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Index
Cover Page
THE OXFORD HANDBOOK ON THEWORLD
Title Page
Copyright Page
Acknowledgments
Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
List of Abbreviations
About the Contributors
Introduction
Part I Theory of Multilateral Trade Liberalization
1. The Case for a Multilateral Trade Organization
Robert E. Baldwin
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Terms of trade externalities
1.3 The political economy and commitment approaches to trade agreements
1.4 Offsetting market imperfections and long-term protectionism
1.5 Negotiating techniques and results
1.6 Dispute settlement procedures
1.7 Summary
2. The Inconsistent Quartet: Free Trade Versus Competing Goals
Martin Daunton
2.1 Introduction
2.2 The ‘trilemma’, inconsistent quartet, and balance of payments
2.3 The inconsistent quartet and the gold standard before 1914
2.4 The inconsistent quartet between the world wars
2.5 The inconsistent quartet and Bretton Woods, 1944–1971
2.6 The inconsistent quartet and the development of floating exchanges
2.7 The inconsistent quartet and the great recession
2.8 Conclusion
3. Trade Liberalization and Domestic Politics
Judith Goldstein
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Why is free trade policy unstable in democracies?
3.3 Whose interests?
3.4 When do groups organize?
3.5 Institutional setting: rules and norms matter
3.6 Interests alone?
3.7 The GATT/WTO and domestic politics of trade today
3.8 Conclusion
Part II Institutional Evolution: Building up the Wto
4. The International Trade Organization
Richard Toye
4.1 Introduction
4.2 The origins of the ITO
4.3 The negotiation of the charter
4.4 Failure to ratify the charter
4.5 Conclusion
5. The Expanding Mandate of the GATT: The First Seven Rounds
Thomas W. Zeiler
5.1 Introduction
5.2 The GATT philosophy
5.3 The recovery phase
5.4 The competition phase
5.5 Conclusion
6. The Uruguay Round Negotiations and the Creation of the WTO
Ernest H. Preeg
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Launching the Uruguay Round (1979–86)
6.3 Specifying objectives and early harvest (1987–8)
6.4 Shaping the final package (1989–90)
6.5 Concluding the agreement (1991–4)
6.6 The creation of the World Trade Organization
6.7 The final agreement: a forward-looking assessment
Part III Process Behind the Workings of the Wto
7. The Role of the Director-General and the Secretariat
Richard Blackhurst
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Responsibilities and activities
7.3 Secrets of success
7.4 Is the GATT model working for the WTO?
7.5 A strengthened DG and Secretariat?
7.6 Conclusions
8. Defining the Borders of the WTO Agenda
Marion Jansen
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Reasons for linking domestic regulation to trade negotiations
8.3 Defining the borders of the multilateral trading system: the process
8.4 Different approaches to linking WTO law to domestic regulation
8.5 The WTO and other international (regulatory) bodies
8.6 Challenges in handling the interface between liberalization and regulation
8.7 Conclusions
9. Collective Agency, Systemic Consequences: Bargaining Coalitions in the WTO
Amrita Narlikar
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Overview of coalitions from Uruguay to Doha: rationale and features
9.3 Strategies of bargaining
9.4 Institutional impact
9.5 Directions for reform
9.6 Conclusion
Part IV Agency in the Wto
10. The Influence of the EU in the World Trade System
Patrick A. Messerlin
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Modern trade policy: regulatory competition versus regulatory harmonization
10.3 Goods: the creation of the mutual recognition tool
10.4 Goods: the EU influence in the world trade system
10.5 Services: the EU shift from mutual recognition to mutual evaluation
10.6 Services: the EU influence in the world trade system
10.7 Conclusion
11. The Role of the United States: A Multilevel Explanation for Decreased Support over Time
Todd Allee
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Early US support for the GATT
11.3 A multilevel explanation for early US support for the GATT
11.4 Changing conditions and a less supportive US role
11.5 Conclusion
12. The Role of the BRICS in the WTO: System-Supporters or Change Agents in Multilateral Trade?
Brendan Vickers
12.1 Introduction
12.2 The trade policies of the BICs
12.3 The role of the BICs in the WTO
12.4 Conclusion
13. Least-Developed Countries in the WTO: Growing Voice
Shishir Priyadarshi and Taufiqur Rahman
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Trade profile and key constraints faced by the LDCs
13.3 LDCs in the multilateral trading system
13.4 Participation of the LDCs in the WTO
13.5 Conclusions
14. Awkward Partners: NGOs and Social Movements at the WTO
Jens Steffek
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Determinants of interaction between WTO and non-state actors
14.3 The relations between GATT/WTO and NGOs in historical perspective
14.4 NGOs at the WTO: who they are and what they have achieved
14.5 Conclusion
15. What Happened to the Influence of Business? Corporations and Organized Labour in the WTO
Steve Mcguire
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Perspectives on corporate political activity
15.3 Labour groups
15.4 Conclusion
PART V Substance of the Agreements
16. Trade in Manufactures and Agricultural Products: the Dangerous Link?
Helen Coskeran, Dan Kim, and Amrita Narlikar
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Non-agricultural market access (NAMA)
16.3 Agriculture
16.4 Conclusion
17. Trade in Services in the WTO: From Marrakesh (1994), to Doha (2001), to . . . (?)
Rudolf Adlung
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Why such scant progress in the Round?
17.3 Services liberalization: where the momentum came from
17.4 Developments at bilateral/regional level
17.5 Policy incoherence at multiple levels
17.6 Consequences for WTO rule-making
17.7 Is there a silver lining?
18. Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights
Keith E. Maskus
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Major requirements in TRIPS
18.3 Limitations to IPRs: the ‘TRIPS flexibilities’
18.4 Dispute settlement under TRIPS
18.5 Continuing TRIPS issues and IPRs in the Doha Round
18.6 Concluding remarks
19. Flexibilities, Rules, and Trade Remedies in the GATT/WTO System
J. Michael Finger
19.1 Introduction
19.2 The evolution of trade remedy use
19.3 The magnitude of trade remedy usage
19.4 The limits on trade remedy application are not what they appear to be
19.5 US safeguard measures against imports of steel, 2002-3
19.6 Conclusions, closing comments, and thoughts about further research
20. Regulatory Measures
Robert Howse
20.1 Introduction
20.2 National Treatment in the GATT
20.3 Product-process
20.4 Article XX exceptions
20.5 Article XX(a) public morals
20.6 The ‘necessity’ test
20.7 The requirements of the chapeau
20.8 The Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade and the role of international standards
20.9 Unnecessary obstacle to trade
20.10 SPS: food and agriculture regulation
20.11 The GATS
20.12 Conclusion: is there a democratic deficit in the WTO approach to internal regulations?
Part VI Implementation and Enforcement
21. The Trade Policy Review Mechanism
Sam Laird and Raymundo ValdÉs
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Origins of the mechanism
21.3 Objectives of the mechanism
21.4 The TPR process
21.5 Overview and monitoring of trade developments
21.6 Domestic transparency
21.7 Evaluation of the TPRM
21.8 Challenges for the TPRM
22. Dispute Settlement Mechanism—Analysis and Problems
Thomas Bernauer, Manfred Elsig, and Joost Pauwelyn
22.1 Introduction
22.2 The WTO’s dispute settlement system
22.3 Conceptual and theoretical issues
22.4 Progress in research
22.5 What remains?
22.6 Conclusions
23. The Dispute Settlement Mechanism at the WTO: The Appellate Body—Assessment and Problems
Mitsuo Matsushita
23.1 A brief historical background of the dispute settlement system in the WTO
23.2 The WTO dispute settlement system
23.3 Major jurisprudential principles established by the Appellate Body
23.4 Criticisms of the Appellate Body
23.5 Conclusion—some suggestions for the future
24. WTO Judicial Interpretation
Gregory Shaffer and Joel Trachtman
24.1 Introduction
24.2 The parameters of institutional choice in dispute settlement and interpretation
24.3 Judicial interpretive choice within WTO dispute settlement as institutional choice
24.4 Conclusion: the centrality of institutional choice
25. The Dispute Settlement Mechanism: Ensuring Compliance?
Alan O. Sykes
25.1 Introduction
25.2 The history and structure of the DSM
25.3 The option to violate WTO obligations, in law and in practice
25.4 The economic rationale for the option to breach
25.5 Conclusion
Part VII Challenges to the System
26. Persistent Deadlock in Multilateral Trade Negotiations: the Case of Doha
Manfred Elsig and CÉdric Dupont
26.1 Introduction
26.2 The concept of deadlock and its determinants
26.3 Games that are played
26.4 Conclusion: deadlock, and now?
27. The Role of Domestic Courts in the Implementation of WTO Law: The Political Economy of Separation of Powers and Checks and Balances in International Trade Regulation
Thomas Cottier
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Domestic courts and foreign affairs
27.3 The advent of WTO law
27.4 The status of WTO law in domestic law and courts
27.5 Towards a common theory of judicial review
27.6 Conclusions
28. Preferential Trading Arrangements
Richard Baldwin
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Basic economics
28.3 Political economy of RTAs
28.4 Regionalism and multilateralism
28.5 Stylized facts
28.6 Twenty-first century regionalism
28.7 Concluding remarks
29. New Trade Issues in Food, Agriculture, and Natural Resources
Tim Josling
29.1 Introduction
29.2 Food trade issues
29.3 Agricultural trade issues
29.4 Agriculture, energy, and environmental issues
29.5 Natural resources
29.6 Price volatility
29.7 Conclusion
Part VIII Normative Issues
30. Fairness in the WTO Trading System
Andrew G. Brown and Robert M. Stern
30.1 Introduction
30.2 The utilitarian principle as a guide to fairness
30.3 Economic equity as a guide
30.4 Fairness in the negotiation of trade agreements
30.5 What reciprocity means practically
30.6 A more inclusive assessment
30.7 Considerations of fairness in the Uruguay Round
30.8 Achieving equality of opportunity and distributive equity in the Doha Round
31. Labour Standards and Human Rights
Drusilla K. Brown
31.1 Introduction
31.2 Human dignity in an integrated global economy
31.3 Empirical evidence of the impact of labour standards in the international trading system
31.4 Conclusions
32. Trade and the Environment
Gary Hufbauer and Meera Fickling
32.1 Introduction
32.2 Empirical evidence
32.3 Institutional framework
32.4 New challenges: climate change
32.5 Border measures and the WTO
32.6 Geoengineering
32.7 Conclusion
Part IX Reform of the Wto
33. Proposals for WTO Reform: A Synthesis and Assessment
Bernard Hoekman
33.1 Introduction
33.2 Core elements of the WTO’s modus operandi
33.3 Matching instruments to objectives: what problems do proposed reforms fix?
33.4 Operation of the WTO
33.5 Forum for negotiations
33.6 Administering the Dispute Settlement Understanding
33.7 Transparency: the trade policy review mechanism, notifications, and surveillance
33.8 Enhancing coherence of global economic policy-making
33.9 Conclusion
34. The WTO and Institutional (In)Coherence in Global Economic Governance
Steven Bernstein and Erin Hannah
34.1 Introduction
34.2 The Coherence Mandate: coordinating trade, finance, and aid policies
34.3 The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)–WTO relationship: a regime complex
34.4 Social and environmental regulation and standard setting: the case for regulatory space
34.5 Conclusion
Index
Footnotes
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Chapter 34
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