Allegheny County v. American Civil Liberties Union, 277
allegorical interpretation, 92–93, 180–82
Altar of Victory, 175–76, 267, 355
Ambrose, 106, 120, 174–76, 266
Ammianus Marcellinus, 170
Anderson, Benedict, 174, 176, 265
Aristotle, 48, 53, 112, 256, 369
Assmann, Jan, 109–12, 114, 115, 125, 129, 148, 155, 204, 205
atheism, 86, 95, 115, 214, 235, 237, 239–43, 245, 259, 280
Athenagoras, 116, 137, 144, 153, 154, 180
Augustine, Saint, 44, 45, 65, 66, 68, 88, 89, 92, 99, 100, 106, 117–21, 126–28, 143, 144, 147, 153, 154, 175, 180–82, 186, 187, 190, 192, 203, 206, 207, 256, 311, 313, 337, 338, 368, 369, 372, 378
Augustus, 57–61, 65, 76, 78, 80, 139, 175
Averroists, Latin, 96, 98, 100
awe/wonder, 30–33, 39, 41, 79, 93, 168, 210, 236, 237, 242
Balbus, Quintus Lucillius, 90–100, 109, 114, 145, 180, 244, 247
beauty, and the sacred, 31, 32, 35, 37, 38, 40, 42, 64, 74, 80, 82, 91, 93, 94, 101, 115–17, 183, 184, 189–91, 194, 198, 200, 236–38, 240–45, 345, 367, 369, 370
Beckett, Samuel, 238
being “at home in the world,” 113–16, 347, 371
Bellah, Robert, 261–63
biblical man, 32
biblical religion, 33, 110, 112, 182, 204, 207, 244, 245, 261, 263–68, 270, 280–82, 284, 289, 291, 295, 353, 359, 366, 369
Bowersock, G. W., 169
Brown, Dan, 205
Brown, Peter, 72, 75, 163, 175, 178, 183, 193
Bulfinch, Thomas, 10
Bultmann, Rudolf, 92
Burckhardt, Jacob, 166, 197, 199, 201–3
Burke, Edmund, 355
Bush, George W., 344
Cameron, Averil, 205
Camus, Albert, 25, 26, 238, 276
Cantor, Norman, 53, 177, 178, 206
Catholicism, 13, 62, 87, 156, 202, 208, 219, 243, 255, 263, 266, 307, 366
Catholic-Protestant-Jew (Herberg), 262
Cato the Younger, 60
Chesterton, G. K., 81, 254, 376
Christendom, 12, 193, 195, 212, 219, 296, 337
Christianity
and alienation from the world, 113–16, 223, 347
altered conception of the sacred, 109–13
asserted spiritual superiority, 187–88
and civic allegiance, 136–39
and community, 178–79
and concern for poor, 206
eternal life as ultimate good, 118–21, 147, 186–91, 347, 372
and goods, 118–21
and human rights, 206
and individual dignity, 206
intolerance, 204–5
and LGBT movement, 105–7
and nature, 116–18
as not “reasonable,” 151–53, 363
as paradigm shift and revolution, 102–3, 129
persecuted, 1, 2, 3, 4, 14, 130–57
persistence of, 230–32
political dualism, 125–29
proposed terms of peaceful coexistence, 137–38
radically different from paganism, 103–8, 110–29
“resident aliens,” 127, 136, 347
revolution in sexual morality, 121–25
rumors of cannibalism and incest in, 5
“Christian nation,” 260, 281, 296, 303
Chuvin, Pierre, 129
Cicero, 51, 53, 60, 63, 65, 79, 80, 89, 90, 98–101, 109, 110, 144, 145, 180, 211, 244
City of God (Augustine), 143, 192
civic fideism, 89, 94, 96, 99, 100
community
in early Christianity, 178–79,
modern yearning for, 347–52
Confessions of a Born-Again Pagan (Kronman), 256–57
Confessions of Saint Augustine, 45, 119, 190, 192, 256
consecration, association with the sacred, 36–41, 78, 80, 81
consequentialism, 225–26
Constantine, 124, 156, 158, 161, 165–67, 171–73, 175, 311
Constantius, 167, 168, 172–75, 268, 311
constitution
agnostic, 295–97
as framework for governance, 296
instrument for advancing pagan agenda, 297–300
contraception, symbolic significance of, 291–93
Cotta, Gaius Aurelius, 90–100, 180
Cottingham, John, 26
creationism, 153
Culture Wars (Hunter), 263, 266
Cumont, Franz, 177
death
modern problem of, 39–40
pagan and Christian attitudes toward, 183–87, 372–75
Decian, 164
desecration, 41, 139, 145, 146, 277, 278
Diocletian, 146, 164, 179, 192
“disenchantment of the world,” 39, 223, 237
Dworkin, Ronald, 14, 18, 232–49, 252, 255, 256, 259, 279, 280, 320, 335, 351, 353, 367, 369–71, 374
Eagleton, Terry, 24, 25, 27, 247
Eberle, Christopher, 335
Eberstadt, Mary, 286–87
Edict of Milan, 165
Edwards, Jonathan, 212
Ehrenreich, Barbara, 14, 240, 241, 245, 246, 368
Einstein, Albert, 237, 246, 280
Eliade, Mircea, 33, 38, 42, 44, 236
Eliot, T. S., 8–16, 82, 86, 159, 193, 195, 215, 216, 244, 248, 255, 258, 295, 344, 346, 378, 379
Employment Division v. Smith, 309–10
Enlightenment, the, 50, 56, 135, 146, 198, 205, 208, 209, 210, 215, 345, 355
Enoch, David, 335
Erasmus, Desiderius, 86
Eusebius, 133, 138, 150, 167, 179
evil, nature of, 94, 113, 116, 119, 143, 163, 371
evolution, 36, 153, 225, 231, 235, 241
existential orientations, 14, 189–92, 251, 346
Father Brown, 376
Ferry, Luc, 30, 186, 207, 222, 252, 368, 375
Fox, Robin Lane, 55, 67, 80, 147, 183, 197
Foxe’s Book of Martyrs, 132, 143
Frankl, Viktor, 20–24, 28, 31, 44, 167, 229, 236, 268, 297, 372, 373
freedom of conscience, 328–33
Freeman, Charles, 205
Freud, Sigmund, 28, 30n61, 210, 271
Friessen, Steven, 139
Full Circle: How the Classical World Came Back to Us (Mount), 245
Gaca, Kathy, 71
Galen, 71
Gardner, Martin, 243
Garnett, Richard, 312n48
gender roles in Roman society, 51, 75, 76, 77, 148, 289
Gibbon, Edward, 4, 5, 11, 50–52, 55–62, 66, 78, 80, 86, 89, 95, 98, 99, 113, 135, 136, 141–46, 149, 151, 159, 160, 162, 163, 167–75, 179, 180, 182, 187, 191, 201, 204, 205, 208, 210, 211, 345, 352, 357, 363, 365, 374, 375
God’s Century (Toft, Philpott, and Shah), 230
golden age of Roman history, 51–62, 208, 345
Gould, Stephen Jay, 97
“Great Persecution,” 133, 146, 164–65, 172, 258
Griswold v. Connecticut, 289
Harper, Kyle, 71, 78, 82, 206, 282, 284, 287
Harris, Sam, 14, 239, 240, 243
Hart, David Bentley, 213
Hegel, G. W. F., 376
Heine, Heinrich, 198, 199, 204
Heschel, Abraham, 31–33, 37, 41, 93, 112, 114, 115, 236
Hick, John, 100
Hirschl, Ran, 231
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 271, 358
holy, 33–36, 40, 41, 48, 80, 98, 224
Holy Trinity Church v. United States, 260, 281
homelessness, sense of, 346–47, 367
Homer, 53, 54, 64, 66, 74, 79, 80, 145, 183–86, 190, 211, 238, 345
Hopkins, Keith, 69, 73, 102, 103, 142, 148, 152, 162, 191
Horwitz, Paul, 291nn140–41, 307
human personhood, conceptions of, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 25, 28, 29, 43, 45, 46, 48
Hume, David, 50, 86, 180, 205, 209, 226, 363
Hunter, James Davison, 263–66
Idea of a Christian Society, The (Eliot), 8–10
“image of liberty,” 50, 59–62, 80
Imagined Communities (Anderson), 174, 176, 265
Inquisition, the, 206, 209, 214, 378
interest-seeking conception of personhood, 17–21, 226, 349
James, William, 29, 30, 34, 37, 40, 41, 43, 46–48
Jefferson, Thomas, 268, 298, 312, 313, 322, 326, 329, 331, 337
Jesus, 30, 47, 48, 107, 131, 136, 140, 143, 147, 150–52, 181, 202, 213, 243, 270, 307, 310, 311, 313, 338, 349
Jews and Judaism, 4, 13, 31, 51, 58, 104, 108, 110–12, 115, 131, 141, 152, 162, 181, 210, 215, 216, 248, 255, 257, 263, 276, 359, 360, 371
Julian, Emperor, 81, 168–72, 175, 187, 266, 268, 365
Justinian, 124, 125, 192, 193, 206
Kant, Immanuel, 135, 226–28, 333
Koppelman, Andrew, 364
Kronman, Anthony, 256, 257, 259
Lactantius, 88, 109, 133, 144, 152, 164, 165, 180, 188
law
and Christians, 3–7, 17, 50, 53
Lawrence v. Texas, 290
“law unto himself,” 323–27
Laycock, Douglas, 6, 7, 11, 13, 14, 301, 302, 317, 360
Lerner, Max, 271
Lewis, C. S. 10, 11, 13, 35, 36
Lincoln, Abraham, 263, 275, 315, 322, 356
Lucian, 86
Maclure, Jocelyn, 220
MacMullen, Ramsey, 4, 5, 67, 86, 87, 88, 160, 161, 196, 197, 204, 205
Madison, James, 61, 312–14, 322, 326, 329, 331, 337, 338
manliness, ethic of, 74, 75, 123, 283, 289
Marcus Aurelius, 62, 90, 116, 137, 153, 184, 185, 189
Mark Antony, 60
Markus, Robert, 165
marriage, 6, 7, 13, 75, 76, 77, 121, 122, 125, 144, 183, 193, 213, 264, 274, 275, 281–85, 290–94, 298–301, 307, 308, 317, 336, 337, 339–44, 354, 359–62, 366
Martyr, Justin, 118, 134, 137, 140, 144
Mascall, E. L., 37, 45, 113, 184, 376, 377
McGrath, Alister, 231
meaning of life, 20–30, 34, 36, 37, 371, 373
Medici, Lorenzo de, 50, 203, 204, 213
Meeks, Wayne, 107
Mencken, H. L., 209,
metanarrative, 29, 30, 34, 36, 37
Mill, John Stuart, 39, 209, 217, 364
Mirandola, Pico Della, 200, 202, 203
Montesquieu, 61
moral conventionalism, 233, 238
Mount, Ferdinand, 11, 245, 246, 288
Murdoch, Adrian, 170
mythology, Greek and Roman, 10, 32, 66, 80, 177, 180
Nagel, Thomas, 46, 309, 348, 349
natural world (nature), 96, 113, 116, 222
Newton, Isaac, 221
Nietzsche, Friedrich, 209
nonoverlapping magisteria, 97
North, J. A., 63, 83, 86, 87, 357
Obama, Barack, 344
O’Donnell, James, 99, 111, 218
On the Nature of the Gods (Cicero), 89–99
ontological argument, 91–94, 219
Origen, 92, 133, 144, 150, 181, 182
paganism
defeat of, by Christianity, 159–92
enduring incidents of, 195–96
as an existential orientation, 210–12
and immanent religiosity, 194, 210–13, 215, 216, 218, 223, 224, 230, 236–38, 241–49, 255–59, 266–68, 276, 278–82, 284, 295, 299–300, 303, 315, 316, 326, 328, 334, 335, 343
modern, 8, 11, 13, 16, 82, 86, 159, 193, 208, 216, 230, 244–48, 253, 255, 256, 259, 295, 299, 344–47, 352, 353, 355–57, 360, 363, 364, 366–68, 370, 371, 374, 377
persecution of Christians, 1, 2, 3, 4, 14, 130–57
persistence of, in Western imagination, 197–204
philosophical version of, 94, 99, 100, 244, 245, 368, 369, 371
proposed terms of coexistence, 150–54
radically different from Christianity, 103–8, 110–29
tenacity of pagan faith, 99–101
varieties of, in ancient Rome, 88–89
Paley, William, 92
pantheism, 91, 144, 150, 179, 182, 197, 246, 369
Pascal, Blaise, 44
pax deorum, 145
Perry, Michael, 28n51, 336n122
Philo of Alexandria, 56
philosophical (comprehensive) secularism, 219–22
Plato, 53, 122, 147, 179, 180, 182, 304, 369
Pliny the Younger, 1–7, 14, 52, 130, 134, 139, 142, 149, 301
political secularism, 219–22
politics of symbolism, 172–76
Posner, Richard, 17, 18, 20, 45
“progressive” conception of history, 12–13
prostitution, in the Roman sexual economy, 77–78
public reason, 334–36, 350–51, 353, 356
purpose/meaning of life, 20–30, 34, 36, 37, 371, 373
Rahner, Karl, 255
rational choice theory, 17, 18, 40, 235
Rawls, John, 17, 18, 84, 137, 138, 151, 219, 275, 334, 335, 348, 349, 350, 352, 353, 355, 356, 363
reenchantment, 237–41
religious atheism, 235–39, 241–43
religious freedom
American version of, 313–14
Christian pedigree, 310–14
establishment argument, 319
equality argument, 320–21
and freedom of conscience, 328–33
Indiana controversy, 317–18
as microcosm of cultural struggle, 302–3
opposition to, 316–18
as requirement of accommodation, 304–10
as symbol of community oriented to transcendence, 314–15
theological justifications for, 312–13
Religious Freedom Restoration Act, 310, 316
Renaissance, the, 199–204
Reynolds v. United States, 307–9, 323, 325
Roe v. Wade, 290
Roman Empire, 3, 4, 50–81, 86, 102, 106, 134–38, 153, 154, 159, 177, 178, 194, 205, 206, 363
romantic poets, and paganism, 198–99
Rome, sack of/fall of, 143, 144, 195
Russell, Bertrand, 224, 229, 230, 238, 251, 375, 377
Sacks, Jonathan, 28, 29, 31, 231, 236, 372
sacred
and awe, 30–33, 39, 41, 79, 93, 168, 210, 236, 237, 242
and beauty, 31, 32, 35, 37, 38, 40, 42, 64, 74, 80, 82, 91, 93, 94, 101, 115–17, 183, 184, 189–91, 194, 198, 200, 236–38, 240–45, 345, 367, 369, 370
as immanent, 111–13, 126, 146, 159, 189–94, 253, 303, 332, 333
as transcendent, 111, 376, 377, 378, 379
same-sex marriage, 6, 7, 12, 13, 264, 274, 282, 290, 293, 294, 301, 317, 336, 339, 340–44, 359–62
Second Inaugural Address (Lincoln), 263, 275, 356
secularism, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 19, 39, 41, 44
comprehensive vs. political, 219–23
contemporary varieties of, 249–52
and modern science, 221–22
and paganism, 217–57
as product of “wars of religion,” 219–20
self-mastery, 75
sexual morality
in ancient Rome, 71–78, 121–22, 206, 282–84
Christian revolution in, 121–25
struggle over, in contemporary culture wars, 7, 282–94
sexual revolution, 285–89
Shagan, Ethan, 155
Shaw, George Bernard, 253
slavery, in the Roman sexual economy, 77
Smith, Graeme, 207
Socrates, 85
Sorkin, David, 210
Stace, Walter, 225, 229, 238, 251, 377
Strathern, Paul, 200, 203, 204
Stroumsa, Guy, 102–4, 108, 109, 119, 129
sublimity, 31–41, 46, 80, 81, 101, 114, 117, 183, 189, 190, 200, 211, 236–38, 241, 247, 347, 367–70
substantive due process, 298
symbols, public and religious
in ancient Rome, 172–76
in contemporary culture wars, 267–82
Symmachus, 174, 176, 266, 268, 355
Taylor, Charles, 12, 217, 220, 250, 337
Tertullian, 1, 3–5, 7, 11, 106, 130, 131, 137, 139, 144, 146, 149, 150, 258, 301
Texas v. Johnson, 277
Theodosius, 163, 172, 173, 192
tolerance
in contemporary cultural conflicts, 357–65
Tolstoy, Leo, 21, 22, 25, 30, 38, 372, 374
tradition, and community, 355–57
transcendent religiosity, 111, 112, 113, 115, 126, 128, 147, 182, 190, 195, 207, 211, 215, 216, 218, 223, 230, 232, 239, 243, 245, 248, 253, 258, 261, 263, 266, 276, 278, 279–84, 300, 303, 310, 313–16, 322, 323, 325–43, 346–48, 350, 351, 355, 356, 364, 368–79
Tripolitis, Antonia, 177
Trump, Donald, 345
two kingdoms idea, 338
United States Civil Rights Commission, 354
Valerian, 164
Varro, Marcus, 88–90, 182, 194, 333, 353
Veyne, Paul, 83, 97, 98, 101, 166, 179, 187, 188
Virgil, 51, 53, 63, 64, 81, 117, 145, 184, 211
Voltaire, 50, 86, 91, 208, 363
Watts, Edward, 69, 158, 168, 170, 173–75
Weber, Max, 39, 217, 223, 236, 251, 347
Weinberg, Steven, 373
West, Robin, 349–52
Wilson, A. N., 39
Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 29, 96, 98, 100, 108, 376
Wolf, Susan, 21–24, 27, 28, 229, 367, 372
worship, 2, 10, 19, 32, 39, 47, 63, 65, 67, 69, 80, 82, 86, 92, 95, 98, 99, 106, 112, 113, 116, 117, 127, 128, 139, 140, 148, 152–55, 167, 172, 174, 176, 180, 182, 183, 193, 196, 198, 201, 237, 244, 258, 339, 369
Xenophanes, 112