Abercrombie, James, 223
Aberdeen, George Hamilton Gordon, 4th Earl of, 416, 419, 423
Achard, André, 319
A’Court, Sir William, 242, 244–5, 262
Adams, Daniel, 53
Adelaïde, Madame (Louis-Philippe’s sister), 483
Adelphi (secret society), 169
Aix-la-Chapelle: congress (1818), 186–94
Álava, General Miguel, Marquis of, 233
Albrecht, Daniel Ludwig, 201
Alembert, Jean Le Rond d’, 18
Alexander I, Tsar of Russia: celebrates Napoleon’s downfall, 3–4; and Holy Alliance, 4, 8, 180; education and upbringing, 5–6; reign, 6–7; religiosity, 7–8, 183, 304–5, 323, 324; on prospect of European settlement, 9; welcomes fall of Bastille, 11; alliance with Napoleon, 76; befriends Richelieu, 119; and French food shortage, 137; and Capodistrias, 153–4; suspects Paris-based conspiracy, 154–5, 258; letter from La Harpe in Italy, 176; and Italian liberation, 178; reformist intentions frustrated, 179–80; grants constitution to Poland, 181; religious ecumenism, 182; fails to demobilise, 183, 199; interest in foreign affairs, 183, 278; welcomes Lebzeltern, 184; at Aix-la-Chapelle congress, 186–9, 193–4; kidnap plot against, 192; popularity in Germany, 193, 207; in Vienna, 194; and Prussian threat, 199, 206; concerned about French army, 214; and repression in Germany, 228; belief in assassinations and conspiracies, 233, 270–1, 274, 279; advocates intervention in Spain, 238; and Naples revolution, 242, 247–8, 261, 262–3; told of Carbonari in Italy, 247; interest in Italy, 249; rejects constitution for Russia, 250; disturbed by European disorder, 252; adopts reactionary position, 254–5; calls and attends congress (Troppau), 255–8, 265–6; and Semeonovsky Guards mutiny, 258–60, 330; near-fatal coach accident, 266; at Laibach, 267; raises question of Spain at Laibach congress, 269; and revolution in Piedmont, 272–3; and Greek independence movement, 274, 278, 280; renounces liberalism, 276, 323–6; mistrusts French police, 295; preoccupation with Spain, 296, 298, 301, 305; attends Verona congress of monarchs (1822), 300, 322; and Austrian rule in Italy, 303; infatuated by Lady Londonderry, 304; visits Venice, 306; welcomes French invasion of Spain, 307; proposes intervention in Americas, 308; spies and intelligence-gathering, 324; orders dissolution of all associations, 326; paranoia, 326, 330; death and succession (1825), 331–2; uninterested in police, 341; bans societies, 431; effect of control, 500
Algiers: French capture, 360
Ali Pasha, governor of Janina, 273
Alibaud, Louis, 418–19
Alien and Seditious Acts (USA, 1798), 69
Aliens Act (Britain, 1793): repealed (1826), 428
Alsace, 497
Altenstein, Freiherr von, 310
Amiens, Treaty of (1802), 74
Amis de la Vérité, Les (Masonic lodge), 283
Amis du Peuple, 411–12
Ancillon, Johann Peter, 200, 404
Andryane, Alexandre, 318–20
Angoulême, Louis Antoine, duc d’ (Dauphin), 126, 231, 306–8
Anti-Jacobin (journal), 46, 66
Anti-Jacobin Review, 46
Apponyi, Count Antoine: as ambassador in Paris, 355, 372; messages from Metternich, 372, 382, 401, 406, 468; Metternich warns of world’s moral sickness, 476; on Paris as safe city, 486
Apponyi, Count Rodolphe, 384
Arakcheev, General Aleksey Andreevich, 259, 324, 331
Argenson, Marc-René de Voyer de Paulmy, comte d’, 282, 284, 292, 310
aristocracy: dominance diminishes, 393
armies: nature of, 100
army, French: after Napoleon’s fall, 111; reconstituted under Saint-Cyr, 214
Arnim-Boitzenburg, Count Adolf Heinrich von, 466
Artois, comte d’ (‘Monsieur’) see Charles X, King of France
Arzamas (Russian literary society), 448
Association of Friends of the People (Britain), 44, 49
Association for the Preservation of Liberty and Property Against Republicans and Levellers (Britain), 46
asylum (political), 405
Atholl, John Murray, 4th Duke of, 67, 294
Auber, Daniel François Esprit: La Muette de Portici (opera), 365, 442
Auerstadt, Battle of (1806), 158
Aumont, Louis Marie Céleste, duc d’, 126
Austria (Habsburg monarchy): police and surveillance, 25, 34, 39, 162, 312–20; reaction to French Revolutionary ideas, 29, 31–4; peasant rebels, 30; war with France (1792), 35, 37, 40, 44; fears of revolution and conspiracies, 39–40, 500; Napoleon defeats, 76; national debt, 97; and Tyrolese, 99; Metternich guides, 158–9; political-social tranquillity, 161; control of mail, 162–3; and rule in Italy, 163–4, 166–7, 261, 301–3, 403–4, 473; presidency of Bund, 198; and Naples revolution, 244–5, 247–9, 263, 268–9; army marches on Naples, 269–72; armistice with Naples, 275; students suspected and repressed, 314; troops in Italy, 372, 392; signs convention with Russia (1833), 399; extradition treaty with Russia, 405; education controlled, 436–7; censorship, 437–40, 442–3; economic crisis (1840s), 468; and European nationalist movements, 468; annexes Kraków, 472; administration under Ferdinand, 477; financial crisis, 477; smoking in Milan, 478; in 1848 revolution, 488–9, 491; Milan revolts against, 489; counter-revolution, 495
Austrian Netherlands: French occupy, 35, 44, 47
Baader, Franz von, 101
Babeuf, François (‘Gracchus’), 169, 423
Bacciochi, Elisa Bonaparte, Countess (Napoleon’s sister), 174
Bacszany, János, 314–15
Baden, 491
Bagot, Sir Charles, 154
Bakunin, Mikhail, 497–8
Balashov, General Aleksandr, 203, 324
Balzac, Honoré de, 421; Le Médecin de campagne, 422
Bamford, Samuel, 144, 154, 221
Bancroft, George, 315
Bantry Bay (Ireland), 63
Barbet, Adrien, 358
Bareste, M. (compiler of almanacs), 411
Baring, Alexander, 190
Barrington, Shute, Bishop of Durham, 69–70
Barrot, Hyacinthe Odilon, 484–5
Barruel, Augustin, abbé, 17, 212, 247, 319; Mémoires pour servir à l’histoire du Jacobinisme, 18–23, 59, 72
Bastille: fall (1789), 10–11, 14, 27, 52
Bavaria: bans books mentioning French Revolution, 28; repressive measures in, 395–6
Baxter, John, 51
Bazar Français plot (1820), 283
Beauharnais, prince Eugène de, 165, 239
Bedford, Francis Russell, 5th Duke of, 59
Behr, Professor (of Würzburg), 396
Belfort (France), 284
Belgium: unrest in, 184, 364–5; revolution, 372, 376, 379, 384, 386, 390; bans extradition of political refugees, 405
Bellegarde, Heinrich von, 166, 168
Bellerophon, HMS, 2
Bellingham, John, 89
Bellini, Vincenzo: Norma, 441
Benckendorff, General Aleksandr Kristoforovich von: on contented state of England, 180; on dissatisfaction in Russian army, 330–1; heads Russian secret police, 339–46, 349, 353, 454–5, 500; background and career, 340–1; and Roman Madox, 347; and Sherwood, 348; and censorship, 352, 451; correspondence with Grand Duke Constantine, 354; reports on fall of Charles X, 374; and Polish situation, 375, 464; cooperates with Metternich, 405–6, 431–2; severs relations with Princess Lieven, 445; on passport control committee, 446; on Kiev, 450; sensitivity, 454; and Dubelt, 455
Bentham, Jeremy, 71
Bentinck, Lord William, 165, 168, 174
Beobachtungs Anstalt (Milan), 167
Béranger, Pierre-Jean de, 287, 361, 363
Berlin: and 1848 revolution, 489–90, 497
Bermudez, Zea, 399
Bernstorff, Christian von, 215, 257–8, 279, 303, 373, 378, 391
Berry, Charles-Ferdinand, duc de, 126, 128, 168; murdered, 231–3, 235–6, 295, 351
Berry, Marie-Caroline, duchesse de, 231, 236
Berton, General Jean-Baptiste, 135, 284
Bestuzhev, Mikhail and Alexander, 332
Binder, Wilhelm, 404, 414, 434
Birmingham: dissent and riots in, 43–4; National Convention of the Industrious Classes convenes in, 426
Birmingham Political Union, 393, 407
Bismarck, Prince Otto von, 463
Blacas, Pierre Louis Jean Casimir, comte de, 267
Black Lamp, the (society), 74–5
Blanc, Louis, 284, 360, 362–3, 418, 423, 481
Blanc, Pierre, 125
Blanqui, Louis Auguste, 423
Bode, Johann Christoph, 17
Bognon, baron, 280
Boigne, comtesse de, 326
Boislecomte, Ernest Sain de, 330
Bologna, 475
Bonaparte family, 131, 134, 420
Bonaparte, Caroline, 158
Bonaparte, Joseph, 132–3, 174, 183
Bonaparte, Louis, 131
Bonaparte, Pauline (later princess Borghese), 131
books: banned, 442
Börne, Ludwig, 405
Borovkov, Aleksandr Dmitrievich, 337
Bouilhet, Louis, 482
Boulay de la Meurthe, Antoine, 291
Bowles, John: Reflections on the Political and Moral State of Society at the Close of the Eighteenth Century, 73
Brandreth, Jeremiah, 151–2
Braunmühl, Anton von, 396
‘Brindisi, Duke of’ (Filipetti or Ancirotta), 174, 253
Britain: police, 26, 368–9, 380, 407; refuses to recognise French Republic, 40, 42; proposed reforms, 41–3, 45; representative government, 41; Dissenters in, 43–6, 49, 52; corresponding societies, 44, 68; attitudes to French Revolutionaries, 45–6; government spies, 47; revolutionary fears and countermeasures, 47–54, 58–9, 65–8, 86, 95, 142, 144–7, 149–51, 154–5, 221–2; war with France (1793–4), 49, 55, 58–9; industrial strikes, 50–1; intelligence-gathering, 56, 65–6; food shortages and riots, 58, 74, 93–4, 141–2, 368, 492; and French invasion threat, 59, 75; living conditions, 70, 491–2; religious and moral conditions, 70–2; war with France resumes (1803), 75; mail protected from interference, 86; economic downturn and harvest failures (1809–12), 87; parliamentary reform movement, 87–8, 143, 145–6, 152, 221, 366; war with USA (1812), 87; civil unrest and Ludditism, 88, 91–3; supposed nationwide conspiracy (1812), 91–2; bumper harvest (1813), 94; Napoleon’s trade wars on, 96; economic and trade effects of war, 97; national debt, 97; post-war conditions, 141; Metternich blames for European problems, 148; protests and arrests, 151–2; agents provocateurs, 152–4; as ally of Spain, 183; and South American trade, 183; civil unrest (1818–19), 216–17, 221; Metternich laments withdrawal from continental matters, 268; Metternich loses faith in, 277, 406, 426; and French July revolution (1830), 366–7, 370; Swing riots, 367, 369, 379, 381, 386; banking crisis (1825), 368; trade unions formed, 368; unrest against Wellington’s government, 379–80; Poland appeals to for help, 383; Reform Bills (1831–2), 385–7, 392, 406–7; riots (1831), 386–7; mob actions, 406; growth of cities, 407; working-class movement, 407; radical groups, 426–7; strikes and disorders, 426–30; immigration and political refugees, 429; intercepts Mazzini’s post, 469; effect of 1848 revolutions in, 491–2; see also London
British Critic (journal), 46
Brivazac-Beaumont (agent), 126
Broglie, Victor, duc de, 104, 361–2
Brontë, Revd. Patrick, 93
Brougham, Henry Peter, Baron, 366
Browne, Lieutenant Colonel, 244
Brune, Marshal Guillaume, 115
Brunnow, Baron, 462
Brunswick, Karl Wilhelm Friedrich, Duke of, 17, 45, 350, 365
Brunswick, William, Duke of, 365
Buchanan, James, 457
Buckingham, Richard Temple Nugent Brydges Chandos Grenville, 1st Duke of, 168
Bugeaud, Marshal Thomas Robert, 483–4
Bulatov, Colonel, 332
Bulgarin, Faddei Venediktovich, 452
Bund (Germany), 198
Bundesroman, 16
Bundeszentralbehörde, 397
Buonarroti, Filippo Antonio, 169–70, 318–19
Burdett, Sir Francis, 87, 94, 143–5
Burghersh, John Fane, Baron, 174, 302
Burghersh, Priscilla, Lady, 490
Burke, Edmund: on French Revolution, 12, 74; praises Polish constitution, 38; denounces Priestley, 43; fears revolutionary movements, 45, 67–9; pulls out dagger in Commons, 48; opposes anti-Catholic laws in Ireland, 62; on appeal of Jacobinism, 73; on war with France, 74; Letters on a Regicide Peace, 67; Reflections on the Revolution in France, 13–14, 28, 42
Burney, Fanny (Mme d’Arblay), 43
Burschenschaften see Germany
Byng, General Sir John, 154, 220
Byron, George Gordon, 6th Baron, 89, 91, 171, 177–8, 244, 316
Cabet, Étienne, 423
cabinet noir, 84
Caché, Benedikt de, 38
Campochiaro, Duke of, 245
Canler, Paul Louis, 286, 288, 482
Canning, George, 46, 216, 299, 356, 368
Canosa, Prince Capece Minutolo, 474
Canuel, General Simon, baron, 138, 140
Capodistrias, Ioannis, 253–4, 257–8, 261, 273, 277–8, 280
Carabinieri, 103
Caraman, marquis de, 257, 263, 303
Carbonari (secret society), 170–1, 213, 242–3, 245–9, 275, 276, 283–5, 297, 301, 318, 401
Carême, Marie Antoine, 3
Carignano, Prince of see Charles-Albert
Carlos, Don, Infante of Spain, 399, 424
Carnot, Hippolyte, 291
Caroline Augusta, Empress of Francis of Austria, 436
Caroline of Brunswick, Queen of George IV, 240–1, 256, 277
Caron, Lieut. Colonel, 285
Carrel, Armand, 372
Cartwright, Major John, 87–8, 94, 143, 145, 217
Castle (British government spy), 153, 155
Castlereagh, Amelia, Viscountess, 187–8
Castlereagh, Robert Stewart, Viscount: and Alexander’s Holy Alliance, 5; believes Alexander mad, 8; and Ireland, 62; background and career, 90–1; as foreign secretary, 90–1; on social unrest and fall in church attendance, 142; and revolutionary sentiments, 147, 155–6; defends Castle, 153; Clancarty warns of French émigrés, 155; will, 156; negotiates treaty with Metternich, 159; Stewart complains of Metternich to, 172; letter from Burghersh in Florence, 174; and Alexander’s proposed multilateral disarmament, 180; and South American intervention, 183; and Alexander’s presence at Aix-la-Chapelle congress, 186–9, 193; on Prussian army, 199; approves of Metternich’s Karlsbad Decrees, 227; assassination plot against, 234, 240; protection against assassination, 235; opposes intervention in Spain, 238; and Naples revolution, 244; Bagot reports to, 255; and proposed French congress on Neapolitan crisis, 255–6; opposes interference in internal affairs of other states, 261; rejects Metternich’s protocol on Naples settlement, 263–4, 268; defends Austria’s intervention in Naples, 269; accompanies George IV to Hanover, 277; Alexander appeals to for advice, 279; and Alexander’s fixation on Spain, 296; non-recognition of new republics in Americas, 297; succeeds to Londonderry Marquessate, 297; health decline and suicide, 298–9; rejects European antipathy to Amricas, 298
Catherine II (the Great), Empress of Russia, 5–6, 28, 38
Catherine, Grand Duchess of Russia, 193, 326
Catholic Church: restored in France, 357
Catholic Emancipation Act (Britain, 1829), 369
Cato Street conspiracy (1820), 234–6
Cavaignac, Eléonore-Louis, 412
Cavour, Camillo Benso, Conte di, 104, 475
censorship: in Russia, 352, 450–3; in Austria, 437–40, 442–3; in Italy, 440–1
Central Commission of Investigation (Zentral Untersuchungs Kommission), Mainz, 224–5, 246, 309–11, 463, 466
Cerrito, Fanny, 479
‘Cézar’ (Austrian spy), 38
Chaadayev, Piotr Yakovlevich, 452–3
Chambord, Henri, comte de, 419, 424
Charco (Piccadilly hatter), 47
Charles, Archduke of Austria, 383
Charles IV, King of Spain, 175
Charles X, King of France (earlier comte d’Artois; Monsieur): forms army in Koblenz, 109; Louis XVIII appoints to command against Napoleon’s return, 112; and les Ultras, 119; assassination plots against, 139, 236; succeeds to throne, 311; coronation, 355; plans counter-revolution, 358; dissolves Chamber and calls new election (1830), 360; and 1830 revolution, 362; flees to England, 362–3, 366; Metternich warns, 373
Charles-Albert, King of Sardinia (earlier Prince of Carignano), 175, 272, 402–3, 475, 479, 489, 495, 496
Charles Felix, King of Piedmont, 272, 302
Charlotte Augusta, Princess, 155
Charlotte of Prussia, Empress of Nicholas I, 335, 399
Charte (France), 108, 110, 161, 253
Chartists and Charter (Britain), 427–8, 430, 491–2
Chateaubriand, René, vicomte de, 297, 300–1, 303–4, 306
Chaumont, treaty of (1814), 159
Chevaliers de l’Épingle Noire, 137, 293
Chevaliers de la Foi, 285
Chichagov, Admiral Pavel Vassilievich, 445
Chignard (police agent), 135
Chopin, Frédéric, 438
Church, the see Catholic Church; religion
Church Tract Society, 71
Clancarty, Richard le Poer, 2nd Earl of, 155, 184
Clanwilliam, Richard Charles Francis Meade, 3rd Earl of, 186–8
Claremont House, Esher (Surrey), 484
Clary, Count, 39
Cobbett, William, 69, 87, 94, 143–4, 152, 380
Cochrane, Admiral Thomas, 145
Cockburn, Rear Admiral Sir George, 2
codes and ciphers: in diplomatic correspondence, 435
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 66
Collard, Pierre Paul Royer, 294
Combination Acts (Britain): repealed, 356, 368
Comelli, Count, 167
comité directeur: imagined, 239, 274, 277, 287, 290, 293–5, 301, 311, 321, 358, 376, 382, 390, 391, 409, 498
Comités de Surveillance de Lettres, 84
Committee of Public Safety (Russia; Komitet Obshchei Bezopastnosti), 323
Commons, House of (Britain): and reform, 41–3, 45, 87–8, 143, 145–6, 152, 221, 366, 385–7, 392, 406–7, 426; and supposed seditious movements, 146–9
Confalonieri, Count Federico, 321
Congrégation (France), 285
Consalvi, Cardinal Ercole, 163, 247, 262–3, 275, 303, 317
Considère (Paris rioter), 412
Constant, Benjamin, 114, 282, 294
Constantine, Grand Duke of Russia, 191, 250, 273, 331–3, 335, 354, 374–7
Constitutional Information Society, 53
Contremoulin, Captain, 137
Corcelle, Claude Tirguy de, 284
Corcelle, Francisque de, 284, 308
Corresponding Societies (Britain), 44, 68
Coutts, Sophia (Lady Burdett), 87
Coutts bank, 60
Cowper, Emily, Lady (later Palmerston), 447
Crefeld, 497
Cult of Reason (France), 83
Custine, General Armand, 35
Custine, Astolphe Louis Léonor, marquis de, 447
Custozza, Battle of (1848), 495
Czapski, Count, 432
Czartoryski, Prince Adam, 383
Davison (Sheffield printer), 51, 175
Debelleyme, Louis-Maurice, 359
Decazes, Élie: succeeds Fouché as head of police, 122, 124; and intelligence-gathering, 127–8, 135; and surveillance, 131; employs Randon, 137; Ultras plot against, 139–40; Metternich mistrusts, 185; power, 195; Lebzeltern delivers Metternich letter to, 196; transforms French army, 214; becomes prime minister, 227; and assassination of duc de Berry, 232; Louis XVIII supports, 236; as ambassador in London, 244; and Metternich’s attacks on Capodistrias, 253
Decembrists, 337, 339, 341, 345, 348, 351, 354, 375, 431
Degen, Joseph, 39
Delacroix, Eugène, 364
Delaveau, Guy, 285–6, 291, 356
Delessert, Gabriel, 420, 423–4, 483
Dembowski, Edward, 470
demi-soldes, 135–7
Desmarest, Pierre-Marie, 287
Despard, Colonel Edward, 74–5, 94
Dessolles, Jean-Joseph, marquis, 195, 227
Deutsche Bund, 197
Diderot, Denis, 18
Didier, Charles: Rome souterraine, 422
Didier, Jean-Paul, 136, 140, 293
Diebitsch, Field Marshal Hans Karl von, 331, 374, 383
Dino, Dorothée, Duchess of, 407
Donnadieu, General Gabriel, 283
Dörring, Johannes (or Joachim) Witt von, 310, 317–19, 390
Droits de l’Homme (society), 411–12, 415
Dubelt, Leontii Vassilievich, 349, 454–6
Dubelt, Vassily Ivanovich, 454–5
Dugied, Pierre, 283
Dumas, Alexandre père, 284, 361, 412, 422; Les Mohicans de Paris, 421
Dumont, Étienne, 11
Dumouriez, General Charles François, 35
Duncan, Admiral Adam, Viscount, 60
Duplay, Simon, 292–4
Dupont, General Pierre-Antoine, 111
Dupont de l’Eure, Charles, 284
Dutch Republic: France declares war on (1793), 49
Eckartshausen, Karl von, 8
Edinburgh Convention (1792), 49, 53
Edler von Rath, Matthias, 246
education: in Austria, 436–7; in Russia, 448–50
Edwards, George, 234
Engels, Friedrich, 497; Communist Manifesto (with Marx), 498
Enghien, Louis-Antoine-Henri Condé, duc d’, 124
England see Britain
Enlightenment: ideology, 10, 33; de Maistre attacks, 13–14; Barruel criticises, 17; Francis II describes as ‘great swindle’, 31, 43; ideas resisted in Austria, 31, 33; attacked in Britain, 73; German, 101
Espoz y Mina, General Francisco, 307
Essai sur la secte des Illuminés (anon.), 16
Esterházy, Prince Pal Antal, 237, 244, 356, 382
Fabvier, Colonel Charles, 251
Fain, Agathon, 85
Ferdinand, Emperor of Austria, 431, 477
Ferdinand IV, King of Naples (Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies), 242, 245, 249, 262, 265, 267, 302, 306, 308, 478
Ferdinand VII, King of Spain, 183, 230, 267, 296, 307–8; death, 399
Fesch, Joseph, Cardinal, 131
Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, 224
Fielding, Sir John, 27
Fieschi, Giuseppe Maria, 418–19
Fiquelmont, Count, 430
Fiquelmont, Countess, 459
Fischer, family de, 162
Fitzgerald, Lord Edward, 61
Fitzwilliam, William Wentworth, 2nd Earl, 62, 93, 220
Flaubert, Gustave, 482
Florence: congress of monarchs (1822) see Verona
Follen, Karl, 205, 211, 309–10, 317
Foreign Enlistment Act (Britain, 1819), 183
Forsting, Baron, 431
Fouché, Joseph, 83–5, 121–2, 126, 174, 202, 292
Fouqué, Friedrich de la Motte, 462
Fox, Charles James, 10, 46, 48, 51, 65, 493
Foy, General Maximilien Sébastien, 293
France: security, 22–3; as nation, 27–8; exiles, 29–30; war with Austria (1792), 37, 40, 44, 225; war with Britain and Dutch Republic (1793–4), 55, 58–9; invasion threat against Britain, 59, 75; interference in Ireland, 61–3; war with Britain resumes (1803), 75; intelligence-gathering, police and informers, 78–9, 83–6; brigandage, 80; conscription, 80; under Napoleon’s rule, 81–2, 85; post intercepted and examined, 84–5; and great powers, 100; succession to Napoleon, 108–10; émigrés return (1814), 110; position of Church after Napoleon’s fall, 110; White Terror and confusion (1815), 115–16; épuration, 120; unrest and disorder under Louis XVIII, 124–5; pro-Napoleon conspiracies and plots, 136–40; rule in Italy, 164–5; Allied army of occupation, 185–6; Allied troops evacuate, 195; revolutionary potential, 195–6; Prussian reaction against, 201–3; political stability, 236; suspected conspiracies, 239; alarm at Austrian power in Italy, 249; proposes mediation between Austria and Italy, 255; and Troppau congress, 261; and Russian action against Turks, 279; conspiracies and mutinies, 284–5; passports, 287; secret societies, 293–5; favours intervention in Spain, 305–6; invades Spain, 306–8; quiescence, 354; Catholic Church in, 357; elections (1827), 359; harvest failures and famine (1816), 137, 140; (1826/1827), 360; July revolution (1830), 361–4, 409, 419; Metternich fears attack from, 372–3; Metternich prepares for war with, 383; supports Poland, 384; gives asylum to revolutionaries, 404; freedom of press curtailed, 410, 416; bread riots, 413; instability, 413–17; and legitimist succession hopes, 413–14; refugees in, 414–15; stabilises under Rémusat, 423; Nicholas’s hostility to, 445–6; republic declared (1848), 485; acts against Roman republic, 496; effect of 1848 revolution, 496–7
Franchet d’Esperey, 285, 311, 358
Francis I, Emperor of Austria, 4–5
Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor (later Francis I of Austria), 652; at Alexander’s military display, 3; on Enlightenment as great swindle, 31, 43; succeeds to throne, 31–2; and Polish unrest, 38; title changed on dismantling of Holy Roman Empire, 76, 158; keeps Napoleon’s obelisks, 161; and Austrian rule in Italy, 166, 172–3; bans secret societies, 167; and Metternich’s view of Alexander I, 181; opposes constitutions, 181; attends Aix-la-Chapelle congress, 186–7; Alexander urges to mobilise, 195; Metternich reassures, 215; letter from Alexander on Spanish revolutionaries, 252; attends Troppau congress, 256; leaves Troppau for Vienna, 265; at Laibach, 267; and revolution in Piedmont, 271–2; requests pope to excommunicate Carbonari, 275; Alexander appeals to for advice, 279; attends Verona congress of monarchs (1822), 300; visits Venice, 306; on not waging war on France, 384; Metternich plants letter to Frederick William in Bernstorff’s office, 391; death, 431; suspicious of education, 436–7; mocks censorship, 439
Frankfurt: student demonstration, 396–7; Bundestag, 490
Fraternal Democrats (Britain), 430
Frederick II (the Great), King of Prussia, 18
Frederick, Prince of Saxe-Coburg, 78
Frederick William II, King of Prussia, 34
Frederick William III, King of Prussia: and Alexander’s Holy Alliance, 4–5; helps vanquish Napoleon, 4; at Aix-la-Chapelle congress, 186–7; turns against reform, 200–1; meets Metternich at Töplitz, 215, 398; at Laibach conference, 267; at Verona conference, 300; and Spanish constitutional crisis, 305; resists alliance with Austria and Russia, 372; and Polish unrest, 377; Metternich plants letter from Francis in Bernstorff’s office, 391; and sentence on Reuter, 396; death, 462
Frederick William IV, King of Prussia, 462–4, 466–7, 476, 486–7, 490
Freemasonry: origins and spread, 14–17; and French Revolution, 19, 73; reputation, 20; suspected of revolutionary activities, 32–3; in Britain, 67; Francis II suppresses, 167; in France, 193; see also secret societies
French Revolution: international and domestic reactions to, 10–13, 19–21, 28–30, 35, 45–6, 57, 74, 105; Barruel describes as conspiracy, 18–19; unpopularity in regions, 79; followed by wars, 98
Friedrich, Caspar David, 199, 225
Fries, Jakob Friedrich, 209
Gabriac, comte de, 260
Gagern, Heinrich von, 227, 493
Galen, Count, 476
Galicia: revolutionary activities, 400, 470–1, 473
Galitzine, Aleksandr Nikolaevich, 265, 271, 273, 324, 448
Garibaldi, Giuseppe, 496
Gendarmerie: established in France, 82
Gentz, Friedrich von: wishes success of French Revolution, 11; on European popular unrest, 189, 196; dislikes German student associations, 199; on effect of violent acts, 210; threatened with assassination, 214; organises Karlsbad conference, 215, 223, 226; and German resistance to change, 226; on Metternich’s mental upset, 242; on Capodistrias, 253; at Troppau congress, 257; proposes principle of intervention, 263–4; and Ferdinand of Naples, 267; at Laibach congress, 268; and British reaction to Austrian-Russian actions, 268; confers with Strangford, 301; and Rothschilds, 385; reconsiders political principles, 389; criticises Metternich, 399–400; and Metternich’s militancy, 431
George III, King of Great Britain, 55–6, 94, 240
George IV, King of Great Britain (earlier Prince Regent), 145, 233, 240, 256, 277, 279; death, 366
Gérard, Marshal Étienne Maurice, 483
German Confederation, 223, 229, 390, 396
German Party of Revolution, 404
Germany: occult and mysticism in, 16, 182; spiritual ambitions, 101, 182; proposed constitutions, 181; harvest failure (1816), 182; respects Alexander I, 193, 207; nationalism, 197–8, 200–1, 391, 393–4, 491, 500; student associations (Burschenschaften), 199, 207, 209, 212, 310, 394, 398; unification movement, 199, 226; university education in, 205–6; assassinations by fanatics, 209–11, 214, 223; Metternich’s repressive measures in, 223, 225–6, 246, 395; exodus of educated classes, 226; student plots to assassinate Napoleon, 293; stability, 309; Metternich believes in anti-social conspiracy, 311; and threat of French attack, 372; pro-Polish sentiments, 383, 391; student protests, 395–8; customs union (Zollverein), 400, 467; émigré revolutionaries, 404; writers proscribed, 405; food prices increase, 467; improved living standards and economic crisis, 467; population changes, 467; economic depression (1847), 476; and outbreak of 1848 revolutions, 479, 486–7, 490, 498; tricolour, 490; National Assembly, 493; repeals reforms after suppression of revolution, 495
Gesamtinkulpatentabelle (‘Black Book’), 397
Gillray, James, 46
Girard, General Jean-Baptiste, 112
Gise, Baron August von, 399
Gisquet, Henri, 410, 414–16, 420
Glasgow: unrest in, 222
Glave-Kobielski, Karl, Freiherr von, 314
Glorious Revolution (Britain, 1688), 41
Gneisenau, General August Wilhelm Anton, Graf Neithardt von, 199, 201, 224
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 16, 448
Gogol, Nikolai Vasilevich, 348, 449, 454; Dead Souls, 452, 454, 459
Golovkin, Count, 257
Gordon Riots (London, 1780), 27
Görres, Joseph, 198
Gosling, Edward, 51
Gourgaud, General Gaspard, 133
Grand Firmament (Society), 294
Greece: independence movement, 273–4, 278–80, 301, 305; discussed at 1822 Vienna conference, 298
Grégoire, abbé, 227
Grellet, Stephen, 356
Grenville, William Wyndham, Baron, 58–9, 86
Greville, Charles, 380–1
Grey, Charles, 1st Earl, 44, 65
Grey, Charles, 2nd Earl, 150, 220–1, 366, 370, 385, 392
Grimm, Jacob Ludwig Carl and Wilhelm Carl, 463
Grimm, Baron Melchior, 12
Gronow, Captain Rees Howell, 480, 482, 485
Grosse, Carl: Der Genius, 16
Guelfi (secret society), 174, 177
Guizot, François, 283, 423, 480, 482
Gustavus III, King of Sweden, 17
Gutzkow, Karl, 405
Habeas Corpus Act (Britain): suspended, 54, 58, 149–50, 154, 216
Habsburg monarchy see Austria
Hager, Baron, 442
Hägerlin, Court Councillor (Austria), 33
Hambach (Rhenish Palatinate), 393
Hardenberg, Karl August von, Prince, 188–9, 192, 201, 203–4, 215, 257
Hardie, Andrew, 222
Hardy, General Jean, 64
Hardy, Thomas (shoemaker), 44, 50, 53, 55–6
Harrowby, Dudley Ryder, 1st Earl of, 234
Haschka, Lorenz Leopold, 40
Haydn, Joseph, 40
Hazlitt, William, 153
Hecker, Friedrich, 477, 491, 495
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 446
Henri IV, King of France, 2760
Henry, Commissaire (France), 83
Herzen, Alexander, 453–4, 458, 496, 498
Hildebrandt, C.R., 225
Hobhouse, John Cam, 235
Hoche, General Lazare, 62
Hoffmann, Leopold Alois, 17
Hölderlin, Friedrich, 11
Holland, Henry Richard Vassall Fox, 3rd Baron, 67, 174, 222
Holy Alliance (Sainte Alliance), 4–5, 8, 180
Holy Roman Empire: Napoleon dismantles, 76, 158
Hope, Henry, 190
Hugo, Victor, 102, 364, 421–2; Hernani, 361
Humbert, General Joseph, 64
Humboldt, Wilhelm von, 190, 197, 463
Hundred Days, the (France, 1815), 113–14
Hungary: nationalist movement, 468, 471; resists tax increases, 477; in 1848 revolution, 489, 498
Hunt, Henry, 143–5, 150, 155, 216–19, 233, 235–6, 380
Hunt, James, 144
Hus, Jan, 14
Ibell, Karl Friedrich von, 211
Illuminati, Order of (earlier Perfectibles), 15–16, 18–20, 27, 74, 270, 317–18, 338, 350–1, 394
Indépendance Nationale, L’, 293
intelligence-gathering: throughout Europe, 56; under Napoleon, 77–8, 84; under Louis XVIII, 121–7, 135–6; Austrian, 312–17; see also police
Ireland: sailors in Royal Navy, 60; rule and dissent, 61–3; French attempt invasion, 62–3
Irish Insurrection Act (1796), 62
Isabella, Infanta of Spain, 399
Italy: policing, 26, 175, 315–17; division and governance in, 163–5, 174–5; unification movement, 165–6, 402; Austrian rule in, 166–7, 171–2, 269, 301, 302–3, 403–4; secret societies, 169–73; conspiracies and opposition, 175–6; travellers harassed by officials, 176–7; Austrian troops reinforced (1830), 372; risings (1830), 378, 382; France sends troops against Austrian aggression, 392; social conditions and poverty, 401; revolts under Mazzini, 403–4; censorship, 440–1; theatre in, 441; revolutionaries in, 469–70, 473; economic difficulties, 473–4; controlling measures, 474–5; Pius IX’s reforms, 475; resistance to innovation, 475; revolutions (1848), 478–9, 489; and ‘Calabrian look’, 481; see also Naples
Jablonowski, Prince, 242
Jacob, William, 226
Jacobins, 17–20, 30, 38–9, 71, 73–4, 83, 105, 350
Jacqueminot, General Jean-François, 483
Jahn, Ludwig, 197, 224, 314, 463
Jakubovich, Aleksandr Ivanovich, 328
Jefferson, Thomas, 68
Jena, Battle of (1806), 158
Jews: as revolutionaries, 351
John VI, King of Portugal, 267
Joinville, François, prince de, 418
Jordan, Professor (of Marburg), 396
Joseph II, Emperor of Austria: police, 25; anti-Enlightenment measures, 26, 33; reforms, 29, 161, 163; and Francis II’s upbringing, 31; death, 212
Journal des débats, 162
Junglingsbund, 310
Jung Stilling, Johann Heinrich, 7
Kalitowsky, Dr, 433
Kamptz, Karl Albert von, 205, 224–5, 338, 395, 397, 463
Karamzin, Nikolai Mikhailovich, 180
Karl, Prince of Prussia, 464
Karlsbad Decrees, 223, 227, 246, 395, 477
Kästenburg (castle), 393–4
Kazan, University of, 325
Kent, Prince Edward Augustus, Duke of, 123
Kent, Victoria Mary Louisa, Duchess of, 194
Kératry, Auguste de, 293–4
Kinnaird, Charles, 8th Baron, 118, 139, 184
Klopstock, Friedrich Gottlieb, 11
Knigge, Baron Adolf Franz von (‘Philo’), 15–16
Kochubey, Viktor Pavlovich, 323, 460
Kolowrat, Count Franz Anton von, 398–9, 431, 477, 488
Köning, Karl, 211
Kotzebue, August von: murdered, 208–11, 213, 223, 309, 310, 327, 351
Krametz-Lilienthal, Anton, 314
Kritsky brothers, 346
Krüdener, Baroness Julie von, 3, 8, 101, 182
Kubeck, Karl Friedrich von, 399
Labouchère, Pierre César, 190
Lafayette, George, 284
Lafayette, Marie Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert du Motier, marquis de, 30, 282–4, 292, 363, 394, 409, 485
La Ferronays, Pierre Louis de, 233, 237, 257, 264, 303, 323
Lafitte, Jacques, 282, 351, 358, 363, 385
La Harpe, Frédéric César de, 5–6, 103, 176, 179, 226
La Hodde, Lucien de, 410–11, 482
Laibach (Ljubljana): congress (1821), 265, 267–71
Lallemand, Nicolas, 239
La Mare, Nicolas de: Traité de la police, 22
Lamarque, General Jean-Maximilien, 412
Lamartine, Alphonse de, 102, 480, 485, 494
Lamsdorff, General Matthew, 334
Lancaster, Joseph, 71
Langres, Lombard de: Des Sociétés secrètes en Allemagne et en d’autres contrées, 211–12, 319
Lannes, Marshal Jean: bastard son, 400
Larl August, Grand Duke of Weimar, 206
Lassave, Nina, 418
Latour-Maubourg, General Victor de Fay de, 217, 227
Laube, Heinrich, 405
Lavalette, Antoine-Marie, comte de, 116
Lavalette, Madame de, 294
Lebzeltern, Baron Louis-Joseph: as ambassador to St Petersburg, 184; takes Metternich letter to Decazes, 196; on French army, 214; and Alexander’s understanding of German unrest, 228; and assassination of duc de Berry, 233; and Metternich’s call to Alexander for conference of ambassadors, 238; reports on Alexander’s view of foreign rebels, 255; mission to Rome, 263; and Metternich’s view of Spanish crisis, 297; letter from Metternich on Russian activities in Turin, 321; shelters Trubetskoy, 333, 356
Ledoux, Captain, 138
Ledru-Rollin, Auguste, 411, 481
Lees, John, 219
Leipzig, Battle of (1813), 94, 159
Leo XII, Pope, 102
Leopold I, King of the Belgians, 386, 445, 484
Leopold II, Emperor of Austria, 29–32, 34, 157–8; death, 212
Leopoldo II, Grand Duke of Tuscany, 402
Lermontov, Mikhail, 102, 352; ‘Death of the Poet’, 451
Lesovsky, Stepan Ivanovich, 453
Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim: Emilia Galotti, 440; Nathan the Wise, 33
Leykam, Marie-Antoinette de, 356
Lieven, Princess Dorothea: at Aix congress, 190–1; background and character, 191; Metternich’s infatuation with, 191–2, 194, 278, 303; letters from Metternich, 194, 215, 267, 431; in London, 235, 240; Metternich requests to have Capodistrias removed from office, 253; and British role in Naples, 256; at Verona, 303–4; on Metternich’s remarriage, 357; as princess, 357; letter from Grey, 370; on danger of revolution in Britain, 379; and Reform Bill (British), 386; on danger of assassinations, 416, 419; letters to Aberdeen, 416, 419, 423; on Paris ‘egoism’, 423; disobeys Nicholas’ recall to Russia, 445; in Paris, 446
Lieven, Prince Kristof Andreevich, 190, 192, 194, 238, 256, 303
Lilien, Baron von, 163
Liszt, Franz, 361
literature: and censorship, 442
Liverpool: strike against abolition of slave trade, 51; population growth, 407
Liverpool, Robert Banks Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of: as prime minister, 90; Southey warns of revolution, 93; maintains armed troops, 144; on suspending habeas corpus, 150; interrogates Bamford and insurrectionists, 156; warns Wellington of Lancashire unrest, 220; and proposed European alliance, 255, 268; and Castlereagh’s decline and suicide, 298; relaxes attitude to civil disturbances, 368
Lollards, 14
Lomachevsky, Colonel, 349, 459
Lombardy-Venetia: under Austrian rule, 163–4, 166, 173, 440, 473, 498, 500; police, 315
London: policing, 27, 387, 407; mobs and protests, 58, 223, 240–1, 380; squalid conditions, 70; demonstrations against Wellington, 379; see also Britain
London Corresponding Society, 45–6, 48, 50–3, 55–6, 58, 65, 73, 75; outlawed, 66
London Working Men’s Association, 426
Londonderry, Frances, Marchioness of, 304, 439
Londonderry, Robert Stewart, 1st Marquess of, 90
Londonderry, Robert Stewart, 2nd Marquess of see Castlereagh, Viscount
Longchamp, Dubois de, 47
Louis, Archduke of Austria, 477
Louis XVI, King of France, 34, 49, 69
Louis XVII, King of France (earlier Dauphin), 109
Louis XVIII, King of France (Louis Stanislas Xavier): accession, 108–9, 117; and Napoleon’s return from Elba, 112–13; and fate of Ney, 116; succession to, 120, 195, 311; appoints Decazes police chief, 122, 236; and Italian conspiracy, 168; weakness and ill health, 195–6; and death of duc de Berry, 231; and crisis in Naples, 253; and French non-intervention in Spain, 270; supposed assassination attempt on, 290; death, 311
Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (later Napoleon III), 413, 419–20, 424
Louis-Philippe, King of the French (earlier duc d’Orléans): under surveillance in England, 123–4; considered for succession, 251, 355; accession, 363, 374; Metternich resists recognising, 373; opposes forces of anarchy, 383–4; finances, 385; and erection of Egyptian obelisk in place de la Concorde, 408; pacifism, 413; assassination attempts, 414, 417–19; allows return of Bonaparte family, 420; mocked, 423; Nicholas spurns, 444–5, 447; recognised by Austria and Prussia, 444; popularity, 468; and outbreak of 1848 revolution, 481–3; flees to England, 484, 487; on suppression of 1848 revolution in France, 494
Louvel, Louis Pierre, 232, 295
Lowe, Sir Hudson, 134
Ludwig I, King of Bavaria, 487
Luise, Queen of Frederick William III of Prussia, 200
Lukovsky (informer), 349
Luther, Martin, 206
Lützow, Major Adolf von, 198
Lyon, Jane, 334
Macerata, Italy, 176
Maddox, Roman, 347–8
Magnitsky, Mikhail Nikolaevich, 325, 350–1, 448
mail (post): protected in Britain, 86; intercepted in Austria, 162–3, 433–5; Mazzini’s intercepted in Britain, 469
Mailath, Johann von, 440
Maillé, duchesse de, 417
Mainz see Central Commission of Investigation
Maistre, Joseph de, 13–14, 103, 105, 435
Maitland, General Sir Peregrine, 93
Malmesbury, James Edward Harris, 2nd Earl of, 381
Malthus, Thomas, 70
Manchester: civil unrest, 217–21; population growth, 407
Manchester and Salford Yeomanry, 219
Manuel, Jacques-Antoine, 282, 294
Maréchaussée (marshalcy), 22, 25, 82
Maria Christina, Queen of Spain, 399
Maria Feodorovna, Empress of Russia, 191, 338, 487
Maria Theresa, Empress of Austria, 25
Marie-Amélie, Queen of Louis-Philippe, 480, 484
Marie-Louise, Empress of Napoleon I, 76, 130, 163, 303, 316
Marmont, Marshal Auguste, 116, 138, 251, 358, 361–2, 366, 444
Marsan, Marie-Louise, comtesse de, 120
Martignac, vicomte Jean-Baptiste de, 359
Martineau, Harriet, 142
Martini, Karl Anton von, 39
Martinovics, Ignác, 39
Marx, Karl, 446, 494; Class Struggles in France, 497; Communist Manifesto (with Engels), 498
Mazarin, Cardinal Jules, 23
Mazzini, Giuseppe, 401–3, 418, 469–70, 478, 500
Mecklemburg, General Karl, Duke of, 206, 465
Mehmet Ali Pasha, Khedive of Egypt, 408
Melbourne, William Lamb, 2nd Viscount, 380, 387
Melville, Robert Saunders Dundas, 2nd Viscount, 385
Merilhou, Joseph, 282, 284, 358
Merthyr Tydfil, 386
Meshcherskaia, Princess Sophie, 259
Mesmer, Dr Franz Anton, 29
Methodism: in Britain, 70–1; Metternich’s suspicion of, 182
Metternich-Winneburg-Beilstein, Prince Klemens Wenzel Lothar von: and Alexander’s Holy Alliance, 5; on Alexander, 8, 166; on revolutionary French exiles, 30; background and career, 157–8; political principles, 159–62, 390; controls intelligence services, 162–3; and Austrian rule in Italy, 163–4, 168, 171–2, 178, 302–3; on Italian secret societies, 172–3; distaste for Alexander’s liberalism, 180–1; opposes constitutions, 181; wariness of religious heresies, 181–2; suspects Russian diplomatic activities, 183; diplomatic relations with Russia, 184; warns Wellington of Netherlands, 184; and Russian proposed withdrawal from France, 185; suspicious of Decazes, 185; and Alexander’s presence at Aix-la-Chapelle congress, 186, 188–9, 193; infatuation with Dorothea Lieven, 191–2, 194, 278, 303; receives intelligence from Grüner, 193; differences with Alexander, 194; and disorder in France, 196; fears revolution in Prussia, 196–7; favours Bundestag, 198; and murder of Kotzebue, 210, 223; concern over French army, 214; and German suicidal terrorists, 214; repressive measures adopted in Germany, 223–4, 226–7, 246; and Spanish pronunciamiento, 231, 237–8; on assassination of duc de Berry, 233; theory of universal conspiracy, 238–9, 381–2, 390–1, 400; daughter’s death, 241; and Naples revolution and constitution, 241–9, 255, 258, 262–3, 265, 269, 275, 301–2; antipathy to political opposition, 250; and Alexander’s proposal on Naples crisis, 253; distrusts and maligns Capodistrias, 253; sends Lebzeltern to meet Alexander, 255; attends Troppau congress, 257–8, 262–5; and army mutiny in St Petersburg, 261; proposes universal principle of intervention, 264; at Laibach congress, 267–8, 270; informed of revolution in Piedmont, 271; believes revolutions outdated, 275; appointed chancellor, 276; and papal ban on Carbonari, 276; confers with Castlereagh, 277–8; loses faith in Britain, 277, 406, 426; Alexander appeals to for advice, 279; accuses Capodistrias of pro-Greek propaganda, 280; and Greek independence movement, 280; undermines Holy Alliance, 280; believes French police infiltrated by conspirators, 295; opposes constitutional government in Spain, 297; suspicion of Monroe doctrine, 298; and Vienna conference (1822), 298; at Verona congress of monarchs (1822), 299–301, 303–4; on Castlereagh’s suicide, 299; opposes intervention in Spain, 305–8; made Duke of Texas, 308; believes in German anti-social conspiracy, 311; on Charles X’s succession in France, 311; employs police spies in Italy, 316; interrogates Confalonieri, 321; Benckendorff meets, 340; instructions to Apponyi, 355; remarries (Marie-Antoinette de Leykam), 356; suspicion of French revolutionary movements, 356; wariness of England and Canning, 356; on Charles X’s measures, 360; and July Revolution (France 1830), 363–4, 371–3, 390; proposes pan-German military force against threat of French attacks, 372–3; wariness of Louis-Philippe, 373; sends troops to suppress risings in Italy, 378, 382; welcomes Polish rising, 378, 382; prepares for war with France, 383; and Rothschilds, 385; Gentz’s revised view of, 389–90; and German support for Polish refugees, 391; isolation, 392; and British unrest, 393, 406–7; and Hambach festival, 393–4; issues six (then ten) articles (1832), 395; exploits popular demonstrations, 397; Kolowrat criticises, 398; meets Nicholas at Munchengrätz, 398–9; holds conference of German ministers in Vienna (1834), 399–400; loses influence in Germany, 400; troubled by minor insurrections, 400–1; and Mazzini’s revolts, 403–4; cooperates with Russians, 405–6; exchanges information with Benckendorff, 405, 431–2; blames Mazzini for violence in France, 418; on Paris as ‘sewer’, 426; on political refugees’ activities, 430–3; assassination threat to, 433; controls passage of European mail, 433–6; censorship, 437–9; suppresses societies and institutions, 437; and Frederick William IV’s aims, 463; opposes reform movement in Prussia, 467; opposes liberalism and nationalist movements, 468–9; and Switzerland as centre of subversion, 468–9; and Polish revolutionaries, 469–73; opposes Hungarian nationalism, 471; annexes Kraków, 472; and illiberality in Italy, 475; on Prussian depression, 476; and 1848 revolutions, 477, 479, 486–8, 496; rule in Austria, 477; self-exile in England, 488–9, 496
Meyendorff, Baron Peter von, 397–8, 405, 464, 489
Michael, Grand Duke of Russia, 259, 333, 348–9
Michelet, Jules, 480
Mickiewicz, Adam, 450
middle classes: reject dominance of aristocracy, 393
Mierosławski, Ludwik, 470, 490
Miguel, Dom (of Portugal), 399
Mikhailovsky-Danilevsky, Aleksandr Ivanovich, 190
Milan: anti-Austrian conspiracy, 167–8; Metternich proposes investigating commission in, 302; revolts against Austrian rule (1848), 489
Miles, William Augustus, 35
millenarianism, 100
Miloradovich, General Mikhail Andreevich, 259–60, 333
Minichini, Luigi, 242–3
Ministry of All the Talents (Britain), 86
Mirabeau, Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, marquis de, 17
Mirari vos (encyclical), 402
Modena, Francis IV, Duke of, 474
Moira, Francis Rawdon Hastings, 2nd Earl of, 67
Molé, Louis-Matthieu, 139, 364
Mollien, Nicolas, 113
monarchy: and legitimacy, 104
Monnier (conspirator), 137
Montez, Lola, 486
Montlosier, François Dominique de, 102, 104, 357
Montmorency, Anne Adrien Pierre de, duc de Laval, 301, 303, 305–6
Moore, Thomas, 407
Mordvinov (Russian suspect), 246–7
More, Hannah, 71
Morea, Agricole, 114
Morelli, Lieutenant Michele, 242–3
Morey, Pierre, 418
Morning Chronicle, 162
Mortemart, General Casimir Louis de Rochechouart, duc de, 362
Mortier, Marshal Edouard Adolphe Casimir Joseph, 418, 444
Moscow Telegraph, 353
Mosley, Sir Oswald, 217
Mounier, Claude, baron, 239, 251, 283
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus: The Magic Flute, 16; La Clemenza di Tito, 31
Munchengrätz: conference (1832), 398
Murat, Joachim, 163, 165, 243, 245
Muravev, Nikita Mikhailovich, 328
Muravev-Apostol, Sergei Ivanovich, 333
Musset, Alfred de, 102
Nagler, Karl von, 201
Nantil, Léon, 251
Napier, General Charles, 426
Napier, Colonel Sir William, 381
Naples: ‘Army of the Holy Faith’, 99; Murat rules, 163; Bourbons reclaim, 164; revolution and constitution (1820), 242–9, 253, 255–6; discussed at Troppau and Laibach congresses, 258, 261–3, 267–9; Austrian army marches on, 269–72, 301; armistice with Austria, 275; occupied by Austrian army, 302
Napoleon I (Bonaparte), Emperor of the French: exiled, 1–3, 7–8, 108, 128; Treaty of Tilsit with Alexander I, 7; and prospective invasion of Britain, 75; abolishes Holy Roman Empire, 76, 158; domination in Europe, 76–7, 85; rule, 77, 81–3, 85; assassination attempts on, 82, 293; Continental System, 86, 96; defeated in Russia, 87, 179; Leipzig defeat, 94; legitimacy questioned, 107; returns from Elba for Hundred Days, 112–15; loses popular support, 114–15; rumours of return, 128–31; restrictions and reputation after downfall, 131; fears of escape from St Helena, 133–4, 140; occupies Schönbrunn Palace, 161; and control of Italy, 163, 165, 169; Metternich’s view of, 168–9; death, 282; survival rumours, 307; Gentz on mistake of overthrowing, 390
Napoleon II, King of Rome (Duke of Reichstadt), 76–7, 129, 163, 282, 320, 363; death, 413
Napoleon III, Emperor of the French see Louis-Napoléon
Naryshkina, Maria Antonovna, 326
National Assembly (France): and national security, 27–8
National Charter Association, 428
National Convention of the Industrious Classes (Britain), 426
National Guard (France): disbanded, 360, 362; Lafayette given command, 409; and 1848 demonstrations, 494
National Political Union of the Working Classes (Britain), 407
nationalism: and independence movements, 101
Necker, Jacques, 120
Nefedev (Russian state councillor), 342
Neipperg, Count, 303
Nelson, Admiral Horatio, Viscount, 118
Nemours, Louis-Charles-Philippe, duc de, 418
Nepean, Evan, 48
Nesselrode, Count Karl von: as foreign minister of Russia, 185; Pozzo di Borgo reports to, 185, 214, 239; Dorothea Lieven sends information to, 191, 240; warned about Ultras, 196, 213, 239; and revival of French army, 214; and Capodistrias, 253, 261; withholds Metternich’s information from Alexander, 253; writes to Richelieu, 270; Metternich warns against intervention in Greece, 301; attends Verona congress, 303; and Metternich’s reaction to French 1830 revolution, 371–2; on British Reform Bill, 386; Meyendorff reports to, 397–8; and Gutzkow’s writings, 405; on passport control committee, 446; and Metternich’s flight to exile, 489
Nesselrode, Countess von, 213, 260, 460
Nether Stowey, Somerset, 66
Netherlands: and independent Belgium, 365
Neumann, Philipp von, 227, 338
Newcastle, Henry Pelham Fiennes Pelham Clinton, 4th Duke of, 387
Ney, Marshal Michel, 112, 116; sons’ whereabouts, 291
Nicholas I, Tsar (earlier Grand Duke) of Russia: and Semeonovsky Guards mutiny, 259–60; succeeds Alexander I, 331–4; qualities, 334–5; interrogates and punishes Decembrist mutineers, 336–8, 345–6; manifesto on purifying society, 339; friendship with Benckendorff, 340; and role of Third Section, 343, 349; fear of conspiracies and threats, 349–52; censorship rules, 352; Metternich disparages, 356; and reaction to French 1830 revolution, 371; refuses to recognise Louis-Philippe, 373–4; and rising in Poland, 375, 377, 382–3; mobilises against French threat, 376; meets Metternich at Munchengrätz, 398–9; supports Don Carlos in Spain, 399; praises Metternich, 406; recognises Louis-Philippe reluctantly, 444–5; rule and preservation of national integrity, 444–8, 460–2, 500; suspicion of French influence, 445–6; censors Pushkin, 451–2; bans smoking in streets, 453; hostility to Poles, 453; personal problems, 460; and Frederick William IV, 462–3, 467; wariness of Prussia, 462–3, 466; assassination attempt on, 464; urges Metternich to incorporate Kraków into Austria, 472; reaction to 1848 revolutions, 486–7, 493; on Metternich’s flight to exile, 489; My Confession, 444
Nikitenko, Aleksandr, 461
nobility: rights affected by Congress of Vienna, 103; see also aristocracy
Nodder, Frederick Polydore, 51
Nodier, Charles, 122
Nore mutiny (1797), 60
Norfolk, Charles Howard, 11th Duke of, 59, 65
Norris (Manchester magistrate), 218
North, John Henry, 388
Northern Bee (Russian periodical), 452
Northern Society (Russia), 328, 332–3
Northumberland, HMS, 1
Norwich Revolution Society, 42, 44
Notes on the chief causes of the late revolutions of Europe (pamphlet), 72
Novalis (Baron Friedrich Leopold von Hardenberg), 101
Novara, Battle of (1821), 276
Novgorod: mutiny, 377
Novosiltsev, Count Nikolai Nikolaievich, 181, 250, 374–5
Odessa, 273
opera: and censorship, 441
Opie, Amelia Alderson, 66
Orange Order (Ireland), 62
Orléans, Ferdinand-Philippe, duc d’, 417, 419, 468, 480, 484
Orléans, Hélène, duchesse d’, 485
Orléans, Louis-Philippe, duc d’ see Louis-Philippe, King of the French
Orlov, Count Aleksei Fyodorovich, 455
Österreichische Beobachter (newspaper), 162
Paisley (Scotland), 53
Palermo: revolution (1848), 478
Palmerston, Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount, 395, 473, 487
Papal States: French occupy, 102; and passage of mail, 163; opposition to government suppressed, 175; and Naples, 263; revolts, 382, 403; beggars, 401; bankruptcy, 473; carabinieri, 474
Paris: in French Revolution, 12; police and regulations, 22–5, 286, 359–61, 410, 415–16, 420–1, 423; mob actions in, 45; September massacres, 69; conditions described in Britain, 71–2; population increase and density, 117, 422; military conspiracy, 250–2; small bomb at Tuileries, 270; improvements, 282; conspiratorial cells (ventes), 283–4, 293–4, 422–3; under Delaveau’s repressive policing, 286–92; National Guard, 358; July revolution (1830), 361–4; Metternich believes centre of universal conspiracy, 382, 390, 394; obelisk from Egypt installed in place de la Concorde, 408–9; troublemakers and factions, 410–13, 424–5; rioting, 412; cholera, 413; refugees and exiles in, 414; cultural pre-eminence, 421; in fiction, 422; Russian visitors, 446–7; poverty and social conditions, 480–1; and outbreak of 1848 revolution, 481–6
Paris, Louis-Philippe Albert d’Orléans, comte de, 484–5
Parkinson, James, 55
Parliament, Houses of: destroyed by fire, 407; see also Commons, House of
Parthana, Madame, Duchess of Floridia, 268
Pasquier, Étienne-Denis, 231, 237, 256
Patriotes de 1815, Les, 136
Patriotic Society (Poland), 374–6
Patrushev, Nikolai, 500
Paul, Emperor of Russia, 5–7
peace (1815): effects, 96–100
Pedro, Dom (of Portugal), 399
Peep o’Day Boys (Ireland), 61
Pellico, Silvio: Le mie Prigioni, 320, 459
Pentrich, Derbyshire, 151, 154
Pepe, General Guglielmo, 243, 271
Perceval, Spencer, 86, 89, 91, 107
Pergen, Johann Anton, Count von, 25, 30, 32–3, 39–40, 162
Perovsky, L.A. (Russian interior minister), 446
Perrier, Casimir, 385
Pestel, Pavel Ivanovich, 328, 333
Peter I (the Great), Tsar of Russia, 349
Peterloo massacre (1819), 219–21, 241
Peuchet, Jacques, 126, 128, 139
Philadelphes (group), 169
Philiki Hetairia (association), 273
Photius, 326
Piedmont: revolution, 271–2, 275–6, 302, 305; rising (1830), 378; attempted insurrection (1833), 400; constitution, 479
Pillnitz, declaration of (1791), 42
Pitt, William, the Younger: reforms, 41; counter-revolutionary measures, 44, 47–8, 52–5, 59; shocked at execution of Louis XVI, 49; death threat against, 51; suspends Habeas Corpus Act, 54; and French invasion threat, 59; withdraws Fitzwilliam from Ireland, 62; tolerates Freemasonry, 67; death, 86; and Addington, 90
Pius VII, Pope, 174
Pius VIII, Pope: death, 378
Place, Francis, 65, 87, 152, 154, 221, 366, 379, 426
Plug-Plot events (Britain), 428
Poisson, Dr, 3
Poland: constitution (1791), 37; revolution (1794), 38; revolutionaries from, 41–3, 169, 404, 469–73; king deposed, 161; Alexander I grants new constitution to, 181; Tsar attends opening of Sejm, 250; Congress Kingdom, 374–5; nationalist movement, 374, 386; Nicholas’s attitude to, 375, 453, 464; under Grand Duke Constantine, 375–6; rising (1830), 376, 378, 382, 384, 429; Nicholas sends in troops, 377; German popular support for, 383, 391; exiles flee westward, 391; émigrés attempt to foment conspiracy in Galicia, 400; refugees in France, 414; refugees in England, 429–30; Metternich suspects of revolutionary activities, 430–1; poor intelligence reports, 432; Frederick William’s tolerance of, 464; Frederick William promises autonomy to provinces, 490; Germans declare partition illegal, 491; 1848 revolution, 498
Polevoi, Nikolai Aleksandrovich, 353
police: in France, 22–5, 83–5, 286–92, 356, 415–16, 423; in Paris, 22–5, 286, 359–61, 410, 420–1; in Austrian Empire, 25–6, 39, 162, 312–20, 356; under Napoleon, 77–8, 81; under Louis XVIII, 122, 124–7; in Italy, 166, 173, 175; in Prussia, 201–5, 465; in Russia, 341–53, 454–8; in Britain, 368–9, 380, 387, 407, 491; in French fiction, 421
Police Act (Britain, 1829), 369
Polignac, prince Jules de, 359, 362, 414
Polish Democratic Society, 469
Poniatowski, Marshal Józef Antoni, 133
Ponte, Lorenzo da, 29
Portland, William Henry Cavendish Bentinck, 3rd Duke of, 52, 86
Portugal: military insurrection, 252; conflict over succession, 399
Posen, Grand Duchy of, 464, 470, 473
Pozzo di Borgo, Charles André, 118, 120, 138–9, 185, 214, 221, 233, 237, 239
press freedom see censorship
press gangs: riots against, 55
Preston (Lancashire): Moor Park, 492
Preston, Thomas, 144, 149, 151, 234
Price, Richard, 42–3
Priestley, Joseph, 43–4
Proudhon, Pierre Joseph, 411, 423
Prussia: Napoleon defeats, 76; and war of liberation, 99; proposed constitution, 181; Metternich’s alarm over, 196–7; revolutionary nationalism, 198–200, 202; army, 200; territorial changes, 200; constitution deferred, 201; police, 201–5, 465; repressive measures, 224–6; and Metternich’s settlement of Naples crisis, 262; and potential threat from France, 372–3; establishes Zollverein, 400; as German champion, 400; as supposed threat to Russia, 462, 464; protests suppressed, 465–6; demands for reform, 467, 476–7; economic depression, 476; counter-revolution, 495
Pushkin, Alexander, 102, 327, 449, 451–2; Eugene Onegin, 327; Boris Godunov, 451
Quadruple Alliance (Britain-Austria-Russia-Prussia), 159, 238, 257, 264, 269
Quincy, Edmund, 12
Quiroga, Colonel Antoni, 230–1, 237, 327–8
Radetzky von Radetz, Field Marshal Joseph, Count, 476, 495
Radowitz, Joseph von, 463
Ramel, General Jean-Pierre, 115
Ramses II, pharaoh, 409
Randon (conspirator), 137
Rapp, General Jean, 252
Réal, Pierre-François, 82
Rebecca riots (Wales), 428
Récamier, Juliette Bernard, 190, 303
Rechberg, Count, 246
Reform Bills (Britain), 385–7, 392, 406–7
religion and churches: affected by war, 98–9; in post-Napoleonic France, 110–11; and rise of secular state, 160–1
Religious Tract Society, 71
Rémusat, Charles de, 419, 423–4
Reuter, Fritz, 396
revolutions of 1848: outbreak and spread, 478, 481–5, 488–91; effect on ruling monarchs, 486; fail to evolve, 494–5; effects, 496–8
Rey, Joseph, 310
Rhenische Merkur, 198
Richards (builder/actor; ‘Oliver’), 154
Richelieu, Cardinal Armand Jean Duplessis, duc de, 23
Richelieu, Armand-Emmanuel du Plessis, duc de: on French fanaticism, 37; as prime minister, 118–19, 122, 133, 137; fears Napoleon’s escape and return, 133–4; disbelieves intelligence reports of conspiracy, 136; and Alexander’s suspicions of conspiracy, 154; at coronation of Leopold II, 158; resigns as prime minister, 195; and Cato Street conspiracy, 235; and assassination plot against royal family, 236; and British reluctance to support action on Naples crisis, 256; disapproves of Metternich’s intervention in Naples, 269; rejects French intervention in Spain, 269; and bomb at Tuileries, 270; dismisses idea of comité directeur in Paris, 277; on stability in Paris, 282; repressive regime, 284; second ministry falls, 285, 296; Advice to Young Noblemen, 101
Richmond, Charles Gordon-Lennox, 5th Duke of, 369
Richter, Jean-Paul, 16
Riego, Major Rafael del, 230–1, 237, 252, 296, 307, 327–8
Rights of Man: as concept, 104
Riot Act (England, 1714), 26
Robespierre, Maximilien, 40, 83, 169
Romanticism, German, 101
Rome: republic proclaimed (1849), 495
Romilly, Sir Samuel, 11, 45, 151, 154
Ross, Captain Charles, 1–2
Rossini, Gioacchino Antonio, 306; Guillaume Tell, 441; I Lombardi, 441
Rostopchin, Count Fedor Vassilievich, 247
Rothschild family, 351, 384–5, 473
Rothschild, David, 190
Rothschild, James, 384
Rothschild, Salomon, 384
Rothschild, Solomon and Carl, 190
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 14, 19, 80, 169
Rowan, Hamilton, 61
Royal Navy: mutinies (1797), 60; rights over neutral shipping, 86
Ruffo, Prince Alvaro, 268–9, 303
Runich, D.P., 325
Russia: Napoleon defeated in, 87, 179; national debt, 97; Alexander’s proposed reforms, 179–80; religious revivalism, 182; seeks Mediterranean naval base, 183; Alexander rejects constitution, 250; army mutiny, 258–61; and Greek independence movement against Turks, 278–9; hostility to Turkey, 278; embassy in Turin, 322; repressive measures, 323–5, 447, 451, 454–60; literary societies, 327–8; disaffection in, 328–30; imperial expansion, 329; December Mutiny over succession to Alexander I, 332–4, 336, 338, 341; under Nicholas I’s rule, 339–40; Third Section (secret police), 342–8, 352–4, 447, 451, 453–8, 460; discontent among youth, 345–6; denunciations, 349; censorship in, 352, 450–3, 459–60; and Polish nationalist movement, 374–7; cholera epidemic, 377; captures Warsaw, 391; signs convention with Austria (1833), 399; extradition treaty with Austria, 405; rumoured Polish refugees’ conspiracy in, 431–2; Nicholas preserves national integrity, 444–9; visitors to Paris, 446–7; education, 448–50; serfdom preserved, 460; supposed Prussian threat to, 462; and effect of 1848 revolutions, 493–4; effect of tsars’ control, 500
Rutland, John Henry Manners, 5th Duke of, 388, 390
Saint Just, Louis Antoine, 169, 227
St Peter’s Fields, Manchester, 151, 216–20
St Petersburg: spies in, 323–4; see also Russia
Saint-Agnan (of Milan), 167–8
Saint-Cyr, Marshal Laurent de Gouvion, 214
Saint-Domingue, 46
Saint-Leu, duchesse de (formerly Queen Hortense of Holland), 419
Saint-Martin, Louis-Claude de, 101
Saint-Romain-de-Popey, 125
Salis, General de, 474
San Lorenzo, Duke of, 290
Sand, George: La Comtesse de Rudolstadt, 422
Sand, Karl Ludwig, 209–11, 223, 309, 327, 395, 453
Sanglen, Yakov Ivanovich, 324, 350
Sartine, Antoine de, 24
Sauer, Count, 32
Saumur, 284
Saurau, Count Franz Joseph, 32, 173
Savary, General Anne-Jean-Marie, 239
Sayn-Wittgenstein, Prince Wilhelm Ludwig Georg von, 201, 203–4, 206, 211, 224–6, 394
Scheltein (police agent), 137
Schiller, Friedrich von, 16; Don Juan, 33; Faust, 33; The Robbers, 33
Schlegel, Friedrich, 162
Schleiermacher, Friedrich, 160, 224
Schmalz, Anton Heinrich, 201
Schwarz, Colonel, 259
Schwindelgeist (‘Freedom Swindle’), 31, 33, 207, 436
Scotland: unrest in, 222
Seale, Major, 91
Sealsfield, Charles, 312
Sebastiani, General Tiburce, 483
Secret Expedition (group), 323
secret societies, 169–70, 211–13, 293–5, 310, 318–19; see also Freemasonry
Seditious Meetings Act (1816), 150
Seditious Meetings Bill (1794), 59
Sedlnitzky, Count Josef, 162, 186, 207, 378, 433
Selivanov, I.V., 456
Semeonovsky Guards (Russia): mutiny, 258–61, 320
Serafim, Metropolitan, 333
Seymour, Hamilton, 299
Shaw, Alderman (of London), 144
Shegog, John, 241
Shelley, Frances, Lady, 220
Shelley, Mary, 176
Shelley, Percy Bysshe, 91
Sheridan, Richard Brinsley, 48
Sherwood, Captain John, 331, 348–50
Shishkov, Admiral Aleksandr Semeonovich, 180
Sicilies, Kingdom of the Two: revolts, 403; see also Naples
Sidmouth, Henry Addington, Viscount: as home secretary under Liverpool, 90–2; on Mount Tambora eruptions and civil unrest, 99; opposes parliamentary reform, 143; and threat of civil unrest, 144, 149–51; uses informers, 154; assassination threats against, 156, 234, 236, 240; and Peterloo, 218, 220; on dissatisfactions in Britain, 256
Six Acts (Britain, 1819), 221–2
slave trade: abolished in Britain, 86
Société des Amis du Peuple, 384
Société des Bonnes Études, 285
Société des Familles, 416
Société du Lion Dormant, 293
Société Propagande, 381
Society for Bettering the Condition and Increasing the Comforts of the Poor (Britain), 71
Society of Saints Cyril and Methodius, 450
Society for the Suppression of Vice (Britain), 71
South America, 183, 230, 297, 308
Southern Society (Russia), 328, 331, 338, 348
Southey, Robert, 11, 93, 142, 221, 381
Spa Fields, London, 143, 152, 155
Spain: reaction to French Revolution, 28; religion in, 99; aims to regain South American colonies, 183, 230; Napoleon invades, 183; pronunciamiento (1820), 230, 237, 247; constitution of 1812 reintroduced, 237–8; extremists in, 252, 269; aims for European republics, 254; resistance to constitutional government, 296–7; discussed at 1822 Vienna conference, 298; Alexander’s preoccupation with, 296, 305; France invades, 306–8; civil war (1833), 399
Special Constables Act (Britain, 1831), 387
Spence, Thomas, 42, 71, 144, 155
Spenceans (British revolutionaries), 216
Sphinx, Le (French paddle steamer), 408
spies see intelligence gathering
Spithead mutiny (1797), 60
Stackelberg, Count, 213
Stadion, Count, 275
Staël, Anne-Louise-Germaine, baronne de, 293, 448
Stein, Heinrich Friedrich Karl, Freiherr vom, 157, 197, 204, 224, 226
Stendhal (Marie-Henri Beyle): in Italy, 176, 315; La Chartreuse de Parme, 171
Stewart, Lord Charles (later 3rd Marquess of Londonderry), 172, 187, 256–8, 263–4, 267–8
Stewart, Robert, see Castlereagh
Strangford, Percy Clinton Sydney Smythe, 6th Viscount, 301
Struve, Gustav von, 477, 491, 495
Stuart, Lord Dudley Coutts, 358
Sturdza, Count Aleksandr, 106, 207
Sublimi Maestri Perfetti, 170, 318–19
Sue, Eugène: Le Juif errant, 422; Les Mystères de Paris, 421
Sukhinov, Ivan Ivanovich, 346
Sun (British newspaper), 48
Sunday schools (Britain), 71
Sussex, Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of, 150, 295
Swiss Society of Vienna, 313
Switzerland: Metternich controls post, 162; as revolutionary centre, 468–9
Sźechényi, Count, 468
Talleyrand, Charles Maurice de, prince of Benevento, 3, 104, 108, 114–15, 407
Tambora, Mount (Sumbawa, Indonesia): eruption, 99, 105, 129, 142
Tandy, Napper, 64
Tarasov, Dr (Alexander’s physician), 304
Tatishchev, Dmitri Pavlovich, 183, 303
Terrier de Monciel, Antoine de, 126
Test Act (Britain), 43
Thiers, Louis Adolphe, 423
Third of May, The (Polish émigré periodical), 459
Third Section see Russia
Thistlewood, Arthur, 144, 149, 151, 153–4, 156, 233–5
Thugut, Baron Johann Amadeus, 35, 37–8, 40
Ticknor, George, 287
Tilsit, Treaty of (1807), 7
Times, The, 94
Tiutchev, Fyodor Ivanovich, 449
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 479–81, 485
Tolstoy, Petr Alexeevich, 340
Tone, Theobald Wolfe, 61–2, 64
Töplitz, 405–6
Torelli, Luigi, 316
trade: wartime changes, 96–7
trade unions: formed (Britain), 368–9
Trafalgar, Battle of (1805), 75–6
Treasonable and Seditious Practices Bill (Britain, 1794), 58
Trenck, Baron, 186
Trollope, Frances, 417
Troppau (Silesia): congress (1820), 256–7, 260, 264–5
Trubetskoy, Prince Sergei Petrovich, 329, 332
True Briton (newspaper), 48, 66
Tugendbund (League of Virtue, Prussia), 197, 199, 201–2, 212, 327
Turgenev, Nikolai, 327–8
Turin: Russian embassy in, 322
Turkey (Ottoman Empire): and Greek independence movement, 273–4, 278, 305
Turnvereine (athletic associations), 197
Tuscany: revolts, 403
Tyrol, 99
Tzschoppe, Gustav Adolf von, 225
Ulm, Battle of (1806), 76
Ultras, les, 119–20, 138–40, 186, 195–6, 213, 236, 239, 285, 296, 357
Union Croisée, L’, 319
Union of Free Poles, 374–5
Union Societies for parliamentary reform, 221
Union of Welfare (Russia), 326–8, 337
United Irishmen, Society of, 61–4
United States of America: revolutionary agitation in, 68; conflict with Britain over naval interference, 86; war with Britain (1812), 87; protects republics of Latin America, 297–8
University College London, 356
Unlawful Societies Act (Britain, 1799), 66
Upton, Thomas, 55–6
urbanisation, 98
utilitarians, 71
Uvarov, Sergei Semionovich, 104, 325, 447–50
Vadier, Marc-Guillaume, 114
Valmy, Battle of (1792), 45, 350
Valtancoli, Giuseppe, 177
Varnhagen von Ense, Karl August, 205
Vassilchikov, General, 247, 252, 259–60, 330
Vatican: spies and intelligence-gathering, 316
Vauversin (police agent), 135
Venetia see Lombardy-Venetia
Venice: under Austrian rule, 163, 166; Metternich visits, 306; Fanny Cerrito in, 479; declares independence from Austria, 489; attacked by Austrian and Russian troops, 496
Verdi, Giuseppe: Nabucco, 441
Vernet, Horace, 481
Verona: congress of monarchs (1822), 298–301, 303–4
Viazemsky, Prince Petr Andreevich, 181, 250
Victor Emmanuel I, King of Sardinia, 102–3, 168, 272
Victoria, Queen of Great Britain: assassination attempts on, 419; invites Nicholas I and Louis-Philippe to London, 445; Frederick William writes to on 1848 revolution, 486; Lady Burghersh explains Berlin revolution to, 490
Vidocq, François, 83, 125, 421
Vienna: conference (1819–20), 228; conference of foreign ministers (1822), 298–9, 302–3; booksellers and printers, 442; demonstrations (1848), 488; and effect of 1848 revolution, 497
Vienna, Congress (and Treaty) of (1815): negotiations, 8, 100, 103–5, 114–15, 150, 159; Metternich attends, 159; curbs German nationalism, 198; installs French regime, 373
Vigny, Alfred de, 102
Villèle, Jean-Baptiste Joseph, comte de, 105, 126, 285, 356–9
Vincent, baron Nicolas Charles de, 185, 213, 238, 297
Vinegar Hill, County Wexford, 64
Vock, Maksim Yakovlevich von, 337, 342, 344, 346
Voltaire, François Marie Arouet, 14, 18–19, 271
Vorontsov, Aleksandr, 7
Voss, Countess, 201
Wagner, Richard, 498
Wakefield, Edward Gibbon, 366
Wales: Rebecca riots, 428
Walker, George: The Vagabond, 72
Walsingham, Sir Francis, 23
wars: end in Europe (1815), 96; economic and social consequences, 97–8
Warsaw: Russians capture, 391
Wartburg, Thuringia, 206
Washington, George, 69
Waterloo, Battle of (1815), 8, 95, 115
Watson, Dr James, 144, 148–9, 151, 153–6, 234
Watson, James, Jr, 144, 149, 155
Watt, Robert, 55
‘Ways and Means’ society (Scotland), 55
Wedderburn, Robert, 71
Weidig, Pastor, 396
Wellesley, Richard Colley, Marquess of, 156
Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of: on Alexander I’s military parade, 3; believes Alexander I mad, 8; as ambassador in Paris, 118; urges appointment of Fouché, 121; attempted shooting in Paris, 139; pessimism over state of France, 140; on social unrest and unemployment, 142; Metternich warns of Netherlands disorder, 184; and Russian proposed withdrawal from France, 185; conducts dignitaries on tour of Waterloo, 192; on death of Louis XVIII, 195; belief in conspiracy, 213; alarm over reconstituted French army, 214; supports Peterloo massacre, 220; believes in revolutionary movement in Britain, 221, 385, 393; and Spanish pronunciamiento, 231, 237–8; letter from Pozzo di Borgo, 233; on Cato Street conspiracy, 235; mobbed in London, 240, 406; on disaffected military in London, 241; and Naples revolution, 244; and Alexander’s suspicions of Spanish ambassador, 259; and Alexander’s rejection of military insubordination, 296; and Castlereagh’s health decline, 298; as observer at 1822 Vienna conference, 299; attends 1822 Verona conference, 303–5; womanising, 304; and Alexander’s preoccupation with Spain, 305; denounced as conspirator, 351; letter from Molé on July revolution (1830), 364; on role of troops in event of civil unrest, 370; rejects Metternich’s proposal for conference, 378; opposes reform, 379; as prime minister, 379; on popular unrest, 381; reaction to Reform Bill and riots, 385, 387; disbelieves rumours of French officers in London, 387; decline in popularity, 388; warned of assassination plots, 392; commands force against Chartist demonstration, 492
Werther, Heinrich Wilhelm von, 373
Wesley, John, 49
Westminster Radicals, 71
Wette, Wilhelm de, 211
Whig Club, 65
Whiskey Rebellion (USA, 1794), 69
Wickham, William, 48, 52; A Practical View of Christianity, 71
Wilberforce, William, 59
Wilhelm I, King of Württemberg, 228, 309, 397, 469, 486
William I, King of the Netherlands, 365, 376, 379, 386
William II, Elector of Hesse-Kassel, 365
William III (of Orange), King of Great Britain, 41
William IV, King of Great Britain, 388, 392, 406
William, Prince of Orange, 117
William, Prince of Prussia, 464, 467, 490
Wilmot, Martha, 312
Wilson, General Sir Robert, 118, 216, 258, 307
Wollaston, Francis, 19
Wordsworth, William, 11, 66, 90, 406
working classes: and potential revolution, 393; in Britain, 407
Working Men’s Association (Britain), 429
Wrede, Prince Karl Philipp von, 391, 392, 397, 404
Wycliffe, John, 14
Yorck von Wartenburg, General Johann David von, 224
Young Germany, 405
Young Italy (Giovine Italia), 402–3, 418
Ypsilantis, Count Alexandros, 273–4, 278–9
Zakrevsky, Arsenii Andreevich, 252, 270, 354
Zavalyshin (revolutionary), 337
Zentner, Baron von, 246
Zichy, Count, 206