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Index
Cover Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Introduction
Chapter 1: The Beginnings of Chinese History
Introduction
Prehistory
Early Humans
Neolithic Period
Climate and Environment
Food Production
Major Cultures and Sites
Incipient Neolithic
Silk
Religious Beliefs and Social Organization
The First Historical Dynasty: The Shang
The Advent of Bronze Casting
The Shang Dynasty
Royal Burials
The Chariot
Art
Late Shang Divination and Religion
State and Society
Chapter 2: The Zhou and Qin Dynasties
The History of the Zhou (1046–256 BC)
Zhou and Shang
The Zhou Feudal System
Social, Political, and Cultural Changes
The Decline of Feudalism
Urbanization and Assimilation
The Rise of Monarchy
Economic Development
Cultural Change
The Qin Empire (221–207 BC)
The Qin State
Struggle for Power
The Empire
The Great Wall of China
Chapter 3: The Han Dynasty
Dynastic Authority and the Succession of Emperors
Xi (Western) Han
Prelude to the Han
The Imperial Succession
From Wudi to Yuandi
Wudi
From Chengdi to Wang Mang
Dong (Eastern) Han
The Administration of the Han Empire
The Structure of Government
The Civil Service
Provincial Government
The Armed Forces
The Practice of Government
Relations with Other Peoples
Cultural Developments
Chapter 4: The Six Dynasties and the Sui Dynasty
Political Developments During the Six Dynasties
The Division of China
Sanguo (Three Kingdoms; AD 220–280)
The Xi (Western) Jin (AD 265–316/317)
The Era of Barbarian Invasions and Rule
The Dong (Eastern) Jin (317–420) and Later Dynasties in the South (420–589)
The Shiliuguo (Sixteen Kingdoms) in the North (303–439)
Intellectual and Religious Trends During the Six Dynasties
Confucianism and Philosophical Daoism
Confucius
Daoism
Buddhism
The Sui Dynasty
Wendi’s Institutional Reforms
Integration of the South
Foreign Affairs Under Yangdi
Chapter 5: The Tang Dynasty
Early Tang (618–626)
Administration of the State
Fiscal and Legal System
The Period of Tang Power (626–755)
The “Era of Good Government”
Rise of the Empress Wuhou
Prosperity and Progress
Military Reorganization
Late Tang (755–907)
Provincial Separatism
The Struggle for Central Authority
Cultural Developments
The Influence of Buddhism
Trends in the Arts
Du Fu
Social Change
Decline of the Aristocracy
Population Movements
Growth of the Economy
Chapter 6: Political Disunity Between the Tang and Song Dynasties
The Five Dynasties and the Ten Kingdoms
The Wudai (Five Dynasties)
Huang He
The Shiguo (Ten Kingdoms)
Barbarian Dynasties
The Tangut
The Khitan
The Juchen
Chapter 7: The Song Dynasty
Bei (Northern) Song (960–1127)
Unification
Consolidation
Reforms
Decline and Fall
Nan (Southern) Song (1127–1279)
Survival and Consolidation
Relations with the Juchen
The Court’s Relations with the Bureaucracy
The Chief Councillors
The Bureaucratic Style
Chinese Civil Service
The Clerical Staff
The Rise of Neo-Confucianism
Internal Solidarity During the Decline of the Nan Song
Song Culture
Chapter 8: The Yuan, or Mongol, Dynasty
The Mongol Conquest of China
Invasion of the Jin State
Genghis Khan
Invasion of the Song State
China Under the Mongols
Mongol Government and Administration
Early Mongol Rule
Changes Under Kublai Khan and His Successors
Economy
Religious and Intellectual Life
Daoism
Buddhism
Foreign Religions
Confucianism
Literature
The Arts
Yuan China and the West
The End of Mongol Rule
Chapter 9: The Ming Dynasty
Political History
The Dynasty’s Founder
Hongwu
The Dynastic Succession
Government and Administration
Local Government
Central Government
Later Innovations
Foreign Relations
Economic Policy and Developments
Population
Agriculture
Taxation
Coinage
Culture
Philosophy and Religion
Fine Arts
Literature and Scholarship
Chapter 10: The Early Qing Dynasty
The Rise of the Manchu
Dorgon
The Qing Empire
Political Institutions
Foreign Relations
Economic Development
Qing Society
Social Organization
State and Society
Trends in the Early Qing
Chapter 11: Late Qing
Western Challenge, 1839–60
The First Opium War and its Aftermath
The Antiforeign Movement and the Second Opium War (Arrow War)
Popular Uprising
The Taiping Rebellion
The Nian Rebellion
Muslim Rebellions
Effects of the Rebellions
The Self-Strengthening Movement
Foreign Relations in the 1860s
Industrialization for “Self-Strengthening”
Changes in Outlying Areas
East Turkistan
Tibet and Nepal
Myanmar (Burma)
Vietnam
Japan and the Ryukyu Islands
Korea and the Sino-Japanese War
Reform and Upheaval
The Hundred Days of Reform of 1898
The Boxer Rebellion
Reformist and Revolutionist Movements at the End of the Dynasty
Sun Yat-sen and the United League
Sun Yat-sen
Constitutional Movements After 1905
The Chinese Revolution (1911–12)
Chapter 12: The Early Republican Period
The Development of the Republic (1912–20)
Early Power Struggles
China in World War I
Japanese Gains
Yuan’s Attempts to Become Emperor
Conflict Over Entry into the War
Formation of a Rival Southern Government
Wartime Changes
Intellectual Movements
An Intellectual Revolution
Riots and Protests
The Interwar Years (1920–37)
Beginnings of a National Revolution
The Nationalist Party
The Chinese Communist Party
Mao Zedong
Communist-Nationalist Cooperation
Reactions to Warlords and Foreigners
Militarism in China
The Foreign Presence
Reorganization of the KMT
Struggles Within the Two-Party Coalition
Clashes with Foreigners
KMT Opposition to Radicals
The Northern Expedition
Expulsion of Communists from the KMT
The Nationalist Government from 1928 to 1937
Japanese Aggression
War Between Nationalists and Communists
The United Front Against Japan
Chapter 13: The Late Republican Period and the War Against Japan
The Early Sino-Japanese War
Phase One
Nanjing Massacre
Phase Two: Stalemate and Stagnation
Renewed Communist-Nationalist Conflict
The International Alliance Against Japan
U.S. Aid to China
Conflicts Within the International Alliance
Phase Three: Approaching Crisis (1944–45)
Nationalist Deterioration
Communist Growth
Efforts to Prevent Civil War
Civil War (1945–49)
A Race for Territory
Attempts to End the War
Resumption of Fighting
The Tide Begins to Shift
A Land Revolution
The Decisive Year, 1948
Communist Victory
Chapter 14: Establishment of the People’s Republic
Reconstruction and Consolidation, 1949–52
The Transition to Socialism, 1953–57
Rural Collectivization
Urban Socialist Changes
Political Developments
Foreign Policy
New Directions in National Policy, 1958–61
Great Leap Forward
Readjustment and Reaction, 1961–65
Chapter 15: China Since 1965
The Cultural Revolution, 1966–76
Attacks on Cultural Figures
Attacks on Party Members
Red Guards
Seizure of Power
The End of the Radical Period
Social Changes
Struggle for the Premiership
Consequences of the Cultural Revolution
China After the Death of Mao
Domestic Developments
Readjustment and Recovery
Economic Policy Changes
Political Developments
Educational and Cultural Policy Changes
International Relations
Relations with Taiwan
Conclusion
Glossary
For Further Reading
Index
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