4D printing 57
Ackerman, Spencer 396
acquisitions by tech firms 318–19
action, freedom of 164–5, 166–7, 184
digital liberation 169
predictive systems 176
additive manufacturing (3D printing) 56–7, 178, 329
affirmative action 261, 268, 292
Afghanistan 50
Agoravoting.com 415
Agüera y Arcas, Blaise 172, 403
AI see Artificial Intelligence
Airbnb
Decentralised Autonomous Organisations 47
guest acceptance/rejection 290
individual responsibility 346
Taiwan 234
airport security systems 120–1, 186
Ajunwa, Ifeoma 418
data-based 282
algorithms 266
and participation 268
Al-Khwārizmī, Abd’Abdallah Muhammad ibn Mūsā 94
Allen, Jonathan P. 336, 417, 419, 429, 430, 431
altruism, limited 365
Amazon
Alexa 293
commons 332
concentration of tech industry 318, 320
‘cyber’ and ‘real’ distinction, disappearance of 97
Kindle 151
machine learning 35
order refusal 106
robots 54
rules 116
working conditions 310
ambient intelligence see smart devices
American Legal Realism 109
Amnesty International 148
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) 32
Anderson, Berit 410
Anderson, Elizabeth 118, 394, 401, 418, 420, 426, 429
Amazon’s working conditions 310
justice in recognition 273
Angelidou, Margarita 381
Anglican Church 159
Anonymous ‘hacktivists’ 221
apathy 349
Apollo Guidance Computer 38
Apple
acquisitions 318
concentration of tech industry 320
founders 314
Guidelines for app developers 189
gun emoji 148
homosexuality ‘cure’ apps 235–6
inflexibility of operating system 359
iPad 38
manufacturers’ working conditions 151
refusal to unlock iPhone of San Bernadino terrorist 155
taxation 328
‘Think Different’ advertisement 6
watches 44
AR see augmented reality
arbitrariness, rule-based injustice 284
Arendt, Hannah 9, 72, 163, 237, 415
democracy 215, 222, 224, 234, 249
justice and equality 259
man as a political animal 222
morality 176
objective failures of recognition 272
political theory 9
Armstrong, Neil 38
Arneson, Richard 308, 425, 426
Aron, Jacob 376
artificial emotional intelligence 53
artificial general intelligence 33
Artificial Intelligence (AI) 30–7
affective computing 53
AI Democracy 212, 213, 250–4, 348
algorithmic injustice 293
blockchain 47
bots see bots
commons 332
Data Deal 337
data’s economic importance 317
degradation argument 361
Deliberative Democracy 232
Direct Democracy 240
facial recognition 66
future of code 98
increasingly quantified society 61
machine vision 51
perception-control 149
political campaigning 220
predictions 173
privatization of force 116
smart devices 48
software engineers 194
staff scrutiny 267
totalitarianism 177
usufructuary rights 330
Wealth Cyclone 322
Wiki Democracy 245
Asimov, Isaac 198
Assael, Yannis M. 371
Associated Press 30
AT&T 20
Athens, classical 212, 214–15, 217, 222–3, 224, 228, 232
mixed reality 60
perception-control 146, 149, 151–2, 229, 278
scrutiny 135
augmented things see smart devices
Austria 235
cryptography 183
state ownership of capital 329
authority 93
automated number plate recognition technology 49–50
automation of force 100, 119–21
Autor, David 428
backgammon 31
Bailenson, Jeremy 407
Baker, Paul 422
Ball, James 428
Baraniuk, Chris 432
Baratz, Morton S. 389, 391, 398
Barr, Alistair 421
Baughman, Shawnee 407
Belamaire, Jordan 386
Belgium 129
Benkler, Yochai 368, 370, 378, 398, 399, 400, 412, 416, 431
cooperative behaviour 45
networked information environment 145
smartphones 146
Berkman Center for Internet and Society 184, 405
Berlin, Isaiah 9, 166, 195, 368, 401, 403, 407
Bernays, Edward L. 410
Berners-Lee, Tim 7, 48, 294, 367, 380
Bhavani, R. 382
Bible 100, 124, 142, 257, 300, 317
BI Intelligence 428
biometric analysis 52–3, 131, 186
Black Mirror 140
Blake, William 390
automation of force 120
justice 264
usufructuary rights 330
voting 240
Bobbit, Philip 279
Boden, Margaret A. 373–4, 381, 382, 383
Bogle, Ariel 385
Bollen, Johan 416
Bolukbasi, Tolga 423
bomb-detecting spinach 51
Bonchi, Francesco 422
Booth, Robert 399
Borges, Jorge Luis 53
Bostrom, Nick 365–6, 372, 373, 379, 381, 382, 435
bots
Deliberative Democracy 232–4, 235
network effect 321
Bourzac, Katherine 377
Brabham, Daren C. 416
Bradbury, Danny 415
brain–computer interfaces 48, 169
Braithwaite, John 431
Braman, Sandra 389
Brazil 244
Bridge, Mark 393
Bridgewater Associates 267
British Empire 18
British Library 66
Brynjolfsson, Erik 374, 382, 390, 393, 427, 431
Burgess, Matt 379
Burke, Edmund 263
Byford, Sam 32
Byrnes, Nanette 392
Calabresi, Guido 279
Cambridge Analytica 220
Campbell, Peter 371
Canetti, Elias 29
carbon nanotubes 40
Casey, Anthony J. 109, 112, 393, 394
Castells, Manuel 144, 394, 398
Castillo, Carlos 422
CBC 383
Cellan-Jones, Rory 371
censorship
by Anglican Church 159
perception-control 143, 146, 148, 151, 156
private power 190
cerebral hygiene 170
CERN 65
Chan, Connie 428
charisma 349
chatbots 30
checkers 31
Chesterton, G. K. 370
Chicago 130
China
Beijing’s toilet paper dispensers 51
hackers 181
perception-control 146, 148, 156
printing technology, introduction of 20
Qin dynasty 131
Christiano, Thomas 415
Churchill, Winston 82, 202, 203, 226, 390
cities
smart see smart cities
Citron, Danielle Keats 351, 419, 432
civil justice 259
Clark, Justin 405
class-based discrimination 281
classical democracy 214–16, 254
Clinton, Bill 271
Clinton, Hillary 233
cloud computing
commons 332
Data Deal 337
hacking by the state 156
machine learning 37
utility analogy 158
Cloudflare 236
Cocco, Federica 424
code 266
‘dark’ 194
future 98
as law 96
and values 117
coercion 93
code 96
and immorality 203
Cohen, Jared 374, 376, 384, 385, 398, 435
Coke, Sir Edward 135
Cold War 133
Coleman, E. Gabriella 180, 181, 404
collaborative democracy see Wiki Democracy
Collini, Stefan 407
Collins, Victor 134
commons-based peer production 244
communication
liberty and private power 190–1
perception-control 148, 150–1, 229
communism 12
‘fully automated luxury’ 328
community, freedom of see republican freedom
companionship, as robot function 55
Compas 174
competition law 357
competitive elitism 217–19, 221, 240, 242, 253, 254
computing power, growth in 37–41
Comte, Auguste 170, 175, 177, 250, 403, 417
concentration camp inmates 131
concentration of wealth and power 318–22, 329–30
sharing economy 336
conceptual analysis 81–3, 84–5
Condliffe, Jamie 375
Condorcet, Marquis de 224
Conger, Krista 372
connectivity of technology 44–8
Connolly, William E. 390
consent principle 351–2, 353, 355, 357
constitutive nature of technology 53–7
contracts, smart see smart contracts
Cooper, Daniel 402
Copernicus, Nicolaus 14
infringement 156
Cornell University 57
correlation/causation fallacy, rule-based injustice 284
corruption 82, 84, 225, 329, 361
Costeja González, Mario 138
Couldry, Nick 421
counters (democracy theorists) 224–5
Crawford, Kate 418
Creative Commons 45
credit scores 267
Crete-Nishihata, Masashi 399
criminal justice 259
Cronologics 319
Cross, Tim 375
Crossley, Rob 388
crowdocracy see Wiki Democracy
Crowdpac 417
crowds, wisdom of see wisdom of crowds
crowdsourcing 244
Cukier, Kenneth 387, 388, 395, 397, 403, 427, 433
forgetting versus remembering 137
cultural oppression 273
Dabate, Connie and Richard 134–5
Dahir, Abdi Latif 405
Dahl, Robert A. 91, 390, 391, 411, 430
Daily Stormer 236
D’Ancona, Matthew 239, 412, 415
Dandeker, Christopher 391
Darknessbot 234
data
as capital 317
increasingly quantified society 61–7
data-based injustice 282
Data Democracy 212, 246–50, 254, 348
data storage
digitization 62
nanotechnology 56
usufructuary rights 330
data unions 340
Dayen, David 427
Dean, Sarah 402
Decentralised Autonomous Organisations (DAOs) 47
Deep Knowledge Ventures 31, 251
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) 47, 178
De Filippi, Primavera 120, 378, 392, 393, 394
delegation
AI Democracy 252
Direct Democracy 242
Deleuze, Gilles 395
Delft University 56
Deliberative Democracy 212, 227–39, 254, 348
democracy 3, 10, 23–4, 346, 359–60
AI Democracy 212, 213, 250–4, 348
competitive elitism 217–19, 221, 240, 242, 253, 254
conceptual analysis 81, 82, 84–5
Data Democracy 212, 246–50, 254, 348
Deliberative Democracy 212, 227–39, 254, 348
Direct Democracy 212, 239–43, 254, 348
epistemic superiority 223–4, 234
and liberty 207–8, 222, 225, 249
liquid 242
nature of 213
stability 240
supercharged state, power of the 348
Wiki Democracy 212, 243–6, 254, 348
Democratic Party (US) 229
Desert Wolf 404
Devlin, Patrick 202, 203, 204, 407, 408
Dickens, Charles 211
dictatorship 71
Digital Confederalism 193, 205–6, 341
structural regulation 357, 358
digital disrespect 276
digital filtering see filtering
Digital Liberalism 205
Digital Libertarianism 205
digital lifeworld
algorithmic injustice 279, 285, 290, 292–4
code’s empire 97
force 100–1, 103, 107–8, 113, 116, 118–19, 121
freedom and the tech firm 188–90, 193–4, 196, 198, 200, 208
increasingly capable systems 29–41
increasingly integrated technology 42–60
increasingly quantified society 61–8
individual responsibility 346–7
liberty 168–72, 180, 183, 185, 187
property 314–17, 320, 322–3, 328–31, 334–6, 340–1
public and private power 154, 156, 158, 160
technological unemployment 295, 304, 306, 311
thinking like a theorist 69–86
Digital Millennium Copyright Act 1988 430
Digital Moralism 206
Digital Paternalism 198, 199, 206
Digital Republicanism 206–7, 347
structural regulation 357
Digital Rights Management (DRM) technology 96, 102, 105, 172, 333
digital storage 129
digitization 62
Direct Democracy 212, 239–43, 254, 348
disabilities, people with
digital liberation 169
as victims of violence crimes 273
Discord 236
discrimination
rule-based injustice 284, 287–8
disrespect, digital 276
distributed computing see smart devices
distributive justice 257–70, 274, 278
Data Deal 337
Private Property Paradigm 326
Divine Rule 349
Dodge, Martin 391
dominant goods 154
Domingos, Pedro 373, 374, 410, 417, 432
computing power, growth in 38
data unions 340
Drahos, Peter 431
driverless vehicles see self-driving vehicles
drones
force 106
hacking 183
increasingly integrated technology 54, 55
productive technologies 316
sharing economy 335
totalitarianism 179
utility analogy 158
Dryzek, John S. 368
Durkheim, Émile 61
Dvorsky, George 384
Dworkin, Gerald 171, 352, 401, 402, 432
Dwoskin, Elizabeth 433
Dwyer, Paula 428
Ebay 102
Economist 378, 379, 380, 381, 397, 422
Edelman, Benjamin 423
e-Democracia Wikilegis 244
Edwards, Cory 371
egalitarian plateau 259
e-government 220
Ekbia, Hamid R. 431
Electrick spray paint 51
Electronic Frontier Foundation 406
Eliot, T. S. 57
Emerging Technology from the arXiv 422
emotions
Enchassi, Nadia Judith 370, 420
Engels, Friedrich 310, 326–7, 362, 426, 429, 436
England
Luddites 13
Entous, Adam 433
entrenchment, rule-based injustice 284
Epicenter 51
epidermal electronics 44
Epstein, Robert 398
equality 10
Data Democracy 247
Deliberative Democracy 234
Direct Democracy 240
and justice, difference between 259
of opportunity 260, 261, 263, 270, 294
Esteva, Andre 372
Ethereum 47
ethics
Data Deal 339
human enhancement 363 see also morality
European Convention on Human Rights 326
European Court of Human Rights 31, 109
European Court of Justice 138
European Parliament 184
European Union (EU)
competition law 357
General Data Protection Regulation 138, 433
Google fine 357
personal data laws 138
right to explanation 354
taxation 328
everyware see smart devices
Executive Office of the President 421, 422
exploitation 273
Eyefluence 319
acceptable/unacceptable posts 190
artificial intelligence 116
ban on far-right groups 236
commercial value 66
concentration of tech industry 318, 319, 320, 321
democracy 359
embarrassing photographs 137
fake news 230
fragmented reality 230
friends 284
job applicants 267
Kurds 236
machine learning 35
Messenger 318
new media 77
news platform 147
Newsroom 406
Oculus Rift 59
personal data about users 64–5
photograph upload numbers 63
power 350
rules 116
user-generated content 315
users as unpaid workforce 338
US presidential election (2016) 354
Faception 173
facial analysis 52
data-based injustice 282
machine learning 36
totalitarianism 178
fact-checking 234
Fairfield, Joshua A. T. 400
fairness principle 353, 355, 357
Faraday, Michael 5
Faris, Robert 412
Faulkner, William 138
Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) 55
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) 155
film direction 30
filtering
justice in recognition 278
perception-control 143, 144–5, 146–52
financial trading
AI systems 31
distributive justice 268
network effect 321
Finland 220
Finn, Ed 391
first movers 320
Fischer, Lisa 381
Fischetti, Mark 380
Flickr 282
Foot, Philippa 394
code 96
cryptography 182
harm principle 200
implications 121
public and private power 154, 155, 157, 159–60
Foucault, Michel 391, 392, 394, 395, 415
truth as instrument of repression 238
fragmented reality 229–31, 237
France
armed escorts for Jewish schoolchildren 273
Holocaust denial 235
participatory budgeting (Paris) 220
Revolution 17, 77, 123, 216, 304
Frank, Aaron 386
Frankfurt, Harry 418
Frayne, David 426
Freeden, Michael 389
freedom
of action see action, freedom of
of community see republican freedom
consent principle 353
of movement 192
republican see republican freedom
of thought see thought, freedom of
see also liberty
Friedman, R. B. 433
Friedman, Thomas L. 375
Fukoku Mutual Life Insurance 32
Fukuyama, Francis 402, 408, 430, 434
Fuller, Steve 435
Fullerton, Jamie 385
Full Fact 414
Gandhi, Mahatma 6
Garmin fitness tracker 135
Garreau, Joel 435
Gartner Newsroom 377
Gasser, Urs 380
gender
and political agenda 72
see also sexism
General Data Protection Regulation 138, 433
Georgia 47
Gershgorn, Dave 385
Gibson, William 42
Gladstone, William 5
Gleick, James 19, 370, 389, 390
Global Internet Forum to Counter Terrorism 191
global positioning system (GPS) 44, 49, 64, 103, 106
goblin property 325
Goldman, Alvin I. 415
Goldman, Bruce 402
Goldman Sachs 102
Goldsmith, Oliver 313
Golem 53
Goode, Lauren 431
Goodman, Marc 64, 376, 387, 388, 405
Goodwin, Morag 403
algorithmic audit, objection to 355
Android 318
artificial intelligence 116
augmented reality 58
autocomplete system 289
chips 40
cloud storage 156
concentration of tech industry 318
copyright infringement sites 156
Daydream 59
‘Doctrine’ 15
driverless cars 54
fine 357
government requests for information 155
and government/state 157
Holocaust denial 346
machine learning 36
page rankings 147
quantum computers 40
searches 64, 137, 147, 280, 288–9, 351, 352, 357
self-driving vehicles 116
software engineers 297
TensorFlow 332
Gorz, André 426
Gramsci, Antonio 144
graphene 41
Gray, Tim 407
Great Chain of Being 349
Greece, ancient
democracy 212, 214–15, 217, 222–3, 224, 228, 232, 254
omens and oracles 253
political theory 9
Stoics 323
Green, Harriet 379
Greenberg, Andy 414
Greengard, Samuel 374, 377, 381, 383, 384
Groopman, Jerome 384
group membership fallacy, rule-based injustice 284
Grullon, Gustavo 427
guilds 159
guns
cultural context 14
emoji 148
smart 106
Guo, Jeff 423
Gutenberg’s printing press 20, 62–3
Haac, Oscar A. 402
Habermas, Jürgen 245, 411, 416
hacking
and power 156
by the state 156
Hajian, Sara 422
Halpin, H. 367
Halting Problem 399
Hamilton, Alexander 17, 18, 369
Hamilton, Kevin 433
Hanson, Russell L. 368, 389, 409
Harari, Yuval Noah 369, 381, 389, 416, 417, 434, 435
Data Democracy 247
importance of language to politics 16, 17, 133
Harcourt, Bernard E. 403
Harrell, Erika 420
Harris, J. W. 407
Hart, H. L. A. 103, 202–3, 364–5, 392, 435
Harvard
encryption 184
free online courses 334
robotics 55
Hassan, Samer 393
Hauser, Christine 396
Havelock, Eric A. 393
Haven, Douglas 409
Hayek, Friedrich 395, 401, 429
liberty 163
non-egalitarianism 263
property 325
Heater, Brian 377
Hegel, G. W. F. 11, 85, 272, 325–6, 429
Hern, Alex 370, 374, 388, 396, 421, 427
Hero of Alexandria 53
Hess, Amanda 413
Higgins, Stan 378
Hildebrandt, Mireille 367, 434
Hinchliffe, Emma 373
Hitler, Adolf 226
Hobbes, Thomas 9, 114, 185, 363, 394, 405, 435
Hollerith, Herman 19
Holmes, Oliver Wendell 110, 393
Holocaust denial 235, 239, 346
Homer 111
homosexuality
neutrality fallacy 289
Honduras 47
HoneyPot bots 233
Hong Kong 58
Honig, Bonnie 368
Hopkins, Nick 406
Horvatch, Brett 410
House of Representatives (US) 229
housing, and distributive justice 267, 268
Howard, Philip N. 155, 400, 413
Hudson, Laura 371
Huffington Post 183
human nature, ‘elementary truths’ about 364–5
Hume, David 114–15, 118, 263, 364, 394, 418, 435
Huxley, Aldous 12
Hvistendahl, Mara 397
IBM
commons 332
concentration camp inmates, identification numbers 131
founder 19
IFR 382
immediate sensory experience 149–50
immersive nature of technology 57–60
immorality see morality
impartiality 291
imperishability of information 127, 136–8
increasingly capable systems 29–41
computing power, exponential growth in 37–41
increasingly integrated technology 42–60
increasingly quantified society 61–8
individual responsibility 346–7
Indulska, Jadwiga 423
inequality see equality
harm principle 200
information
increasingly quantified society 61–7
injustice see justice
instantcheckmate.com 288
insurance
algorithmic injustice 280
intangible property 324
integrated circuits 40
intellectual property 315, 324, 332–3
Internal Revenue Service (IRS) 139
internet of things see smart devices
intersubjective failures of recognition 272
intimate nature of scrutiny 127, 134–6
Issenberg, Sasha 410
Istvan, Zoltan 380
iTunes 96
Jain, Rishabh 414
Japan 54
Jasanoff, Sheila 400
Jawbone 44
Jay, John 369
Jay, Martin 414
Jefferson, Thomas 327, 366, 430, 436
Jeopardy! 32
Jie, Ke 32
Jobs, Steve 314
Johnson, Bobby 399
Johnson, Steve 427
Jones, Steve 388
Jøsang, Audun 423
Jouppi, Norm 375
judicial system 102
Jury Theorem 224
justice
civil 259
conceptual analysis 81
criminal 259
and equality, difference between 259
fairness principle 353
social see social justice
technological unemployment 295–312
Justinian, Emperor 202
Kahane, Guy 434
Karrahalios, Karrie 433
Kassarnig, Valentin 372
Keen, Andrew 376
Kelion, Leo 413
Kellmereit, Daniel 380
Kelly, Kevin 20, 21, 370, 373, 374, 375, 430
Kennedy, John F. 164, 188, 347
Kennedy, Robert F. 256
Keurig 116
Khomami, Nadia 397
Al-Khwārizmī, Abd’Abdallah Muhammad ibn Mūsā 94
Kim, Mark 376
King, Martin Luther 6, 180, 257, 360, 404
Kirchner, Lauren 403
Kirobo Mini 55
Kitchin, Rob 376, 377, 380, 381, 387, 388, 391, 404
Klaas, Brian 408
Kleinman, Zoe 383
Knockel, Jeffrey 399
Koch brothers 230
Kollanyi, Bence 413
Korea 20
Krasodomski-Jones, Alex 412
Kurzweil, Ray 38, 366, 374, 436
Kymlicka, Will 418
labour market 303
Lai, Richard 386
Lampos, Vasileios 393
Landemore, Hélène 408, 411, 416
Laney, Doug 431
Langbort, Cedric 433
language
importance to politics 16–17, 19
public and private power 157
Lanier, Jaron 367, 374, 384, 400, 416, 419, 428, 431, 435
Data Deal 338
human enhancement 363
network effect 321
Wiki Democracy 246
Lant, Karla 376
Laouris, Yiannis 435
Large Hadron Collider 65
Larkin, Yelena 427
law
AI Democracy 253
AI systems 31
intellectual property 332
rule of 115
Leftwich, Adrian 389
Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich 21, 153, 370
Leonardo Da Vinci 28
Lessig, Lawrence 391, 392, 394, 420, 433
code as law 96
cyberspace as a place 97
free software 359
law enforcement through force 104, 105
privatization of force 100, 117
Levy, Steven 404
Lewis, Michael 428
liberal democracy 216–17, 246, 254
liberal-democratic principle of legitimacy 350
conceptual analysis 81
contextual analysis 84
Deliberative Democracy 234
and democracy 207–8, 222, 225, 249
human enhancement 363
nature of politics 74
price mechanism 270
transparency regulation 355
see also freedom
Library of Congress 56
life-logs 63
Lincoln, Abraham 89, 210, 231, 323
Linn, Allison 398
Lipińska, Veronika 435
lip-reading 30
liquid democracy 242
Lively, J. 409
Livingston, James 425
Livy 216
loans, and distributive justice 267, 268
Locke, John 216, 246, 301, 323, 429
loomio.org 234
Lopatto, Elizabeth 434
lottery, work distribution via 304
Loveluck, Benjamin 378
Luca, Michael 423
Luddites 13
Lynch, Jack 384
Machiavelli, Niccolò 188, 217, 406, 409
algorithmic injustice 293
commons 332
data-based injustice 282
Data Democracy 248
data’s economic importance 317
distributive justice 267
future of code 98
group membership fallacy 284
increasingly quantified society 61
liberty and private power 191
political campaigning 220
productive technologies 316
rule-based injustice 284
MacKinnon, Rebecca 396
Madison, James 216, 241, 369, 415
MagicLeap 59
Maistre, Joseph de 101
make-work 304
harm principle 200
Manyika, James 424
Mao, Huina 416
Marconi, Guglielmo 21
marginalization 273
Margretts, Helen 410
market system, and distributive justice 264–5
Martinez, Peter 413
Marx, Karl 367, 390, 398, 415, 417, 424, 425, 429, 434, 436
Communist Manifesto 326–7, 362
future of political ideas 86
justice 258
perception-control 144
on philosophers 7
political concepts 78
sorcerer 366
Mason, Paul 374
Massachusetts Institute of Technology see MIT
Mattu, Surya 403
Maxim, Hiram 20
Mayer-Schönberger, Viktor 387, 388, 395, 397, 427, 433
forgetting versus remembering 137
McAfee, Andrew 374, 382, 390, 393, 427, 431
McDermott, Daniel 390
McGinnis, John O. 416
Mearian, Lucas 386
MedEthEx 108
medicine
increasingly integrated technology 51, 54, 56–7
ransomware 182
robotics 54
technological unemployment 300
Medium 183
Merchant, Brian 430
merit, and distributive justice 261
Mesthene, Emmanuel G. 368
metadata 63
Metcalfe’s Law 320
Metz, Cade 372, 373, 374, 375, 380
Metz, Rachel 407
Michaely, Roni 427
Microsoft
acquisitions 318
chips 40
commons 332
concentration of tech industry 318, 320
Global Internet Forum to Counter Terrorism 191
HoloLens 59
patents 315
speech-recognition AI system 30
might is right 349
military
AI systems 31
brain–computer interfaces 48
sensors 50
Mill, James 195
Mill, John Stuart 367, 403, 406–7, 411, 414, 415
change, need for 3
Deliberative Democracy 234
democracy 223
freedom of speech, constraints on 237
harm principle 196, 198, 199, 203
liquid democracy 242
normative analysis 83
predictions 173
upbringing 195
Miller, David 435
Mills, Laurence 418
minstrel accounts 232
Mirani, Leo 396
Miremadi, Mehdi 424
Misra, Tanvi 377
MIT
affective computing 53
Senseable City Lab 50
Technology Review Custom 427
temporary tattoos for smartphone control 51
Mitchell, Margaret 403
Mitchell, William J. 183, 376, 405
Mizokami, Kyle 379
Moley 407
Momentum Machines 299
Montesquieu, Charles de Secondat, Baron de 358, 433
morality
AI Democracy 253
Direct Democracy 240
justice in distribution 261
see also ethics
Morgan, J. P. 318
Morozov, Evgeny 15, 336, 369, 414, 431
motor insurance 267
movement, freedom of 192
MoveOn 221
Moxley, Lauren 410
Moynihan, Daniel 230
Muoio, Danielle 383
Mussolini, Benito 118
Nagel, Thomas 423
Nakamoto, Satoshi 45
nanotechnology 56
Nardi, Bonnie, A. 431
nationalism 273
National Security Agency (NSA)
FASCIA 67
HAPPYFOOT 67
MUSCULAR 156
phone taps 125
terrorists, identification of 35, 132
Nelson, Eric 429
Nelson, Justin 434
neuroelectronics 41
neuroprosthetics 51
NeuroSky 48
news
perception-control 146–7, 150, 151, 152, 229
Newton, Casey 377
Newton, Sir Isaac 78
New York 130
New York Times 392
Ng, Jason Q. 399
Niblett, Anthony 109, 112, 393, 394
Nichols, John 400
Nicholson, Peter P. 389
Nietzsche, Friedrich 88
night watchman state 265
Nike Fuelbands 44
Nobel, Alfred 20
Nobel prize for Chemistry 56
Norman, Donald A. 401
Novartis 51
Noveck, Beth Simone 220, 410, 416
Nozick, Robert 263–4, 313, 418, 426
nuclear power 14
NYC Mayor’s Office of Technology and Innovation 377
Obama, Barack 4, 95, 219–20, 230
Ober, Josiah 411
objective failures of recognition 272
objectivity, and the neutrality fallacy 292
Obodovski, Daniel 380
Octobot 55
Olson, Parmy 430
O’Malley, James 380
O’Neil, Cathy 418, 419, 421, 433
Onlife Initiative 368
online groups 221
Oord, Aäron van den 371
open-source production 244, 333
opportunity, equality of 260, 261, 263, 270, 294
oppression 273
Oracle 427
Original Sin 349
intellectual honesty and balanced judgment, disappearance of 237–8
Nineteen Eighty-Four 12, 122, 151
political speech 81
ostracism 217
Owlchemy Labs 319
Oxford English Dictionary 79
Oxford University 30
Pakistan 50
Palfrey, John 380
Panopticon 126
Parfit, Derek 418
Parijs, Philippe van 306, 425, 426
Paro 55
participation and algorithms 268
Pasquale, Frank 397, 399, 400, 404, 406, 419, 422, 423, 428, 432, 434
algorithms 194
Google 351
Pateman, Carol 410
patents 315, 316, 324, 332, 333
patriarchy 349
Pearson, Jordan 421
Penney, Jon 395
Penny, Timothy J. 412
perception-control 89, 123, 142–52
Deliberative Democracy 229
digital liberation 170
justice in recognition 278
public and private power 154, 156–7, 160
Perry, Walter 397
Persia 19
personal property 324
person-specific pricing 269, 270
persuasion 142
pervasiveness of technology 43–4
Perzanowski, Aaron 325, 394, 429, 431
Peterson, Andrea 385
Philadelphia 130
Phillips, Anne 368
philosophical engineers 6–9, 294, 347
Piketty, Thomas 314, 327–8, 426–7, 430
PKK 236
PlanIt Valley, Portugal 50
memory 136
philosophers 347
political theory 9
property 77
Ring of Gyges 232
Plaugic, Lizzie 414
Playstation VR 59
Pocock, J. G. A. 389
Pokémon Go 58
conceptual analysis 81–3, 84–5
politicians
technocratic 251
politics
definition 74
of politics 72
task of 346
Popper, Ben 381
Portugal 50
post-truth politics 230–1, 237
Potts, Amanda 422
conceptual analysis 81
definition 92
nature of politics 74
structural regulation 356, 357–9
pragmatism 349
predictability of behaviour 127, 138–9
prediction
Data Democracy 250
totalitarianism 177
predictive sentencing 174, 176
Preotiuc, Daniel 393
Prince, Matthew 414
Princeton Review 286
printing technology
4D printing 57
prioritarians 260
Pritchard, Tom 405
Private Property Paradigm 323–7, 336
privatization of force 100, 114–19
productive technologies 316–17
state ownership 329
taxation 328
future 327
Private Property Paradigm 323–7
types of 324
ProPublica 174
Proteus Biomedical 51
Protocols of the Elders of Zion 232
proxy votes 242
public utilities, similarity of tech firms to 157–8
Qin dynasty 131
quantum computers 40
Quantum Dot Cellular Automata (QDCA) technology 41
race/racism
data-based injustice 282
neutrality fallacy 288, 289, 290
recidivism prediction 174
Radicati Group Inc. 387
Ralph Lauren 44
ransomware 182
rateability of life 139–40, 277
rational ignorance, problem of 241
Ratner, Paul 383
Rawls, John 389, 404, 417, 419, 432
political hacking 181
political theory 9
reality, fragmented 229–31, 237
real property 324
recognition, algorithms of 260, 275–8
Reddit 77
regulation of tech firms 350–1, 354–9
reinforcement learning (AI) 35
representative democracy 218, 240, 248
and democracy 222
and private power 191
wise restraints 185
Republican Party (US) 229
reputation.com 290
resources, limited 365
responsibility, individual 346–7
Reuters 405
Richards, Thomas 369
Rieff, David 397
right
to explanation 354
Riley v. California 381
Roberts, John 52
RoboBees 55
robotics
degradation argument 361
digital liberation 169
force 106
harm principle 204
increasingly integrated technology 53–6
productive technologies 316
technological unemployment 295, 298, 299
Rockefeller, John D. 318
Rome, ancient
freedom 168
stars 253
statistics 18
writing 19
Roosevelt, Franklin D. 18
Roosevelt, Theodore 318
Rose, David 43, 376, 381, 385, 396
Rosenbush, Steve 392
rough and ready test of algorithmic injustice 280–1
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 394, 401, 408, 411, 415, 429
freedom of thought 165
liberty 207
political theory 9
scrutiny 123
state and force 114
Ruan, Lotus 399
rule of law 115
rules
code-ified law 112
Rushkoff, Douglas 207, 408, 421
Russell, Bertrand 426
Ryan, Alan 218, 409, 410, 417, 429
Sadowski, Jathan 404
Saint-Exupéry, Antoine de 69
Sample, Ian 413
Sandel, Michael J. 361, 434, 435
Sander, Alison 383
Santander, Spain 50
Saudi Arabia 183
Schattschneider, E. E. 398
Schechner, Sam 419
Schmidt, Eric 374, 376, 384, 385, 398, 435
Schneider, Nathan 430
Schneier, Bruce 388
Scholz, Trebor 430
Schultz, Jason 325, 394, 418, 429, 431
Schumpeter, Joseph 218, 219, 221, 242, 409
Schwab, Klaus 319, 379, 381, 382, 417, 428
Scott, Clare 385
Scott, James C. 127–8, 130–1, 133–4, 395
scrutable nature of society 127–34, 337
cryptography 182
digital liberation 170
disciplinary function 124, 125–7
implications 141
public and private power 154, 155, 156–7, 160
of staff 267
search engines
perception-control 147–8, 150, 151, 152
totalitarianism 177
see also Google
Sedol, Lee 31
self-driving vehicles 30
communication between 48
‘cyber’ and ‘real’ distinction, disappearance of 97
democracy 359
digital liberation 169
liberty and private power 192
lidar 49
machine learning 35
privatization of force 116, 117–18
technological unemployment 299
totalitarianism 178
utility analogy 158
Semayne’s Case 396
Sen, Amartya 408
Sensifall 407
sensitivity of technology 49–53
separation of powers 358
sexism 273
neutrality fallacy 291
sexuality
Apple’s homosexuality ‘cure’ apps 235–6
Hart–Devlin debate 202
neutrality fallacy 289
political agenda 72
Shakespeare, William 308, 310, 331, 426
Shanahan, Murray 373, 374, 375, 376, 379, 436
whole-brain emulation 33
shared values principle 353–4, 355, 357
Shead, Sam 424
Shin, Laura 379
shopping platforms, and distributive justice 269
Siedentop, Larry 389, 418, 429
Silicon Valley
automation of morality 177
brain–computer interfaces 48
employee characteristics 8, 294
employee numbers 319
‘Google Doctrine’ 15
philosophical engineers 8
Silva, Shiroma 413
Silverman, Craig 412
Singer-Vine, Jeremy 419
Singh Grewal, David 428
Skunk Riot Control Copter 179
Skype 148
Sloan Digital Sky Survey 65
smart assets 47
fairness principle 353
scrutiny 130
automation of force 119
smart devices 43
automation of force 119
code’s empire 97
dolls 182
glasses 58
guns 106
pills 51
privatization of force 116
productive technologies 316
toilet paper dispensers 51
toilets 182
smart dust technology 50
smartphones
Android 318
checking 42
Direct Democracy 240
Freedom app 166
GPS 64
implantable 52
interfaces 51
location prediction 139
NeuroSky headsets 48
perception-control 146
Pokémon Go 58
processing power 38
scrutiny 135
smart stores 299
Smith, Adam 264, 301, 325, 326, 429
Smith, Bryant Walker 383
Smith, Cooper 387
Smith, Mat 377
Snowden, Edward 156
social justice 3, 10, 24–5, 346
in distribution 257–70, 274, 278
sharing economy 336
technological unemployment 295–312
Solon, Olivia 419
Soltani, Ashkan 419
sousveillance 63
South Africa 179
Special Air Service (SAS) 287–8
speech
recognition 30
spinach, bomb-detecting 51
spintronic materials 41
Spotify 236
Sprat, Thomas 79
Srnicek, Nick 426
stability, and democracy 225, 234
standards
digital law 107–8, 109–10, 113
Staples 269
state
and distributive justice 264, 265
supercharged see supercharged state
Statista 378
status, and work paradigm 301, 307–9
Steele, Billy 396
Stephen, James Fitzjames 201–2, 407
Stoics 323
Straitens, Iman 416
Sudha, L. R. 382
Sullivan, Danny 388
Sun, Yiting 424
Sundararajan, Arun 431
Sunstein, Cass R. 170–1, 231, 241, 402, 412, 413, 415
wise restraints 185
supervised learning (AI) 35
Surowiecki, James 411
surveillance see scrutiny
Susskind, Daniel 370, 371, 373, 374, 376, 382, 383, 384, 387, 388, 392, 393, 416, 424, 425, 430, 431
technological unemployment 296, 299, 300
Susskind, Jamie 417
Susskind, Richard 370, 371, 373, 374, 376, 382, 383, 384, 387, 388, 392, 416, 424, 425, 430, 431
technological unemployment 296, 300
Svirsky, Dan 423
Swearingen, Jake 396
Sweden 47
Taigman, Yaniv 371
Taiwan 234
Takahashi, Dean 386
talkers (democracy theorists) 225
Tapscott, Don 239, 368, 378, 415
Tashea, Jason 403
taxation
and forced labour 313
Private Property Paradigm 326
technological unemployment 295–312
human capital 316
work paradigm, after the 305–11
work paradigm, responses within the 303–5
teledildonics 200
Telegraph 380
telepathy 48
Temkin, Larry 418
Tennyson, Alfred Lord 344
ter Meulen, Ruud 434
Tesla 116
theorist, thinking like a 69–86
future of political ideas 85–6
Thielman, Sam 396
Thoreau, Henry David 180, 227, 404
thought, freedom of 165–7, 184
digital liberation 170
predictive systems 176
Tibbits, Skylar 385
Timberg, Craig 433
Time 382
time, and the work paradigm 302
Tkacz, Nathaniel 417
Tocqueville, Alexis de 394, 401, 411
democracy 160, 162, 188, 221, 225
future of political ideas 86
law, familiarity with the 112
political science xiii
Todorov, Alexander 403
Tolkien, J. R. R. 232
Topol, Sarah A. 372
Tor 45
Torgerson, Douglas 416
consumer tolerance of 189
touchscreens 51
Townsend, Anthony M. 370
Toyota 55
trademarks 324
tradition 349
troll-spotting 234
Trump, Donald 12, 158, 190, 220, 233, 239
Tsarapatsanis, Dimitrios 393
Tucker, Ian 421
Tucker, Patrick 380
Tufekci, Zeynep 236, 395, 410, 412, 414
Tutt, Andrew 433
Tutu, Desmond 292
Twitter 378
bots 233
Global Internet Forum to Counter Terrorism 191
minstrel accounts 232
new media 77
retweeting of political statements 221
Saudi Arabia 183
social rewards 149
Tay 37
tweets 63
US House of Representatives 229
user numbers 45
Tyson, Laura 425
ubiquitous computing see smart devices
Underworlds 50
unemployment see technological unemployment
United Kingdom (UK)
blockchain 47
Department for Work and Pensions 47
encryption 184
freedom of speech 235
guns 14
housing market fluctuations 331
illegal acts 172
liberalism 77
tax authorities 66
see also England
United States (US)
2012 presidential election 219–20
2016 presidential election 4, 12, 220, 230, 233, 354
antitrust law 357
blockchain 47
city design 130
civil society organizations 221
Cold War 133
computers, abuse of 276
concentration of industries 318
Constitution 155, 235, 243, 333
consumer searches 268
disabilities, people with 273
drones 55
FBI 155
federal budget (2015) 38
freedom of speech 235
guns 14
Holocaust denial 235
House of Representatives 229
internet of things 136
IRS 139
lawsuits 102
liberalism 77
Library of Congress 56
Louisville, Kentucky 44
manufacturing sector 295
net neutrality 158
new media 77
New York’s Metropolitan Transportation authority 178
NSA see National Security Agency
poverty 305
predictive sentencing 174
State Department 236
statistics 18
Supreme Court 109
truckers 299
unattended ground sensors used by military 50
universal basic income (UBI) 306–7, 310, 328, 337
universality 291
unsupervised learning (AI) 35
Urban Engines 319
Useem, Jeremy 419
utility companies, similarity of tech firms to 157–8
Valentino-DeVries, Jennifer 419
Vanderborght, Yannick 425, 426
Van Reybrouck, David 408
Vättö, Kristian 375
Verne, Jules 21
‘cyber’ and ‘real’ distinction, disappearance of 97–8
degradation argument 361
digital liberty 206
mixed reality 60
politics of technology 13
scrutiny 135
technological unemployment 311
vision, machine 51
see also facial recognition
VITAL (Validating Investment Tool for Advancing Life Sciences) 31
voice analysis 52
voice recognition 282
voteforpolicies.org.uk 417
Voter.xyz 417
voting
AI Democracy 252
apps 252
VR see virtual reality
vTaiwan 234
Wakefield, Jane 381
Waldrop, M. Mitchell 376
Wallach, Wendell 374, 381, 383, 384, 393, 394, 435
airport security system 120
Walzer, Michael 154, 310, 400, 420, 426
Wassom, Brian D. 402
Watkins, Alan 416
Waymo 54
Data Deal 337
sharing economy 336
usufructuary rights 331
bureaucracy 18
modernity 69
state and force 114
task of politics 346
Weinstein, James 414
wellbeing, and the work paradigm 302–3, 309–11
Wells, H. G. 12
Whipple, Tom 384
Whitby, Andrew 423
White, Stuart 390
Whitehead, Alfred North 177, 403
whole-brain emulation 33
Wholefoods 319
Wiesel, Elie 292
Wiki Democracy 212, 243–6, 254, 348
Wikipedia
commons 333
constant change 245
goal 245
Iran 183
Turkey 183
Wile, Rob 372
will, limited understanding and strength of 365
William of Moerbeke 215
William the Conqueror 16
Williams, Alex 426
Wisconsin v Loomis 174
Direct Democracy 240
Wiki Democracy 244
wise restraints 348
Deliberative Democracy 237
Digital Liberalism 205
Wittgenstein, Ludwig 25, 368, 370, 382, 390
clarity of expression 82
face as soul of the body 52
language, limits of 11
thinking 345
Wolfenden Report 202
Wolfgang, Meldon 383
women’s liberation movement 73
Wong, Joon Ian 379
Woolley, Samuel C. 413
Wootson Jr, Cleve R. 396
work
distributive justice 266–7, 268
resistance to automation 305
see also technological unemployment
income 301
status 301
World Economic Forum 51
Wozniak, Steve 314
Wright, Orville 21
Wright, Ronald 367
writing
AI systems 30
importance to politics 16–17, 133
and memory 136
perception-control 149
Wu, Tim 189, 313–14, 385, 406, 426
Wu, Yonghui 371
Wyatt, Sally 370
Wyss Institute 383
xenophobia 273
Xiong, Wei 371
Yahoo 156
Young, Angelo 428
Young, Iris Marion 273, 291, 417, 420, 423
YouTube
acquisition 319
for Press 378
Global Internet Forum to Counter Terrorism 191
Iran’s version 184
machine learning 36
user-generated content 315
user numbers 45
Zenbo 55
Zeng, Xiao-Jun 416