5: SLAVERY AND A MORAL SCIENCE OF FREEDOM

    1. Bannerman, Helen. 1899. The Story of Little Black Sambo. London: Grant Richards.

    2. goo.gl/LyWnOZ

    3. Overbea, Luix. 1981. “Sambo’s Fast-Food Chain, Protested by Blacks Because of Name, Is Now Sam’s in 3 States.” Christian Science Monitor, April 22. goo.gl/6y227h

    4. The name was not the company’s only problem. It also fumbled on some business practices as it expanded rapidly, recounted in Bernstein, Charles. 1984. Sambo’s: Only a Fraction of the Action: The Inside Story of a Restaurant Empire’s Rise and Fall. Burbank, CA: National Literary Guild.

    5. A Google search turns up hundreds of images of book covers over the decades, along with a 1935 cartoon film depicting the story in what by today’s standards would be maximally offensive and racist, but at that time was commonly accepted as a way to portray blacks: goo.gl/ZQ8lzQ

    6. The Code of Hammurabi. fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/hamcode.asp

    7. goo.gl/wUyei

    8. goo.gl/f5l2Pb

    9. White, Matthew. 2011. The Great Big Book of Horrible Things: The Definitive Chronicle of History’s 100 Worst Atrocities. New York: W. W. Norton, 161. Rubinstein, W. D. 2004. Genocide: A History. New York: Pearson Education, 78.

  10. Full text of an English translation available here: goo.gl/7JmVNp

  11. Hochschild, Adam. 2005. Bury the Chains: The British Struggle to Abolish Slavery. London: Macmillan.

  12. The Parliamentary History of England from the Earliest Period to the Year 1803. Vol. XXIX. 1817. London: T. C. Hansard, 278.

  13. Festinger, Leon, Henry W. Riecken, and Stanley Schachter. 1964. When Prophecy Fails: A Social and Psychological Study. New York: Harper & Row, 3.

  14. Trivers, Robert. 2011. The Folly of Fools: The Logic of Deceit and Self-Deception in Human Life. New York: Basic Books; Tavris, Carol, and Elliot Aronson. 2007. Mistakes Were Made (but Not By Me). New York: Mariner Books.

  15. Genovese, Eugene D., and Elizabeth Fox-Genovese. 2011. Fatal Self-Deception: Slaveholding Paternalism in the Old South. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1. For a related but different take on the subject see Jones, Jacqueline. 2013. A Dreadful Deceit: The Myth of Race from the Colonial Era to Obama’s America. New York: Basic Books.

  16. Clarke, Lewis Garrard. 1845. Narrative of the Sufferings of Lewis Clarke, During a Captivity of More Than Twenty-Five Years, Among the Algerines of Kentucky, One of the So Called Christian States of North America. Boston: David H. Ela, Printer. See also John W. Blassingame, ed. 1977. Slave Testimony: Two Centuries of Letters, Speeches, Interviews, and Autobiographies. Baton Rouge: Courier Dover Publications, 6–8.

  17. Olmsted, Frederick Law. 1856. A Journey in the Seaboard Slave States. New York; London: Dix and Edwards; Sampson Low, Son & Co., 58–59. goo.gl/7rixHj

  18. Troup, George M. 1824. “First Annual Message to the State Legislature of Georgia.” In Hardin, Edward J. 1859. The Life of George M. Troup. Savannah, GA. goo.gl/j9sgPw.

  19. Fearn, Frances. 1910. Diary of a Refugee, ed. Rosalie Urquart. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 7–8.

  20. Pollard, E. A. 1866. Southern History of the War, 2 vols. New York: Random House Value Publishing, I, 202.

  21. In Genovese and Fox-Genovese, op cit., 93.

  22. Cobb, T. R. R. 1858 (1999). An Inquiry into the Law of Negro Slavery in the United States. Reprint University of Georgia, ccxvii.

  23. Harper, William. 1853. “Harper on Slavery.” In The Pro-Slavery Argument, as Maintained by the Most Distinguished Writers of the Southern States. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Grambo, and Co., 94.

  24. Jackman, Mary R. 1994. The Velvet Glove: Paternalism and Conflict in Gender, Class, and Race Relations. Berkeley: University of California Press, 13.

  25. McDuffie, George. 1835. Governor McDuffie’s Message on the Slavery Question. 1893. New York: A. Lovell, 8.

  26. Thomas, Hugh. 1997. The Slave Trade: The Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1440–1870. New York: Simon & Schuster, 451.

  27. Ibid., 454–455.

  28. Ibid., 459.

  29. Ibid., 457.

  30. Ibid., 462–463.

  31. Ibid., 464.

  32. Lloyd, Christopher. 1968. The Navy and the Slave Trade: The Suppression of the African Slave Trade in the Nineteenth Century. London: Cass, 118.

  33. Voltaire. Complete Works of Voltaire, ed. Theodore Besterman. Banbury: Voltaire Foundation, 1974, 117, 374.

  34. Montesquieu. Oeuvres Complètes, ed. Édouard Laboulaye. 1877. Paris, Vol. iv, I, 330.

  35. Encyclopédie, 1765. Vol. xvi, 532.

  36. Rousseau, J. J. Du Contrat Social. In Oeuvres Complètes, ed. Pléide. Vol. I, iv.

  37. Hutcherson, Francis. 1755. A System of Moral Philosophy. London: A. Millar, II, 213. goo.gl/410LUK

  38. Smith, Adam. 1759. The Theory of Moral Sentiments. London: A. Millar, 402. goo.gl/DhWCB

  39. Blackstone, William. 1765. Commentaries on the Laws of England, I, 411–412.

  40. Lincoln, Abraham. 1858. In The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, 1953, ed. Roy P. Basler. Vol. II, August 1, 532.

  41. Rawls, J. 1971. A Theory of Justice. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.

  42. Lincoln, Abraham. 1854. Fragment on Slavery. July 1. goo.gl/ux6b9Z

  43. Quoted in Hecht, Jennifer Michael. 2013. “The Last Taboo.” Politico.com, goo.gl/loOSDz

  44. For a book-length defense of this connection between Lincoln and Euclid see Hirsch, David, and Dan Van Haften. 2010. Abraham Lincoln and the Structure of Reason. New York: Savas Beatie.

  45. Douglas, Stephen. 1858. In Harold Holzer, ed., 1994. The Lincoln-Douglas Debates: The First Complete, Unexpurgated Text. New York: Fordham University Press, 55.

  46. Ibid.

  47. Lincoln, Abraham. 1864. Letter to Albert G. Hodges. Library of Congress. goo.gl/HpHoJJ The line appears in the opening of a letter to the editor of the Frankfort, Kentucky, Commonwealth, Albert G. Hodges, who had journeyed from Kentucky to meet with Lincoln to discuss the recruitment of slaves as soldiers in Kentucky, which was a border state and thus the Emancipation Proclamation did not apply. Nevertheless, slaves who entered the military could gain their freedom. Lincoln wrote: “I am naturally anti-slavery. If slavery is not wrong, nothing is wrong. I can not remember when I did not so think, and feel. And yet I have never understood that the Presidency conferred upon me an unrestricted right to act officially upon this judgment and feeling.”

  48. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolition_of_slavery_timeline

  49. www.endslaverynow.com

  50. See, for example, Agustin, Laura Maria. 2007. Sex at the Margins: Migration, Labour Markets and the Rescue Industry. London: Zed Books; Bernstein, Elizabeth. 2010. “Militarized Humanitarianism Meets Carceral Feminism: The Politics of Sex, Rights, and Freedom in Contemporary Antitrafficking Campaigns.” Signs, Autumn, 45–71; Weitzer, Ronald. 2012. Legalizing Prostitution: From Illicit Vice to Lawful Business. New York: New York University Press.

  51. www.globalslaveryindex.org/findings/ “‘Slavery’ refers to the condition of treating another person as if they were property—something to be bought, sold, traded or even destroyed. ‘Forced labour’ is a related but not identical concept, referring to work taken without consent, by threats or coercion. ‘Human trafficking’ is another related concept, referring to the process through which people are brought, through deception, threats or coercion, into slavery, forced labour or other forms of severe exploitation.” Whatever term is used, the significant characteristic of all forms of modern slavery is that it involves one person depriving another people of their freedom: their freedom to leave one job for another, their freedom to leave one workplace for another, their freedom to control their own body.

  52. goo.gl/Rtunu

  53. goo.gl/lstp

  54. www.freetheslaves.net/

  55. Sutter, John D., and Edythe McNamee. 2012. “Slavery’s Last Stronghold.” CNN, March. goo.gl/BTv6N