INDEX

Abhidhammatthavibhāvini (see Reality According to the Abhidhamma)

Abhidharma 16, 18, 24, 28, 59–62, 79, 182, 194, 258, 287

    on emptiness 59–61

    and Madhyamaka 111

    Pāli Abhidharma 16, n.46

    Sanskrit Abhidharma 32, 46, 59

    on two truths 81–82

Academic skepticism 37

action selection 287

Actualizing the Fundamental Point 69

Additapairyaya-sutta (see Fire sutta)

adhipati-pratyaya (immediate condition) 30

affective state 96, 104, 125

agency 128, 280

aggregates (skhandas) 12, 106–108, 117, 126–127, 196

ahaṃkāra (self-construction) 117–118, 128–129, 302, n. 15

ākara 50, 133–134, 148, 158–159, 162, 221, 50, 95

Alaṃbanāparikṣā svavṛtti (see Autocommentary to Examination of the Percept)

alambanā-pratyaya (see supporting condition)

ālaya-vijñāna (see foundation consciousness)

Alexander, B. (see Ling, X.)

ālika 57

Anatta-lakkhaṇa-sutta (see Discourse on the Characteristic of No-Self)

anātman 97, 102

anitya 2

Anscombe, G.E.M. 95, n. 5

Anthology of the Mahāyāna 258

anti-realism 27, 31, 62–63, 65, 83, 87–88

anumāna 216

anyapoha 218–219

apoha 48–54, 160, 216, 218–219, 221–222, 225, 236

apperception 95, 103, 155, 184

applicatio 14

apprehension 239

    mode of apprehension 240

arhat 16, 239

Aristotle 14–15, 81, 96, 281

Armstrong, D. 92, n. 2

artha (see intentional object)

arthakrīyā 220, 236

āryan 233

āryas 233, 238

Asaṅga 20, 71, 114, 258

Astahaṣrika-prajñāparamitā-sūtra (see Perfection of Wisdom sūtra in 8,000 verses)

Atīśa 21

ātman 97, 104, 105, 117, 184

attachment 70

    and self 120

Aurobindo Ghosh 273, n. 13, 274, n. 14

authoritative cognition 145, 214–217, 222–226, 228–229, 232–238, 243

Autocommentary to Examination of the Percept 75, 134–135

Autocommentary to Introduction to the Middle Way 39–40, 193–195

Avatamsika Sūtra (see Flower Garland Sūtra)

aversion 70, 120

avidya (primal confusion) 2, 9, 28, 52, 68, 89, 114–115, 208, 225, 260, 302 306, n.50

Avramides, A. 325, n. 20

awakening 2, 11, 14, 18

B B principle 150

Baier, A. 119, n. 14

Baker, L. R. 209, n. 12

Bar-On, D. 147, n. 15

Being 257–258

Being (wu) 259

Being and Time 75

Berkeley, G. 38, 87, 159, 190–191, 195

Bhattacharyya, K. C. 95, n. 5, 96, n. 6

Bhāvacakra (wheel of life) 302

Bhāviveka 19, 244

blindsight 170–171

Block, N. 123, n. 1

Blumson, B. 256, n. 4

bodhi 2, 11, 14, 18

Bodhicaryāvatāra (see How to Lead an Awakened Life)

bodhicitta 18, 299–300, 307–308, 310

bodhisattva 18–19, 64, 231, 294, 315

Bodhisattva Stages 71

Bodhisattvabhūmi (see Bodhisattva Stages)

bracketing 176–177, 187, 189–203

Bradley, T. 38, 81

Brandom, R. 325, n. 5

Brahmavihāras 313

Buddha-nature 21

Buddhapālita 19, 66

Buddhavacana 17, 243

caitta 178

Cabezón, J. 158, n. 17

Candrakīrti

    and convention 39–40, 222–224, 225–228

    and conventional truth 46–47, 82–84, 155, 200, 202–203, 222, 230–236

    and epistemology 216, 222–224, 225–228, 230–236

    and non-egocentrism 39–40

    and emptiness 66–67

    and idealism 193–198

    and pramāṇa 222–224, 225–228

    and prāsaṅgika (reductio-wielders) 19

    and Pudgalavāda 110–112

    and reflexive awareness 133, 137, 140–144, 148–149, 212

    and the self 106, 110–115, 205–207, 209

    and self-knowledge 133, 137 155, 169–170, 184, 197–198

    and the two truths 80, 82–84

    and Yogācāra 71, 130, 137, 140–144, 193–198

canon 17

care (karuṇā) 2, 11, 14, 18, 289, 295–297, 310–316, 313, n. 26, 317

Carpenter, A. 18, n. 9, 102, n. 11

Carruthers, P. 153–155, 184, n. 3

Cārvaka 97, 102

catuṣkoti (tetralemma) 120, 204–205, 242–245, 246–248, 274–275, 257–260, 265

causation 25–26, 28, 29–31, 39, 47, 54, 93, 115, 142

    causal condition 29

    causal continuity 118

    causal dependence 26–28, 78

    and language 29

cessation 13, 16, 116

cetanā (intention) 105, 117, 120, 128, 128, n. 8, 198, 283, 287

Chalmers, D. 125, 131–132, 167–172

Chan 20–21, 173–174, 211

chanda (see action selection)

Chapman, T. 179

chariot simile 106, 108–109, 112–115, 196

Chi, R.S.Y., 244, n. 2

Chinese Buddhism 20–21

Churchland, P. 97, n. 7, 190, n. 8

Cittamātra (see Yogācāra)

Cogito 150

cognitive practice 233–234

cognitive science 72, 95, 142, 176, 183

coherentism 216, 230–236

Commentary on Sixty Stanzas of Reasoning 229

Commentary on the Encyclopedia of Philosophy 160, 215

Commentary to the Ornament of Mahāyāna Sūtras 268

comparative philosophy 3

compassion (see care)

conceptual imputation 27, 33, 35–36

conditions 28–29

    causal condition 29

    dominate condition 30

    immediate condition 30

    observed condition 29

Confucian philosophy 20, 97

consciousness, 185, 211

    access consciousness 122–125, 210

    creature consciousness (see subjective consciousness)

    and introspection 153–156

    Mipham on 85–87

    phenomenal consciousness 122–125, 210

    and qualia 156–162

    and reflexive awareness 135–152

    responsive consciousness 123–125

    and self 163–167

    and self-knowledge 171–174

    skandha 128, 130–131

    subjective consciousness 123–125

    unity of consciousness 102–105

    Yogācāra theory of 73–74

    Zombies 167–171

constitution 54, 59, 106–107, 169

consummate nature 73–74

contact (sparsa) 287

continua 45–48, 54, 60–61, 118, 129

convention

    Candrakīrti on 39–40, 196, 222–224, 225–228

    conventional falsehood 57, 226

    and emptiness 31–32, 39–40, 46, 65, 79–87

    and epistemology 225–227

    and ethics 120–121

    and identity 45

    and language 25, 39–40, 54, 57, 266–268, 271–272

    and personal identity 94, 102, 108–109, 111–113, 120–121, 128–129, 196

    Tsongkhapa on 39–40

    and upāya (skillful means) 57

conventional nature 227, 230, 232

conventional reality

    Candrakīrti on 46–47, 80, 82–84, 111–113, 155, 196, 200, 202–203, 222, 227, 230–236

    and dependent designation 26, 54, 64–65, 108–109, 111–113, 196

    and emptiness 31–32, 39–40, 46, 64–68, 79–87

    and epistemology 198, 226–240

    and essence 88–89

    and ethics 120–121

    Heart Sūtra on 80

    and hermeneutics 24, 26

    Jizang on 257–258

    and Mahāyāna 18–19,

    Nāgārjuna on 64–65, 80, 82

    as obscurational 46–47

    Śāntarakṣita on 82–87, 200

    Tsonkghapa on 39–40, 46–48, 155, 226–234, 267, 271–272

    and skepticism 64–65

    and supervenience 58–59

    in Yogācāra 81, 87, 200

conventional truth 226–234

correspondence 250

Coseru, C. 159, n. 19, 172, n. 21, 178, 186, n. 4, 215, n. 1

Critique of Pure Reason 38–39, 99, 95, 99, 103–104, 116–117, 191, 197–198, 208

dancing girl 103

Daoism 20–21, 97

Dasheng xuanlun (see Profound Meaning of Mahāyāna)

De Beauvoir, S. 98, 176

deception 232, 239–240, 243, 249, 265, 271

    and conventional truth 232, 239–240

    inference as deceptive 243

    and introspection 134–136, 200–203

    language as deceptive 249–254, 265–266, 271

bden pa (see satya)

Deguchi, Y. 260–261, n. 6

Dennett, D. 101, 167, 172–173

dependence 34–35, 37, 196, 269

    and conceptual imputation 33–40

    causal dependence 27–32

    mereological dependence 27, 32–33

dependent designation 26, 54, 65, 108–109, 111–113, 196

dependent nature 73–74, 81–82, 199–200

dependent origination 24–40, 64–65, 252, 279, 281

    and emptiness 64–65

    and ethics 279

    and language 252

    Nāgārjuna on 64–65, 252

    Tsongkhapa on 26

Derrida, J. 257

Descent into Lanka Sūtra 20, 71, 143, n.268

Dewey, J. 236, n. 16

Dhammacakkapavatana-sutta (see Discourse Setting in Motion the Wheel of Doctrine)

dharma 16, 18, 32, 46, 58–61, 79, 111, 314

    as trope 16

    as substantially existent 18, 32, 46, 58–61,

    and the two truths, 58–61, 79

    as empty 111

    as doctrine 314

Dharmakīrti 20, 49–51, 71, 137, 139, 146–148, 160, 164, 215, 219–220,

    On apoha 50–51

    role in Buddhist epistemology 20

    doctrine of apoha 49–51, 215–220

    on phenomenal properties 160

    on pramāṇa 215–220

    on reflexive awareness 137, 139, 146–148

    on subjectivity 164

    on universals 50–51

    and Yogācāra 71

Dharmottara 160

diachronic identity 91–92, 94, 96, 99, 102

Diamond Cutter sūtra 65

Dignāga 20, 49, 50, 71, 75, 133–139, 145–146, 157, 209, 212, 224, 186, n.4

    and Buddhist epistemology 20

    and doctrine of apoha 49–51

    on perception 75, 133–139

    on phenomenal properties 157

    as phenomenologist 209

    on reflexive awareness 145–146, 186, n. 4, 212

    on self-knowledge 137–138

    and Yogācāra 71

Discourse of Vimalakīrti 18, 20, 63–64, 68, 70, 255–266, 258, 260

Discourse on the Characteristic of No-Self 105

Discourse Setting in Motion the Wheel of Doctrine 6, 27, 101, n.2

Discourse Unraveling the Thought 20, 71, 72–75, 77, 187, 268–269, 329

divine states (see Brahmavihāras)

divinities 35

dmigs rkyen (see supporting condition)

Dōgen 69–71, 115–116, 155, 212–213,

    on language 261–265

    on the self 215–216

    on subjectivity 212–213

    on the two truths 70–71

don (see intentional object)

don dam bden pa

doubt 198–199

doxography 19–20, 158

dran pa (see mindfulness)

dravyasāt (substantial existence) 18, 46, 59, 62

Dreyfus, G. 159, n. 19, 215, n. 1, 301, n. 20

’du shes (see saṃjñā)

dualism 96, 192

Duckworth, D. 134, n. 14, 272, n. 11

dukkha (suffering) 2, 6–7, 10, 13, 16, 18, 126, 240, 281–283, 286, 301

    cessation of, 16

    and consciousness 26

    of change 8

    and ethics 18, 281–282, 286

    Ferlinghetti on 6

    as fundamental commitment 2

    of pervasive conditioning 8

    pervasiveness of 6–7

    and primal confusion 10, 13

’dun pa (see action selection)

Dunne, J. 215, n. 1

Eckel, M. 134, n. 14

ego-identity 116–117, 120

egoism 10, 13, 290, 301, 310–312

eightfold path 2

elephant simile 187–192, 205–206

eliminativism 60, 102, 111, 97, n.7

Elucidation of Epistemology 148

embodiment 96, 203–204

emptiness

    Abhidharma conception of 59–61

    and appearance 202, 232

    Candrakīrti on 66–67

    with respect to characteristic 74, 269

    and conventional truth 64–68, 240

    Dōgen on, 69–71

    and convention 31–32, 39–40, 46, 65, 79–87

    and dependent origination 24

    Fazang on 76–79

    Heart Sūtra on 63

    Hua Yan doctrine 76–79

    And impermanence 59

    and ineffability 245–246

    Jizang on 257–260

    and language 252–253

    Madhyamaka doctrine 18–19, 62–71

    Mipham on 202

    Nāgārjuna on 31, 64–68, 167–168, 251–253

    And the object of negation 56, 232

    of other 22

    and paradox 81, 245–246

    with respect to production 74, 279

    and subject-object duality 192–193, 205

    Sūtra Unraveling the Thought on 72–75

    And three naturelessness 72–75

    Tsongkhapa on 31–32, 58, n. 1, 67

    Vasubandhu on 75, 192–193

    Yogācāra doctrine 71–76

Encyclopedia of Epistemology 49, 138, 145

Encyclopedia of Ontology 102

engagement 14

entailment 217

Entangled Vines 260

epistemic warrant (see pramāṇa)

Epitome of Philosophy 160

epochē 190, 193

equanimity 289–290

Essay on the Three Means of Valid Cognition 224

essence 2, 18, 97–98

Essence of Eloquence 267, 270

essentialism 98–99

Examination of the Percept 32, n. 8, 75, 134, 159,

experience 70, 131, 132, 151, 157, 168, 175, 182, 191, 193, 203, 211

expressibility 245–246, 248, 254

expressibility paradox 254

expressivism 147, n. 15

externality 74, 81, 134, 188, 205

extrinsic nature 67

fallibilism 234, 236–237

fāngbiàn 272

Fazang 21, 75–79

fear 301–303

Feltz, A. 287, n. 5

Ferlinghetti, L. 6

fiction 58, 108, 210–211, 248–254

Fire Sutta 12

Flower Garland Sūtra 20, 76, 268, n. 9

for-me-ness 165–166

foundation consciousness 114, 117, 129–130, 161, 183, 188, 192

foundationalism 216, 224, 234–235

four noble truths 2, 279–281, 289, 315, 381, n. 14,

four-dimensionalism 52–53, 88

Franco, E. 215, n. 1

Freud, S. 126, 150

Fundamental Verses on the Middle Way 19, 31–32, 41, 64, 66–67, 70, 80, 82, 204, 223, 227, 230, 244, 247, 251, 314

Gadamer, H-G. 325, n. 20

dgag bya (see object of negation)Ganeri, J. 100, 102, 102, n. 11, 330, n. 6

Gangeśa 102

Geluk tradition 3, 22, 83, 136, 148, 151

Genjōkōan (see Actualizing the Fundamental Point)

Gennaro, R. 156

Gettier, E. 99–100, n. 10

Gibson, J. 158

Gold, J. 268–270

Gopnik, A. 45, n. 13

Gorampa (Go rams pa bsod nams seng ge) 22, 136, 148, 155

Great Discourse on Mindfulness 305

Great Exposition of the Stages of the Path 81, n. 5

Great Vehicle (see Mahāyāna)

Gregory, P. 158, n. 17

Guererro, L. 236, n. 16, 221, n. 6

Gungthang (Gun thang dkon mchog bstan pa’i sgron me) 86, n. 10, 134, 191

Gyeltsab (rGyal tshab dar ma rin chen) 22, 83, 83, n. 7, 86, 203,

Hansen, C. 233, n. 4, 273, n. 12

Harman, G. 125, n. 5

Hattori, M. 215, n. 1

Haugeland, J. 291–292, n. 8

Hayes, R. 215, n. 1

Heart of Wisdom Sūtra 18, 63, 77, 80

hedonic tone 185, 287

Hegel, G. 81

Heidegger, M. 9, 66–67, 75, 98, 126, 174, 176–177, 187, 195, 198, 211–212, 257, 125, n. 4

Heim, M. 8, n. 5, 46, n. 14, 128, n. 8, 291, n. 7

hermeneutics 14–15, 24, 26, 273, 292–293

hetu 28–29

hetu-pratyaya 29

higher-order cognition 103–104, 147

higher-order perception 135–136, 139, 145, 149, 151, 156

higher-order state 136–137, 140, 143, 145, 147, 151, 208–209

higher-order thought 135–136, 139–140, 149, 152, 156

Hinayāna 16

Hopkins, J. 158, n. 17

How to Lead an Awakened Life 119, 279, 299, 303, 305–310

Hu, R. (see Alexander, B.)

Hua yan 20–21, 67, 76, 79

Huiyuan 224–225

Huizao 225

Hume, D. 317, n.119

    on abstract ideas 50–51

    on causation 25–26, 29

    on ethics, 119, n. 14, 317

    on identity over time 45, 92

    on the self 94, 107

    and skepticism 37–38

    on substance 195

Husserl, E. 99, 136, 139, 144, 146, 162, 164, 175–176, 187, 190, 197, 209, 211, 130, n. 10

Hutto, D. 101, 291–292, n. 8

Huxley, A. 323, n. 2

idealism

    British idealism 38, 159–160, 190–191

    Candrakīrti on 193–198

    German idealism 38

    Kant’s refutation, 190–191

    Yogācāra 20, 27, 33–34, 72–76, 82–83, 203

identity

    and construction 117

    and convention 94, 102, 108–109, 111–113, 120–121, 128–129, 196

    diachronic 39, 54, 91–97, 99, 102

    and existence 36

    personal 91–97, 99, 102, 107–109, 111–113, 115–117, 120–121, 128–129, 196

    synchronic 91, 94–96, 97–101

Illumination of the Ascertained Object 148

illusion 10–11, 34, 48, 50, n. 15. 57, 65, 85, 87, n. 11, 89, 103, n. 12, 114, 166, 173, 226, 233, 238–239, 246, 268, 273, 302, 309, 314,

imagined nature 72–73, 181, n. 2, 188, 192, 199

immediate condition 20

impermanence 2, 8, 10, 24, 40–48,

    and 3D-4D debate 52–54

    and emptiness 59

    gross 41–42, 60

    and identity 40–42

    and self 43–45, 104

    and dukkha 8, 10

    Sarvastavādin theory of 42, n. 11

    subtle 41–42, 60

“In Praise of Dependent Origination” (rTen ‘brel pa legs bshad snying po) 31

inattentional blindness 170, n.181

Indigo Girls on primal confusion, 9

ineffability 245–246, 254–266

inference 216–222, 236

inherent existence 228–229, 232, 238, 240

inner sense 177, 191, 193

Instructions on the Profound Middle Path of the Prāsaṅgika Madhyamaka Tradition (dBu ma thal ‘gyur pa’i lugs kyi zab lam dbu ma’i lta khrid0 26

intensional semantics 251

intention (cetanā) 105, 117, 120, 128, 128, n. 8, 198, 283, 287

intentional object 134–135, 192

interdependence 2, 8, 48, 26, 71, 76, 142, 280

intrinsic existence 32

intrinsic identity 18, 24, 71, 75, 111

intrinsic nature 2, 31, 62, 66, 67–68, 142, 202

Introduction to the Middle Way 39, 53, 54, 106, 110–111, 134–135, 202, 226–227, 231–234, 234, n. 15, 279, 286, 313, n. 26, 327,

introspection 208, 210

    and consciousness 122–126

    fallibility of 85, 154–156, 170–173, 177–179, 181–182, 183–184, 201

    as higher order thought 151–152

    Kant on 95

    as mediated 95, 177–179

    Mipham on 201

    and mental sense faculty 151

    and neurophenomenology 208, 210

    Śāntarakṣita on 85, 103

    Thompson on 208, 210

    Tsongkhapa on 133, 151–152, 169–170, 184

James, W. 236, n. 16

Jamyang Shepa (‘Jam dbyangs bzhad pa ngag dbang brtson ‘grus) 22

Jangya (lCang bya) 22

Japan 21

Jātaka 279

Jenkins, S. 289, n. 6, 299, n. 11, 301, n. 13

Jewel Rosary of Advice to the King 17, 279

Jin Shi Zi Zhang (see Treatise on the Golden Lion)

‘jig rten bden pa 58

Jinpa, T. 81, n. 5

Jizang 257–260, 265

Jonang (Jo nang) 22

Kagyu (‘bkad brgyud) tradition 22

Kalupahana, D. 236, n. 16

Kamalaśīla 71

Kania, A. 256, n. 4

Kant, I.,

    on introspection 95

    on phenomena and noumena 38–39

    Refutation of Idealism 197–198, 208

    Schematism 99

    subjectivity 10, 103–104, 116–117

    transcendental unity of apperception 95, 99, 103–104, 116–117

karma 189, 284–285

karuṇā (see care)

Katsura, S. 215, n. 1

Kattō (See Entangled Vines)

Kegon 21

Kellner, B, 158, n. 18, 159, n. 19, 215, n. 1, 221, n. 5

khanda 12

Khaydrup (mKhas grub dge legs dpal bzang) 22

A King Requests Saindhava 265

Kleśas (dysfunctional cognitive states) 290, 305

kliśṭamanas (see distorted consciousness)

knowledge 145–152, 198, 214–216, 225–241

    Candrakīrti on 230–234

    coherentism 234–236

    and convention 225–234

    fallibilism 236–237

    and illusion 238–239

    Nāgārjuna on 234–236

    and ontology 237–238

    pragmatism 236–237

    and pramāṇa 214–216

    self-knowledge 145–152, 198

    Tsongkhapa on 230–234

    and the two truths 239–241

Kriegel, U. 138–139, 149, 165–166, 178

Kumārila 102

kun brtags (see imagined nature)

kun ‘dro (see sarvaga)

kun gzhi (see foundation consciousness)

kun rdzob [(see samvṛti)

lakṣana-niḥsvabhāvataḥ (see emptiness with respect to characteristic)

Lam rim chen mo (see Great Exposition of the Stages of the Path)

language

    and causation 29

    and conception 249–250

    and convention 25, 39–40, 54, 57, 120, 266–268, 271–272

    Dōgen on 261–265

    and introspection 126, 153

    inexpressibility 68, 254–266

    Jizang on 257–260

    as metaphor 268–270

    Nāgārjuna on 251–254, 267

    and paradox 68, 254–266

    and propositional content 250–254

    and tantra 273–277

    Tsongkhapa on 245, 267, 270–271

    and universals 250–251, 274

    and use 266–273, 275–276

    and the Vimalakīrti-nirdeśa 255–256, 258, 260

    Wittgenstein on 275–276

    and Yogācāra 268–270

Lankāvatāra sūtra (see Descent into Lanka Sūtra)

law of the excluded middle 204

lebenswelt 35, 39, 87, 180, 186, 205

lectio 14

Legs bshad snying po (see Essence of Eloquence)

Leibniz, G. 92

Levine, J. 157

Lewis, D. 89, 152

Lin, C-K, 224, n. 11

Ling, X. (see Hu, R.)

Liuzu Tanjing (see Platform Sūtra of the Sixth Patriarch)

logic 20, 243–249

    categorical logic 242–244

    catuṣkoṭi 243–249

    formal logic 242–243

    modal logic 88

    paraconsistent logic 248

lokavyavahāra-satya 57

Lotus Sūtra 20, 21

Lucid Exposition 66, 84, 110, 202, 223, 226

Lusthaus, D. 134, n. 13, 187, n. 5

Madhyamaka 3, 18–19, 61–68

    and Abhidharma 111

    and anti-realism 65

    and consciousness 130

    on conventional truth 82–83, 85

    on dependent origination 27, 29–32, 35

    on emptiness 18–19, 46, 66–68, 74–76

    epistemology 216, 233–237, 239–240

    on intrinsic nature 61–64

    logic 248–249, 271

    and modality 87–89

    and realism 65, 111

    Śāntarakṣita on 201–202

    and self 110–115, 120

    sūtras 18–19

    on the two truths 46, 64–65, 80–81

    and Yogācāra 22, 77, 86–87, 199–200, 202, n.83

Madhyamakālaṃkāra (see Ornament of the Middle Way)

Madhyamakāvatāra (see Introduction to the Middle Way)

Madhyamakāvatārabhāṣya (see Autocommentary to Introduction to the Middle Way)

Mahāsatipaṭṭāna-sutta (see Great Discourse on Mindfulness)

Mahāyāna 16–18, 20, 24, 30–32, 39, 59, 79, 294, 313, 268, n. 9

Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa-sūtra (see Sūtra on the Occasion of the Entry of the Buddha into Final Nirvāṇa)

Mahāyānasūtrālaṃkāra (see Ornament to the Māhāyana sutras)

Mahāyāna-saṃgraha (see Anthology of the Mahāyāna)

manas-vijñāna 103, 191

Makeham, J. 134, n. 14

Mañjuśrī 64

mantra 274

McClintock, S. 158, n. 18, 159, n. 19, 221, n. 5

materialism 60, 102, 152

Matilal, B. 244, n. 2

meditation 21–22, 140, 183–184, 155, n. 16

memory 93, 105, 116, 136–137, 140–141

mereological dependence 27, 32–33

Merleau-Ponty, M. 176, 211

metaphor 268–270

mettā 2, 11, 14, 289

Meyer-Dunn semantics 242

Meyers, K. 128, n. 8

Middle Way (see Madhyamaka)

Milindapañha (see Questions of King Milinda)

mindfulness 127, 303–304

minimalism 99–101, 110–111, 115, 118–119

Mipham (Mi pham ‘jam dbyangs rnam rgyal rgyam tso)

    on consciousness 155–157

    on introspection 201, 206–207

    on Madhyamaka 200–202

    and nonsectarianism 23, 71

    on reflexive awareness 139

    on Śāntarakṣita 83–86, 146, 200–202

    on Yogācāra 83–86

Mitchell, J. 171

monasticism 16, 23

mu 204, 246, 259

muditā 2, 11, 14, 289–290, 295

Mūlamadhyamakakārikā (see Fundamental Verses on the Middle Way)

mutual dependence 226–227

Myth of the Given 35, 75, 85, 204

Nāgārjuna 223, 227, 244, 314

    and anti-realism 87–88

    and the catuṣkoṭi 204–205

    on causation 26, 30–33

    and coherentism 234–236

    on conventional reality 64–65, 80, 82

    on emptiness 31, 64–68, 167–168, 251–253

    on epistemology 234–236

    on impermanence 41

    on intrinsic nature 67–68

    on knowledge 234–236

    on language 251–254, 267

    and the Mahāyāna 17, 19

    on paradox 80–81

    and skepticism 65–66

    on the two truths 59–61, 64–65, 80–81, 82

Nāgasena 42–44, 106–109

Nagel, T. 131, 178

Nālandā University 21–22, 82

rnam pa (see ākara)

Nattier, J. 63, n. 2

negation 14, 219, 246, 252, 253, 259

net of Indra 76, 79

neurophenomenology 176, 192, 208,

Ngas don rab gsal (see Illumination of the Ascertained Object)

Ngawang Dendar (Ngag dbang bstan dar lha ram pa) 134–135

Ngog Loden Sherab (rNgog lo ts’a ba blo ldan shes rab) 22

nibbāna 12–13, 16

Nicomachean Ethics 14–15

Nida-Rümelin, M. 157

Nietzsche, F. 98

nihilism 46–48, 63, 71, 105, 114

nirodha 12

nirvāṇa 2, 11–14, 40, 247

niścaya (see determination)

niácaya-pratyaya 160

Nishida, K. 115, 116

nominalism 26, 51, 217, 240

non-being 13, 257, 259

non-duality 205, 255, 261,

    and ethics 10–11, 290–291, 295, 315

    and hermeneutics 332–333

    and language 274–275, 276–277

    subject-object 10–11, 74–75, 80–81, 166–167, 188–213

    and the two truths 63–65, 70, 80–81, 315

non-egocentrism 40

non-sectarianism 23

noumena 39

numerical identity 92–93

Nyāya 102, 104, 112, 216, 223–224, 234–235, 242, 244, 251–252

Nyāyabindu (see Epitome of Philosophy)

Nyingma (sNying ma) tradition 22

object of negation 56, 59, 61–62, 66, 71, 75, 111, 115, 129, n. 9, 130,

On Certainty 47, 142, 198, 223

On the Basis of Morality 10

On the Phenomenology of Internal Time Consciousness 9

oral lineage 22

ordination lineage 21

Ornament of Mahāyāna Sūtras 268

Ornament of the Middle Way 82–83, 144, 199, 200

Ōsakusendaba (see A King Requests Saindhava)

outer sense 177, 193

Outlines of Pyrrhonism 37

pain 7

Pāli 16–17

    Abhidharma 16, 46, n. 14

    Buddhism 16

    canon 15, 25, 105

    suttas 16, 244, 268, n. 9

    tradition 17

Panchen Chokyi Nyima (Thub bstan chos kyi nyi ma) 22

parabhāva 61, 67

paracompleteness 248

paraconsistent logic 68, 81, 248

paradox 65–70, 80–81, 204, 245–246, 254–256

Paramārthasamutgtāta 71

paramartha-satya (see ultimate truth)

paratantra (see dependent nature)

Parfit, D. 45, n. 13, 93–94

parikalpita (see imagined nature)

pariniṣpanna (see consummate nature)

Path of Purification (see Visuddhimagga)

perception

    and consciousness 132–135

    and dukkha 13

    and experience 122

    and illusion 86, 180–181

    as a pramāṇa 216, 218, 236

    and qualia 156–162

    and reflexive awareness 136–144

    as a skhanda 127, 130

    Tsongkhapa on 151–152

Perdue, D. 244, n. 2

Perfection of Wisdom Sūtra in 8,000 verses 18, 65–66

Perfection of Wisdom sūtras 18, 59, 61, 65, 77, 194, 244, 269

personal identity

    and convention 94, 102, 108–109, 111–113, 120–121, 128–129, 196

    diachronic 91–92, 94, 96, 99, 102

    ego-identity 116–117, 120

personalist 109

pervasion (vyapti) 217

pessimistic induction 237

phenomenal concept 132–133, 155, 157

phenomenal properties 133, 136, 156–157, 160, 162

phenomenology 175–179

    deep phenomenlogy 179–180, 183

    and emptiness 35, 72–76

    moral phenomenology 279, 294–317

    and ontology 199

    and self-consciousness 162–167, 172–174, 212–213

    surface phenomenology 179–184, 188

    Tracy Chapman on 179

    and the three natures 72–76, 186–206

    Vasubandhu’s 87, 155, 186–193, 205–206, 210

    and Yogācāra 72–76, 186–209

Philosophical Investigations 33, 75, 112, 126, 178, 198, 201, 250, 254, 257, 267

Platform Sūtra of the Sixth Patriarch 20

Plato 96

Possible worlds 88

Powers, J. 134, n. 14

pragmatism 234, 236–237, 246

Prajñāparamitā sūtras (see Perfection of Wisdom sutras)

Prajñāparamitā-Hṛdāya sutra (see Heart of Wisdom Sūtra)

prajñāptisāt 18, 46, 59

pramāṇa 145, 214–217, 232–238,

    and apoha 222

    Candrakīrti on 222–234

    Huiyan on 224–225

    conventional Pramāṇa 226–234

    Nyāya theory 222–223

    ultimate Pramāṇa 233

Pramāṇasammucāya (see Encyclopedia of Epistemology)

Pramāṇavāda 20, 215, 223

prameya 215–216, 224–225, 235, 237–238

Prapañca 89

prāsaṅgika (see reductio-wielders)

pratītya-samutpāda 2, 279

pratijñā 215, 250, 267

pratyakṣa 216

pratyaya 28–29

pratyekabuddhas 231

preta 35

primal confusion 9–11

    Candrakīrti on 114–115

    as origin of dukkha 2, 11, 28, 52

    and ethics 306

    Indigo girls on 6

    and introspection 208

    and intuitions 89

    and pramāṇa 50, n. 15

    as superimposition 9–11, 52, 68

primitive identity 96–97

primordial awakening 21

Profound Meaning of Mahāyāna 257

protension 102

Pudgalavāda 109–111

puruṣārthas 220, 222, 236

Pyrrhonian skepticism 37

qualia 122–123, 152, 156–162, 169, 206–207

qualitative consciousness (see phenomenal consciousness)

qualitative state 167–168, 169

Questions of King Milinda 42–44, 46, 47, 53–54, 106–109, 112

Quine, W.V. 36, 50, 96, 190

rang rgyud pa (see those who advance their own argument)

Ratnakīrti 49, 51, 221–222

Ratnāvalī (see Jewel Rosary of Advice to the King)

realism 63, 85, 87, 203

    Geluk 151

    Madhyamaka 65, 111

    about the self 119

Reality According to the Abhidhamma 60

rebirth 18

reduction 58, 60

    mereological reduction 59

    ontological reduction 59

    phenomenological reduction 199

reductio-wielders 19, 58, n. 1

reflexive awareness, 135–149, 186, n. 4

    Candrakīrti on 133, 137, 140–144, 148–149, 212

    and consciousness 135–144

    memory argument 140–142

    and self-knowledge 135–152

    and subjectivity 136–144

    Tsongkhapa on 136, 148–152

reg pa (see contact)

reification 13, 46–48, 70, 116, 118, 208, 211

Reply to Objections 234–236, 251–254

representation 50, 95, 133–134, 148, 158–159, 162

responsiveness 123

retention 102

Ri-meh (Ris-med, non-sectarianism) 23, 71

“rock” problem 142

Routley, R. 242

rūpa (matter) 12, 127

śabda (testimony, scriptural authority) 216, 225

Saddharma Puṇḍarīka Sūtra (see Lotus Sūtra)

Saddhatissa, H, 291, n. 7

Sakya tradition 22, 136

Sakya Chokden (Sha skya mchog ldan) 22, 136

Sakya Pandita (Chos rje sa skya pan di ta kun dga’ rgyal mtshan) 22, 147, 148, 267

samanantara-pratyaya 30

saṃdhinirmocana sutra (see Discourse Unraveling the Thought)

saṃjñā 127, 127 n. 7, 287

sammuti 46, n. 14

samprajaña 127, 304

saṃsāra 28, 254

samskāra 12, 59

saṃveda 127

samvṛti 39, 46, n. 14, 57, 84, 166, 277

samvṛti-satya 57

San Lun 257

Sanskrit 17, 22

Śāntarakṣita

    on conventional reality 82–87, 200

    on introspection 201, 203

    on reflexive awareness 136, 144, 212

    on the self 103–105

    synthesis of Madhyamaka and Yogācāra 82–87, 83, n. 7, 89, 199–203

    and transmission to Tibet 21

    on the two truths 82–87

    on unity of consciousness 103–104, 111

    and Yogācāra as phenomenology 71, 82–87, 199–203

Śāntideva 119, 140–142, 303, 307–310, 315

Sarnath 279

Sartre, J-P. 147, 176

sarvaga (continuously operative) 287

Sarvastivāda 42, n. 11

satya 56–57, 228

Sautrāntika 158–159, 164

schemata 116

Schopenhauer, A. 10, 38, 181

Schwitzgebel, E. 178

scriptural authority (śabda) 216, 225, 236

Seal, B. 3

self

    and aggregates 106

    basis of designation 48

    Candrakīrti on 106, 110–115, 205–207, 209

    and consciousness 166, 186, 205–206, 211–213

    Dōgen on 69–71

    and ethics 120

    and experiential integration 104

    and identity 91–93, 95–96

    and illusion 115, 118, 166

    and intentionality 117–118

    and impermanence 104

    Madhyamaka conceptions of 109–116

    Milindapaña on 105–109

    Orthodox Indian views 102–104

    Pāli account of 105–106

    self-knowledge 145–152, 198

    mere self 48

    narrative self 101

    physical basis 100–101

    Śāntarakṣita on 103–105

    Tsongkhapa on 48

    Uddyokatara on 102–103

    Western positions 91–101

self-awareness 142, 212

self-consciousness 99, 162–163, 166, 174, 176, 185

self-grasping 13, 111, 114, 117–118, 130

self-knowledge 193, 201–202

    Candrakīrti on 133, 137 155, 169–170, 184, 197–198

    Dignāga on 137–138

    Kriegel on 138–139

    and consciousness 171–174

    higher-order models 152–156

    Mitchell on 171

    and reflexivity 135–146

    and self-luminosity 147–152

self-luminosity 135–136, 146–147

Sellars, W. 75, 85, 90, 99–100, n. 10, 126, 133, 136, 142, 198, 325, n. 20

sensation 127, 206

sentience 144

sevenfold analysis (Candrakīrti’s) 112–113, 197

Sextus Empiricus 37

Sharf, R. 266, n. 7

shes bzhin(see mindfulness)

Shoemaker, S. 147, n. 15

Siderits, M. 3, 18, 32, 59, 60, 62, n. 8300

silence 243, 254–266

skandha 12, 106, 117, 126–127

    and consciousness 128, 130–131

    and khanda 12

    five skandhas 12, 106, 196

skepticism 65–66

skillful means (upāya) 57–58, 272, 297

skye ba ngo on yid med pa (see emptiness with respect to production)

smṛti (see mindfulness)

sortal 53–54

sous erasure 257–258

sparsa (see contact)

specific identity 92–93

Spelman, E. 98, n. 9

spontaneity 21, 70–71, 145, 174, 261, 267, 288, 289, 309, 317

śrāvaka 231

Śrāvakayāna 16–18, 42, 268, n. 9

srid ‘khor (see bhāvacakra)

Steinkellner, E. 215, n. 1

Sthiramati 34, 71, 267–268

Stoltz, A. 330, n. 6

Strawson, G. 178

structuralism 67

Stubenberg, L. 142–143

subjectivity 35, 206–213

    and consciousness 123–126

    Dōgen on 213

    higher order theories of 152–156

    expert 70–71, 174

    Merleau-Ponty on 211–212

    Nishida on 115

    and reflexivity 136–144

    and the self 95, 99, 119–120, 162–167

    and self-luminosity 146–152

    transformation of 70–71

    and qualia 156–162, 206–207

    and unity of consciousness 102–104

    and “what it is like” 206–209

    Yogācāra accounts of 186–206, 209–210

    Zen accounts of 211

    and zombies 170–171

subject-object duality 75, 115, 160, 167, 192–193, 200, 205, 208, 213

substantial existence (see dravyasāt)

suffering (dukkha) 2, 6–7, 10, 13, 16, 18, 39, 126, 179, 240, 282–283, 286, 301

    cessation of, 16

    and consciousness 26

    of change 8

    and ethics 18, 281–282, 286

    as fundamental commitment 2

    of pervasive conditioning 8

    pervasiveness of 6–7

    and primal confusion 10, 13

Sumaṅgala 60

śūnya 2

śūnyatā 18

supporting condition 29, 77

sūtra 6, 18, 20

    and sutta 6

    Mahāyāna sutras 17

Sūtra on the Occasion of the Entry of the Buddha into Final Nirvāṇa 319

sutta 6, 17, 57

    and sūtra 6

    Pāli Suttas 16, 244, n. 268

svabhāva 2, 61–67, 98, 251

svaprakaśa (self-illumination) 143

svasaṃvedanā (reflexive awareness) 127, 136

svatantrika (see those who advance their own argument)

Takṣaśilā 22

Tanaka, K. 238, n. 11

tantra 273–277

Tattvasaṃgraha (see Encyclopedia of Ontology)

Tendai 21

tetralemma (catuṣkoti) 120, 204–205, 242–245, 246–248, 257–260, 265, 274–275

tha snyad (conventional, nominal) 57, 238

tha snyad bden pa (nominal or conventional truth) 58

thab mkhas (upāya, skilful means) 272–273

Thakchöe, S. 81, n. 5, 134, n. 14

thal ‘gyur pa (see reductio-wielders)

Theravāda 16, 289, 291

Thirty Stanzas 34, 71, 258

Thompson, E. 35, n. 9, 100, 117–118, 130, n. 10, 164, 172, n. 21, 175–176, 208, 211–212

those who advance their own argument 19, n.58

Three Dialogues Between Hylas and Philonous 38, 159

Three Treatise Shool (Sanlun) 257

Three-dimensionalism 52–53, 88

Three-natures 72–74, 77–78, 186, 188

Three-naturelessnesses 72–75, 78

Thurman, R. 224, n. 10, 273–277

Tiantai 20–21

Tibet 21–23

Tibetan schools 21–22

Tillemans, T. 244, n. 2

Transcendental Aesthetic 191

transcendental subject 104

translation 4, 5, 21–22, 56, 289, 322, 330–333

Treatise of Human Nature 107

Treatise on the Golden Lion 77

Treatise on the Three Natures 71, 187, 193, 202,

Trimsikakārikā (see Thirty Stanzas)

Trisvabhāva (see three natures)

Trisvabhāvanirdeśa (see Treatise on the Three Natures)

tropes (dharmas as) 16

Tropes of Anasedemus 34, 37

truth 47, 56, 88, 201, 226, 228, 238–239, 269

Tshad ma rnam ‘grel (see Elucidation of Epistemology)

tshad ma (Pramāṇa) 214, 215

mtshan nyid ngo bo nyid med pa (see emptiness with respect to characteristic)

Tsongkhapa (Tsong kha pa)

    And convention 39–40,

    on conventional reality 39–40, 46–48, 155, 226–234, 267, 271–272

    on conventional truth 226–234

    on dependent origination 26

    on doxography 19–20

    on emptiness 31–32, 58, n. 1, 67

    and the Geluk school 22

    on ignorance or primal confusion 9

    on introspection 133, 151–152, 169–170, 184

    on karma 284

    on knowledge 230–234

    on language 245, 267, 270–271

    on the object of negation 71

    on reflexive awareness 136, 148–152

    on the self 48

    on transformation 13

    on the two truths 81, n. 5

    and Wittgenstein 39–40, 133

    on Yogācāra 130

tshor ba (see hedonic tone)

Twenty Stanzas 34, 71

Twenty Verses 32, 75

Twilight of the Idols 98

two realities (see two truths)

two truths 56–59, 112, 120, 195, 202, 239–240, 258

    Abhidharma conception 79–80

    Candrakīrti on truths 80, 82–84

    Dōgen on 70–71

    fourfold two truths 258

    and knowledge 239–241

    in Madhyamaka 46, 64–65, 80–81

    in Mahāyāna 18–19, 79–87

    Nāgārjuna on 59–61, 64–65, 80–81, 82

    and paradox 80–81

    Śāntarakṣita on 82–87

    Tsongkhapa on 81, n. 5

    In Yogācāra 81–82

Tzohar, R. 268–270

Uddyotakara 102–104

ultimate existence 47, 59, 61, 79, 232, 245

ultimate nature 227, 231, 232

ultimate non-existence 245

ultimate Pramāṇa 238

ultimate reality 19, 46, 63, 81, 121, 206, 314

ultimate truth 18, 58

    as emptiness 80

    and ethics 315

    as identical to conventional truth 80, 88, 227–228, 239–240

    as ineffable 255–266

    as literal truth 24, 58

unconscious 115

universals

    and apoha 48–54, 221–222

    and continua 51–54

    Dharmakīrti on 50–51

    Dignāga on 49–50

    Huizhao on 225

    and inference 217

    and meaning 250–251, 274

    meaning universal 274

Ratnakīrti on 221–222

term universal 274

upadāna-niḥsvabhāvataḥ (see production)

upamāna (inference) 216, 229, 236

upāya (see skillful means)

upekkhā (see equanimity)

upekṣā (see equanimity)

Vaibhāśika 133, 158, 159

Vajrachedika (see Diamond Cutter)

Vasanas (predispositions) 219, 222

Varela, F. 35, n. 9

Vasubandhu

    on emptiness 75, 192–193

    idealism 34, 75

    phenomenology 87, 155, 186–193, 205–206, 210

    and Yogācāra 20, 71

vedanā 12, 127, 185, 287

Vedānta 80

Vigrahavyāvārtanī (see Reply to Objections)

vijñāna 12, 127–130, 185

Vijnānavāda 20, 71

Vijñaptimātra 20, 71

Vikramśīla 22

Vimalakīrti 64, 260

Vimalakīrti-nirdeśa-sūtra (see Discourse of Vimalakīrti)

Vimśatikā (see Twenty Verses)

Vinaya 15–16

visual field 180–181, 188

Visuddhimagga (see Path of Purification)

vyapti 217

vyāvahāra 39, 227, 238

Walser, J. 19, n. 10

Westerhoff, J. 87, n. 11, 238, n. 17, 251, n. 3

“what it is like” 206–207

without-thinking 173

Wittgenstein, L. n. 58, n.99–100

    on analogy 223

    and Candrakīrti 39–40

    on causality 31

    on convention 37–38, 112

    on conventionalism 39–40, 47, 99–100, n,. 10, 142, 257

    on epistemology 47, 142

    on language as a tool 58, n. 1, 250, 254, 257, 267, 275–276

    on mereological dependence 33

    on nominalism 51–52

    on self-knowledge 75, 126, 133, 178, 198, 201

    on subjectivity 10

    and Tsongkhapa 39–40, 133

yid dbang shes (see manas-vijñāna, introspective consciousness)

Yogācāra 71–76,

    Candrakīrti on 71, 130, 137, 140–144, 193–198

    conventional reality 81, 87, 200

    and Madhyamaka 22, 77, 86–87, 189, 199–200, 202, n.83

    and consciousness 129, 173–174

    and dependent orgination 27, 33

    on emptiness 72–76

    idealism 20, 85, 201

    on language 268–270

    Mipham on 85

    and metaphysics 72

    and perception 160–161

    and phenomenology 20, 85, 87–89, 186–193, 203, 209

    and reflexive awareness 136–144

    and subjectivity 186–206, 209–210

    and three natures 72–74

    and three naturelessnesses 72–75

    on the two truths 81–82

    Tsongkhapa on 130

yongs su grub pa (parinispanna, see consummate nature)

Yuktiṣaṣṭikāvṛtti (see Commentary on Sixty Stanzas of Reasoning)

Zahavi, D. 130, n. 10, 162–165, 178

Zen 21, 69, 173–174, 204, 211–212

gzhan dbang (see dependent nature)gzhan stong 22zombies 122, 125, 132, 133, 167–171 206