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Index
Cover
Title page
Copyright page
Acknowledgments
Introduction
CHAPTER 1: Anatomy and Physiology
Introduction
Mammalian Cell Components
Tissue Groups
Tissue Growth
Organs and Organ Systems
Homeostasis
Summary
Questions
CHAPTER 2: The Cell
Introduction
Cell Structure
Cell Membranes
Membrane Transport
Cellular Junctions
Cell Cycle
Cellular Division
Cell Death
Summary
Questions
CHAPTER 3: Radiation Characteristics and Units
Introduction
Types of Ionizing Radiation
EM Radiation
Atoms and Isotopes
Particulate Radiation
Radiation Units: Traditional and Modern
Summary
Questions
CHAPTER 4: Radiation Interactions with Tissue
Introduction
Charged Particle Interactions
EM Radiation Interactions
Neutrons
Specific Ionization
Linear Energy Transfer (LET)
Path and Range of Charged Particles
Half-Value Layer (HVL) (Photons)
Effects on Tissue
The Relative Biological Effectiveness (RBE) of High- versus Low-LET Radiations
Summary
Questions
CHAPTER 5: Cell Survival Curves
Introduction
The In Vitro Survival Curve
Cell Survival Curves: Description of Experimental Method
Cell Survival Curves: Quantification
Surviving Fraction versus Dose: The Cell Survival Curve
Modeling the Shape of the Survival Curve
Single-Target/Single-Hit Model
Multitarget Model (also “Two-Component Model” or “Dq, D0, and n Model”)
LQ or α/β Model
Application of the Multitarget and LQ Models in Radiobiology
Factors Affecting the Shape of Survival Curves
Survival Curve Shape and LET
Chemicals
Summary
Questions
CHAPTER 6: DNA and Genetics
Introduction
History
DNA Structure
DNA Functions
DNA Replication and Repair
Genome
Summary
Questions
CHAPTER 7: Radiation Damage and Repair of Cells
Introduction
DNA Strand Breaks
DNA Damage versus Mutation
Chromosomes and Cell Division
The Bystander Effect
Radiosensitivity and the Mitotic Cycle
Classifications of Radiation Damage and Repair
Evidence of Repair from Split Doses and Fractionation
Summary
Questions
CHAPTER 8: Normal and Malignant Cells
Introduction
Normal Cells
Cancer Cells and Their Characteristics
The Characteristics of Cancer Cells
Cancer Grade
Traditional Hypothesis of Cancer Development
Predictions Regarding Treatment
Radiation and Cancer
Summary and Important Points
Questions
CHAPTER 9: Radiation Effects on Tissues and Organs
Latent Period
Deterministic and Stochastic Radiation Damage
Stochastic Effects
Radiation Effects on Tissues
Summary
Questions
CHAPTER 10: Whole Body Radiation Effects
Introduction
Acute Radiation Syndrome (ARS)
Mean Lethal Dose (LD50)
Clinical Syndromes of ARS
Stages of ARS
Bystander Effect
Summary
Questions
CHAPTER 11: Radiation Treatment of Cancer
The Four Rs of Radiation Oncology
Cell Survival Curves and Fractionation
Fractionation
Hyperfractionation
Hypofractionation or Continuous Radiation
Complications from Radiation Therapy
Techniques Used to Treat Cancer
External Beam Treatment
Brachytherapy or Implant Therapy
Summary
Questions
CHAPTER 12: Radiation Biology of Diagnostic Imaging
Diagnostic Procedures
Fluoroscopy
Mammography
Computerized Tomography (CT)
Radiobiology of Radiographic Imaging
Patient Concerns and Questions
Summary of Diagnostic X-ray Radiation Effects
Questions
CHAPTER 13: Nuclear Medicine Radiation Biology
Introduction
Isotopes and Radiopharmaceuticals
Radioactive Decay
External Dosimetry
Internal Dosimetry
Half-Life and Cumulated Activity
The Biological Half-Life and Effective Half-Life
Medical Internal Radiation Dosimetry (MIRD)
Fetal Dose
Conclusion
Questions
CHAPTER 14: Environmental Radiation
Introduction
Natural Background Radiation Sources
Inhalation Sources
Internal Sources
Cosmic Radiation
Primordial and Terrestrial
Man-Made Radiation
Occupational Exposure
Smokers
Medical Radiation Exposure
Benefits of Radiation
Risk of Typical Radiation Exposures
Summary
Questions
CHAPTER 15: Regulations and Risk
Introduction
Expressions of Risk
Organizations
Sources of Data
Dose–Response Models
Sunk Cost Bias
Radiation Protection Recommendations and Regulations
Conclusions
Questions
CHAPTER 16: Biological Effects of Ultrasound
Introduction
Ultrasound Properties and Procedures
Properties of Ultrasound Waves
Ultrasound Imaging Equipment
Biological Effects of Ultrasound Waves
Ultrasound Regulations
Other Types of Medical Ultrasound Procedures
Summary of Radiation Effects of Ultrasound
Safety Statement
Questions
CHAPTER 17: Biological Effects of Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Topics
Introduction
Basic Principles of MRI
Biological Effects of MRI
Conclusions
Summary
Questions
Answers to Odd-Numbered Questions
Index
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