Primitive Culture Volume I by Tylor, Edward Burnett -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Cover Title page Copyright Preface 1 Preface 2 Contents Chapter I. The Science of Culture.

Culture or Civilization Its phenomena related according to definite Laws Method of classification and discussion of the evidence Connexion of successive stages of culture by Permanence, Modification, and Survival Principal topics examined in the present work

Chapter II. The Development of Culture.

Stages of culture, industrial, intellectual, political, moral Development of culture in great measure corresponds with transition from savage through barbaric to civilized life Progression-theory Degeneration-theory Development-theory includes both, the one as primary, the other as secondary Historical and traditional evidence not available as to low stages of culture Historical evidence as to principles of Degeneration Ethnological evidence as to rise and fall in culture, from comparison of different levels of culture in branches of the same race Extent of historically recorded antiquity of civilization Prehistoric Archaeology extends the antiquity of man in low stages of civilization Traces of Stone Age, corroborated by megalithic structures, lake-dwellings, shell-heaps, burial-places, etc., prove original low culture throughout the world Stages of progressive Development in industrial arts

Chapter III. Survival in Culture.

Survival and Superstition Children’s games Games of chance Traditional sayings Nursery poems Proverbs Riddles Significance and survival in Customs: sneezing-formula, ritt of foundation-sacrifice, prejudice against saving a drowning man

Chapter IV. Survival in Culture (continued).

Occult Sciences Magical powers attributed by higher to lower races Magical processes based on Association of Ideas Omens Augury, etc. Oneiromancy Haruspication, Scapulimancy, Chiromancy, etc. Cartomancy, etc. Rhabdomancy, Dactyliomancy, Coscinomancy, etc. Astrology Intellectual conditions accounting for the persistence of Magic Survival passes into Revival Witchcraft, originating in savage culture, continues in barbaric civilization; its decline in early mediaeval Europe followed by revival; its practices and counter-practices belong to earlier culture Spiritualism has its source in early stages of culture, in close connexion with witchcraft Spirit-rapping and Spirit-writing Rising in the air Performances of tied mediums Practical bearing of the study of Survival

Chapter V. Emotional and Imitative Language.

Element of directly expressive Sound in Language Test by independent correspondence in distinct languages Constituent processes of Language Gesture Expression of feature, etc. Emotional Tone Articulate sounds, vowels determined by musical quality and pitch, consonants Emphasis and Accent Phrase-melody, Recitative Sound-Words Interjections Calls to Animals Emotional Cries Sense-Words formed from Interjections Affirmative and Negative particles, etc

Chapter VI. Emotional and Imitative Language (continued).

Imitative Words Human actions named from sound Animals names from cries, etc. Musical instruments Sounds reproduced Words modified to adapt sound to sense Reduplication Graduation of vowels to express distance and difference Children’s Language Sound-words as related to Sense-words Language an original product of the lower Culture

Chapter VII. The Art of Counting.

Ideas of Number derived from experience State of arithmetic among uncivilized races Small extent of Numeral-words among low tribes Counting by fingers and toes Hand-numerals show derivation of Verbal reckoning from Gesture-counting Etymology of Numerals Quinary, Decimal, and Vigesimal notations of the world derived from counting on fingers and toes Adoption of foreign Numeral-words Evidence of development of Arithmetic from a low original level of Culture

Chapter VIII. Mythology.

Mythic fancy based, like other thought, on Experience Mythology affords evidence for studying laws of Imagination Change in public opinion as to credibility of Myths Myths rationalized into allegory and history Ethnological import and treatment of Myth Myth to be studied in actual existence and growth among modern savages and barbarians Original sources of Myth Early doctrine of general Animation of Nature Personification of Sun, Moon, and Stars ; Water-spout, Sand-pillar, Rainbow, Water-fall, Pestilence Analogy worked into Myth and Metaphor Myths of Rain, Thunder, etc. Effect of Language in formation of Myth Material Personification primary, Verbal Personification secondary Grammatical Gender, male and female, animate and inanimate, in relation to Myth Proper Name3 of Objects in relation to Myth Mental state proper to promote mythic imagination Doctrine of Werewolves Phantasy and Fancy

Chapter IX. Mythology (continued).

Nature-myths, their origin, canon of interpretation, preservation of original sense and significant names Nature-myths of upper savage races compared with related forms among barbaric and civilized nations Heaven and Earth as Universal Parents Sun and Moon : Eclipse and Sunset, as Hero or Maiden swallowed by Monster ; Rising of Sun from Sea and Descent to Under-world ; Jaws of Night and Death, Symplêgades ; Eye of Heaven, Eye of Odin and the Graiæ Sun and Moon as mythic civilizers Moon, her inconstancy, periodical death and revival Stars, their generation Constellations, their place in Mythology and Astronomy Wind and Tempest Thunder Earthquake

Chapter X. Mythology (continued).

Philosophical Myths: inferences become pseudo-history Geological Myths Effect of doctrine of Miracles on Mythology Magnetic Mountain Myths of relation of Apes to Men by development or degeneration Ethnological import of myths of Ape-men, Men with tails, Men of the woods Myths of Error, Perversion, and Exaggeration : stories of Giants, Dwarfs, and Monstrous Tribes of men Fanciful explanatory Myths Myths attached to legendary or historical Personages Etymological Myths on names of places and persons Eponymic Myths on names of tribes, nations, countries, etc. ; their ethnological import Pragmatic Myths by realization of metaphors and ideas Allegory Beast-Fable Conclusion

Chapter XI. Animism.

Religious ideas generally appear among low races of Mankind-Negative statements on this subject frequently misleading and mistaken : many cases uncertain Minimum definition of Religion Doctrine of Spiritual Beings, here termed Animism Animism treated as belonging to Natural Religion Animism divided into two sections, the philosophy of Souls, and of other Spirits Doctrine of Souls, its prevalence and definition among the lower races Definition of Apparitional Soul or Ghost-Soul It is a theoretical conception of primitive Philosophy, designed to account for phenomena now classed under Biology, especially Life and Death, Health and Disease, Sleep and Dreams, Trance and Visions Relation of Soul in name and nature to Shadow, Blood, Breath Division or Plurality of Souls Soul cause of Life ; its restoration to body when supposed absent Exit of Soul in Trances Dreams and Visions : theory of exit of dreamer’s or seer’s own soul; theory of visits received by them from other souls Ghost-Soul seen in Apparitions Wraiths and Doubles Soul has form of Body; suffers mutilation with it Voice of Ghost Soul treated and defined as of Material Substance ; this appears to be the original doctrine Transmission of Souls to service in future life by Funeral Sacrifice of wives, attendants, etc. Souls of Animals Their transmission by Funeral Sacrifice Souls of Plants Souls of Objects Their transmission by Funeral Sacrifice Relation of savage doctrine of Object-Souls to Epicurean theory of Ideas Historical development of Doctrine of Souls, from the Ethereal Soul of primitive Biology to the Immaterial Soul of modern Theology

Index

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