Page numbers in italics refer to tables.
Aaron (England, thirteenth century), 123
Abraham, 31, 31n43, 167–68n10, 205–6
Achaeans, 215
Adler, Hermann, 6
Afghans, 10
African Americans, xxxviii (n. 20), 140. See also Negro race
Akkado-Sumerians, 212
alcoholism, xxv, 103, 110, 112–13, 116, 140, 244–45
Alexander the Great, 195, 199, 215
Alpine race, 25, 39, 40, 80, 212–14
Alsberg, Moritz, 68, 70, 78, 163, 164, 166–68, 167–68n10
Amalakites, 167
Amenophis III, 211–12
Ammonites, 167
Amorites: overview, 29–32; Aryan Amorites hypothesis, 88–89, 168; Canaanites relationship with, 26, 30–31n42; Jewish descendency from, 78, 246; Jewish intermarriage with, 175–76; physical description of, 88, 198; racial status of, 215; settlement of, 175–76, 212–13
Andree, Richard, 78
anthropology: overview, 41, 53; anthropological perspective on race, 159–60, 192–93, 196; Biblical evidence and, 41, 53–54, 165–68, 204–5; medical pathology as emergent from, 121; special role of Jews in, 43–44. See also anthropometry; sociology
anthropometry: overview, 5–6, 54–55; brain measurement overview, 71–79; description of southern Russian Jews, 76–77; New York City study, 22; physical traits of ancient Jews, 33–36, 33–35; reliability of, 28; short-headedness issue, 78–79, 168. See also anthropology
antisemitism: Aramaic physiognomy as basis for, 34–35; Aryans role in, xxxii; cultural response to, 189, 220–22, 256–58; emancipation and, 240; environmental argument and, xxvi–xxvii; Germanic/Teutonic race theory and, 254–56; German intermarriage and, 19; immigration policy and, 225–26, 240n41; “Jewish Question” and, 219; political climate for, 23; racial Jewishness as basis for, xxx, xxxiii–xxxiv, 226, 233–35; racial spirit theory and, 189, 193–94; racial theory as counter to, xxiv, xxxi–xxxiii, xxxviii (n. 20); undesirable stereotyping in, 253, 257. See also persecution
Arab Jews, 6, 16, 26, 77–78, 162, 179
Aramaeans, 31–37, 33–35, 51, 213, 243
Aramaic language, 33, 213, 215–16
Armenoids, 37–38
Aronson, Aharon, 236
art (depiction of Jews), 47–48, 61, 64, 124
Aryans: ancient Greeks as, 215; Aryan Amorites hypothesis, 88–89, 168; Aryan Palestine thesis, 213–14; European antisemitism and, xxxii, 219; European Aryan vs. non-Aryan representations, 218–19; Jesus as Aryan Palestinian, 190, 213–15; Jewish intermarriage and, 19–20, 68–69, 69n32; racial status of, 194–95, 214–15; Sephardic Jews and, 63
Ashkenazic Jews: overview, 26–27, 63, 70; anthropological perspective on, 196; anthropometric measurements for, 79–80; breast cancer studies of, xxxiv; mentioned, 48; physiognomic description, 64–65, 196; racial classification of, 4; settlement of, 5, 8
assimilation: absence of antisemitism and, 149; adaptation of family names, 9; authentic “Jewishness” and, 259, 265; “defenders of the race” argument and, xxvi; disintegration (loss of racial integrity), xiv, 23, 135–36, 179–80, 183–84; emancipation and, 249; in English-speaking nations, 21–22; immigration policy and, 225–26; racial amalgamation theory and, xxx–xxxi, 253; success/notoriety of assimilated Jews, 186; Zionist view of, 238–42. See also conversion; intermarriage; racial amalgamation
Assyrians, 34, 35, 212–13, 243, 247
Austria, 100, 146, 172–73, 186, 236
Avrutin, Eugene, xxxvii–xxxviii (n. 5)
Babylonians, 25–26, 38, 70, 165–66, 167–68n10, 243, 247
Baer, Karl Ernst von, 82, 82n43
Barthold, Vasily, 234
Bastian, Adolf, 67
Bedouins: overview, 31–32, 36–37; anthropological perspective on, 196–98; physiognomic description, 198; racial classification of, 26; racial purity of, 243; similarity with modern Jews, 37–38, 64
Behrend, Henry, 7
Belgium, 172
belonging, 250–51
Benjamin, 63
Berber Jews, 51
Bergmann, Eugen von, 7–8
Biale, David, xxxiv
Billings, John S., 99–100, 102, 112–13, 140
biological science: biological determinism, xxv; biological perspective on race, xiii; biology vs. environment debate, xv; classificatory systems in, xx–xxi, 39n55, 193; Jewish moral history and, 205; Lamarckian biology and, xv; zoological definition of race, 24, 39–40, 191–92, 251. See also genetic race; scientific discourse
Bismarck, Otto von, 193–94
Black Jews, 8, 10, 28, 45–46, 67–68
Blechmann, Bernard, 65, 78, 85
blond Jews: Amorites as origin of, 168; blond Semite hypothesis, 89; in England, 45, 68; Germanic origin thesis, 26, 31–32, 49–51; in Palestine, 6, 50, 88; relative incidence of, 82–83, 187, 254
Blumenbach, Johann F., 46, 46n3
Bluntschli, Johann Caspar, 13
body (Jewish body): acquired characteristics, xv; anthropometry, 6; antipathy to exercise, 104, 133; body type, 91, 137; complexion types, 84–85; effects of persecution on, 134–35; emancipation affect on, 19–20; facial features, 90–91, 122–24, 263–64; hair color and texture, 82–83, 92, 187; health benefits of Jewish tradition, xiv–xv, 7, 115; mitzvot effect on, xiv; morbidity of Jews, 57, 62–63; physical strength/weakness, 110, 137; racial science and, xxii–xxiii; skin color and, xx. See also eye color; medicine
Booth, Edwin, 188
Boudin, Jean-Christian, 48–50
Brandes, Georg, 259, 259n51, 261, 264
Brazil, 181
Buber, Martin, xix
Buchanan, Claudius, 45
Buerger’s disease, 120
Burchardt, Max, 88–89
Buschan, Georg, 62–63, 62n22, 70, 139, 139n73
Canaanites: overview, 26; emergence of Israelites and, 30–31n42, 30–32; Jewish intermarriage with, 166–68, 175–76; racial status of, 212–13; as Semitic-language speakers, 88
Canada, 181
Cantlie, James, 111
capitalism (as Jewish trait): overview, xxiv; antisemitism and, 189; appropriation of real property and, 134; as component of European Diaspora, 162; Jewish commercial aptitude, 150–52, 153–55, 154n13; proscription of manual labor occupations and, 132, 153, 204, 249; as racial predisposition, 248; religious minorities and, 151; Ruppin “intellectualismus” theory, 150; social isolation and, 178. See also class; intellectualism; mental characteristics; occupations; sociology
Carthaginians, 247
Caucus Jews, 27
Celsus, 211
Chaldeans, 212–13
Chamberlain, Houston Stewart, 189, 210, 210n24, 219, 222, 250–51, 256, 258, 261
Champollion, Jean-François, 89
Chantre, Ernest, 67
Charcot, Jean-Martin, 107
childhood, 133–34
China: Chinese commercial aptitude, 154n13; Chinese Jews, 28, 45, 67; endogamy in, 166; Jewish assimilation in, 186; Jewish racial disintegration in, 180
cholera, 101–2, 101
Christianity: Aryan Amorites hypothesis and, 88–89, 168; blood-ritual superstition, 134; Christian Abyssinians, 235; Christian conversion to Judaism, 49–50, 63–64; comparative mortality of, 97–105, 98; crime rate and, 145n1, 146, 147–48; disinclination towards commercial occupations, 150; family structure and, 109–10; fertility in Christian marriages, 174; Jewish-Christian intermarriage, 19, 49, 185–88; Jewish deicide myth, 13, 134; modernity as challenge for, 244; persecution of Jews and, 131–34; plague attributed to Jews by, 101–2, 134; political Zionism and, 239; proscription of Jewish intermarriage, 50, 69, 163–64; racialization of Jesus, 13n14, 190, 210–17; racial science and, xxii; solidarity with Zionist state, 261; urban life and, 111
circumcision, xiv, xxiii, 7, 110
class (social class): overview, 57–59; criminality and, 149; facial features and, 90; intermarriage and, 9, 167–68n10, 172, 185; Jewish intellectualism and, 150; prejudice in Diaspora areas, 162; proscription of manual labor occupations and, 132. See also capitalism; intellectualism; occupations
Cohanim. See Kohanim ancient priestly class
Cohen, A., 103
Cohen, Hermann, 108
Collins, Joseph, 106
colonialism, 181–82
community (religious community), xxix, 250–51, 256–57
conversion (Judaism to Christianity): conversion before marriage, 170; in Hellenistic Egypt, 179; nationalist Jews and, 261; of Slavic Jews, 49. See also assimilation
conversion (Judaism to Islam), 51, 179–80. See also assimilation
conversion (to Judaism): overview, 199–200; blond Jews and, 49–51; conversion before marriage, 170–71; Hellenistic and Roman period conversions, 164, 168, 176, 199; Khazars conversion, 163, 199; prominent converted peoples, 27–28; racial purity and, xxiv, 17; of slaves of Jews, 19; Slavic conversion account, 63–64
Croatians, 236
cultural energy, 183
cultural Judaism: authentic “Jewishness” and, 259, 265; biology vs. environment debate, xv; racial groupings of, 25–27; racial talent, 256–58. See also racial Jewishness
Daghestani Jews, 67
David, King of Israel, 167
de Hirsch, Maurice, 242, 242n43
Delany, Martin, xxxviii (n. 20)
Deniker, Joseph, 65
Denmark, 172
de Roos, J. R. B., 145–47, 149
diabetes, xxii, 57, 104–5, 109, 111–12
Diaspora: dispersion of capitalist economy in, 162; effect on Jewish mental characteristics, 249; expulsions from homelands, 134; infrequency of Jewish agriculture in, 153; Jewish identity and, 199; Jews as European racial outsiders, 92–93; racial mixing during, 60, 161–66, 178–79, 246; Roman Diaspora as racial origin, 62; Semitic racial hypothesis, 16–18; as unfulfilled condition, xxix; U.S. immigration policy and, 22; world distribution of Jewish people, 8; Zionist view of, 238–42. See also Zionism
Dickinson, W. H., 112
disintegration (of racial integrity). See assimilation
Disraeli, Benjamin, xxxv–xxxvi, 230, 234, 236, 264, 264n57
Dühring, Eugen, 219, 219n31, 221–22, 261
Dybowski, W., 65
Ebers, G., 188
Ebstein, Wilhelm, 117
economy. See capitalism; occupations
Edwards, W. F., 46, 46n4, 48, 61
Efron, John, xxvi
egalitarianism: racial equality as response to antisemitism, 189–90, 222–24; racial inferiority argument and, xxx, xxxii; religious influence and, 178. See also emancipation
Egypt: depiction of Jewish physiognomy in, 34–35, 35, 47–48; endogamy in, 166; Jewish conversion to Christianity in, 179; Jewish intermarriage in, 26, 167–68n10; racial amalgamation in, 181
Elamites, 212–13
Elkind, Arkadius, xxxvii–xxxviii (n. 5), 74, 81
emancipation: antisemitism and, 240; assimilation and, 249; “defenders of the race” argument and, xxvi; egalitarian principles and, 12–13; Glaubensgemeinschaft (religious community) and, xxvi; Jewish sovereign identity and, xxix–xxx; physiognomic change and, 19–20; revocation of intermarriage prohibition, 172; Zionist view of, 238, 240. See also egalitarianism; persecution
Emorites, 167
Endelman, Todd, xxix, xxxviii (n. 26)
endogamy: European social integration and, 92–93; fertility in Jewish marriages, xv, 11, 112–13, 174; Ghetto environment and, 178–79, 201–2; as “inbreeding,” xxxvii (n. 7); incidence of diabetes and, 105; Kohanim sect marriage restrictions, 123–24; marriage/birth rate, 99, 112–13; proclamation of Ezra and, xxiii, 175–78; racial formation and, 201–2; racial purity and, xiv–xv, 17, 62, 160, 164; racial vs. religious rationale, 229–30. See also intermarriage; sexual purity laws
England: blond Jews in, 45, 68; English commercial aptitude, 150; English race, 233; Jewish assimilation in, xxx, 21–22, 186, 240; Jewish population in, 17, 68, 197; racial diversity in, 16; recognition experiments of mixed-marriage children, 124–29, 125, 128–29; revocation of intermarriage prohibition, 172
environmental arguments (for Jewish traits): overview, xxvi–xxvii; acquired immunity to disease, 139–40; acquired racial traits, xv, 5, 95, 116–17, 262; ceremonial religion, 5, 115, 177–78; chosenness and, 203–9; effect of manual labor, 90–91; facial features and, 122–23; geographically determined types, 93, 200–201; Jewish criminality and, 146–49; Jewish social life, 57–59; material standard of living, 115, 178; mental effects of the Diaspora, 249; racial talent, 256–58; scientific arguments on, xv, 5; social heredity, 131; social isolation, 5, 62, 112–13, 178–79, 203–4. See also hygienic principles; kosher dietary laws
essentialism/nonessentialism, xix
eugenics, xxiii
eye color: overview, 55, 68, 84; Amorites as blue-eyed, 31, 168; Arab eye color, 77; Aramaeans as light-colored-eyes, 51; Ashkenazic eye color, 64–65; Berber Jews as black-eyed, 51; Falasha eye color, 66; Indian Jews and, 9; Northern European Jews as blue-eyed, 45; Polish Jewish eye color, 82; Semite eye color, 64, 89
Ezra, xxiii, 8–9, 38, 167, 175–78, 180
Falashas, 3n1, 4, 18, 27, 51, 66, 235
Fayrer, Joseph, 9
Féré, Charles, 107
Fischer, Eugen, 36
Fishberg, Maurice: biographical sketch, 20; on facial characteristics, 122; on natural selection of racial traits, 139; on race as biological concept, 251; racial amalgamation theory of, xxx–xxxi, 87, 124–25, 162n3, 251–53; on short-headedness, 78–79; stature as Jewish scholar, xvii–xviii, xxxvi
Fracastor, Girolamo, 101
France: antisemitism in, 194; emancipation of 1789, xxx; Frankish racial mixing, 198; French/Gallic race, 192–93, 195; French mathematical thinking, 263; intellectual culture in, 92; Jewish assimilation in, 186; Jewish Diaspora in, 162; Jewish intermarriage in, 50, 185; Jewish physiognomy in, 20; Jewish population in, 4; racial diversity in, 15
Frazer, J. G., 134
Friedenthal, Hans, 87–93
Fuchs, Ernst, 109
Galen, 75
Galicia: assimilation in, 238; blond Jews in, 68, 82–83; intermarriage in, 172–73; Jewish capitalism in, 155n14; Jewish ceremonial religion in, 178; Jewish crime in, 146; Jewish Diaspora in, 26–27; physical description of Jews in, 54, 84
Gambetta, Leon, 188
genetic race: acquired racial traits, xv, 5, 95, 116–17, 262; ancestry studies and, xxxiv; biological determinism and, xxv; epidemiological studies of, xxxiv; inherited traits, 117–18; Lamarckian biology and, xv; Mendelian laws of inheritance, 87–88, 93, 116–17, 124–29, 125, 128–29; modern genetic concept of, xiii; pathology as racial science, 121; social heredity, 131. See also biological science; medicine; racial discourse
Germany: antisemitism in, 19; Christian statehood proposal, 13–14; commercial aptitude in, 155; Germanic/Teutonic race, 24–25, 124, 144, 192–93, 219, 233, 254–56; German mathematical thinking, 263; German settlers in Palestine, 116; Jewish crime in, 146; Jewish Diaspora in, 162; Jewish intermarriage in, 26, 66, 161, 172–73, 185; Jewish population in, 17, 68, 197; Jewish racial status in, 234–35; racial diversity in, 16. See also Ashkenazic Jews
Getites, 175–76
Ghetto environment, 178–79, 201–2
Girgashites, 167
Glatter, Eduard, 100
Glenn, Susan, xxxiv
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 7
Goldstein, Édward, 43
Goldstein, Moritz, 254
Gompertz, B. P., 246
Graetz, Heinrich, 62, 62n20, 70
Greece: acceptance of Jewish worship in, 18; Athenian state religion, 241; endogamy in, 166; Greek commercial aptitude, 154n13; Greek facility at commerce, 150–51; Greek Jews as “Pseudo Gentiles,” 37; Hellenic race, 195; Jewish intermarriage in, 26; manual labor as body determinant in, 91; North African Greek colonies, 66; racial amalgamation in, 181
Greek language, 215–16
Gumplowicz, Ludwig, 261
Hagar, 167–68n10
hair, 82–83, 92, 187. See also blond Jews
Halévy, Ludovic, 188
Haltrecht, Noel, 137–38, 138–40, 141n76
Hamy, Ernest Théodor, 64
Harkavy, Albert (Abraham), 86
Harnack, Adolf, 210–11, 210n25
Harte, Bret, 188
Hartmann, Eduard von, 261
health. See body; medicine
Hebrew language, 38, 43, 194, 199, 216
Hebrews: chosenness and, 206–7;
comparative pathology/immunity of, 104–6; Herder on, xxxiii; intermarriage of, xxiv, 41; occupation of Palestine, 175, 197–98, 211–12; racial profile of, 26; racial relationship with Diaspora Jews, 68; racial status of, 195–96, 212, 214; as Semitic race, 9, 51, 195, 243. See also Palestine; Semites
Heim, Nikolaus, 216
Hellenistic period: conversion to Christianity in, 176, 177, 179; conversion to Judaism in, 26, 164, 168; intermarriage in, 69, 177
Herder, Johann Gottfried, xxxiii
Herschel, John, 188
Hervé, Georges, 65
Heyse, Paul, 188
Hirsch, Emil G., 229–30
Hittites: overview, 25; evidence of Jesus from, 211–12, 217; Jewish descendency from, 78, 246; Jewish intermarriage with, 6, 167, 175–76; physical description of, 33–34, 37, 88; presence in Palestine, 198; racial status of, 212–14; Semites relationship with, 6n6, 244; short-headedness issue and, 168
Hivvites, 167
Hoffman, F. G., 7
Högel, Hugo, 146
Holocaust, xxxiii–xxxiv. See also persecution
Houtin, Ábbe, 196
Hovelacque, Abel, 15, 65, 78, 193–94
Hutchinson, Jonathan, 103
hygienic principles, xxiii, 7, 115. See also medicine
Hyrcanus, John, 167
Idelsohn, H., 120
Ikow, Constantine, 64–66, 70, 163
immigration: antisemitism and, 225–26, 240n41; assimilation and, 225–26; classification of Russian immigrants in the U.S., 233; racial Jewishness and, 225–37; religious Judaism and, 228–34; U.S. immigration policy, 22, 225–26; Zionism and, 228
India: endogamy in, 166; Indian commercial aptitude, 154n13; intermarriage in, 181; Kallah Israel Jews, 28, 67–68; Malabar black Jews, 8, 10, 28, 67; Parsees as similar to Jews, 249; racial amalgamation in, 181
intellectualism: antisemitic view of, 221–22; “Jewish head” traits, 263; Jewish intellectual achievements, 248, 265; Jewish philosophy and theology, xviii; racial talent, 256–58; as racial trait, 5, 92, 265; Roman Jewish intellectuals, 9; Ruppin “intellectualismus” theory, 150. See also capitalism; class; mental characteristics; occupations
intermarriage: overview, 157, 168–69, 170–73; abdication of endogamy and, 23; Biblical evidence on, 53–54, 165–68; biostatic view of, 56; blond Jews and, 49–51; Christian proscription of, 50, 69, 163–64; class status and, 9, 172; comparative pathology/immunity and, 244–45; fertility in mixed marriages, xv, 11, 56, 112–13, 157, 174, 180, 187, 244; Jewish-Christian intermarriage, 19, 49, 185–88; matrimonial alliances, 8–9; in Palestine, 78, 165–68; racial amalgamation and, xxx–xxxi, 66–68; racial decline and, xiv, 240–41, 252; racial mixing in the Diaspora, 60, 161–66, 178–79, 246; racial purity and, 10–11, 17–19, 24, 135–36, 160, 166, 175–77; racial qualities in offspring, 181, 187–88, 244; recognition studies of children from, 124–29, 125, 128–29; religious affiliation of children from, 172, 177, 185; with Semitic vs. non-Semitic tribes, 17–18, 167–68, 167–68n10; statistics on European intermarriage, 170–71; Zionist view of, 239–40, 242. See also assimilation; endogamy; racial amalgamation; sexual purity laws
Isaac, 167–68n10
Israelites: emergence of, 30–31n42, 30–32, 36–37; intermarriage with other peoples, 49; physical traits of, 33–36
Italy: absence of antisemitism and, 23; Jewish assimilation in, 186; Jewish intermarriage in, 26, 185; Jewish physiognomy in, 20; Jewish population in, 18, 65; racial diversity in, 15–16; Roman conversions to Judaism, 8–9; Roman Diaspora as racial origin, 62; Turin Semitic Jews, 72–73, 72–73n35; Venetian Jews, 74n37. See also Roman Jews
Jacobs, Joseph, xxx, xxxvi, 3, 62, 70, 103, 109, 230
Jastrow, Morris, 229–30
Jebusites, 167
Jensen, P., 214
“Jewish Question,” xiv, xvi, xvii, xxiv, 219–20, 223–24
Jonathan ben Ussiel, 215
Joseph, 167–68n10
Judah, 63
Kahn, Fritz, 24
Kaplan, Steven, xiii
Karaites, 4, 8, 50, 54, 65n26, 69, 163, 176–77, 199
Khazars, xxiv, 17, 49–50, 69, 163, 176–77, 199
Kidd, Colin, xxxviii (n. 20)
Kirschner, H., 119
Kohanim ancient priestly class, xxxiv, 123–24, 177
Kohler, Kaufman, 229–30
Kolb, George Frederick, 7
Kollmann, J., 65
Kopernizki, J., 82
kosher dietary laws, xiv, xxii–xxiii, 7, 23, 110, 139. See also environmental arguments
Krafft-Ebing, Richard, 106
Lachis, 211–12
Lagneau, Gustave, 7, 48–49, 52, 66, 70
Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste, xv
Lancereaux, Étienne, 107
language: Aramaic language, 33, 213, 215–16; as basis for nationalism, 15, 43, 250; Greek language, 215–16; Hebrew language, 38, 43, 194, 199, 216; Hebrew texts and, 43; Jewish propensity for language, 132; language of Jesus, 215–16; Semitic language, 38, 43, 88, 243; theory of race and, 194–95
Lapouge, Georges Vacher de, 174
Larrey, Dominique-Jean, 77
Lassalle, Ferdinand, 264, 264n57
Legoyt, Alfred, 7, 109–10, 109n46
Leibniz, Gottfried, 202
Lepsius, Karl Richard, 89
Leroy-Beaulieu, Anatole, 111, 111n48
Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim, 255
Levy, Michael, 101
Lindau, Paul, 188
Liszt, Franz von, 146
literature, 143
Littré, Émile, 7
Loeb, Isidore, xxx–xxxi, 7, 12, 69, 197
Lombroso, Cesare, 72, 72–73nn34–35, 74n37, 106
Lubarsch, Otto von, 116
Luschan, Felix von: biographical sketch, 26n39; on intermixed Palestine Jews, 78; on Oriental Jews, 37; on racial Jewishness, 243–44; on Semite origin theory, 38, 38n54; short-headedness issue and, 168; theory of Jewish racial origins, 26, 68, 88, 215; on Zionism, 244–45
Macaulay, Thomas B., 14
Manin, Daniele, 188
marriage. See endogamy; intermarriage
Martius, Friedrich, 117
Marx, Karl, 264
Mayer, J., 82
medicine: overview, 95, 113–14; alcoholism, xxv, 103, 110, 112–13, 116, 140, 244–45; cancer, xxxiv, 119–21; comparative mortality of Jews, 97–105, 98, 107–8; comparative pathology/immunity, 97, 100–101, 100, 115, 244–45, 264; diabetes, xxii, 57, 104–5, 109, 111–12; eye disorders and blindness, 108–9; health benefits of Jewish tradition, xiv–xv, 7, 115; infant mortality, 133; malaria, 100, 116; mental illness, 105–7; pathology as racial science, 121, 139; social integration and, 112–13; tuberculosis, 7, 95, 137–41, 244–45; venereal diseases, 103–4, 110, 113, 140, 244–45. See also body; genetic race
Mediterranean race, 25, 36, 39, 40, 212–15
Menasseh ben Israel, xxx
Mendelejeff, D. I., 188
Mendelian laws of inheritance, 87–88, 93, 116–17, 124–29, 125, 128–29
Mendelssohn, Felix, 234
menstruation, 118–19
mental characteristics: courage and bravery, 247–48; introspective tendency, 135; mental illness, 105–7, 111–12; psychological basis for race, 252–53; racial science and, xxii–xxiii; racial talent, 256–58; realist tendency, 249; suicide, 148; “tenacity of life,” 99–100, 110–12; urban neuroses, 111, 133. See also capitalism; intellectualism
Metchnikoff, Elie, 188
Michaelis, Curt, 203–4
Michels, John, 120
Midianites, 167
Millais, John, 188
mitzvot, xiv
Möbius, Paul Julius, 263, 263n56
Mocatta, Frederick David, 8
Montaigne, Michel de, 188
Morocco, 8
Mulhall, Michael George, 98 Müller, Max, 195, 195n6 Myerson, Abraham, 130
Näcke, Paul, 146
nationalism: belonging as basis for, 250–51; Glaubensgemeinschaft (religious community), xxix; Jewish identity and, xxvi; language as basis for, 15, 43, 250; nationalist Jews, 260–61; official Jewish nationalism, 221; political Zionism and, 239–42; racial unity and, 14–15, 62, 250–51, 256–57; religion as basis for, 177–78, 180, 241–42; Volk identity as basis for, xxxiii, xxxviii (n. 24), 14–15, 169. See also Zionism
national Judaism, 260–61. See also nationalism; Zionism
Native Americans, xxxviii (n. 20)
Negro race: comparative pathology/ immunity, 97, 103, 140; Jewish hair similarity to, 92; representations on Egyptian artifacts, 26, 193; scientific races and, 233; slave intermarriages and conversions, 26; Western culture and, 256. See also African Americans; Black Jews
Netherlands, The, 64, 101, 145–46, 172–73, 246
Noorden, Carl von, 105
North Africa, 6, 26–27, 64, 66
Nossig, Alfred, 203
Nott, Josiah, 61, 63, 63–64n23, 70
occupations: overview, 143–44; assimilation relationship with success, 185–87; exclusion from manual labor, 132, 153, 204, 249; Jewish criminality and, 147–48; racial talent, 256–57. See also capitalism; class; intellectualism; sociology
Oppenheim, Baron von, 33
Oppenheim, Hermann, 106
Oriental race, 36–37
Origen, 211
Orthodox Judaism: in Austria, 146; immigration policy and, 232; modernity as challenge for, 178; Semitic dynasty connection to, 244; vital statistics, 99
Palestine: Babylonian captivity, 38, 62, 70, 165–66, 167–68n10; blond Jews and, 50, 88; destruction of Jerusalem, 164; emergence of Israelites in, 30–31n42, 30–32, 36–37; German settlers in, 116; Jewish agriculture in, 153; Jewish tribal identity and, 262–63; racial mixing in, 78, 165–68, 175–76, 197–98; racial purity in, 62, 164–66; repatriation movement, 22; Russian Gerim settlers in, 116; Zionist statehood movement, 187, 242. See also Hebrews; Zionism
Palgrave, Francis Turner, 188
Palgrave, W. Clifford, 188
Pantjuchoff, J., 83
Paradol, Prevost, 188
Perisites, 167
persecution: chronic fear and, 133–34; European Diaspora and, 162; facial features and, 122–23; first Christian Crusades, 19; identity badge decree, 136n72; official racial status and, 228–29; proscription of handicraft professions, 132; proscription of Jewish intermarriage, 50, 69, 163–64; rise of Christianity and, 131–32; social heredity and, 131; social isolation and, 179; stereotypes of religious minorities, 151; urban concentration and, 58. See also antisemitism; emancipation; Holocaust
Persia, 8
Philips, C., 106
Philistines: amalgamation with the Israelites, 31; Jewish intermarriage with, 26, 175–76; physiognomic description, 36, 37; presence in Palestine, 198
physical anthropology. See anthropometry; body
Ploetz, Alfred, 159n1
Poland: blond Jews in, 83; Jewish intermarriage in, 64, 66, 186–87; Jewish physical characteristics in, 83–85; Jewish population in, 8, 50, 52, 85–86, 162; mental illness in, 105–6; Polish disinterest in commerce, 151–52; Polish race, 233; Slavic Jews in, 49; Vistula region racial groups, 74–75, 81–82, 85
Pruner Bey, Franz Ignaz, 50–51, 50n11, 64
Prussia, 98
“Pseudo Gentiles,” 37
psychology. See mental characteristics
Putnam, James J., 106
Quatrefages, Jean Louis Armand de, 64
race. See and particular races; genetic race; racial amalgamation; racial discourse; racial Jewishness; racial purity; racial talent
racial amalgamation: overview, xxx–xxxi, 66–68, 157; adaptation to regional environment and, 201–2; closely related vs. widely different races, 181–83; racial mixing during the Diaspora, 60, 161–66, 178–79, 246; sites of intermixed Jews, 78; Topinard thesis of, 199. See also assimilation; intermarriage
racial discourse: animal metaphors in, xxxvii (n. 15); anthropological vs. historical perspective, 41, 159–60; appropriation of science in, xix–xx; belonging as component of, 250–51; biological perspective on, xiii; closely related vs. widely different races, 181–83; cultural energy, 183; dominant racial theory, 223–24; introspective vs. extrospective races, 135; Jewish thought relevance for, xix–xx; monogenesis vs. polygenesis and, 44–48, 51–52; origins of, xxxvii–xxxviii (n. 17), 191–92, 194–95; pathology as racial science, 121; race as uniformity of traits, 159; scientific classification, xx–xxi, 39n55, 193, 233; skin color and, xx, 40; Volk nationalism and, xxxiii, xxxviii (n. 24), 14–15, 169; zoological definition of race, 24, 39–40, 191–92, 251. See also genetic race; racial Jewishness
racial Jewishness: overview of racial theories, 87–89; anthropological vs. historical perspective, 261–62; biology vs. environment debate, xv; chosenness and, 122, 203–9; as counter to antisemitism, xxiv, xxxi–xxxiii, xxxviii (n. 20); diseased/degenerate imagery and, xxv–xxvi; early scholarship on, xxxvii–xxxviii (n. 5); essentialism/ nonessentialism in, xix; “Hebrew” term for, 231–32; homogeneity of the Jewish race, 160–61; immigration policy and, 225–37; Jewish racial classification, 4–5, 4, 32, 38–39, 39, 70, 251–53; Jewish self-identification and, xiii–xiv, 208–9, 264–65; natural selection of Jewish traits, 139, 154–55, 200–201, 203–4; non-Jewish scholars on, xvi; physical variation and, 89–90, 200; political dimension of, xx; popularity of idea of, xiii; purposes and benefits of, xvii; racial diversity overview, 68; racial unity theory, 14–15, 62, 250–51, 256–57; racial worth of Jews, 220–21; religious sources of, xviii; scientific status of, 28–29; Zionist view of, 228, 238–39. See also and specific racial groups; cultural Judaism; racial discourse; religious Judaism
racial purity: overview, xiv, 53–54, 58–59, 61–63; acquired traits and, 262; alternative theories of race, 44–46; chosenness and, 205–6; conversion and, 17; cultural energy in, 183; difficulty of assimilation and, 21–22; European Diaspora and, 164; German antisemitism and, 19; intermarriage and, 10–11, 17–19, 24, 135–36, 160, 166, 175–77; Jews as “inbred” (Inzucht) race, 169, 169n12; Mendelian laws of inheritance and, 87–88, 93, 116–17, 124–26, 125; physiognomy and, 10, 48–49, 197; of Polish Jews, 81–82; political intervention for, 221; racial chaos compared with, 179–80, 183–84; racial pathology and, 139; racial self-preservation motive, 164; racial spirit theory, 61, 61n19, 144, 189
racial talent, 256–57
Ramazzini, Bernardino, 101
Rathenau, Walter, 254–55, 255n48
Raymond, Fulgence, 105–6
Reform Judaism, 228–29
Reichler, Max, xxxvi
religious Judaism: authentic “Jewishness” and, 259–60, 265; Fishberg historical theory, 251–53; Glaubensgemeinschaft (religiious community), xxix; immigration policy and, 228–34; Jewish tribal identity and, 262–63; nationalist Jews and, 260–61; political Zionism and, 241–42. See also racial Jewishness
Renan, Ernest, 9, 67, 70, 195, 197, 201–2, 219, 222
Ripley, William, 69–70, 86, 99, 122, 197
Rohrbach, Paul, 151
Romania, 99, 150, 173, 186, 228–29
Roman Jews, 9, 18, 26, 62, 66, 164. See also Italy
Rosellini, Ippolito, 89
Rosenzweig, Franz, xix, xxxv–xxxvi
Rosman, Moshe, xix
Royer, Clémence, 197
Rudolphi, K. A., 46
Ruppin, Arthur: biographical sketch, 30; on emancipation, 249; on “intellectualismus,” 150; on Jewish criminality, 146; on Jewish intermarriage, 161, 252; on racial Jewishness, xxv, 143–44; stature as Jewish scholar, xvii–xviii
Russia: blond Jews in, 83; Christian persecution of Jews in, 132; classification of Russian immigrants in the U.S., 233; conversion to Judaism in, 116; description of southern Russian Jews, 76–77; Gerim sect, 116, 260; intellectual culture in, 92; intermarriage prohibition in, 172; Jewish intermarriage in, 66, 163, 176–77, 186–87; Jewish official racial status in, 228–29; Jewish physical characteristics in, 83–85; Jewish population in, 8, 17–18, 65, 65n26, 68, 74, 199; Jewish settlement patterns, 85–86; Jewish social isolation in, 178, 241; racial amalgamation in, 182; racial diversity in, 16; Russian disinterest in commerce, 151–52; Russian-Jewish recognition experiment, 124
Ruth, 167
Salaman, Redcliffe N., xxxiv, 36–37, 122
Saundby, Robert, 104
Sayce, Archibald Henry, 6
Scholem, Gershom, xix
Schorsch, Jonathan, xxxvii–xxxviii (n. 5)
scientific discourse: anthropometry, 6; classificatory systems in, xx–xxi, 39n55, 193, 233; Jewish moral history and, 205; Jewish racial classification, 4, 28–29, 251–53. See also anthropology; anthropometry; biological science; sociology
Scythians, 32
Semites: Armenoids contrast with, 37–38; Jewish descendency from, 78, 88, 243, 246–47; Jewish Diaspora and, 16; physiognomic description, 9–10, 76–77, 196, 263–64; racial origin of, 194–95; Russian Jews compared with, 77–78; Semitic vs. non-Semitic tribes, 167–68, 167–68n10. See also Hebrews
Semitic language, 38, 43, 88, 243
Sephardic Jews: overview, 26–27, 63, 70; anthropological perspective on, 196; anthropometric measurements for, 79–80; mentioned, 48; physiognomic description, 64, 196; racial classification of, 4; settlement of, 5, 8
sexual purity laws, xiv, 7–8. See also endogamy; intermarriage
social heredity, 131
sociology: ceremonial religion and, 177–78, 180; disinclination towards sports and play, 133; inclination toward urban settlement, xiv, 58, 111–12, 133, 137; Jewish family structure, 109–10; Jewish urban occupations, 132, 137; overview of Jewish social life, 57–59; social heredity, 131; social isolation as Jewish environmental influence, 5, 62, 112–13, 178–79, 203–4. See also anthropology; capitalism; occupations
Solomon, 214
Sombart, Werner, 143–44, 152, 152n8, 153–54, 189, 248–49, 256–58
South America, 181
Spagnoli Jews, 63
Spain: Galician Jews, 54, 68, 82–84; intermarriage prohibition in, 172; Jewish Diaspora in, 162; Jewish intermarriage in, 19, 162, 164; Jewish population in, 4, 17–18, 63, 65; Jewish social isolation in, 179; racial amalgamation in, 182; racial diversity in, 16. See also Sephardic Jews
Spielman, Isidore, 109
Spinoza, Baruch, 240
Steinmetz, S. R., 246
Stern, Heinrich, 104
Sternberg, Wilhelm, 120
suicide, 148
Sullivan, Arthur, 188
Sulzberger, Mayer, 229
Taine, Hippolyte, 261
Talko-Hryncewicz (Gritschewitsch), J., 65, 74, 85
Teutonic/Germanic race, 24–25, 124, 144, 192–93, 219, 233, 254–56
Theilhaber, Adolf, 119–20, 119n61
Titus, 164
Topinard, Paul, 15, 51, 65, 191–92, 197, 199 tuberculosis, 7, 95, 137–41, 244–45
Ukraine, 83–84
United States: commercial aptitude in, 150, 155; comparative pathology of races, 97, 101, 102–3; immigration policy in, 22, 225–26; intermarriage of European peoples, 181; Jewish assimilation in, 135–36, 186; Jewish psychoneuroses in, 130; Jewish social integration in, 112–13; revocation of intermarriage prohibition, 172; vital statistics of Jews, 99–101
venereal diseases, 103–4, 110, 113, 140, 244–45
Verga, Andrea, 106
Volk identity, xxxiii, xxxviii (n. 24), 14–15, 169, 205–7
Wagner, Richard, xxxii, 189, 219, 219n31
Wassermann, Rudolf, 145
Weinberg, Richard, 71
Weinberg, Robert, xxxvii–xxxviii (n. 5)
Weisbach, A., 78
Weissenberg, Samuel, xvii–xviii, xxxvii–xxxviii (n. 5), 74, 76, 85, 118, 122, 124
Weltsch, Robert, xxviii–xxix, 250
Wieth-Knudsen, K. A., 174
Wolf, Joseph, 67
Wolff, Henry Drummond, 188
World War II, 141
Wright, William, 6
Yehoshua, A. B., xiii–xiv, xxxiv
Zafy-Ibrahim Jews, 66
Zhitlowsky, Chaim, 259
Zionism: immigration policy and, 228; Maccabaean as Zionist newspaper, 225; nationalist Jews, 260–61; racial Jewishness and, xxviii–xxix; resistance to assimilation and, 187; views of racial Jewishness, 228, 238–39; von Luschan on, 244; Zionist state initiative, 187, 228–29, 252, 257. See also Diaspora; nationalism; Palestine