Index

Note: Italicized page numbers indicate photographs. Page numbers followed by n or t indicate notes or tables.

• Abbott, Robert Sengstacke, 94
• ABC television, 289
• Adams, Sherman, 251
• Adams, Wirt, 27–30
• Addison, J. W., 184, 186, 187
• AFL-CIO, 246–247
• African American Military History Museum, 226, 307
• African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church, 86
• African Methodist Episcopal Zion (AMEZ) Church, 86
• Afro-American Sons and Daughters, 183
• Agricultural jobs: in 1920s, 61–62, 128; in 1930s, 147–148, 149; post–World War II farming cooperative and, 245. See also Cotton industry; Lumber and timber industries
• Alcorn, James, 41
• Alcorn Agricultural & Mechanical College, 125–126. See also Alcorn State University
• Alcorn State University, 41, 125–126, 268, 271
• Alexander v. Holmes County, 299
• American Federation of Labor (AFL), 208
• Ames, Adelbert, 17–18
• Arlington National Cemetery, Confederate monument at, 76
• Associated Negro Press, 123–124, 134, 222
• Associated Press, 119, 239
• Atlanta Constitution, 33, 52, 119
• Atlanta Daily World, 222

• Bailey, Charles, 44
• Bailey, Wayne, 44
• Baker, Constance, 84, 172, 227
• Baker, Ella, 227, 274, 286
• Baker, Robert, 227
• Baltimore Afro-American, 142, 144, 180, 219
• Baltimore Sun, 52
• Bankhead, Walter, 69–70
• Banks, Charles, 134
• Barnes, Ariel, 81, 84
• Barnes, Rev. John M., 276, 277–278, 297
• Barnes, Milton, 213–214, 221, 230, 255, 256
• Barnes Cleaners, 214, 255
• Bates, Gladys Noel, 186
• Batson, Thomas, 70, 73
• Beacon Light, 88
• Bethune, Mary McLeod, 134, 225
• Bilbo, Theodore, 91, 118, 209, 228
• “Bill of Complaints” (1914), segregated railroads and, 90
• Biloxi Herald, 29, 30, 34
• Birth of a Nation (film), 71, 132
• Black business community: civil rights movement and, 265–266, 296; Mobile Street District and, 133–140, 265–266
• Bonus Army, of World War I veterans, 155–156
• Bootlegging, in New Deal era, 172–173
• Bourn, Benjamin, 227, 230, 255, 276, 281
• Bowers, Eaton J., 32, 34, 36, 306
• Bowers, Samuel Holloway, 36, 305–307
• Boyd, John, 45
• Boyd, Richard, 81, 215, 216, 246–247
• Boy Scouts, 105, 150, 151, 250, 268
• Bradford Construction Company, 31–32
• Bradford Oil Company, 31
• Brady, Tom P., 254
• Branch, Raylawni, 289, 290
• Brooks, Preston, 15
• Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, 208
• Brown, Charles, 213
• Brown, Jennie, 187
• Brown, Jesse, 214
• Brown, William, 218
• Brownell, Herbert, 297–298
• Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 228, 230, 249–254, 257, 268–270
• Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka II, 252
• Bruce, Blanche K., 14
• Brunson, Jessie, 142
• Bryant, C. C., 273, 274
• Buffalo & Susquehanna Railroad, 105
• Burger, Addie, 270
• Burger, Nathaniel (N. R.), 81, 129–130, 217, 220–221, 233, 260, 276, 290; Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka and, 268–269, 270
• Butler-Bishop, Margaret, 152

• Calhoon, S. S., 52
• Calloway, Frank, 187
• Camp Shelby, 192; becomes permanent training center, 244; challenges and opportunities for Hattiesburg and, 199–200; civilians employed at during World War II, 191–192, 200–201; demobilization and, 241, 244; economic benefits for Hattiesburg, 190–191, 193–194, 197–198, 201–208, 239, 243–244; housing and, 194–197, 203–205, 216, 248; local residents’ support for troops, 205–206; natural gas consumption of, 202; racial conflicts and, 217–219; transferred to federal government, 191; troop levels during World War II, 192, 198–199; WPA restoration of, 160–161, 193, 199, 202
• Camp Shelby Civil Service Laundry Club, 216
• Camp Van Dorn, 219
• Carmichael, Samuel, 88–89
• Cash, W. J., 77
• CBS television, 275, 285
• Celestin’s Original Tuxedo Jazz Orchestra, 186
• Chain, Bobby, 201, 204
• Chamber of Commerce, in Hattiesburg, 243; attempts to revive economy in 1920s and 1930s, 105–106, 110–116, 149, 153–155; Camp Shelby and, 160–161, 192–193, 194, 198, 199, 201; community park and, 167; Dahmer’s death and, 303, 304; Mississippi Southern College and, 248–249; New Deal and, 159, 161–162, 164; playground for black children, 138; Post-War Development Fund of, 241–245; Robertson Place housing and, 196; World War II economic growth and, 207
• Chandler, Rev. James, 255–256
• Chaney, James, 305
• Chase, Veola, 188
• Chemical Workers Local No. 385, 246–247
• Chicago, IL: black migration from South to, 93–99; life for Southern migrants in, 98–99, 127
• Chicago Broad Ax, 91
• Chicago Defender, 168, 180, 218; on Bethune, 225; black migration and, 94–95, 98–99; on Civil Rights Act of 1957, 278; coverage of black leaders, 138; investigation of McCallum’s lynching and, 119–120, 142; Lynd case and, 285; popularity in Mobile Street District, 142
• Chicago Tribune, 25–26, 284, 294
• Children, black community’s support for, 167–169, 172, 188–189. See also Eureka High School
• Chitlin’ Circuit, 214
• Chrisman, J. B., 52
• Christian Methodist Episcopal (CME) Church, 86
• Christ’s Sanctified Holy Church, 141, 176
• Churches, 66, 86–87, 105; aid work during Great Depression, 175–178; black women’s roles in, 140–142, 177–178; clergy and civil rights movement, 288–290; community organization and, 87; economic benefits of Camp Shelby, 205; NAACP and, 255–256; Smith family and, 143–144; social life and, 267–268; voter registration and, 283–284. See also specific churches
• Citizens’ Council: Dahmer’s death and, 303–304; East’s mocking of, 257–258; Kennard and, 259–260; Lynd and voters’ rights, 275–276; opposition to desegregation, 253–260, 264, 271, 272, 275–277, 299–300, 303–304
• Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), race and unequal access to benefits of, 157, 158, 162, 171
• Civil Rights Act of 1957, 278–280
• Civil Rights Act of 1960, 278, 279, 280
• Civil Rights Act of 1964, 282, 285, 296, 298, 300, 301, 302
• Civil rights movement: and changes to once-vibrant black communities, 308–309; end of Jim Crow and, 295–303; factors drawing people to, 284–286; focus on voting rights, 227–233, 238, 264, 273–284, 296, 297, 300–301; Hattiesburg’s receptiveness to, 264–270; increasing public activities and, 286–292, 296; political participation of blacks after, 299–300; political parties and, 235, 238–244; post–World War II origins of and voter registration, 227–233; voting rights of whites and blacks contrasted, 280–281; whites’ strategies against, 249–263, 264, 292–294, 301. See also Civil Rights acts
• Civil Works Administration (CWA), 167–168
• “Clansman, The” (Dixon), 71
• Clark, Alfonso, 230
• Clark, Sarah, 184, 185
• Cleveland Call and Post, 142
• Clinton Lumber, 163–164
• Cobb, James, 76–77
• Cole, Penny Lee, 184–185
• Coleman, Gloria, 206
• Coleman, Jeanette, 200
• Colmer, William, 194, 197, 203, 209
• Colored Neighborhood Society, 141
• Colored Upbuilding League, 137, 139
• Committee of One Hundred, 135, 136, 140, 276
• Confederate monuments, 76–78, 309
• Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), 208
• Conner, Douglas, 172, 173, 185–186, 188–189
• Conner, Dudley, 240, 253, 260
• Conner, Martin S., 146
• Connor, Peggy Jean, 285–286
• Connor v. Johnson, 301
• Convict-leasing system, of railroads, 29–30, 69
• Cook, Clearese, 172, 173, 215
• Cook, R. C., 248–249
• Cook, Ruby, 182–183
• Cooley, Betty, 201
• Cotton industry: after Civil War, 14; black migration to South in nineteenth century and, 38; decline in 1930s, 147–148; railroads and, 20–21; Turner Smith and, 39–40, 42, 55
• Council of Federated Organizations (COFO), 290
• Courts, Gus, 254
• Cox, Luther, 229, 230, 231, 253–254, 275, 280
• Cox, William Harold, 279–280

• Dahmer, Vernon, 2, 213, 214, 220, 259; civil rights movement and, 264, 273, 274–275, 281, 284; murder of, 303–307; NAACP and, 227, 255, 259
• Dahmer, Vernon, Jr., 213
• Dale, T. Price, 229
• Davenport, Presley, 165
• Davis, Jefferson, 27, 76
• Davis, Rosaline, 54
• Davis, Thomas, 253
• Davis & Company Foundry and Machine Shop, 63
• Davis Bend, 40
• Delta Ministry, 302, 304–305
• Democratic Party: civil rights movement and Southern versus Northern, 235, 238–241; ending of Reconstruction and, 14–20; Freedom Summer and overthrow of in Mississippi, 2; popularity in Hattiesburg through World War II, 207–208; railroad segregation and, 50; Southern opposition to FEPC and, 208–210, 250
• Department of Justice, of U.S., 230–231, 279–283, 285, 296, 297, 299
• Desegregation: of Hattiesburg businesses and public places, 301–302; of schools, 298–299; in twenty-first century, 299. See also Civil rights movement; Voting rights
• Dexter Avenue Baptist Church (Montgomery), 9
• Dixie Club, of Reliance Manufacturing, 164, 206
• Dixiecrats, 240–241
• Dixie Mattress Company, 63
• Dixon, Thomas, 71
• Domestic service: as employment for black women, 47–48, 49, 82, 83, 131–132, 137, 139, 170, 171, 173, 267; World War II and, 215–216
• Doss, W. L., 30
• Du Bois, W. E. B., 90–91
• Dunagin, Huck, 247
• Dyer Bill, 118

• Eagle Eye, 254–255
• Earles, Ben, 200, 206–207
• East, P. D., 256–258, 277
• Easterling, William D., 116, 120–122
• Eastland, James, 209, 251
• Ebenezer Baptist Church (Atlanta), 9
• Edgewater Crows, 182
• Education and literacy: after Brown, 268–270; black communities and establishment of schools, 41, 100; civil rights movement and, 290; desegregation of schools and, 298–299; Freedmen’s Bureau schools and, 40–41, 42; Freedom Schools, 291–292; Mississippi public schools and, 41–43, 50; racial discrimination and, 82–83; referendum to close public schools, in 1954, 257; school funding contrasts for blacks and whites, 66–67, 184, 252; of Smith, children, 55, 79, 83, 101, 144; of Turner Smith, 39–40, 42, 86, 87–88; “understanding clause” of Mississippi Constitution, 52, 228–229, 280–281; white children and, 66–67. See also Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka; Eureka High School
• Eisenhower, Dwight D., 279, 280
• Election of 1826, 20
• Election of 1912, 155
• Election of 1932, 255–256
• Election of 1948, 240–241
• Emancipation Day celebrations, 136, 142–143
• Embassy Club (Hi-Hat Club), 214, 255
• Employment, of black men: in lumber industry, 44–45, 47, 80–81; in 1930s, 148–149, 170–171; in 1960s, 266–267; racial discrimination and, 82–83; in railroad industry, 44–45
• Employment, of black women: in domestic service, 47–48, 49, 82, 83, 131–132, 137, 139, 170, 171, 173, 267; as laundresses, 43, 47–49, 54, 55, 83; as teachers, 90; WPA and, 162
• Eureka High School, 186, 189, 296–297; community support of, 182–183, 186–188, 270; construction of and academic curriculum, 129–130, 131, 185; in early twenty-first century, 307, 309; financial support of contrasted with white high school, 184; Glee Club of, 67, 168, 220; Negro Fair in 1934 and, 167–168; staff in 1930s, 184–186; World War II and, 216–217, 220
• Eureka High School Tigers football team, 182–183, 183
• Eureka Junior High School, 269
• Eureka Parent Teacher Association (PTA), 187
• Evans, Albert, 291
• Evanston, J. E., 272
• Evers, Charles, 271, 286
• Evers, Medgar Wiley, 2, 256; background of, 270–271; civil rights work of, 271–274, 279; Kennard and, 259, 261; murder of, 285, 288; NAACP and, 232–233, 277
• Evers, Myrlie, 271, 272

• Fair Employment Practices Committee (FEPC), 208–210, 228, 235, 238, 250
• Fairley, J. C. (Jimmy), 214, 290
• Fairley v. Patterson, 301
• Falkner, William Clark, 28, 31, 64
• Fantus Factory Locating Service, 153
• Faulkner, Louis, 243; Camp Shelby and, 161, 194; Chamber of Commerce and, 105–106, 114, 115, 154; as critical of New Deal, 158; death of, 263; federal contracts and, 202–203; Forrest Hotel and, 201; Hattiesburg churches and, 105; McCallum’s lynching and, 117–119; Mississippi Central Railroad and, 104–105; Mississippi Southern College and, 249–251; opposition to desegregation, 254–255; philanthropy in 1930s, 150, 151; Reliance Manufacturing and, 153–155; WPA and, 159
• Faulkner, Vera, 105
• Faulkner, William Cuthbert, 28
• Faulkner Concrete, 202–203, 251
• Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI): Dahmer murder and, 306; Kennard and, 260; Lelyveld attack and, 294; NAACP Legal Defense Fund and, 251, 263; voter registration and, 231, 275
• Federal Council of Churches of Christ (FCC), 250
• Federal government: black activism and, 232; Camp Shelby and World War II and, 191, 194–197, 202–205, 208, 210; civil rights movement support and, 297, 300; federal spending and growth of Hattiesburg, 8, 110–111, 156–166, 239–240, 243–244; Mississippi’s acceptance of funds but insistence on “states’ rights,” 250, 263
• Federal Works Agency (FWA), 222–223
• Fields, J. C., 175
• Fifteenth Amendment, 19, 300; circumvented with poll taxes, literacy tests, and “understanding clause,” 52, 231, 278, 279, 280, 281, 297; civil rights movement motivation and, 263; passage of, 14; Peay et al. v. Cox and, 229
• Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals, 230, 280, 283
• Finlayson, J. S., 200
• First National Bank of Hattiesburg, 113, 154
• First Presbyterian Church, 105, 150, 249, 250
• Foote, F. W., 113
• Forman, James, 286
• Forrest, Nathaniel Bedford, 74–75, 77, 259, 338n50
• Forrest County: black agricultural workers in, 128; Board of Supervisors of, 159, 303; Bonus Army and, 156; bootlegging in, 133; Camp Shelby and relief workers, 161–162; naming of, 78, 309; population and employment in, 148, 164, 166; Red Cross and Great Depression, 151; spending on schools, 184
• Forrest County Cooperative, Kennard and, 261, 262
• Forrest County NAACP, 227
• Forrest County Voters League, 275
• Forrest Hotel, 114, 146, 199, 201–202
• Fort Pillow, TN, 74
• Fox, Roosevelt, 181
• Frazier, E. Franklin, 97
• Freedmen’s Bureau, schools and, 41–43
• Freedom Day demonstrations (1964), 288–289, 296
• Freedom Flashes (NAACP), 300, 301
• “Freedom House,” 284
• “Freedom-of-choice” desegregation, 298–299
• Freedom Schools, 291–292, 298, 302
• Freedom Summer (1964), 2, 137, 290–291, 300, 305
• Freedom Summer Trail, in Hattiesburg, 2, 309
• Freemasonry societies, 91–92, 135
• Frost, Dennis, 253
• Funchess, Glenda, 292, 298, 307
• Fykes, Dr. Theodore, 230

• Gardner, Ed, and wife, 69–70
• George, Kid, 72–73, 85
• GI Bill, 247–248, 271
• Giller, Andrew, 45
• Gipson, Arthur, 144
• Gipson, Arthur, Jr., 144
• Gipson, Hammond, 144
• Gipson, Mamie, 144
• Girls’ Service Organization, 206, 224
• Glenn, Frank, 196
• Goldwater, Barry, 300
• Goodman, Andrew, 305
• Gordon-Van Tine Tire Company, 163–164
• Gould, Steve, 181
• Gray, Bud, 120, 273
• Gray, Isaac, 214–215
• Gray, John, 131, 132
• Gray, Victoria Jackson, 2; Camp Shelby and, 215–216; civil rights movement and, 282–284, 285, 296–297; runs for U.S. Senate, 2, 299
• Grayson, William L., 161
• Great Depression era: economic struggles of blacks during, 170–173; election of 1932 and, 155–156. See also New Deal
• “Great Northern Drive.” See Migration, of Hattiesburg blacks: to Chicago and manufacturing jobs in early twentieth century
• Great Southern Hotel, in Gulfport, 33–34
• Green, Ernest, 219
• Gregory, Dick, 2
• Grove, Mamie. See Smith, Mamie Grove
• Gulf & Ship Island Railroad, 90, 109, 306; capture of black men along track of, 69, 70; Hardy’s vision for, 27–31; Jones’s completion of, 31–35, 57; lumber and, 59, 61
• Gulfport, MS, 28, 32–35, 198, 200
• Gulf States Creosoting, 163
• Guyot, Lawrence, 288

• Hall, E. W., 135
• Hall, Robert S., 119, 120
• Hall, Stanton, 240
• Hall, W. H., 255
• Hamer, Fannie Lou, 2, 286
• Hamilton, M. W., 253
• Haney, Houston, 181
• Hardaway, Gaither, 88–89, 134, 136–140, 175, 176, 307; World War II and, 220, 223
• Hardaway, Lillie, 135
• Hardaway, Minnie, 134, 135
• Hardy, Hattie Lott, 11, 19, 30, 31, 63
• Hardy, Ida May, 63–64, 73, 75
• Hardy, Lamar, 19
• Hardy, Sallie Johnson, 13, 16, 17
• Hardy, William Harris, 12, 61, 147; background and personal life of, 11–13, 16–17, 19, 63–64; Civil War and, 13, 35–36; death of, 64; Jones’s completion of Gulf & Ship Island Railroad and, 31–35; New Orleans & Northeastern Railroad and, 10–11, 21–24, 26–27; Reconstruction and, 15, 16–17, 19; vision for Gulf & Ship Island Railroad, 27–31, 113
• Harlan, Louis, 51
• Harlem Globetrotters, 225
• Harris, Anthony, 266, 298
• Hattiesburg, MS: anti-lynching sentiments in late 1920s, 122; becomes county seat of Forrest County, 78; black life in early twentieth century, 64–69, 66, 80–86; black migration to Chicago, 93–99; black migration to Chicago, continued growth after, 99–101, 127–133; churches in, 86–87; Committee of One Hundred, 135, 136, 140, 276; community support during Great Depression, 175; description in 1896, 57–58, 60; economic conditions in 1932, 147–149; economics of black population in 1960s, 265–267; fires in 1893, 58; first conviction of white man for murder of black man, 123–124; Golden Jubilee Festival, 146–147, 148, 152–153; lynching and, 53–54, 69–73, 116–123, 131–133; map of in 1946, 236–237; movement of blacks to, in early twentieth century, 37, 43–44; music and, 182; named by Hardy, 11; nicknamed the “Hub City,” 67–68; parallel society of businesses, churches, and mutual aid societies in, 86–93; percentage of blacks owning houses, in 1920s, 128; post–World War II industry and, 241–245; railroads and growth of, 23–24, 33, 35, 57–61; social life in 1960s, 267–268; strategic location of, 24; United Daughters of the Confederacy and preservation of Old South, 73–78; white business men in 1920s and decline of lumber industry, 105–110; white migration to for jobs, in late nineteenth century, 62–64
• Hattiesburg American: anti-FEPC editorials in, 209; black advertisements in, 135; black migration North and, 97; black schools and, 269; black USO and, 223; Camp Shelby and, 192–193, 198, 204, 206; Chamber’s efforts to bring in new business and, 113, 114, 115; “Church and Charity” campaign, 150–151; on Citizens’ Council, 253; on civil rights and, 302; collapse of timber industry and, 147; “Colored Column” in, 99–100; Dahmer’s death and, 303, 304; election of 1932 and, 156; election of 1948 and, 241; Eureka High School and, 182, 217; on Freedom Day, 288, 289; Golden Jubilee Festival edition of, 146–147, 152–153; on Hammond, 232; on Hercules Powder Company, 164; on Kennard, 261; Ku Klux Klan and, 133; on Lee’s murder, 123; on Lynd, 275, 284; McCallum’s lynching and, 117, 118, 119–121; Negro Fair and, 168; New Deal era and, 157, 158, 160, 165, 172; news of Mobile Street District and, 130–131; on prewar Chamber of Commerce, 243; railroad shootings and, 148; Turner’s death and, 226; World War II and, 219, 220
• Hattiesburg Big Four String Band, 182
• Hattiesburg Brick Works, 163–164
• Hattiesburg Compress, 63
• Hattiesburg Daily News, 72, 75–76
• Hattiesburg Daily Progress, 34, 69–70, 71, 73, 75
• Hattiesburg Grocery, 136
• Hattiesburg High School, 67, 76, 160, 161, 162, 184, 193–194
• Hattiesburg Housing Authority, 194–197
• Hattiesburg Ministers Association, 117
• Hattiesburg Ministers Project, 283
• Hattiesburg Negro Business League, 133–136, 139, 141, 142–143, 167–169, 172, 175, 178, 220, 270
• Hattiesburg News, 67–68, 95–96, 132
• Hattiesburg Police Department, 217–218
• Hattiesburg Progress, 33
• Hattiesburg Social and Civic Club, in Chicago, 127
• Hattiesburg Social Service Club, in Chicago, 99
• Hattiesburg Veneer Plant, 109
• Haven Institute (Meridian Academy), 41–42, 86
• Hayes, Curtis, 264, 270, 274–275, 281–282, 283
• Hayes, Rutherford B., 20
• Heavyweight boxing championship (1889), 23–24
• Henry, Aaron, 272, 273, 286
• Henry, Ruby, 184
• Henry L. Doherty & Co., 67
• Hercules Powder Company, 111, 112, 128, 149, 163, 164, 166, 213–214, 216, 246–247, 266–267
• Hercules Social Club, 180–181, 214
• High, Arrington, 254–255
• Hinds County Gazette, 18, 19
• Hines, Rosa, 184, 185
• Historic Mobile Street Renaissance Festival, 1–3, 5, 9
• Holmes Club, 214
• Hoover, Herbert, 155–156
• Hoover, J. Edgar, 251, 263
• Hopkins, Albert, 213
• Hopkins, Rhoda Mae, 184
• Horton, Robert, 94, 98–99
• Hotel Hattiesburg, 34–35, 65, 67, 90, 110, 153, 161
• Howard, T. R. M., 271
• Howell, Ed, 85, 87
• Howell Literary Club, 87–88, 270
• Howze, Annie B., 255
• Howze, R. H., 230
• Hub City. See Hattiesburg, MS
• Hub City Ice, 163–164
• Hudson, Timothy, 254, 272
• Human Relations Committee, in Hattiesburg, 221, 221

• Illinois Central Railroad, 26, 109
• Industrial Toilers of America, 91, 92

• Jackson, Dorothea, 301–302
• Jackson, Glodies, 283, 290
• Jackson, Thomas Smiley (T. S.), 64, 104, 109; Chamber of Commerce and, 106, 110, 113, 114–115, 119; Hattiesburg churches and, 105; illness and death of, 149–150
• Jackson, Thomas “Stonewall,” 13, 28
• Jackson Clarion, 18
• J. A. Jones Construction, 191–192
• Jenkins, Estelle, 184
• Jennings, Arthur, 131
• Jim Crow era: black business men and, 139–140; changes for blacks and whites, 5–7; civil rights movement and end of, 295–303; development of African Americans’ self-reliance and, 4, 47, 49–50; health of black persons and, 85–86; hypocrisy of, in democratic country, 238; mobilization of blacks and, 7–8, 56; origins of civil rights movement and, 9; racial segregation and development of black communities, 8–9; railroad segregation and, 50–51, 329n40; structural limitations on and racial submission of blacks, 83–86
• J. J. Newman Lumber Company, 58–60, 60, 63, 64, 67, 68, 80, 81, 89–90, 128; black migration to Chicago and, 93, 97; Hercules Powder Company and, 111; layoffs and, 147; production at height of, 107–108; recession and depletion of forest stock, 106–109, 164
• Johnson, Lyndon B., 278, 300
• Johnson, Paul B., Jr., 235, 292
• Johnson, Paul B., Sr., 64, 191
• Johnson, Robert, 182
• Johnson, Tom, 53–54
• Johnson, Walter, 38
• Jones, Amos, 70–71, 85
• Jones, Cora, 186, 187, 224
• Jones, Joseph T., 76, 306; Civil War and, 35–36; death of, 64; Gulf & Ship Island Railroad completion, 31–36, 57; Gulfport and, 33–35; Hotel Hattiesburg and, 34–36, 65, 67
• Jones, Ratio C., 230
• Jones, William H., 100

• Kamper, George William, 195
• Kelley, Robin, 92
• Kelly, Clifford, 230
• Kennard, Clyde, 2, 258–263, 268, 272, 276, 277, 285, 304
• Kennedy, John F., 16, 280, 285
• Kennedy, Robert, 280
• Kent, Marie Washington, 81
• Kilrain, Jake, 23–24
• Kincaid, Frank, 148
• King, B. B., 225
• King, Ed, 273
• King, Martin Luther, Jr., 2–3, 273, 283, 298
• Kinnard, Stephen, 89
• Knights of Pythias, 91, 92
• Knox, Frank, 197
• Knox, Joe, Jr., 230
• Knox, Joe, Sr., 230
• Komp, George, 62–63
• Komp Machine Works, 63, 80, 206
• Kress Corporation, 302
• Ku Klux Klan: S. Bowers and, 36; Dahmer’s murder and, 303, 305–307; during Reconstruction, 15, 17; expansion in 1920s, 132–133; Forrest and, 74–75

• Lackawanna Lumber Company, 59
• Ladner, Dorie, 2, 285
• Ladner, Joyce, 2, 281, 285
• Lake Pontchartrain, Hardy builds railroad bridge across, 21–22
• Lamar, Lucius Q. C., 15–16, 19–20, 51
• Landry and Matthes architects, 196
• Lang, Charlie, 219
• Laundresses: black women’s work as, 43, 47–49, 54, 55, 171; World War II and, 215–216
• Leasing Act (“Pig Law”) (1876), 29
• Lee, Rev. George, 254, 272
• Lee, Herbert, 264
• Lee, J. P., 123–124
• Lelyveld, Rabbi Arthur, 293–294
• Lelyveld, Joseph, 294
• Lewis, Ed, 72–73, 85
• Lewis, John, 286
• Lions Club, Hardaway and, 136, 138
• Lloyd, Bill, 45
• Lloyd, Rush, 276
• Logging. See Lumber and timber industries
• Long, R. A., 26
• Longleaf pine trees, 25. See also “Piney Woods” of Mississippi
• Los Angeles Times, 100, 119, 285, 294
• Lost Cause of the Confederacy, 73–78, 132
• Louis, Joe, 225
• Louisville, New Orleans, & Texas Railroad, 50–51
• Louisville, New Orleans & Texas Ry. Co. v. Mississippi, 51
• Louisville Courier-Journal, 32
• Love, Grace, 184, 185
• Lucas, Aubrey, 259
• Lumber and timber industries: additional jobs resulting from, 62–64; employment of black men in, 44–45, 47, 60–62; 1920s decline of, 105–110; 1930s collapse of, 147–149; railroads and growth of Hattiesburg, 57–61; railroads and growth of South, 24–27; recession and depletion of forest stock, 107–109
• Luxis Club, at Eureka High School, 186
• Lynchings: anti-lynching legislation, 235; anti-lynching sentiments in late 1920s, 118–119; in early twentieth century, 69–73, 84–85, 91, 131–132; in late nineteenth century, 53–54; loss of potential business and, 116–123; in 1920s, 133; in 1930s, 122, 139–140; in 1940s, 219
• Lynd, Theron, and refusal to register blacks to vote, 275–276, 279–281, 282, 283, 284–286, 288, 297, 300

• Macon Beacon, 18
• Magic City Bank, 88, 89
• Magnolia Mutual Insurance Company, 271
• Mah-Jong Social Club, 141, 180
• Main Street Baptist Church, 66, 105, 117, 205
• Main Street Methodist Church, 66, 105, 150
• Marshall, Thurgood, 186, 227; Peay et al. v. Cox and, 230, 231
• Matthews, Aquilla, 224
• Mayes, Reverend John H., 230
• McBride, Richard, 89, 95
• McCain, William D., 258–259, 261, 262
• McCallum, Emmanuel, lynching of, 116–123, 131, 142
• McCarty, Osceola, 83, 172, 215
• McCoy, Muffy, 181
• McGee, Amanda, 142
• McHenry, George, 160–161
• McLaurin, Laura, 184
• McLaurin, Lillie, 3, 255
• McLeod, John, 64
• McLeod, N. W., 107
• McMillen, Neil, 51
• McWilliams, G. M., 220
• Meharry Medical College, 126, 127
• Melton, Clinton, 254, 272
• Merchants Grocery Company, 104, 136
• Meridian Academy (Haven Institute), 41–42
• Meridian Fertilizer Company, 63, 163, 267
• Meridian News, 30
• Meridian Race Riot (1871), 17
• Meridian Tri-Weekly Homestead, 17, 19
• Methodist Episcopal Church (MEC), 86
• Migration, of Hattiesburg blacks: to Chicago and manufacturing jobs in early twentieth century, 93–99; civil rights movement motivation and, 238; to North, after World War II, 208, 266
• Millsaps College, 150
• Mintoe, J. H., 43–44
• Missionary societies, of black women, 177
• Mississippi: black population in late nineteenth century, 44; collapse of timber industry in, 147–149; cotton production in, 38; financial crisis of 1930s, 147–149; liquor laws in 1930s, 181; post–Civil War conditions and Reconstruction in, 14–20. See also Hattiesburg, MS; “Piney Woods” of Mississippi
• Mississippi Agricultural and Industrial Board, 242
• Mississippi Association of Teachers in Colored Schools, 136
• Mississippi Business Review, 198
• Mississippi Camp Shelby Cooperative Association, 194, 197, 199
• Mississippi Central Railroad, 60, 61, 64, 86, 90, 109, 193, 202, 250, 254
• Mississippi Concrete Pipe Corporation, 202
• Mississippi Constitution, “understanding clause” of, 52, 228–229, 280–281
• Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP), 299
• Mississippi Jook Band, 182
• Mississippi Matilda, 182
• Mississippi Medical Surgical Association of Negro Doctors, 169
• Mississippi Normal College, 67, 106
• Mississippi Revolution of 1875, 17–20, 52, 53, 155, 317n28
• Mississippi Southern College, 234–235, 241, 268; Kennard’s applications to, 258–263; postwar growth of, 247–249
• Mississippi State Penitentiary, 29–30
• Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission, 258, 263, 264, 271–272; Kennard and, 259–261; Lynd and, 275–276; NAACP and, 252–253, 255–256; violence and, 276–277
• Mississippi: The WPA Guide to the Magnolia State, 162
• Mississippi War Fund, 220
• Mississippi Women’s College, 150
• Mitchell, Curtis, 142
• Mize, Sidney C., 230
• Mobile Street District: black high school built in, 100; black migration to Chicago and, 93, 95, 97–99; black professional and business men and, 133–140, 265–266; black women and churches in, 140–142, 177–178; boardinghouses for single women, 171; Camp Shelby’s black troops and, 211–216; community organizations during Great Depression, 173, 174t, 175–182; infrastructure of civil rights movement and, 289–290; Ku Klux Klan and, 133; in 1900s, 80–8; in 1920s, 127–128; in 1930s, 178–182; in 1960s, 265; paving of, 136; Renaissance Festival, 1–3, 5, 9; Smith family and, 6, 80, 101, 126–127, 142–145; in twenty-first century, 307–309
• Mohler Brothers Coffee, 136
• Montgomery, Little Brother, 182
• Moore, Amzie, 273, 274, 286
• Mordica, Jimmy, 201
• Morton, Jelly Roll, 182
• Moseley, George Van Horn, 161
• Moses, Bob, 2, 273–274, 286
• Moton, Robert, 134
• Mott, Verda, 180
• Mt. Bethel Baptist Church, 178
• Mt. Carmel Baptist Church, 86, 93, 135, 176, 177, 178, 186, 188, 255–256, 267, 307
• Mt. Carmel Missionary Society, 188
• Mt. Zion Baptist Church, 2, 178, 230
• Musgrove, Dorothy, 165, 200, 206
• Mutual aid societies, in early twentieth century, 91–92
• Myrdal, Gunnar, 228

• NAACP: activism and conflict, 305; Civil Rights Act of 1957 and, 279; Committee of One Hundred and, 136; Evers and, 232–233, 270–274; Fairley and, 204; in Forrest County, 227; Freedom Flashes, 300, 301; Gray and, 283; growth of, post–World War II, 227–228; Kennard and, 259–262; Legal Defense Fund’s tax-exempt status and, 251, 263; Peay et al. v. Cox and, 230; public education and, 269, 270; racial violence and decline in membership in 1950s, 255, 271; Sovereignty Commission and, 252
• Nashville American, 32
• National Association of Colored Women (NACW), 179
• National Association of Colored Women’s Clubs, 179
• National Civil Rights Council, 15
• National Council of Churches (NCC), 250, 289
• National Geographic, 163
• National Guard, 160–161, 244
• National Gypsum Company, 245
• National Negro Business League, 133–134, 135
• National Recovery Administration (NRA), 157–158, 368n40
• National Urban League, 94, 95, 97, 100
• Naval stores industry, 45–47, 47, 128
• NBC television, 289
• Neal, Berry L., 230
• Neal, Susie, 187
• Negro Boys and Girls Improvement Association, 186
• Negro Business League, 220, 270; support of community park, 167–169, 172, 175; Union Messenger and, 178
• Negro Civic Welfare Association, 221–222, 277
• Negro Fair, in 1934, 167–168, 175; “White Citizens Day” at, 168
• Negro Progressive Business League, 88, 89–90
• Negro Welfare Committee, during World War I, 138
• Negro Women’s Federation, 141
• Nelson, R. A., 115, 121
• New Deal: race and unequal access to benefits of, 156–166, 171–172, 184; Robertson Place housing and, 194–197
• Newman, Judson Jones, 58, 59. See also J. J. Newman Lumber Company
• New Orleans & Northeastern Railroad, 10–11, 21–24, 26–27, 61, 80, 90
• New Orleans Daily Picayune, 23, 28, 58
• New South: employment for black men in, 43–47; employment for black women in, 47–49; opportunities and limitations of, 4; racial violence and enforcement of segregation, 69–73; railroads and, 3–4; whites and commemoration of Lost Cause of the Confederacy, 73–78, 132
• Newton & Glenn Contractors, 195–196
• New York Amsterdam News, 142
• New York Times, 33, 119, 254, 284
• Nicholls, Francis T., 23–24
• Novels, Henry, 54

• Odd Fellows society, 91, 92
• Office of Price Administration (OPA), rental rates near Camp Shelby and, 204–205
• Order of the Eastern Star, 135
• Owens, Jesse, 225
• Owens, Lee, Jr., 214

• Palmer’s Crossing, MS, 128–129, 214, 259, 282, 285
• Paramount Studios, 193
• Parker, Frank, 301
• Patterson, Robert, 253, 254
• Payne, Rev. Charlemagne, 230
• Pearl & Leaf River Railroad, 59–60, 69. See also Mississippi Central Railroad
• Peay, Rev. Isaac, 230
• Peay et al. v. Cox, 229–232, 263, 276, 277, 281, 287, 298, 304
• Peck, Fenwick, 105, 106; background of, 58–59; Chamber of Commerce and, 113, 149; moves to Hattiesburg and buys Newman’s lumber mill, 57, 58, 59–60, 67, 68, 76
• People’s Bank, 88
• Perryman, Gus, 182
• Petal Paper, 256–258
• Philadelphia Tribune, 142, 152
• Phyllis Wheatley Social Club, 143, 178
• Pinchot, Gifford, 107
• Pine Bowl Classic, 183
• Pinetoppers baseball team, 110
• “Piney Woods” of Mississippi: depletion of, 107–109; effect of end of timber industry on, 147, 148; lumber and growth of Hattiesburg, 59–61; in Reconstruction era, 11, 21, 23, 24–27, 31–32; value of and demand for trees from, 24–27, 32, 61, 107–108
• Pioneer Silk Mill, 163, 164, 165
• Pittsburgh Courier, 142, 180, 228
• Plessy, Homer, 51, 329n40
• Plessy v. Ferguson, 329n40
• Poro Club, 141
• Precariat, 1930s blacks as, 149, 170–171
• Prentiss High School, 151
• Prentiss Normal Institute, 151
• Profiles in Courage (Kennedy), 16
• Purvis High School, 161

• Queen and Crescent City Route, of New Orleans & Northeastern Railroad, 10–11, 22–24

• Radical Republicans, during Reconstruction, 14–15
• Railroad Day protest, 90
• Railroads: development during Reconstruction, 10–11, 21–35; employment of black men, 44–45, 47; hazards of work on, 63; jobs and racially based shootings in 1930s, 148; lumber and growth of Hattiesburg, 57–61; New South and, 3–4; racial segregation and, 50–51, 90, 329n40
• Randall, Herbert, 293–294
• Randall, Dr. James, 89
• Randolph, A. Philip, 134
• Rankin, John, 209–210, 216
• Ratliff, Rev. James H., 227
• Reconstruction: Democratic Party and ending of, 14–20. See also New South
• Red Cross: Colored Auxiliary of, 175, 227; Great Depression era, 165; and racial segregation of aid in 1930s, 151–152
• Redeemers (white Mississippi Democrats), 20, 42–43, 52, 126
• Red Scare, segregationists’ use of, 250
• Reed, David, 253
• Reed, Ernest, 45
• Reed, Isaac, 187
• Reed, Maggie, 187
• Regional Council of Negro Leadership (RCNL), 271, 273
• Reliance Manufacturing, 153–155, 163–164, 166, 171, 245–246, 267, 366n28; as NRA shop, 158; World War II and, 206
• Republican Party, 300, 301; calls for civil rights legislation, 235; during Reconstruction, 14–15; A. Moore and, 274
• Revels, Hiram, 14
• Rich, Charles W., 23–24
• Richardson, Robert, 181
• Ridgeway, Rev. W. D., 255, 256, 276, 277–278
• Roberts, Johnny Lee, 262
• Robertson Place, and New Deal housing for blacks and profits for whites, 194–197, 232
• Robinson, Sugar Ray, 225
• Rogers, William P., 280
• Rohm, Charles “Pinky,” 193
• Rolling Stone magazine, 182
• Roosevelt, Eleanor, 239
• Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 155–156, 158–159, 161, 191, 207–208, 238, 241
• Roosevelt, Theodore, 107, 155
• Rosenwald Fund, 100
• Ross, Charlie, 120
• Ross, Dr. T. E., 64
• Rotary Club, in Hattiesburg, 105, 146, 196, 250
• Rowan High School, 269
• Roy, Clarence, 260
• Royal Street High School, 269, 270
• Royse, Eweatha, 200–201
• Ruffin, Mondes, 44
• Ruffin, Sarah, 81
• Rust College (Shaw University), 41, 86

• Saenger Theater Company, 149, 152
• Salvation Army, Colored Division of, 175
• Sandifer, Iva, 224
• Sartoris (Faulkner), 28
• Saturday Evening Eye, 71
• Schools. See Education and literacy; Eureka High School
• Schwerner, Michael, 305
• Scott, Emmet J., 100, 134
• “Second Mississippi Plan,” 52–53
• Segregation: railroads and growth of, 50–51, 329n40; schools and, 41–43, 50; voting and, 51–53. See also Desegregation
• Selective Service Act (1940), 191
• Senate Judiciary Committee, 1959 hearing on Constitutional Rights, 297–298
• Serviceman’s Guide to Hattiesburg and Area, A, 199, 205, 213
• Shackelford, Noah, 89, 95, 99
• Sharecropping, 38–39, 64
• Shaw University (Rust College), 41
• Shelby, Isaac, 160
• Sillers, Walter, 239
• Silver Moon Social Club, 141
• Sims, Turner, 148
• Sixteenth Street Baptist Church (Birmingham), 9
• Sixth Street USO, 223–224, 225–226, 307
• Smith, Charles, Jr., 144, 169
• Smith, Charles Wesley, 37, 42, 43; civic leadership and, 168–169, 176, 227; Douglas Conner and, 188–189; death of, 308; as doctor, 127, 129, 135, 143, 178, 258; education of, 101, 125, 126; Evers and, 232–233; NAACP and, 255; in 1960s, 268; social life in 1930s, 169, 180; voting rights and, 228, 229–232, 276; World War II and, 220
• Smith, Edwin Hammond, 37, 55, 226; on childhood, 79, 80, 83; civic leadership and, 126–127, 142–145, 168–169, 176, 227; death of, 308; decision to remain in Hattiesburg, 127; education of, 101, 125–126; Evers and, 232–233; on McCallum lynching investigation, 122; NAACP and, 255; in 1960s, 268; as pharmacist, 126–127, 129, 135, 143; social life in 1930s, 169–170, 180; voting rights and, 228, 229–232, 276, 287–288; World War II and, 211, 220, 223. See also Smith Drug Store
• Smith, George, 53
• Smith, Grover, 144, 169
• Smith, Lamar, 254
• Smith, Lucille Trotter, 127, 142, 171, 177, 211, 227; social life in 1930s, 169–170, 180
• Smith, Mamie (daughter of Turner and Mamie Grove), 54, 55, 80, 144, 268
• Smith, Mamie Grove, 89, 144–145, 169; death of, 268; moves to Hattiesburg, 37, 49, 54, 101; work as laundress, 43, 49, 54, 55, 79; work as teacher, 37, 42
• Smith, Martin Luther, 37, 126, 144, 268
• Smith, Myrtle, 127, 142, 169, 171, 224; Eureka High School and, 187; missionary societies and, 177; social life in 1930s, 180
• Smith, Myrtle (daughter of Charles and Myrtle), 169
• Smith, Rev. Joseph, 117
• Smith, Sarah, 169
• Smith, Turner: background and personal life of, 126, 173; as carpenter, 54, 79; daughter’s engagement and, 144; death of, 226; education and, 39–40, 42, 86, 87–88; education of children of, 55, 79, 83, 101, 144; gives building to Hammond and Charles for their businesses, 126–127; importance of financial independence to, 126, 127; Methodism and, 86; moves to Hattiesburg, 37, 49–50, 54, 89, 101; in 1930s, 169; purchases home, 55, 80; resistance to Jim Crow laws, 226, 231–232; sharecropping and, 39; as teacher, 37, 43, 55, 87, 126
• Smith, Wendell Phillips, 37, 144, 169, 268
• Smith, Will, 69
• Smith, William Lloyd Garrison, 54–55, 144, 268
• Smith County Defenders, 13, 35
• Smith Drug Store, 143, 144, 169–170, 178, 189, 211, 214, 222, 232, 233, 272, 283, 290; civil rights movement and, 265, 272; in twenty-first century, 3, 308; World War II and, 211, 222
• Smith v. Allwright, 228, 238, 271
• Social clubs, in 1930s: black men and, 180–182; black women and, 178–179, 180; white women and, 179–180
• Social Kings Club, 180
• Social Security Act, 158, 208
• Sons and Daughters of Gideon, 91
• Sons of Confederate Veterans (SCV), 73–74
• Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), 273, 283
• Southern Glass & Builders Supply Company, 196
• Sovereignty Commission. See Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission
• Spaulding, Charles Clinton, 134
• Spencer, Vera, 184
• “Spirit, The” group, 305
• Spivack, Robert G., 300
• States’ Rights political party, 239–241
• State Teachers College, in MS, 146, 150, 162, 179, 247
• Stembridge, Jane, 274
• Stennis, John, 210, 299
• Stevenson, George, 53
• Stimson, Henry, 197
• St. James African Methodist Episcopal Church, 86–87
• Stone, John M., 52
• St. Paul Methodist Church, 86, 87, 91, 169, 176, 177, 186, 189, 226, 227, 230, 233, 255, 267–268, 285; civil rights movement and, 272, 286–287, 287; in early twenty-first century, 307; missionary societies of, 177; Phyllis Wheatley Social Club of, 143, 178
• Strickland, Arvarh, 189, 216, 219
• Strickland, Harmon, 206
• Stringer, Janie, 187
• Stringer Grand Lodge, of Free and Accepted Masons, 91–92
• Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), 264, 273–275, 281, 282, 283–284, 286, 287–288, 289–290, 296
• Suffrage. See Voting rights
• Sullivan, John L., 23–24
• Sumner, Charles, 15–16
• Supreme Court, of U.S.: Alexander v. Holmes County, 299; Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 228, 230, 249–254, 257, 268–270; Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka II, 252; Connor v. Johnson, 301; Fairley v. Patterson, 301; Louisville, New Orleans & Texas Ry. Co. v. Mississippi, 51; Plessy v. Ferguson, 329n40; Smith v. Allwright, 228, 238, 271
• Sutton, Frank, 89
• Sweet Pilgrim Baptist Church, 230
• Swift and Company’s Packing House, 63

• Tademy, Edward, 225
• Tademy, Rhoda, 184, 185
• Tatum, Frank, 203, 216, 223
• Tatum, Mrs. West, 130
• Tatum, Rebecca O’Neal, 102
• Tatum, West, 106, 114–115, 119–120, 194, 197
• Tatum, William Sion Franklin (W. S. F.), 113; background of, 64, 102–103; Chamber of Commerce and, 105, 106, 114–115, 121, 153, 154, 163; as critical of New Deal, 158; death of, 234; Forrest Hotel and, 201; Hattiesburg churches and, 105; natural gas and, 202; philanthropy in 1930s, 150; Red Cross aid and, 152
• Tatum Lumber, 103–104, 109, 147, 149, 163, 165, 170
• Taylor, Julius, 91
• Thigpen, Booker T., 91
• Thigpen, Timothy S., 88–89, 91, 92, 95, 99, 135
• Thomas, Isaac, 182, 185, 186, 189
• Thornton, Huston, 43
• Thurmond, Strom, 240
• Tilden, Samuel, 20
• Till, Emmett, 254, 257, 272, 285
• Timber industry. See Lumber and timber industries
• Time magazine, 254
• Todd, Alfred, 184, 185, 260
• Tougaloo College, 41, 144
• Toxaphene, 246
• Trotter, William Monroe, 90
• True Light Baptist Church, 87, 176, 178, 227, 233, 255, 256, 267, 285, 307
• Truman, Harry, 208, 235, 239
• Tuf-Nut Garment Manufacturing Company, 114–115, 121–122, 154
• Turpentine. See Hercules Powder Company; Naval stores industry

• Union Choir Service, 178, 220, 270, 277
• Union Messenger, The, 178, 277
• United Daughters of the Confederacy (UDC), 73–78, 152
• United Press International, 294
• United Service Organizations (USO): blacks and, 216, 221–226; whites and, 205–206
• United States Housing Authority (USHA), 194–197, 203
• United States Treasury Bonds, 242, 243
• United Welfare Organization, 220
• University of Southern Mississippi, 67, 295, 309

• Vardaman, James, 34, 72
• Vaughn, Cooney, 182
• Voice of the Movement, The (newspaper), 286, 300
• Volunteer Service Organization, 224
• Voting rights: civil rights movement and, 227–233, 238, 264, 273–284, 296, 297, 300–301; disenfranchisement of blacks, 51–53, 228–229, 280–281
• Voting Rights Act of 1965, 296, 297, 298, 300, 301, 304

• Wade, Daisy Harris, 197, 296, 298, 300, 304
• Wagner-Steagall Housing Act (1937), 194, 195
• Walker, Codie, 224
• Walker, Robert, 45
• Wall Street Journal, 33, 107
• War bond drives, 220
• Ward, Leroy, 123–124
• Ward, Louis, 44
• Wash, Harold, 219
• Washington, Albert, 181
• Washington, Booker T., 90–91, 100, 133–134
• Washington, Marie, 184–185
• Washington, Reponzia, 180
• Washington Post, 32, 52, 119, 284, 294
• Watkins, Hollis, 264–265, 270, 274–275, 281–282, 283, 286
• Watkins Machine and Foundry Shop, 63
• Watson, Henry, 109
• Watson, Rubye, 184
• Weekly Times, The, 88, 91
• Weldmech Steel Products Company, 163–164
• Wells, Buck, 108, 156–157, 207
• Wesley, John, 291
• Weston, Paul, 178, 220, 223, 277
• Whisenton, Henry, 184, 185
• White, Walter, 227
• Wilkins, Roy, 227, 278
• Williams, Aaron, 148
• Williams, George, 255
• Williams, Iola, 213
• Williams, John Bell, 251
• Williams, John Sharp, 34
• Williams, Walter, 44
• Williams Jubilee Singers, 130
• Wilmut Gas and Oil Company, 202
• Wilson, Mattie Jean, 292
• Wilson, Woodrow, 155
• Winstead, William, 251
• Wiscasset Sawmill, 58
• W. M. Stringer Grand Lodge, 268
• Women’s Federated Clubs, 141, 178, 188
• Women’s Social Club, 141
• Wood, Amy Louise, 71
• Wood, Leonard, 106, 160
• Woods, Ella, 137, 141
• Woods, John Bradley (J. B.), 89, 139, 140, 167, 175, 176, 180; resistance to Jim Crow laws, 231–232; World War II and, 220
• Woods, Lenon, guesthouse of and civil rights movement, 2, 3, 137, 138, 265, 285, 289–290, 302
• Woodson, Carter G., 100
• Woodward, C. Vann, 7, 75
• Works Progress Administration (WPA), 162, 203; Camp Shelby and, 160–161, 193, 199, 202; race and unequal access to benefits of, 158–166, 171–172; Women’s Work Division, 159; Writer’s Project of, 160, 162
• World War I, Bonus Army after, 155–156
• World War II, 219–226; economic boom and Hattiesburg blacks, 211–216; economic boom and Hattiesburg whites, 198–199, 202–203, 206–207; German prisoners of war at Camp Shelby, 216; Hattiesburg’s support of troops and war, 219–226; racial segregation during, 212, 217–219
• Woullard, Ralph, Jr., 173, 187
• Woullard, Rev. Ralph, 260
• Wright, Fielding, 235, 239, 240, 241

• Yellow pine trees. See “Piney Woods” of Mississippi
• YMCA, in Hattiesburg, 105, 118, 136, 150–151, 186, 206
• York, Lynette, 292
• Young, Brookie, 187

• Zinn, Howard, 286
• Zion Chapel African Methodist Episcopal Church, 86, 138, 176, 178, 223, 255, 267