OUTBOARD ENGINES

Maintenance, Troubleshooting, and Repair

SECOND EDITION

Ed Sherman

Image

Image

To my father, Edwin C. Sherman, who began
teaching me about things mechanical and electrical before
he taught me to ride a bicycle.

Contents

Preface

1 The Basics: What Makes Your Engine Tick

Your Engine's Four Basic Needs

Inside Your Engine—The Basic Components

Basic Two-Stroke and Four-Stroke Cycles

The Four-Stroke

The Two-Stroke

The Basics of Troubleshooting

2 Breaking In a New Engine

General Break-In Guidelines

Additives

Oil Grades

Mix Ratio

Operating Procedure

3 Routine Maintenance

Daily Checks and Maintenance

Monthly Checks and Maintenance

Seasonal Checks and Maintenance

Three-Month (or Seasonal) Service Checks

Grease Points

Propeller Inspection

Gearcase-Oil Change

Cooling System

Impeller Replacement

Cylinder Compression

Fuel System

Automatic Oiler

Steering

Battery

Two Final Adjustments

Special Considerations for Four-Stroke Engines

Sump-Oil Change

Timing-Belt Wear

Valve Clearance Check

Maintenance in a Nutshell

Daily Checks

Monthly Checks

Seasonal Checks

Additional Four-Stroke Annual Service

Off-Season Storage and Spring Commissioning

Winter Storage

Spring Commissioning

4 How to Find the Trouble

Listen, Look, and Feel for Trouble

A Troubleshooting Plan of Attack

Ten Categories of Trouble

Symptoms and Probable Causes

Engine Will Not Start

Engine Runs Irregularly or Stalls

Rough Idle

Engine Speed Will Not Increase

Engine Overheats

Engine Speed Higher than Normal

Engine Speed Lower than Normal

Boat Speed Low

Steering Pulls to One Side

Excessive Blue Smoke

5 Isolating Ignition System Problems

Ignition Components, and What They Do

Ignition Tests

Testing for Spark

Testing the Plugs

Ignition Problems—Tests and Procedures

Ignition Problem Checklist

Testing Spark-Plug Wires

Testing High-Tension Coils

Testing Charge and Sensor Coils and Ignition Module

Testing the Charge Coil

Testing the Sensor Coil

Testing Coil Voltages

Charge-Coil Test

Sensor-Coil Test

Ignition-Module Test

Under-the-Flywheel Systems

Some Additional Checks

Testing Your Stop Switch

Testing a Mercury (Tilt) Stop Switch

Final Checks and Ignition Timing

Checking the Timing

CDI Unit Problems

Optical Timing Systems

Summing It Up

6 The Charging and Starting Systems

Charging—The Key Components

How It All Works

Testing Your Battery

Battery Capacity Test

Battery Drain Test

Charging-System Problems and Possible Causes

Verifying Charging-System Output

Testing Your AC Voltage Rectifier

Testing the Stator Windings

The Sequence to Follow

Alternator-Equipped Engine Differences

Troubleshooting Electric Starter Circuits

Voltage-Drop Test

Testing the Neutral Safety Switch

Neutral Switch Misadjustment

Testing an Ignition Switch

Other Starter-Related Problems

Manual Starters

Winding On a New Pull Cord

Replacing the Recoil Spring

7 The Fuel and Lubrication Systems

Fuel-Delivery Systems

The Spin-On Fuel/Water Separator

Fuel System Safety Considerations

Fuel-System Basics and Common Problems

Fuel-Tank Strainer

Anti-Siphon Valve

Flushing the Tank

Portable-Tank Strainers

The Fuel/Water Separator

The Primer Bulb

Fuel Pump Strainer

Fuel Supply Problems

The Fuel Pump

Fuel Delivery Step by Step

Classic Symptoms of Carburetor Problems

Mixing Air and Fuel

How a Carburetor Works

The Float Circuit

The Idle Circuit

The Intermediate Circuit

The High-Speed Circuit

The Choke Circuit

Removing Your Carburetor

Disassembling Your Carburetor

Choke and Primer Systems

Further Checks

Manual Primers

Electric Primers

Electric Chokes

Thermal Wax Valves

Changing Technology

Fuel Injection Systems

Lubrication Systems

The Pre-Mix Method

Automated Oiling Systems

Mechanical Oil-Pump Systems

Oil Recirculation Systems

Four-Stroke Engine Lubrication

8 Servicing the Steering and Trim Systems

Tiller Steering

Steering-Tension Adjustment

Trim Tab Adjustment

Cable-Controlled Steering

Measuring for a New Steering Cable

Multiple Engine Installations

Hydraulic Steering

Routine Servicing

Symptoms of Problems

Bleeding a Hydraulic System

Trim and Tilt Systems

Electrical Troubleshooting

9 The Cooling System, Lower Unit, and Propeller

Air Cooling

Air-and-Water Cooling

Water Cooling

Symptoms of Overheating

Causes of Overheating

Thermostat Removal and Testing

Flushing Your Cooling System

Servicing the Water Pump

Reinstalling the Lower Unit

Testing the Overheat Alarm

The Shifting System

Diagnosing Shifting Problems

Lower-Unit Maintenance

Choosing a Propeller

Propeller Terms

10 Dealing with Corrosion

Sacrificial Zincs

The Galvanic Series

The Galvanic Isolator

Touching Up Paint Chips and Corrosion

Dealing with Hardware Corrosion

Releasing Fasteners and Preventing Corrosion

Frozen Bolts

Saving a Drowned Engine

11 Brand-Specific Information

Johnson and Evinrude

Johnson

Evinrude

Maintenance Schedule

Mercury Marine

CARB Ratings

Ethanol Worries?

Routine Maintenance

Nissan Marine/Tohatsu

Honda

Maintenance

Suzuki

Maintenance

Yamaha

Unusual Maintenance Check

Index

Preface

In the last chapter of the first edition of Outboard Engines: Maintenance, Troubleshooting, and Repair, I took a look at the future. When that edition was published in 1997 we were on the threshold of dramatically changing technology that would change the world of outboard engines forever. In the 10-plus years since that first edition we have seen this evolution occur, and just as I predicted, four-stroke outboards and exotic, computer-controlled fuel injection systems have taken over. These new-technology engines are cleaner burning and far more fuel efficient than their earlier brethren, not to mention more reliable. But, as with many things (your car, for example), outboard engines have evolved to a point where many of the more advanced diagnostic procedures are not going to be performed by the backyard mechanic. The equipment and specialized training required to perform certain tasks is simply not available to the average boatowner. But even with all that said, proper maintenance and having a more intimate knowledge of the inner workings of these new engines is important to all boatowners if they are to enjoy a trouble-free boating experience and achieve the maximum longevity from their not-so-inexpensive engine.

So with those thoughts in mind, this second edition of Outboard Engines includes much new information, as well as a chapter devoted to each of the major engine manufacturers that cover some brand-specific nuances. The fundamentals haven't changed, so those chapters remain relatively untouched, but chapters covering such things as fuel and ignition systems have been dramatically updated. Four-stroke engine troubleshooting and maintenance have been given considerable coverage as well.

As with the first edition, this book is not a substitute for the factory workshop manual covering your particular engine. You'll still need to consult that manual, and when this is important I will point it out in the text. So, you might ask yourself, why do I need this book anyhow? Well, the truth is that the creators of workshop manuals assume a certain level of mechanical expertise and/or specialized training in their readers. A thorough read of Outboard Engines will give you the knowledge you need to actually get something out of your manual, and will spell out for you when to call in a professional. At least if you do have to turn your engine over to a professional, you can feel confident that you are an informed consumer. You'll be better able to describe your engine's problem and hopefully save some money in high hourly labor rates.

With the help of Outboard Engines, you'll feel comfortable about performing your own outboard maintenance. You'll be perfectly capable of handling all minor service and repair problems. And by following the procedures outlined here, you should be able to diagnose minor problems before they become big ones. In short, if you follow my guidelines, your engine should give you many years of boating pleasure and trouble-free service.

Good luck and happy boating!