Dance Technique and Injury Prevention by Howse, Justin -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Cover Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents Foreword Preface Acknowledgements Section One • Anatomy and Physiology

1.1 The Skeleton

The Axial Skeleton The Appendicular Skeleton The Upper Limbs The Lower Limbs

1.2 The Joints

Types of Joint Joint Movements The Upper Limbs The Lower Limbs

1.3 The Muscles

Striated or Skeletal Muscle Unstriated or Involuntary Muscle Cardiac Muscle Action of Muscles

Muscles and Levers Muscle Contraction

Neuro-muscular Co-ordination and Engrams Red and White Muscle Fibres Individual Muscles

Trunk Muscles Upper Limb Muscles Lower Limb Muscles

Muscles which move Individual Portions of the Body Head and Trunk The Rib Cage The Shoulder Joint The Elbow The Hip The Knee The Ankle, Foot and Toes

1.4 The Nervous System

The Voluntary or Somatic Nervous System The Autonomic Nervous System The Sensory System

Skin Sensation Aural Sensation Visual Sensation

1.5 The Skin 1.6 The Cardio-vascular System

Constitution of the Blood Circulation of the Blood The Lymphatic System

1.7 The Alimentary Canal and Digestion

The Alimentary Canal Digestion Functions of the Liver

1.8 The Respiratory System

Anatomy of the Respiratory System Respiration: External, Internal or Tissue Transport of Oxygen or Carbon Dioxide Control of Respiration

1.9 The Excretory System 1.10 The Endocrine System

Actions of the Endocrine Glands

1.11 Anatomical Points relevant to Ballet

Stance and Muscle Groupings Turn-out Plié Tendu Rise Pointe

Age to Start Pointe Work

Section Two • Injuries: Pathology, Causes, Treatment, Prevention, Nutrition

2.1 Patho-physiology of Injury: Inflammation and Healing

Inflammation

Tissue Changes in Inflammation Sequelae of Inflammation

Healing of Injuries

Healing by First Intention Healing by Second Intention Factors affecting Healing

2.2 Types of Injury

Joint Injuries Bone Injuries

Acute Fractures Stress Fractures

Tendon Injuries

Tendonitis Tendon Rupture Tenosynovitis and Peritendonitis Tendon Insertion Injuries

Muscle Injuries

Muscle Tears Muscle Stiffness

2.3 Causes and Complications of Dance Injuries

Causes of Dance Injuries

Injuries caused by Faulty Technique Environmental Causes of Injury

General Complications of Injury

Effects on the Whole Body Local Effects

2.4 The Treatment of Injuries: General Principles

The Primary Aim of Treatment

Rest of the Injured Part Maintenance of Adequate Circulation Adequate Nutrition

The Secondary Aim of Treatment

2.5 Specific Treatments of Injuries

First Aid Measures Physiotherapy Treatments

Cold Therapy Heat Therapy: Methods and Effects Interferential Therapy Faradism Transcutaneous Nerve Stimulation (T.N.S.) Acupuncture Acupressure Traction Massage Mobilisations Manipulations Stretching Exercises: their Value and Aims Exercises: Passive and Active Exercise Training Fatigue

Medical and Surgical Treatments

Drugs Operations

Alternative Therapies

Acupuncture and Acupressure Osteopathy Chiropractic

2.6 The Prevention of Injury

Development of Good Technique Development of Muscle Strength and Joint Mobility Preservation of Cardio-respiratory Fitness Good Nutrition Preventative Orthopaedic Assessment

2.7 Nutrition

Nutritional Requirements The Daily Diet Pre-performance Intake

Section Three • Specific Injuries: their Cause and Treatment

3.1 Sprain of the Lateral Ligament of the Ankle 3.2 Rupture of the Lateral Ligament of the Ankle 3.3 Sprain of the Medial Ligament of the Ankle 3.4 Chronic Sprains of the Lateral and Medial Ligaments of the Ankle 3.5 Anterior Capsular Sprain of the Ankle 3.6 Fracture of the Lateral Malleolus 3.7 Fracture of the Medial Malleolus 3.8 Osteochondral Fracture of the Dome of the Talus 3.9 Achilles Tendonitis 3.10 Rupture of the Achilles Tendon 3.11 Achilles Tendon Bursitis 3.12 Os Trigonum and Large Posterior Tubercle of Talus 3.13 Tibialis Posterior Tendonitis and Tenosynovitis 3.14 Flexor Hallucis Longus Tendonitis and Tenosynovitis 3.15 Extensor Hallucis Longus Tendonitis 3.16 Stress Fractures of the Metatarsals 3.17 Osteochondritis of the Head of the 2nd or 3rd Metatarsal 3.18 Plantar Fascial Strain 3.19 Capsular Strains of 1st Metatarso-phalangeal Joint 3.20 Sesamoiditis 3.21 Hallux Valgus and Bunions 3.22 Hallux Rigidus 3.23 Ingrowing Toenail 3.24 Corns and Callosities 3.25 Sundry Spurs, Areas of Calcification, etc. 3.26 Stress Fractures of the Fibula 3.27 Stress Fractures of the Tibia 3.28 Anterior Compartment Syndrome 3.29 Calf Muscle Tears 3.30 Anterior Knee Pain 3.31 Capsular Strains of the Knee 3.32 Injury of the Medial Ligament of the Knee 3.33 Injury of the Lateral Ligament of the Knee 3.34 Injuries of the Cruciate Ligaments of the Knee 3.35 Damage to the Medial Meniscus of the Knee 3.36 Damage to the Lateral Meniscus of the Knee 3.37 Ruptures of the Quadriceps Tendon or the Patellar Tendon or Fracture of the Patella 3.38 Quadriceps Muscle Strains and Tears 3.39 Adductor Muscle Strains and Tears 3.40 Groin Strains 3.41 Hamstring Strains and Tears 3.42 Clicking Hip 3.43 Gluteal Bursitis 3.44 Buttock Pain 3.45 Sacroiliac Strains and Displacements 3.46 Pain in the Sacro-iliac Area 3.47 Strain of the Muscles inserted into the Iliac Crest 3.48 Interspinous Ligament Damage 3.49 Facet Joint Strains 3.50 Lumbar Disc Prolapse 3.51 Stress Fractures of the Lumbar Vertebrae 3.52 Dorsal and Upper Spinal Pain 3.53 Acute Torticollis 3.54 Shoulder and Arm Problems

Section Four • Strengthening Exercises Section Five • Technical Faults and Anatomical Variations: their Causes, Consequences and Treatment

5.1 Discrepancy in Shoulder Level 5.2 Tension around the Neck and Shoulders 5.3 Discrepancy in the Length of the Clavicles 5.4 Scoliosis 5.5 Kyphosis 5.6 Lordosis

Fourteen Causes

5.7 Over Turning

Associated Injuries

5.8 Restriction of Turn-out at the Hips 5.9 Tightness at the Front of the Hips 5.10 Weakness of Adductors 5.11 Quadriceps Insufficiency 5.12 Tightness of the Hamstrings 5.13 Swayback Knees 5.14 Tight Achilles Tendons 5.15 Tibial Bow 5.16 Posterior Block of the Ankle Joint 5.17 Rolling 5.18 Weak Intrinsic Muscles of the Feet 5.19 Variations in the Length of the Toes and of the Metatarsals 5.20 Incorrect Weight Placement

Index

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