ‘Halal Internet,’” Fast Company (April 18, 2011), http://www.fastcompany.com/1748123/iran-cracking-down-online-halal-internet.
8. Sherif Mansour, “As Election Nears, Iran’s Journalists Are in Chains,” CPJ Iran special report (May 8, 2013), http://www.cpj.org/reports/2013/05/as-election-nears-irans-journalists-are-in-chains.php.
9. Christopher Soghoian, “When Secrets Aren’t Safe With Journalists,” op-ed, New York Times (October 26, 2011).
10. ProPublica wrote about encryption in Jeff Larson, Nicole Perlroth, and Scott Shane, “Revealed: The NSA’s Secret Campaign to Crack, Undermine Internet Security” (September 5, 2013), http://www.propublica.org/article/the-nsas-secret-campaign-to-crack-undermine-internet-encryption.
11. On commercially available surveillance products, see Schmidt and Cohen, The New Digital Age, 77.
12. On Syria and Rami Nakhle, see Danny O’ Brien, “When a Bug Fix Can Save a Journalist’s Life” (September 29, 2011), http://cpj.org/internet/2011/09/when-a-bug-fix-can-save-a-journalists-life.php.
13. On its withdrawal for Iran, see Nokia’s September 28, 2010, press statement, “Clarification on Nokia Siemens Networks’ Business in Iran,” http://www.nokiasiemensnetworks.com/news-events/press-room/clarification-on-nokia-siemens-networks-business-in-iran.
14. For more on the Shi Tao case, see Rebecca MacKinnon, Consent of the Networked: The Worldwide Struggle for Internet Freedom (New York: Basic Books, 2012), 133–136.
15. Joint letter from ICT companies, October 31, 2013: http://apps.washingtonpost.com/g/page/business/facebook-google-apple-and-others-write-letter-urging-lawmakers-to-reform-nsa-programs/545/?fg.
16. Rebecca MacKinnon’s discussion of Facebookistan is from Consent of the Networked, 32.
17. Rebecca MacKinnon, Consent of the Networked, 151–152.
7. Murder Central
1. Official Security Council transcript: http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/PV.7003, http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/PV.7003%28Resumption1%29.
2. UN Interagency plan: http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/freedom-of-expression/safety-of-journalists/un-plan-of-action/.
3. CPJ database on journalists killed: http://www.cpj.org/killed/; RSF database on journalists killed: http://en.rsf.org/press-freedom-barometer-journalists-killed.html?annee=2008. Also see “Where Are the Deadliest Places for Journalists?” DATABLOG, Guardian (January 7, 2014), http://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2014/jan/07/where-deadliest-most-dangerous-place-journalists-syria.
4. The CPJ database on journalist murders show that 88 percent have complete impunity, 7 percent partial justice, and only 5 percent have full justice: http://www.cpj.org/killed/murdered.php.
5. The Impunity Index calculates the number of unsolved journalist murders as a percentage of each country’s population. It includes only countries in which at least five murders have occurred over the previous ten years. Murder is defined as a deliberate attack against a specific journalist in relation to the victim’s work. Cases are considered unsolved when no convictions have been obtained. For more on the index, see http://www.cpj.org/reports/2013/05/impunity-index-getting-away-with-murder.php#index.
6. For background on IAPA’s Impunity campaign, including statistics see http://www.sipiapa.org/en/service/impunity.
7. See http://daytoendimpunity.org/take_action/?day=05.
8. Some of Anna Politkovskaya’s books are translated into English: The Dirty War: A Russian Reporter in Chechnya (London: Harvill Seckler, 2001), Putin’s Russia: Life in a Failing Democracy (London: Harvill Seckler, 2004), and A Small Corner of Hell: Dispatches from Chechnya (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003). Posthumously, three books were released, A Russian Diary: A Journalist’s Final Account of Life, Corruption, and Death in Putin’s Russia (London: Harvill Seckler, 2007), Nothing but the Truth: Selected Dispatches (New York: Vintage, 2011), and Is Journalism Worth Dying For? Final Dispatches (New York: Melville House, 2011).
9. On Paul Klebnikov, see “Russia Should Disclose Information on Klebnikov Murder” (July 9, 2010), http://www.cpj.org/2010/07/russia-should-disclose-information-on-klebnikov-mu.php. Project Klebnikov, a global alliance devoted to investigating the journalist’s murder and continuing his work, was founded in July 2005. Numerous journalists are involved, including the executive director, Richard Behar. See the group’s website: http://www.projectklebnikov.org/.
10. The claim was made by Politkovskaya herself; see Lucy Popescu and Claire Seymour-Jones, eds., Writers Under Siege: Voices of Writers from Around the World (New York: New York University Press, 2007), 220.
11. CPJ press release on the Malakhov meeting, “Chechnya Police May Be Behind Politkovskaya Murder, Russian Officials Tell CPJ” (January 23, 2007), http://cpj.org/2007/01/chechnya-police-may-be-behind-politkovskaya-murder.php; and the New York Times’s coverage of the Malakhov meeting, C. J. Chivers, “Chechen Police Under Scrutiny in Journalist’s Killing, Group Says,” New York Times (January 24, 2007).
12. Nina Ognianova and I met with Ambassador Ustinov in Washington, D.C., in the spring of 2007. Ustinov informed us of a struggle between elements in the Russian government who were determined to investigate Kadyrov and other forces determined to block it.
13. More on Kadyrov’s denial can be found in “CPJ: Chechen Police Targeted in Politkovskaya Murder Probe,” North Caucasus Analysis 8, no. 4 (January 25, 2007), http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=3437#.Ucucuz6G0nI.
14. On Putin’s press conference, see: “Putin Pledges to Protect Journalists” (February 1, 2007), http://cpj.org/2007/02/putin-pledges-to-protect-journalists.php.
15. Following the 2008 sentencing of five gang members for Domnikov’s murder, in May 2013 a Moscow businessman, Pavel Sopot, was arrested and charged of “intentional infliction of a grave injury,” also in relation to the Domnikov murder. See “Russia Charges Suspect in Igor Domnikov Murder” (May 8, 2013), http://www.cpj.org/2013/05/russia-arrests-indicts-suspect-in-igor-domnikov-mu.php.
16. See the statement from Memorial issued July 17, 2009, which quotes Oleg Orlov, head the Memorial board, as saying: “I know for sure who is responsible for the killing of Natalia Estemirova. We all know that man. It is Ramzan Kadyrov, president of Chechen Republic. Ramzan threatened Natalia, insulted her, believed her to be his personal enemy. We don’t know whether it was Ramzan himself who ordered to kill Natalia or his close associates did it to please the ruling authority. And President Medvedev seems satisfied to have a murderer as a head of one of Russia’s republics.” The release further alleges: “When Natasha made a statement about young women of Chechnya being almost forced to wear head scarves in public she was invited to an almost private talk with Ramzan Kadyrov. Natalia later shared that Kadyrov threatened her and quoted him, ‘My hands are indeed covered in blood. And I’m not ashamed of it. I was killing and will be killing bad people. We fight against enemies of our republic.’” See http://www.memo.ru/eng/news/2009/07/17/1707091.htm.Based on the statement, Kadyrov sued Orlov for defamation but lost.
17. See CPJ’s press release on the Investigative Committee meeting, “Russia Pledges to Pursue Journalist Murder Probes” (September 30, 2010), http://www.cpj.org/2010/09/russia-pledges-to-pursue-journalist-murder-probes.php.
18. Sean Walker, “Chechens Face Second Trial in Anna Politkovskaya Murder Case,” Independent (June 20, 2013), http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/chechens-face-second-trial-in-anna-politkovskaya-murder-case-8667415.html.
19. “Former Police Colonel Indicted in Politkovskaya Murder” (July 16, 2012), http://www.cpj.org/2012/07/former-police-colonel-indicted-in-politkovskaya-mu.php.
20. Account of Marlene Garcia-Esperat from Terry Gould, Marked for Death: Dying for the Story in the World’s Most Dangerous Places (Berkeley, Calif.: Counterpoint, 2009), 59–102.
21. See CPJ’s special report “Marked for Death: The Five Most Murderous Countries for Journalists” (May 2, 2005), http://cpj.org/reports/2005/05/murderous-05.php.
22. The quote from Reynato Puno can be found in my piece for the magazine Index on Censorship, “Impunity: Stopping the Killers” (January 26, 2010), http://www.indexoncensorship.org/2010/01/impunity-cpj-politkovskaya-journalists/.
23. See the timeline in Madeline Earp and Mayuri Mukherjee, “In Garcia-Esperat Murder, a Twisting Path to Justice” (March 24, 2010), http://www.cpj.org/blog/2010/03/philippine-impunity-in-garcia-esperat-murder.php.
24. CPJ records on journalists killed go back to 1992. For records prior, see the database of journalists killed on the website of the Newseum: http://www.newseum.org/scripts/journalist/main.htm.
25. International Crisis Group, “The Philippines: After the Maguindanao Massacre,” Asia Briefing 98 (December 21, 2009), http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/asia/south-east-asia/philippines/b98%20The%20Philippines%20After%20the%20Maguindanao%20Massacre.pdf.
26. I paid tribute to the Philippine prosecutor Leo Dacera in a CPJ blog post, “Remembering Philippine Prosecutor Leo Dacera” (November 8, 2010), http://cpj.org/blog/2010/11/remembering-philippine-prosecutor-leo-dacera.php.
27. See CPJ’s reports, “Makings of a massacre: Impunity fostered Philippine killings,” by Shawn Crispin, February 16, 2010: http://www.cpj.org/2010/02/makings-of-a-massacre.php; and “Impunity on trial in the Philippines,” by Shawn Crispin, November 10, 2010: http://www.cpj.org/reports/2010/11/impunity-on-trial-in-the-philippines.php; See also, an accompanying CPJ video report: “In Pursuit of Justice,” November 24, 2010: http://www.cpj.org/reports/2010/11/video-philippines-pursuit-of-justice.php.
28. See http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/un_general_assembly_adopts_resolution_on_journalist_safety_and_proclaims_2_november_as_international_day_to_end_impunity/.
29. For the full text of the UN Plan Against Impunity, see: http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/CI/CI/pdf/official_documents/un_plan_action_safety_en.pdf.
30. See “Pakistan to Support UN Plan to Fight Impunity Against Media,” Freedom Network (October 13, 2013), http://www.freedomnetwork.org.pk/?p=2133.
31. On federalization in Mexico, read Mike O’Connor’s blow-by-blow account on how it came to pass: “In Mexico, a Movement and a Bill Against Impunity” (April 26, 2013), http://www.cpj.org/blog/2013/04/in-mexico-a-movement-and-law-against-impunity.php.
32. For more on the January 2009 convictions in Columbia, see “In Landmark Case, Ex-Officials Convicted in Slaying” (January 22, 2009), http://cpj.org/2009/01/in-landmark-case-ex-officials-convicted-in-slaying.php.
33. From June 25, 2013, keynote speech at Investigative Reporters and Editors Annual Conference in San Antonio, Texas. http://gijn.org/2013/07/03/mexican-journalist-marcela-turati-dont-abandon-us/.
8. Journalists by Definition
1. I visited Cairo in March 2013 with the CPJ’s Middle East and North Africa program coordinator, Sherif Mansour. While there, I met with and interviewed Esraa Abdel Fattah, Ibrahim Eissa, and Reem Maged. Mansour provided interpretation for the interviews. I blogged about the challenge of differentiating between journalists and activists in post-Revolutionary Egypt: “Mission Journal: Who Is a Journalist in Egypt?” (March 14, 2013), https://www.cpj.org/blog/2013/03/mission-journal-who-is-a-journalist-in-egypt.php.
2. I interviewed Alcíbiades González Delvalle on February 1, 2005. Information in this section also comes from personal interviews with Laurie Nadel, Michael Massing, and Aryeh Neier. CPJ’s history is described in detail in a documentary made for its thirtieth anniversary in March 2011: http://vimeo.com/33421645. See also my CPJ blog, “Walter Cronkite’s Press Freedom Legacy” (July 17, 2009), http://www.cpj.org/blog/2009/07/walter-cronkites-press-freedom-legacy.php; Michael Massing, “Dangerous Assignments Twentieth Anniversary: In the Beginning,” CPJ special report (May 1, 2001), http://cpj.org/reports/2001/05/massing.php; and my article “Muzzling the Media,” World Policy Journal 23, no. 2 (2006): 51–61.
3. Warren Hoge, “Paraguay Imprisons a Columnist, Critic of Regime, for Second Time; Arrested Outside Court,” New York Times (June 27, 1980).
4. For more on the background of Reporters Without Borders, see: http://en.rsf.org/who-we-are-12-09-2012,32617.html.
5. For more on the background of IFEX, see http://www.ifex.org/history/.
6. On the leaked video of the attack that killed the Reuters staff members Namir Noor-Eldeen and Saeed Chmagh, see “Video Shows U.S. Attack That Killed Reuters Staffers in Iraq” (April 5, 2010), http://cpj.org/2010/04/wikileaks-video-iraq-attack-killed-reuters-staffers.php.
7. For background on WikiLeaks, see Danny O’Brien, “Technicalities: Ten Questions on WikiLeaks” (April 8, 2010), http://cpj.org/internet/2010/04/technicalities-10-questions-on-wikileaks.php.
8. See my CPJ blog on the Manning prosecution, “Transparency, accountability at stake in Manning trial,” May 16, 2013: http://www.cpj.org/blog/2013/05/transparency-accountability-at-stake-in-manning-tr.php.
9. The quote from Alan Rusbridger comes from a CPJ panel discussion event at the Paley Center for International Media, “Newsgathering and Its Vulnerabilities Today: A Conversation with Alan Rusbridger” (November 19, 2012). A video from the event is online: http://www.paleycenter.org/mc-cpj-alan-rusbridger-nov-19/; see also Rusbridger’s acceptance speech for CPJ’s 2012 Burton Benjamin Award in honor of a lifetime achievement for press freedom: https://www.cpj.org/awards/2012/alan-rusbridger-award-acceptance-speech.php.
10. RSF letter to Julian Assange, “Open Letter to Wikileaks Founder Julian Assange: ‘A Bad Precedent for the Internet’s Future’” (August 12, 2010), http://en.rsf.org/united-states-open-letter-to-wikileaks-founder-12-08-2010,38130.html.
11. Hagit Limor, “The Consensus on WikiLeaks: There Is No Consensus. But Consider the Ethics,” Society of Professional Journalists Blog (December 2, 2010), http://blogs.spjnetwork.org/president/2010/12/02/the-consensus-on-wikileaks-there-is-no-consensus-but-consider-the-ethics/.
12. On the Columbia petition, see Jim Romenesko, “Columbia J-School Staff: WikiLeaks Prosecution ‘Will Set a Dangerous Precedent,’” Poynter Institute (December 14, 2010), http://www.poynter.org/latest-news/mediawire/110885/columbia-j-school-staff-wikileaks-prosecution-sets-dangerous-precedent/.
13. The incident involving Raushan Yesergepova and Hillary Clinton is cited in my introduction to Attacks on the Press in 2010, “International Institutions Fail To Defend Press Freedom,” http://www.cpj.org/2011/02/attacks-on-the-press-2010-introduction-joel-simon.php.
14. CPJ’s letter to President Barack Obama and Attorney General Eric Holder: “CPJ Urges U.S. Not to Prosecute Assange” (December 17, 2010), http://www.cpj.org/2010/12/cpj-urges-us-not-to-prosecute-assange.php.
15. On Assange’s motives see Theo Brainin, “Just What Does Julian Assange Want?” Guardian (December 5, 2010), http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/cifamerica/2010/dec/05/wikileaks-julian-assange; and Steve Coll, “Leaks,” New Yorker (November 8, 2010). For a defense, see David Samuels, “The Shameful Attacks on Julian Assange,” The Atlantic (December 3, 2010). Assange argued that governments are essentially conspiracies and that disrupting their ability to operate depends on “reduc[ing] or eliminating important communication.” See “State and Terrorist Conspiracies,” attributed to Julian Assange (November 10, 2006), http://cryptome.org/0002/ja-conspiracies.pdf.
In a July 26, 2010, interview in Der Spiegel, Assange said, “We all only live once. So we are obligated to make good use of the time that we have and to do something that is meaningful and satisfying. This is something that I find meaningful and satisfying. That is my temperament. I enjoy creating systems on a grand scale, and I enjoy helping people who are vulnerable. And I enjoy crushing bastards. So it is enjoyable work.”
16. The Ethiopian journalist Argaw Ashine was forced into exile after WikiLeaks released his name: see my CPJ blog post, “In Ethiopia Case, a Response to WikiLeaks” (September 19, 2011), http://www.cpj.org/blog/2011/09/in-ethiopia-case-a-response-to-wikileaks.php.
17. On the Assange rape allegations, see Nick Davies, “Ten Days in Sweden: The Full Allegations Against Julian Assange,” Guardian (December 17, 2010), http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2010/dec/17/julian-assange-sweden.
18. For a transcript from Julian Assange’s December 21, 2010, interview with the BBC, see http://news.bbc.co.uk/today/hi/today/newsid_9309000/9309320.stm.
19. See Julian Assange’s interview with Erin Burnett: “Assange Dodges Question on Ecuador” (November 28, 2012), http://www.cnn.com/video/#/video/bestoftv/2012/11/28/exp-erin-preview-assange.cnn.
20. On the Espionage Act, see James Goodale’s Fighting for the Press: The Inside Story of the Pentagon Papers and Other Battles (New York: CUNY Journalism Press, 2013).
21. On Julian Assange’s prosecution under the Espionage Act, see: “Why the WikiLeaks Grand Jury Is So Dangerous: Members of Congress Now Want to Prosecute New York Times Journalists Too,” Electronic Frontier Foundation (July 23, 2012), https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2012/07/why-wikileaks-grand-jury-important-some-members-congress-want-prosecute-new-york. On the Rosen case, see Ann Marimow, “A Rare Peek Into a Justice Department Leak Probe,” Washington Post (May 19, 2013).
22. See “Prosecutor v. Radoslav Brdjanin Decision on Prosecution’s Second Request for a Subpoena of Jonathan Randal” (January 2003), http://www.icty.org/x/cases/brdanin/tdec/en/030630.htm.
23. For the protection of journalists under international humanitarian law, see “How Does International Humanitarian Law Protect Journalists in Armed-Conflict Situations?” International Committee on the Red Cross, interview with ICRC legal expert Robin Geiss (July 27, 2010), http://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/interview/protection-journalists-interview-270710.htm.
24. For a summary of the debate over the press freedom clause in the U.S. Constitution, see Lee Bollinger, Uninhibited, Robust, and Wide Open: A Free Press for a New Century (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010), 7–12.
25. See K. Shanmugam’s speech at Columbia University, November 4, 2010: http://www.mlaw.gov.sg/news/speeches/speech-by-minister-for-home-affairs-and-minister-for-law-k-shanmugam-at-the-inaugural-forum-a.html.
26. On the impact of social media during the Tahrir Square protests, see my Huffington Post article, “A Twitter Revolution for Journalists” (February 14, 2011), http://www.huffingtonpost.com/joel-simon/a-twitter-revolution-for-_b_823113.html.
27. As with virtually every aphorism worth its salt, the phrase has even been attributed to Mark Twain. But this blog, published on Freakonomics. com, traces it to a 1964 quote from an Indianapolis congressman, Charles Brownson. http://freakonomics.com/2011/05/12/ink-by-the-barrel/.
9. News of the Future (and the Future of News)
1. One important example is RISC (Reporters Instructed in Saving Colleagues), which provides no-cost training in combat first aid to freelance journalists. It was founded by Sebastian Junger in response to the death of his good friend Tim Hetherington, who bled to death while reporting in Libya after being hit with shrapnel. See http://risctraining.org/.
2. See CPJ’s April 26, 2010, letter to U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert Gates regarding journalists killed in Iraq: http://cpj.org/2010/04/cpj-seeks-pentagon-investigations-in-iraq-journali.php.
3. See 2013 CPJ Impunity Index, “Getting Away with Murder,” CPJ special report (May 23, 2013), http://www.cpj.org/reports/2013/05/impunity-index-getting-away-with-murder.php; and 2008 CPJ Impunity Index, “Getting Away with Murder 2008,” CPJ special report (April 30, 2008), http://cpj.org/reports/2008/04/getting-away-with-murder.php.
4. The Colombian press freedom organization FLIP has created a database of journalist killings showing the status of all investigations: http://flip.org.co/cifras-indicadores/periodistas-asesinados.
5. For more information on the journalist protection program in Colombia see “Violence and Impunity: Protecting Journalists in Colombia and Mexico,” Inter-American Dialogue (March 2010), http://www.thedialogue.org/PublicationFiles/English%20PDF,%20final.pdf.
6. See Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression, by Frank La Rue, http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/RegularSession/Session23/A.HRC.23.40_EN.pdf, p. 20.
7. Personal communication from Gibson, quoted in my essay “How United States’ Spying Strengthen China’s Hand,” in Attacks on the Press (Bloomberg/Wiley, 2014), http://cpj.org/2014/02/attacks-on-the-press-surveillance-press-freedom.php.
8. Necessary and Proportionate Principles (July 10, 2013), https://en.necessaryandproportionate.org/text.
9. “Media Coalition Urges Better Protection of First Amendment Rights in NSA, FISA Court Matters,” Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press press release (October 11, 2013), http://www.rcfp.org/media-coalition-urges-better-protection-first-amendment-rights-nsa-fisa-court-matters.
10. See the American Convention on Human Rights, “Pact of San-Jose, Costa Rica (B-32),” http://www.oas.org/dil/treaties_B-32_American_Convention_on_Human_Rights.htm.
11. For a list of ratifications see http://www.oas.org/dil/treaties_B-32_American_Convention_on_Human_Rights_sign.htm.
12. See the Inter-American Court of Human Rights document “Case of The Last Temptation of Christ (Olmedo-Bustos et al. v. Chile), Judgment of February 5, 2001,” http://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/casos/articulos/seriec_73_ing.pdf.
13. See General Comment 34 from the UN Human Rights Committee meeting in Geneva (July 11–29, 2011), http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrc/docs/GC34.pdf.
14. Johannesburg Principles on National Security, Freedom of Expression and Access to Information: http://www.article19.org/data/files/pdfs/standards/joburgprinciples.pdf.
15. See “Prohibiting Incitement to Discrimination, Hostility, or Violence,” Article 19 Policy Brief (December 2012), http://www.article19.org/data/files/medialibrary/3548/ARTICLE-19-policy-on-prohibition-to-incitement.pdf.
16. See Joel Simon, “Murder by Media,” Slate (December 11, 2003), http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/foreigners/2003/12/murder_by_media.1.html; see also Joel Simon, “In Africa, Exploiting the Past,” Columbia Journalism Review (January/February 2006), http://cpj.org/2006/01/of-hate-and-genocide.php.
17. On Russia’s 2007 extremism law see, “In Russia, Putin Signs Restrictive Amendments on ‘Extremism,’” CPJ alert (July 26, 2007), http://cpj.org/2007/07/in-russia-putin-signs-restrictive-amendments-on-ex.php. In 2008, Nadira Isayeva, then the editor of the leading independent newspaper Chernovik, was charged with making public calls for extremism and inciting hatred based on her interview with a separatist leader. See “Independent Weekly Editor Charged with Extremism in Dagestan,” CPJ alert (August 7, 2008), https://cpj.org/2008/08/independent-weekly-editor-charged-with-extremism-i.php.
18. In ratifying the ICCPR the U.S. Senate expressed the following reservation: “That Article 20 does not authorize or require legislation or other action by the United States that would restrict the right of free speech and association protected by the Constitution and laws of the United States.” See “U.S. Reservations, Declarations, and Understandings, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 138 Cong. Rec. S4781-01” (April 2, 1992), available at the University of Minnesota Human Rights Library, http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/usdocs/civilres.html.
19. “A New Global Partnership: Eradicate Poverty and Transform Economies Through Sustainable Development,” report of the High-Level Panel of Eminent Persons on the Post-2015 Development Agenda (May 30, 2013), http://www.un.org/sg/management/pdf/HLP_P2015_Report.pdf.
20. The section on a global press freedom charter is adapted from my essay, “Beyond Article 19, a Global Press Freedom Charter,” in Attacks on the Press in 2012, http://cpj.org/2013/02/attacks-on-the-press-beyond-article-19.php.