Please note that page numbers relating to Notes will have the letter ‘n’ following the page number.
aborigines, 33
Abraham, Nicholas, 86
Abrams, Meyer, 30
acknowledgement, 88
acute dissociative disorders, 84
Adams, Parveen, 160
adaptational breakdown, 158
Adorno, Theodor W., 14, 50, 94, 97, 98, 99–100, 102, 107n, 108n
aesthetic/aesthetics, xiii, 30, 40, 83; of Adorno, 97; aestheticization of violence, 24; feminist literature, 49, 58n; of fragmentation, 46; normative trauma aesthetics, 46; trauma aesthetics, beyond, 50–1
‘afterwardsness,’ 12, 14, 16–19
Agamben, Georgio, xiii, 34–5, 37, 92, 113, 123n, 143–4, 153n; on biopolitics as sovereignty, 143–5; Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life, 143; Remnants of Auschwitz, 144; The Signature, 153n; on time and personhood, 127–8, 130–1, 133–4, 135, 137, 138; The Time that Remains, 127–8, 133
Alexander, Amy, 49
Alexander, Jane, 102
Algeria, 78
Alter, Joseph, 72
American Psychiatric Association, 2; Diagnostic Manual (DSM), 49, 153n, 158
amnesia, protective, 56
Ancestor Stones (Forna), 52
Anderson, Benedict, 105
Angelus Novus (Klee), 93
Anglo–Afghan War (1860), 71
Anglophone modernities, 66
Anil’s Ghost (Ondaatje), 73
Animals in the Third Reich (Sax), 33
animus, quasi-ritualistic, 37, 39
Anna Karenina (Tolstoy), 17–18
Anthropocene, xvi
anti-Semitism, 24, 28, 33, 35; redemptive, 39; see also Holocaust anti-teleology, 63, 66
Arab world, 78
Arendt, Hannah, 6, 32, 34, 113–23; Eichmann in Jerusalem, 116; ‘human being general,’ 114, 115, 120; The Human Condition, 113; Jew-Stranger, 118–23; ‘new kind of human beings,’ 116–17, 118, 121; The Origins of Totalitarianism, 114, 118, 122; ‘We Refugees,’ 115, 116, 117, 119, 122, 124n
Aristotle, 18
al Assad, Mehmet, 115, 119; ‘Asylum,’ 113, 114, 117, 122, 123n
Astounding Science Fiction (magazine), 164
‘Asylum’ (al Assad), 113, 114, 117, 122, 123n
asylum seekers, 115
Athanasiou, Athena, 146
atrocities, 14
Atrocity Exhibition, The (Ballard), 160
Auschwitz death camp, 11, 15, 16, 17, 34; poetry following, 50
bad faith, 25
Baelo-Allué, Sonia, 58n
Bal, Mieke, 65
Ball, Karyn, 15
Bangladeshi fires, xiv
bare life, 130–1, 136, 144, 153n
Barker, Martin, 160
Barth, Karl, 26
Bartov, Omer, 34
Bataille, Georges, 25, 30, 31, 38; Trauma: Expectations in Memory, 58n
Bauman, Zygmunt, 34
‘Before the Law’ (Kafka), 18
Beirut, 78; Sabra and Shatila massacres in (1982), 79; Tel al-Zaatar, siege and massacre of Palestinians (1976), 80
Belzec death camp, 34
Bengal, 66
Benjamin, Walter, 93, 96, 105, 119, 124n, 127, 133, 135, 158
Bennett, Jane, 29
Beyond Feminist Aesthetics: Feminist Literature and Social Change (Felski), 58n
Beyond the Pleasure Principle (Freud), 91, 149
Bhakti cult, 66
biopolitics, xiii, 7, 92, 93, 130, 141–55; vs. biopower, 152n; defined, 142–3; and governmentality, 143; as sovereignty, 143–5, 153n; thanato political tendency, 153–4n; and trauma post 9/11, 141–3
biopower, 32, 34; vs. biopolitics, 152n
Bíos: Biopolitics and Philosophy (Esposito), 145, 148, 153n
Birkenau death camp, 11, 15, 34
Bischoff, Lizelle, 70
Black Skin, White Masks (Fanon), 58n
Blücher, Heinrich (husband of Hannah Arendt), 122
Blumenberg, Hans, 30
Bodhi tree, in Buddhism, 68
Bodies that Matter (Butler), 92
‘Bollywood,’ 66
Bourdieu, Pierre, 28
Brazier, David, 68
Breithaupt, Fritz, 153n
Brod, Max, 119
Broderick, Mick, 58n
Brown, Laura S., 7, 49, 106, 145
Bruckner, Pascal, 14
Brunner, John, 7, 157, 162, 163
Buck-Morss, Susan, 72
Bultmann, Rudolf, 26
bureaucracy, 7, 119, 147, 148; and fascism/Nazism, 32, 34, 36
burial sites, 106
Burrows, Victoria, 58n
Butler, Judith, 6, 7, 92–3, 94, 96, 105, 141–2; on 9/11, 92, 94; Bodies that Matter, 92; vs. Esposito, 149, 150; Frames of War: When is Life Grievable? 2, 47, 142; vs. Freud, 92; Precarious Life: The Powers of Mourning and Violence, 2, 20, 91, 92, 141, 153n; The Psychic Life of Power, 92
Butler, Mark, 69
buzzing, in works of history, 16
Caillois, Roger, 25
Cambodia, Pol Pot regime, xii, 67, 68
Campbell, Timothy, 149
carnivalesque practices, 40
Carr, E. H., 16
Carr, Nicholas, 158
Caruth, Cathy, 2, 12, 13, 14, 17, 46, 47, 48, 65, 72, 81, 92, 142; Trauma: Explorations in Memory, xi, 58n, 144–5; Unclaimed Experience: Trauma, Narrative and History, xv, 3, 45, 132
Catholic Church, 30
Césaire, Aimé, 2
Chakrabarty, Dipesh, xvi, 64, 67
Cheah, Pheng, 145
Chelmno death camp, 34
chronological/linear time, 6, 127, 128, 131, 133, 134
Church of Scientology, 165
Ciceronian tradition, 27
City Gates (novel by Khoury), 5–6, 78–88; collapse of narrative voice, 83–4, 85, 87; failure of novel as symbolic form to represent the event, 81–2; fragmentariness of, 79, 82; man and stranger in, 79–80, 82, 84, 88; narrative in, 78–9, 79, 80, 82, 83–4, 85, 87; paradox of, 80; plot, 79–80, 80; protagonist in, 79, 84, 86–7; PTSD in, 79; publication (1981), 78, 80; sadness of, 80–1; style, 80, 83; vulnerability, portrayal in, 79, 83–4, 85, 88
civil religion, fascism/Nazism as, 24, 32
Civilization and Its Discontents (Freud), 30
Claymore mine, 163
Clear Light of Day (Desai), 65
clerico-fascism, 30
climate change, xiv
closure, 55, 57, 65; emotional, 78, 79, 82; psychoaffective, 81
cognitive estrangement, 159
collective memory, 2
collective trauma, shift from individual, 92
collectivist societies, 50, 65
colonialism, Angola, 70
Communitas: The Origin and Destiny of Community (Esposito), 145
community, 148, 149, 153n; corporeal, 104–5
Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East (Saunders and Aghaie), 58n
Complex PTSD, 49
concentration camps, 34; see also death camps
consciousness, 86
‘contemporary narrative,’ 14
Continuum: Journal of Media and Cultural Studies (Traverso and Broderick), 58n
Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees (UN), 1951, 115, 123n
coping mechanisms, 55
corporeality, common, 92, 94, 102
Craps, Stef, xii, xv, 4, 5, 12, 13, 48, 145; Postcolonial Witnessing: Trauma Out of Bounds, 58n; Studies in the Novel, 58n
Crash (Ballard), 160
Crazy like Us: The Globalization of the American Psyche (Watters), 48–9
Critchley, Simon
critical historiography, 12
critical melancholia, 73
critical refugee studies, 113
Criticism: A Quarterly for Literature and the Arts (Craps and Rothberg), 58n
Croisy, Sophie, 58n
cross-cultural context, 46, 48, 50, 51
Crosthwaite, Paul, 161
Crownshaw, Richard, 159
Crutzen, Paul, xvi
cultural imperialism, 48
cultural transfer routes, 72
cultural trauma, 13
culture industry, 97
Currie, Mark, 17
cyberspace, 163
Daiya, Kavita, 65
Damasio, Antonio, 163
‘Darkling Thrush, The’ (elegy by Hardy), 101, 102
Dawidowicz, Lucy, 37
death camps, 11, 15, 16, 34, 123n; disorientation, 17; see also Holocaust
decolonization, 67
deconstructive thought, 2, 12, 14, 45, 92
Deleuze, Gilles, 124n, 153n, 154n
depersonalization, 83
Derrida, Jacques, 2, 3, 13, 14, 24–5, 123n, 124n; ‘Faith and Knowledge: the Two Sources of “Religion” at the Limits of Reason Alone, 24, 26–7; ‘Force of Law: The “Mystical” Foundation of Authority,’ 41n; ‘Structure, Sign, and Play in the Discourse of the Human Sciences,’ 27
Desai, Anita, 65
destruction, machinery of, 32, 33–4, 36, 39
detachment, 72
detention camps, 113, 114, 117, 120
Devi, Mahasweta, 107n
Devji, Faisal, 71
Dialectic of Enlightenment (Adorno and Horkheimer), 40, 107n, 108n
Dianetics (Hubbard), 165
Dick, Philip K., 161
difference/différance, 26
disciplinary power, 142–3, 144
discipline-specific knowledge, 12
discursive distance, 82
disenfranchisement, 26; legal, 47; National Socialist policy, 30
Disorders of Extreme Stress Not Otherwise Specified, 49
Douglas, Kate, 58n
Douglas, Mary, 25
dreamworld, 72
Dresden bombing (1945), 161
Dube, Surabh, 67
Dufourmantelle, Anne, 124n
Duran, Edwardo, 49
Duras, Marguerite, 47
Durkheim, Emile/Durkheimian tradition, 25, 28
Durrant, Sam, 4, 6, 89n, 107n; Postcolonial Narrative and the Work of Mourning, 58n, 107n
Easterbrook, Neil, 163
Edkins, Jenny, xii, xiii, 7, 92, 123n, 127, 130, 131, 134, 136; Trauma and the Memory of Politics, 6, 151
Egan, Greg, 164
Eichmann, Adolf, 39
Eichmann in Jerusalem (Arendt), 116
Einsatzgruppen (special task forces), 33
electrified fence, 15
Elinga Teatro, Angola, 69
embodiment/embeddedment, 72
emergency, state of, 135
empiphany, 87
Empire of the Sun (Ballard), 160–1
empty time, 133
engrams, 165
Epic and Empire (Quint), 97
Erikson, Kai, 87
eschatology, 133
Esposito, Roberto, xiii, 142, 148–51, 152n; Bíos: Biopolitics and Philosophy, 145, 148, 153n; vs. Butler, 149, 150; Communitas: The Origin and Destiny of Community, 145; vs. Foucault, 148; Immunitas: The Protection and the Negation of Life, 145
Eternal Treblinka (Patterson), 33
ethics: ethical turn, 12, 45; and trauma, 18, 19
ethnocentrism, 31
Euro-American academy, xvii
Eurocentrism, 5, 33; bias of, 46, 47, 68; breaking with, 48; empire, trauma of, 46–8; empire of trauma, 48–50; excessive concentration on, in trauma theory, 12–13; trauma aesthetics, beyond, 50–1; trauma theory beyond, 45–61; see also Memory of Love (Forna)
event-based trauma model: limitations, 49, 50, 53, 54, 144; missing ‘person,’ 132–3; Partition of India (1947), as event, 64, 65, 66, 67; and repetition, 81; see also Holocaust
exceptionalism, European, 144, 166
exclusive inclusion, 153n
existential choices/questions, 11, 12, 14
expansionism, European, 72
experience, vs. representation, 81, 82
experimentation, avant-garde, 57
exploitation, xiv
extermination camps, 113; see also death camps
‘external relations’ of literature, 12
extreme violence, xiii, xiv, 78, 141, 144; see also violence
extremity, 25
factory fires (2012), xiv
‘Faith and Knowledge: the Two Sources of “Religion” at the Limits of Reason Alone (Derrida), 24, 26–7
‘family camp,’ Auschwitz, 15
fantasy, of mastery/storytelling, 84–5, 85–6
Farrier, David, 123n
fascism, xii, 4, 23–43; comparative, 23; and Nazism, 23, 31–2; prominent characteristics, 31; and religion, 24, 25, 30; sacred in, 23, 24; salute, 26; as secular religion, 24
Felman, Shoshana, 2, 12, 14, 45, 46, 92; Testimony, 3
fence, electrified, 15
‘final solution’ see Holocaust
Finchelstein, Federico, 30
Flatley, Jonathan, 89n
Flores, Paulo, 71
‘folk psychology’ language concept, 13
‘Force of Law: The “Mystical” Foundation of Authority’ (Derrida), 41n
formlessness, 79; of City Gates, 83
Forna, Aminatta: Ancestor Stones, 52; The Hired Man (Forna), 51; Memory of Love, 5, 46, 51–7, 59n
Foucault, Michel, xiii, 19, 20, 93, 130, 144, 153n; on disciplinary power, 142–3, 144; vs. Esposito, 148; on governmentality, 145–8, 152n; Security, Territory, Population, 146
fragmentariness, of City Gates, 79, 82
Frames of War: When is Life Grievable? (Butler), 2, 47, 142
Frank, Arthur, 2
Freetown, Sierra Leone, 51, 52
Freud, Sigmund, 12, 29, 32, 64, 72, 73, 104, 150, 158; Beyond the Pleasure Principle, 91, 149; vs. Butler, 92; Civilization and Its Discontents, 30; melancholia vs. mourning, 65, 68, 69; Moses and Monotheism, 47, 48; protective shield of, 91, 93, 94, 97, 106, 149
Friedlander, Saul, 11, 14, 16, 33; Nazi Germany and the Jews, 39
Frye, Northrop, 30
fugue, 56
Future Shock (Toffler), 7, 157, 158
Gana, Nouri, xiii, 4, 5–6, 107n
gas chambers see death camps
Genel, Katia, 153n
genocide, 14, 20, 32–3, 35, 39, 40, 46; see also Holocaust; Nazism; violence Genocide Museum, 67, 68
genre, 65
Genter, Robert, 72
Gentile, Emilio, 32
geological agency, xvi
Gift of Death (Derrida), 25
Girard, René, 25
globalization, xiii, xiv, 4, 46, 151
‘god’s eye view point,’ 17
Goebbels, Josef, 39
Goldhagen, Daniel, 35
good faith, 25
‘The Good Old Days’: The Holocaust as Seen by its Perpetuators and Bystanders (Trevor-Roper), 37–8
Göring, Hermann, 35
Gottlieb, Susannah Young-ah, 124n
governmentality, 145–8, 152n; and biopolitics, 143
‘Great Death’ (gas chambers), 15, 16; see also death camps
Greenhouse, Steven, xiv
Gross, Jan T., 33
Guattari, Felix, 124n
guilt, 14
Gulf War Syndrome, 158
Gurs detention camp, South West France, 114, 119
habitus, 28
Hacking, Ian, 2
Haidu, Peter, 64
Halbwachs, Maurice, 2
Hamacher, Werner, 124n
hands-on killing, 34
happiness, 18
Haraway, Donna, 153n
Hardt, Michael, 77, 152n, 153n
Harmony of Illusions: Inventing Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (Young), 48
healing, traditional, 54
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 28
hermeneutic tools, 64
Herrero, Dolores, 58n
Hess, Rudolf, 35
Himmler, Heinrich Luitpold, 24, 35, 39; Posen speech (1943), 36, 37, 38
hiphop, 71
Hired Man, The (Forna), 51
Hiroshima, bombing of, 47
Hiroshima mon amour (film), 5, 47–8
historical precision, 13
historical trauma, 13, 92; see also event-based trauma model
history: buzzing, in works of, 16; and narrative, 14; trauma as, 14–16, 45
History and Its Limits: Human, Animal, Violence (LaCapra), 23, 41n
Hitler, Adolf, 28, 35, 38, 39; charisma of, 31, 36; Mein Kampf, 29–30
Hitler’s Willing Executioners (Goldhagen), 35
Holocaust, xi, 4, 18, 20, 23, 37, 46, 119; whether excessive concentration on, in trauma theory, 12–13, 58n, 64, 144; as ‘limit-event,’ 64; as population control, 32; survivor testimonies, 11–12, 14, 16; see also Second World War
Holy Spirit, 25
homeland, concept of, 98
homeland security, breach of, 92
homelessness, 115, 124n; see also refugees
homo sacer, 130, 131, 136, 145, 152
Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life (Agamben), 143
hope, need for, 54
Horkheimer, Max, 94, 107n, 108n
Hulme, T. E., 30
Human Condition, The (Arendt), 113
human rights violations, 100, 114
Huxley, T. H., 160
Huyssen, Andreas, 67
Hyder, Syed Akbar, 71
identification, 47
identity, pure, 26
ideology, 24, 25, 29, 30, 32, 38; Nazi, 34
immanent sacred, 28
Immunitas: The Protection and the Negation of Life (Esposito), 145
immunity, 148, 149, 150, 152, 153n
inaccessibility of trauma, 45
inanimate, objectification or
instrumentalization of, 128
incarnation, ‘scandal’ of, 27
inclusive exclusion, 153n
Indian Ocean trade routes, 72
Indian Partition (1947), 64, 65, 66, 67
individualistic approaches to trauma, limitations, 49–50
injury, insistently unredeemable, 141
insidious trauma, 49, 106, 145
‘internal laws’ of literature, 12
Irish Folklore Commission, 107n
Islamo-fascism, 25
isolation of traumatized individuals, 46
Jain, Kajri, 66
Jalal, Ayesha, 66
Jameson, Fredric, 162, 163, 166
Janoff-Bulman, Ronnie, 49
Japan, 67
Jay, Martin, 77
jazz, 71
Jedwabne pogrom (1941), 33
Jewish people, 24, 30, 32; conspiracy theory, 36–7; hatred of see anti-Semitism; history, biblical account, 105; middle-class European (eighteenth and nineteenth centuries), 116; as refugees, 115; ritual murder charges, 33, 36; ‘sheep to slaughter’ metaphor, 36; see also Holocaust
Jew-Stranger, 118–21; and Arab-Stranger, 121–3
Joffé, Roland, 67
Johnson, Barbara, 117, 118, 120
Judaism, 26; see also anti-Semitism; Holocaust; Jewish people
Jünger, Ernst, 29
Kabir, Ananya Jahanara, xii, xiii, 4, 5, 63, 64, 65, 66, 71
Kafka, Franz, xii, 6, 18, 118–21, 124n; The Castle, 119, 120; Zionism of, 122
Kaunas, Lithuania (murder of Jews at), 37–8
Kelly, David, 130
Kelly, Erica, 101
Khmer Rouge regime, Cambodia, 67, 68
Khoury, Elias, xiii, 77; City Gates, 5–6, 78–88; ‘Sociology and the Novelist,’ 89n
Khulumani Support Group, 101, 108n
Kielce pogrom (1946), 33
killing, direct, 34
Kindly Ones, The (Littell), 34
King, Stephen, 51
Kittler, Friedrich, 160
Klebes, Martin, 124n
Klee, Paul, 93
Klein, Kerwin Lee
Kligerman, Eric, 38
Kok, Ingrid de, 6, 94, 105, 106; ‘Parts of Speech,’ 101, 102, 104; ‘A Room Full of Questions,’ 101, 102; ‘Some there Be,’ 105; Terrestrial Things, 101
Kovner, Abba, 36
Kristeva, Julia, 25
kuduristas, dance of (Angola), xiii, 69–71
kuduro (Angolan electronic music–dance complex), xiii, 69, 70, 71
Kuehn, Alex and Felix, 63
Kulka, Otto Dov, 12, 14, 18–19; as historian, 15, 16; Landscapes of the Metropolis of Death, 4, 11, 15–16, 17; Temple Mount visit (in 60s), 16, 17
Kumar, Priya, 65
Kurzweil, Ray, 164
Lacan, Jacques, 2, 26, 36, 87, 93, 129–30, 131, 134, 136, 137
LaCapra, Dominick, xii, xiii, 3, 4, 35, 38, 45, 46, 64; History and Its Limits: Human, Animal, Violence, 23, 41n
Lacoue-Labarthe, Philippe, 34
Laila and Majnu myth, 63, 64, 66, 71
Landscapes of the Metropolis of Death (Kulka), 4, 11–12, 15–16, 17
Langah, Nukhbah Taj, 66
language, 13, 14, 19–20, 99; and Arendt, 115, 116, 117
Latour, Bruno, xi
Laub, Dori, 14, 45, 46; Testimony, 3
Lazare, Bernard, 116
leadership, and fascism/Nazism, 31
Lebanese civil war literature, xii, 77–90; City Gates (Khoury), 78–88
Lebanon, 78
Lebensraum, 32
Lerner, Paul, 48
Levi, Neil, 33
Levi, Primo, 144
licensed displacements, 78
linear/chronological time, 6, 127, 128, 131, 133, 134
lip-sewing, refugees, 113, 123n, 136
Lischoten, Trick van, 63
listening, 85
literary realism, 57
literature, internal laws and external relations of, 12
Littell, Jonathan, 34
Lloyd, David, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 107n
‘Londonism,’ 158
losses, traumatic, 92
Lowenstein, Adam, 160
Luckhurst, Roger, xi, 1, 6, 7, 12, 51, 93, 145, 147, 149, 150, 153n, 159
Lyotard, Jean-François, 164
lyric and law, 117
lyric voice, 118
machinery of destruction, 32, 33–4, 36, 39
Majdanek death camp, 34
Malkki, Liisa H., 115
Mamdani, Mahmood, 107n
martyrdom, Holocaust victims, 37
mass public, 31
Massimo, Donà, 153n
mastery, fantasy of, 84–5, 85–6
materialistic capitalism, 32
Maus (Hirsch and Spiegelman), 65
Mauss, Marcel, 25
McFarlane, Alexander C., 81
McLuhan, Marshall, 160
meaning, 25, 27; personhood, 135–7; search for, 79
medieval medicine, 20
meditation, bodily, 72
memoro-politics, 2
memory, 2, 12, 64, 78; collective, 2; ‘dominant and dominated’ sites of, 67; European, 122; multidirectional, 72; postmemory, 65; practices of, 128; unforgettable, the, 127, 133
Memory of Love (Forna), 5, 46, 54, 59n; PTSD discussed in, 52, 54, 56; Sierra Leone war as depicted in, 51–7, 52, 58n
mental health and illness, 49
Merleau-Ponty, Maurice, 154n
messianic time, 6, 128, 133, 134, 136
meta-history, traumatic, 15, 16
meta-narrative, 83
meta-texts, 15
meta-trauma, 67
metonymy, 79
Micale, Mark S., 48
Michlic, Joanna B., 33
Michman, Dan, 32
‘midst of life,’ 136
militarism, 31
Miller, J. Hillis, 119
mimicry, 68
minority groups, trauma of see non-Western cultures, trauma of
Mir, Farina, 66
mirror stage, 131
misleading symbolic equivalency, 13
misrecognition, 87
missing ‘person,’ 7, 128, 137–8; biopolitically missing, 130, 131; in contemporary politics, 129–30; vs. the dead, 129; ontically missing, 129, 131; ontologically missing, 129, 131; politically missing, 130, 131; when missing, 131–5; see also personhood; time
Mitchell, Silas Weir, 158
modernity, 30, 36, 40, 72, 145, 149; Anglophone, 66; meta-trauma, 67; semantemes of, 77; therapeutic, 94, 101, 103; traumatic onset of, 93
moral specificity, 13
Morrison, Toni, 107
Moses and Monotheism (Freud), 47, 48
moth and flame attraction, 63
Mother to Mother (Magona), 100–1
mourning, 65, 68, 69, 78, 80, 92, 95; critical or material, 100, 101; postcolonial, 94–7, 98; temporality, 105
Mufti, Aamir, 66
multidirectional memory, 72
Multidirectional Memory: Remembering the Holocaust in the Age of Decolonization (Rothberg), xv, 58n
Multiple Personality Disorder, 161
Nachträglichkeit (afterwardsness), Freud on, 12, 17; see also ‘afterwardsness’
Naficy, Hamid, 72
Nagasaki, bombing of, 47
Nair, Supriya, 63
Nancy, Jean-Luc, 77
Naqvi, Akbar, 66
narrative, 14, 15, 17, 65, 66; in City Gates (Khoury), 78–9, 79, 80, 82, 83–4, 85, 87; collapse of narrative voice in City Gates, 83–4, 85, 87; first and third person, 84
narratocentric framework, 68–9
nationalism, 31
Natural Supernaturalism (Abrams), 30
Nazi Germany and the Jews (Friedländer), 39
Nazism, xii, 2, 11, 15, 33–4, 36, 46; and fascism, 23, 31–2; sacred in, 24; see also Holocaust
Negri, Antonio, 77, 152n, 153n
neo-liberal economics, xiv, 160
nervous shock, 147
neurasthenia, 158
Nevers, French city, 47
New Historicist analysis, 97
Nicholsen, Shierry Weber, 100
Night of the Long Knives, 38
Nijhawan, Michael, 65
9/11 terrorist attacks, 46, 92, 93, 163; trauma following, 141–3
non-national lives, 105
non-Western cultures, trauma of, 48, 50, 64; “other,” non-Western people categorised as, 46–7; as shown in Memory of Love (Forna), 52–3
Nordau, Max, 158
nostaliga, 98
nostos (homecoming), psychopathology, 106–7
Novak, Amy, xv
NYDNs (Not Yet Diagnosed – Nervous), 158
‘Ode to Joy’ (song), 11
Ofrat, Gideon
Omeros (Walcott), 72
Ondaatje, Michael, 73
ontic trauma, xiii, 131, 132, 135
ontological trauma, xiii, 132, 135
operational time, 128, 133, 134
oppresson-based trauma, 49
Order of Things, The (Foucault), 19
Origins of Totalitarianism, The (Arendt), 114, 118, 122
Orsini, Francesca, 66
“other,” non-Western people categorised as, 46–7
Other Cultures of Trauma: Meta-Metropolitan Narratives and Identities (Croisy), 58n
Otto, Rudolf, 25
Owens, Patricia, 123n
paintings, social-realist, 68
Pakistan, Siraiki poetry of, 66
Palestine, 78
Palimpsestic Memory: The Holocaust and Colonialism in French and Francophone Fiction and Film (Silverman), 58n
Pandey, Gyanendra, 66
‘paradoxical duality,’ 15
Partition of India (1947), 64, 65, 66, 67
Partition’s Post-Amnesias (Kabir), 64
Pattern Recognition (Gibson), 162, 163
Patterson, Charles, 33
Payne, Stanley, 32
performativity, 29
‘personality,’
vs. ‘self’, 136
personhood: commodification/instrumentalization of, 128, 138; ‘human being general,’ 114, 115, 120; meaning, 135–7; ‘new kind of human beings,’ 116–17, 118, 121; question of What is a person? 117–18; and time, 128; see also missing ‘person’; time
Peters, Benoit, 2
Pin-Fat, Véronique, 123n, 130, 136
poetics of occlosure, 79
poetry, 65; following Auschwitz, 50; on Truth and Reconciliation Commission, 94
Pol Pot (Saloth Sar, Cambodian leader), 67
Poland, Jews of, 33
political religion, fascism/Nazism as, 24
Polonsky, Anthony, 33
polyphony, 79
Popkin, Jeremy D., 11
possibility/impossibility, 26, 51
post-apartheid literature, and critique of reconciliation, 100–7
postcolonial commitment, 96
postcolonial mourning, 98; critique, 94–7
Postcolonial Narrative and the Work of Mourning (Durrant), 58n, 107n
postcolonial stress disorder, 49
postcolonial syndrome, 49
Postcolonial Witnessing: Trauma Out of Bounds (Craps), 58n
postcolonial world, 67
postcolonialism, 4
post-deconstructive thought, 12, 14, 20
postmemory, 65
postmonolingual tensions, 124n
postsecular, notion of, 24, 29, 36, 40
post-traumatic slavery syndrome, 49
post-traumatic stress disorder see PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder)
Poteat, V. Paul, 49
Poussaint, Alvin F., 49
practice/Practice Theory, 28
Practicing History: New Directions in the Writing of History after the Linguistic Turn (Spiegel), 28
Precarious Life: The Powers of Mourning and Violence (Butler), 2, 20, 91, 92, 141, 153n
print cultures, South Asia, 66
Protestantism, 26
psychiatric universalism, 48
psychic experience of trauma, 50
Psychic Life of Power, The (Butler), 92
psychoaffective closure, 81
psychoanalysis, xiii, 30, 45, 64, 135, 137, 144, 147; psychoanalytical determinism, 72
PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder), 49, 50, 79, 153n; neuroendrocrinological basis, 158; as shown in City Gates (Khoury), 84; as shown in Memory of Love (Forna), 51, 54, 56
Pupavec, Vanessa, 115
pyrotechnics, 57
quasi-sacrificialism, Nazi, 36
Quint, David, 97
Rabkin, Erik, 161
racism/racial prejudice, 24, 28, 39, 50
Rae, Patricia, 89n
railway spine, 158
Rajaram, Prem Kumar, 123n
Rancière, Jacques, 124n
Reader, The (Schlink), 34
‘Reasons to be Cheerful’ (Egan), 164
reconciliation, 96–7; critique of, 100–7
Red Cross, 15
redemptive anti-Semitism, 39
Redfield, Marc, 105
Refractions of Violence (Jay), 77
refugee writing, 117, 118, 122
refugees, 6, 113, 114, 119, 121, 136
religion, 23, 29; Derrida on, 24–5; and fascism/Nazism, 24, 25, 30; ideological links to fascism/Nazism, 24, 25; multiplicity of meanings, 25; and sacred, 25; sources, 25, 27; split, Romanticism as, 30; wars of, 27
Remak, Joachim, 35
Remnants of Auschwitz (Agamben), 144
representation, 14, 17, 45, 100; vs. experience, 81, 82; failure of City Gates novel as symbolic form to represent the event, 81–2; unrepresentability, 64
Resnais, Alain, 47
responsibility, 101
Ricciardi, Alessia, 89n
Richman, Michèle, 38
Rickman, Gregg, 161
Ricoeur, Paul, 87
Rogbonko Project, 59n
Romanticism, 30
Ronell, Avital, 117
Root, Maria, 49
Rothberg, Michael, 12, 58n, 67, 72, 144; Multidirectional Memory: Remembering the Holocaust in the Age of Decolonization, xv
rule of law, 31
Rushdie, Salman, 93
Russell, Paul, 86
Sabra and Shatila massacres, Beirut (1982), 79
sacraments, 28
sacred, the, 23, 24, 25, 29, 30; immanent sacred, 28
The Sacred in Twentieth-Century Politics: Essays in Honour of Professor Stanley G. Payne (Griffin, Mallett and Tortorice), 40–1n
sacrifice, 24, 25, 26, 28, 36, 37, 132, 135
safe-world violations, 49
Salisbury, Laura, 164
Sangari, Kumkum, 66
Santner, Eric, 29, 129, 130, 133, 135, 136, 137
Sapnierman, Lisa B., 49
Satanic Verses, The (Rushdie), 93
Sax, Boria, 33
scapegoat, sacrificial, 26, 28, 36, 40
Schivelbusch, Wolfgang, 158
Schlink, Bernhard, 34
Schmitt, Carl, 144
science fiction (SF), 7, 157–67; ‘hard’ and ‘soft’ modes, 161–2, 166; origins of term, 160
Sebald, W. G., 15
Second World War, 47, 65, 161; see also Holocaust; Nazism secularity, 24, 25, 30
Security, Territory, Population (Foucault), 146
‘self,’ vs. ‘personality’, 136
self-help books, 147
self-observation, 153n
Seltzer, Mark, 147
sensemaking, 78
Shabad, Paul, 86
Shail, Andrew, 164
Shaviro, Steve, 166
Shell and the Kernel, The (Torok), 86
Shia Islam, 71
Shoah see Holocaust
Shockwave Rider, The (Brunner), 7, 157, 162
Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha), 68
Sierra Leone, war as depicted in Memory of Love (Forna), 51–7, 58n
Signature, The (Agamben), 153n
signifying stress, 133
Silverman, Max, 58n
Simon, David, 16
Singer, Isaac Bashevis, 33
Singularity, 165
Slaughterhouse 5 (Vonnegut), 161
Slusser, George, 161
‘Small Death’ (electrified fence), 15
Sobibor death camp, 34
social-realist art, 68
South Africa, post-apartheid, 95
sovereign power, 128, 130, 131, 135, 137
sovereignty, biopolitics as, 143–5, 153n
Soviet Union, former (USSR), 32
Spargo, R. Clifton, 89n
Spector, Scott, 36
speculative presentism, 163
Spiegel, Gabrielle, 28
Spiegelman, Art, 65
Spinoza, Baruch, 154n
The Splintered Glass: Facets of Trauma in the Post-Colony and Beyond (Herrero and Baelo-Allué), 58n
Sri Lanka, post-tsunami of 2004, 49
SS (Schutzstaffel), 34, 35, 37, 38
state of nature, 107n
Sternhell, Zeev, 32
stimuli, overexposure to, 91–2, 150, 158
Stonebridge, Lyndsey, xii, xiii, 6, 123n
structural trauma, xiii, 92, 98, 107n, 145
‘Structure, Sign, and Play in the Discourse of the Human Sciences’ (Derrida), 27
‘structure of experience,’ and trauma theory, 14
Studies in the Novel (Craps and Buelens), 58n
subjectivity, 77, 79, 83, 85, 87; post-traumatic, 88
suffering, poetic qualities, 119–20
suicide, 130
Summerfield, Derek, 48, 49, 50
surfascisme, 30
survival strategies, 55
Surya, Michel, 38
symbolic order, 127, 129–30, 131–2, 135, 137
symbolic torsion, 133
symptomatology, 86
Szörényi, Anna, 116
talking cure, 54, 55, 65; see also Freud, Sigmund; psychoanalysis
Tancred and Clorinda, story of, xv, 47, 48
Tatum, James, 78
Tegal, Megara, 59
Tel al-Zaatar, siege and massacre of Palestinians at (1976), 80
Temple Mount, Jerusalem, 16, 17
temporality see time
Terr, Lenore C., 49
Terrestrial Things (de Kok), 101
terrorism, 32, 134–5; see also 9/11 terrorist attacks
testimony, 66, 102, 103, 105, 108n, 120; Holocaust, 11–12, 14, 16
Testimony (Felman and Laub), 3
textualist approach, limitations, 45–6, 50, 51
Thailand, 67
therapeutic modernity, 94, 101, 103
therapy, 54
time, 12, 127–39; chronological/linear, 6, 127, 128, 131, 133, 134; empty/homogenous, 133; messianic, 6, 128, 133, 134, 136; operational, 128, 133, 134; and personhood, 128; taking, 138; trauma, 127, 128, 132, 133, 134, 137; see also personhood
‘Time is Coming, A’ (poem by Taliban), 63, 71
Time that Remains, The (Agamben), 127–8, 133
time-travel, 161
Toffler, Alvin, 7, 157, 158, 162
Tommy Hilfiger logo, 163
Torok, Maria, 86
totalitarianism, 32
‘totally other’ (Derrida), 25, 28
train accidents, 158
trans-Atlantic Silk Route, 72
transcendence/immanence aporia/paradox, 27, 28
transcendent sacred, 28
transgenerational memorialization of trauma, 65, 72
trauma: concept, 1, 12, 145; cultural, 13; of empire, 46–8; empire of, 48–50; and ethics, 18, 19; failed experience of, 81, 83; historical, 13, 92; as history, 14–16, 45; impact of, 14, 15, 20; inaccessibility, 45; incessantly quotidian, 145; individualistic approaches to, limitations, 49–50; insidious, 49, 106, 145; as medico-legal problem, 147; old and new problems, 23; ontic, xiii, 131, 132, 135; ontological, xiii, 132, 135; as origin and disruption of knowledge, 12; post-9/11, 141–3; psychic experience, 50, 91; structural, xiii, 92, 98, 107n, 145; and violence, 141–2
Trauma and Recovery (Herman), 2
Trauma and the Memory of Politics (Edkins), 6, 151
trauma counselors, 49
Trauma: Explorations in Memory (Caruth), xi, 58n, 144–5
trauma knot, xi
Trauma Question, The (Luckhurst), 51
trauma studies, xii, xiii, xiv, xv, xvii, 1, 4, 7, 17, 23, 64, 68, 70, 72, 88, 122; biopolitics, 92–3, 141, 142, 143, 144, 149, 150, 151, 152; collective trauma, shift from individual, 92–3; and end of trauma theory, 92–3; ethico-political agenda, 142; future of, 88, 159; as immunitary technology, 151–2; structural, 92
Trauma Texts (Whitlock and Douglas), 58n
trauma theory: ‘afterwardsness’ in, 12, 14, 16–19; critique of studies, 46, 49–50; end of, 91–109; Eurocentrism, beyond, 45–61; event-based model, limitations, 49, 50, 53, 54; future of, 63–4, 66–7; and Holocaust, 2; origins, 12, 45; and ‘structure of experience,’ 14; textualist approach, limitations, 45–6, 50, 51; Western model, 13, 48, 52, 54, 57; see also Holocaust
trauma time, 127, 128, 132, 133, 134, 137
traumatropisms, 29
Traverso, Antonio, 58n
Treblinka death camp, 34
Trezise, Thomas
Triumph of the Will (Riefenstahl), 31, 35
Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC), 6, 94, 100–1, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107n, 108n
tsunami, 2004, 49
Tuol Sleng, Phnom Penh, 67–9, 71
Turia, Tariana, 49
Type II traumas, 49
uncanny, the, 29
Unclaimed Experience: Trauma, Narrative and History (Caruth), xv, 3, 45, 132
unconscious, the, 72
uncontamination, notion of, 26
unification, 18
United States (US), trauma culture, 161
unreadability, 45
unrepresentability, 64
unscathed, notion of, 26, 27, 28, 41n
Urdu, 66
Ustorf, Werner, 28
Van der Peer, Stephanie, 70
Vermeulen, Pieter, xii, xiii, 6, 7
Vichy France, 33
Vinge, Vernor, 166
violence, 33, 39, 78; aestheticization of, 24; biopolitical, 144; everyday, 77, 83; extreme, xiii, xiv, 78, 141, 144; and fascism/Nazism, 31, 32; historical, 79; slow, xv; structural, 79; transgressive, 37–8; and trauma, 141–2; see also genocide; Holocaust
‘viraha’ (longing caused by separation), 66
Voegelin, Eric, 28
Vondung, Klaus, 28
vulnerability, 7; bodily, 149; in City Gates (Khoury), 79, 83–4, 85, 88; common corporeal, 92, 94, 102; of organism, 91–2; theory, 142
Walcott, Derek, 72
Walsh, Declan, xiv
wars, 27
‘We Refugees’ (Arendt), 115, 116, 117, 119, 122, 124n
Wells, H. G., 160
Wessells, Michael G., 50
Western trauma model, limitations, 13, 48, 52, 54, 57; see also Eurocentrism
When Memory Comes (Friedlander), 11
White, Hayden, 16
Whitlock, Gillian, 58n
Wiese, Christian, 30
Williams, Evan Calder, 160
Williams, Paul, 67
witnessing, 27, 46, 66, 85, 86, 101
Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 20
Wolin, Richard, 38
Wood, David, 17
Woomera detention camp, South Western Australia, 113, 123n
working through, 150
works of art, mimesis, 100
World Memory: Personal Trajectories in Global Time (Bennett and Kennedy), 50–1, 58n
wound culture, 147
Wounded Storyteller, The (Frank), 2
Wretched of the Earth, The (Fanon), 58n
Yale deconstruction school, 12
Yale French Studies (Rothberg), 58n
Yerushalmi, Yosef, 2
Young-Bruehl, Elisabeth, 119
Zabuli, Sadullah Sa’eed, 63, 64
Zakhor: Jewish History and Jewish Memory (Yerushalmi), 2
Zeleza, Paul, 71
Žižek, Slavoj, 2, 92, 93, 131, 136, 160